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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagrody_i_wyróżnienia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagrody_i_wyróżnienia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nagrody i wyróżnienia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagrody_i_wyróżnienia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poglądy_na_temat_„globalnego_ocieplenia”" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poglądy_na_temat_„globalnego_ocieplenia”"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Poglądy na temat „globalnego ocieplenia”</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poglądy_na_temat_„globalnego_ocieplenia”-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivar Giaever</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 65 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="إيفار ييفر – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيفار ييفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayvar_Cayever" title="Ayvar Cayever – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayvar Cayever" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایوار یور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایوار یور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ইভার ইয়্যাভার – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইভার ইয়্যাভার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Айвар Джаевер – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айвар Джаевер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ивар Йевер – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ивар Йевер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ivar Giæver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ίβαρ Γιέβερ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίβαρ Γιέβερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایوار گیور – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایوار گیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%98%88%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="이바르 예베르 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이바르 예베르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%87%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Այվար Ջայևեր – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այվար Ջայևեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8" title="איוואר גיאוור – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוואר גיאוור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აივარ ჯაიევერი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აივარ ჯაიევერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Айвор Джайевер – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айвор Джайевер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ivar Giæver" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAvars_J%C4%93vers" title="Īvars Jēvers – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īvars Jēvers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ивар Јевер – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ивар Јевер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="आयव्हार जियेव्हर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयव्हार जियेव्हर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1" title="ايفار ييفر – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايفار ييفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایوار جیاور – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایوار جیاور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0" title="इवार गियाभर – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इवार गियाभर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="アイヴァー・ジェーバー – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイヴァー・ジェーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ivar Giæver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ivar Giæver" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایوار گیور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایوار گیور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Джайевер, Айвар – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джайевер, Айвар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ивар Јевер – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ивар Јевер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivar Giæver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ивар Евер – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ивар Евер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Айвар Джайєвер – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айвар Джайєвер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایور گیور – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایور گیور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97" title="伊瓦尔·贾埃弗 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊瓦尔·贾埃弗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ivar Giaever" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97" title="伊瓦尔·贾埃弗 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊瓦尔·贾埃弗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja:Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony (strona nie istnieje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Ivar_Giaever" title="Pokaż listę 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class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#629ed0; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Ivar Giaever</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg/239px-Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg/359px-Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg/479px-Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Państwo działania </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/5_kwietnia" title="5 kwietnia">5 kwietnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;">profesor </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue; color:black; text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:3px;">Specjalność: <a href="/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka">fizyka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater" title="Alma Mater">Alma Mater</a> </th> <td> <p>Norges tekniske høgskole </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#629ed0; color:black; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b>Nagrody</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ivar Giæver">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black);"> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.rpi.edu/~giaevi/">Strona internetowa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ivar Giaever</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/5_kwietnia" title="5 kwietnia">5 kwietnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a> w <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a><sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup>) – <a href="/wiki/Norwegowie" title="Norwegowie">norweski</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizyk" title="Fizyk">fizyk</a>, laureat <a href="/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla">Nagrody Nobla</a> w <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">dziedzinie fizyki</a> w roku 1973 (wraz z <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>) za eksperymentalne odkrycie <a href="/wiki/Zjawisko_tunelowe" title="Zjawisko tunelowe">tunelowania</a> w <a href="/wiki/Nadprzewodnictwo" title="Nadprzewodnictwo">nadprzewodnikach</a>. Drugą część nagrody otrzymał <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> za teoretyczne przewidzenie tego zjawiska<sup id="cite_ref-www.nobelprize_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nobelprize-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivar Giaever urodził się w Bergen, ale dzieciństwo spędził w Toten, gdzie jego ojciec, John A. Giaever, pracował jako farmaceuta. Do szkoły podstawowej uczęszczał w Toten, potem kontynuował edukację w szkole w <a href="/wiki/Hamar" title="Hamar">Hamar</a>. Przez rok pracował w zakładzie produkcyjnym w <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raufoss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raufoss (strona nie istnieje)">Raufoss</a>, po czym, w 1948 roku, podjął studia<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Studiował w <i>Norges tekniske høgskole</i> w <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, (NTH, później włączona w struktury <a href="/wiki/Norweski_Uniwersytet_Naukowo-Techniczny" title="Norweski Uniwersytet Naukowo-Techniczny">Norweskiego Uniwersytetu Naukowo-Technicznego</a>), w 1952 uzyskał stopień inżyniera mechanika. Po studiach odbył służbę wojskową (uzyskał stopień kaprala), a następnie pracował w urzędzie patentowym<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>W 1954 roku wyemigrował do <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanady</a>, gdzie krótko pracował w biurze architektonicznym, a następnie podjął pracę w <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> w <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. W 1956 roku przeniósł się do <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stanów Zjednoczonych</a> i podjął pracę w Centrum Badawczo Rozwojowym GE w <a href="/wiki/Schenectady" title="Schenectady">Schenectady</a>. W tym czasie jego zainteresowania badawcze przesunęły się w kierunku fizyki, podjął studia w tej dziedzinie na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (strona nie istnieje)">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>, gdzie, w 1964 roku, uzyskał stopień doktora<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Badania Giaevera dotyczyły <a href="/wiki/Fizyka_cia%C5%82a_sta%C5%82ego" title="Fizyka ciała stałego">fizyki ciała stałego</a>, w tym fizyki cienkich warstw, <a href="/wiki/Nadprzewodnictwo" title="Nadprzewodnictwo">nadprzewodnictwa</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Zjawisko_tunelowe" title="Zjawisko tunelowe">zjawiska tunelowania</a>. Za pionierskie badania łączące obserwacje nadprzewodnictwa i tunelowania otrzymał w 1965 roku nagrodę <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_E._Buckley_Condensed_Matter_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (strona nie istnieje)">Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize</a>. W 1969 roku uzyskał stypendium <a href="/wiki/Fundacja_Pami%C4%99ci_Johna_Simona_Guggenheima" title="Fundacja Pamięci Johna Simona Guggenheima">Fundacji Guggenheima</a>, które pozwoliło mu na roczny pobyt w <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, gdzie prowadził badania dotyczące biofizyki<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. Po powrocie do GE badał zachowania molekuł białek na powierzchni ciała stałego<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>W eksperymentach polegających na obserwacjach "kanapki" składającej się z izolowanego metalu nadprzewodzącego i normalnego, Giaevar osiągnął nowe efekty tunelowania, które doprowadziły do lepszego zrozumienia nadprzewodnictwa i pozwoliły na poszerzenie <a href="/wiki/Teoria_BCS" title="Teoria BCS">teorii nadprzewodnictwa BCS</a>. Badania Giaevera bazowały na wynikach prac <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esakiego</a>, a z kolei ich wyniki pozwoliły <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Brianowi Josephsonowi</a> na postulowanie zjawiska <a href="/wiki/Tunelowanie_Josephsona" title="Tunelowanie Josephsona">tunelowania Josephsona</a>. W 1973 roku Esaki i Giaever zostali uhonorowani <a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">Nagrodą Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki</a> za ich "eksperymentaalne odkrycia dotyczące zjawiska tunelowania w <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82przewodniki" title="Półprzewodniki">półprzewodnikach</a> i nadprzewodnikach" (po 1/4). Drugą połowę nagrody otrzymał Brian Josephson<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>W 1988 roku Giaever odszedł z GE, został profesorem w Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute w <a href="/wiki/Troy_(Nowy_Jork)" title="Troy (Nowy Jork)">Troy (Nowy Jork)</a>, a równocześnie profesorem <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Oslo" title="Uniwersytet w Oslo">Uniwersytetu w Oslo</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>W 1952 roku ożenił się z Inger Skramstad, mają czworo dzieci. W 1964 roku uzyskał obywatelstwo amerykańskie<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nagrody_i_wyróżnienia"><span id="Nagrody_i_wyr.C3.B3.C5.BCnienia"></span>Nagrody i wyróżnienia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Nagrody i wyróżnienia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Nagrody i wyróżnienia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Nagrody<sup id="cite_ref-home_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-5">[5]</a></sup></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>1965 – Oliver E. Buckley Prize,</dd> <dd>1973 – Nobel Prize,</dd> <dd>1974 – Zworkin Award.</dd> <dt>Doktoraty Honorowe<sup id="cite_ref-home_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-5">[5]</a></sup></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Doctor of Science: </p> <dl><dd>1974 – Union College, Schenectady, NY</dd> <dd>1974 – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY</dd> <dd>1976 – University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</dd> <dd>1985 – Clarkson University, Clarkson, NY</dd> <dd>1985 – State University of New York, Schenectady, NY</dd></dl> <p>Doctor of Engineering: </p> <dl><dd>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> Technological University, Houghton, MI</dd> <dd>1977 – Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA</dd> <dd>1985 – Norwegian Institute Of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 1985</dd> <dt>Członkostwo stowarzyszeń naukowych<sup id="cite_ref-home_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home-5">[5]</a></sup></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Stany Zjednoczone: </p> <dl><dd>National Academy of Science</dd> <dd>National Academy of Engineering</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-amacad_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amacad-6">[6]</a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Członkostwo zagraniczne: </p> <dl><dd>Norwegian Academy of Science</dd> <dd>Norwegian Academy of Engineering</dd> <dd>Swedish Academy of Engineering</dd> <dd>Korean Academy of Science</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poglądy_na_temat_„globalnego_ocieplenia”"><span id="Pogl.C4.85dy_na_temat_.E2.80.9Eglobalnego_ocieplenia.E2.80.9D"></span>Poglądy na temat „globalnego ocieplenia”</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Poglądy na temat „globalnego ocieplenia”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Poglądy na temat „globalnego ocieplenia”"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jest sceptykiem <a href="/wiki/Globalne_ocieplenie" title="Globalne ocieplenie">globalnego ocieplenia</a>. Wyraża stanowczą tezę, że temperatura jest nadzwyczaj stabilna na przestrzeni 150 lat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>. Tym bardziej więc wpływ człowieka na klimat nie został udowodniony. W roku 2008 w czasie dyskusji na spotkaniu z laureatami Nagrody Nobla nt. zmian klimatu stwierdził<sup id="cite_ref-Meeting2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meeting2008-8">[8]</a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd>„Jestem sceptykiem. […] Teraz dostaliśmy globalne ocieplenie. Stało się ono nową religią.”</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3905282"><i>Giaever Ivar</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2023-03-31]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Giaever+Ivar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3905282" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nobelprize-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-www.nobelprize_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/giaever/facts/">Ivar Giaever - Facts</a>. [w:] <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 > Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson</i> [on-line]. Nobel Media AB. [dostęp 2014-02-13]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/giaever/biographical/">Biographical</a>, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1973, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/giaever/lecture/">Electron Tunneling and Superconductivity</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize_bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_bio_3-6">g</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1973/giaever/biographical/">Ivar Giaever. Biographical</a>. [w:] <i>nobelprize.org</i> [on-line]. [dostęp 2019-08-04]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivar-Giaever"><i>Ivar Giaever</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2019-08-04]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ivar+Giaever&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%27%27%5B%5BEncyklopedia+Britannica%7CEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIvar-Giaever" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-home-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-home_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-home_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-home_5-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.rpi.edu/~giaevi/">Ivar Giaever home page</a>. [w:] <i>Strona internetowa Physics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY</i> [on-line]. [dostęp 2014-02-13]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amacad-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-amacad_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">American Academy of Arts and Sciences: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterG.pdf">Book of Members</a>. [dostęp 2017-12-16]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Ivar</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ivar" style="display:none">I.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Giaever</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Ivar</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ivar">I.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5zjsYjOsu?url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/article4156816.ece"><i>"De forunderlige klimamytene (The peculiar climate myths)"</i></a>, „aftenposten.no”, 26 czerwca 2011<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2018-12-31]</span> [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dk60CUkf3Kw">adresu</a>]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2011-06-26&rft.jtitle=aftenposten.no&rft.atitle=%22De+forunderlige+klimamytene+%28The+peculiar+climate+myths%29%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDk60CUkf3Kw" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeting2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meeting2008_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ivar Giaever: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/#/Video?id=1410">The Strange Case of Global Warming</a>. [w:] <i>Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings “Global Warming”</i> [on-line]. 2008. [dostęp 2014-02-13].</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar{font-weight:normal;font-size:xx-small;white-space:nowrap;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Nobel_Fizyka" title="Szablon:Nobel Fizyka"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Nobel_Fizyka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Nobel Fizyka (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nobel_Fizyka&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki">Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XX wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Thomson" title="George Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pawie%C5%82_Czerenkow" title="Pawieł Czerenkow">Czerenkow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lew_Landau" title="Lew Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niko%C5%82aj_Basow" title="Nikołaj Basow">Basow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorow" title="Aleksandr Prochorow">Prochorow</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%E2%80%99ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin’ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giaever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mottelson" title="Benjamin Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Kapica" title="Piotr Kapica">Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_M._Siegbahn" title="Kai M. Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_I._Friedman" title="Jerome I. Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph H. Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Perl" title="Martin Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson" title="Robert C. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerardus ’t Hooft">'t Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBores_A%C5%82fiorow" title="Żores Ałfiorow">Ałfiorow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">XXI wiek</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis" title="Raymond Davis">Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksiej_Abrikosow" title="Aleksiej Abrikosow">Abrikosow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witalij_Ginzburg" title="Witalij Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" title="H. David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" title="George F. Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andriej_Gejm" title="Andriej Gejm">Gejm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Nowosio%C5%82ow" title="Konstantin Nowosiołow">Nowosiołow</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABji_Nakamura" title="Shūji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Kosterlitz" title="John M. Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%E2%80%99Huillier" title="Anne L’Huillier">L’Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NobelP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobel"><img alt="Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000357142029">0000000357142029</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/193875130">193875130</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/no2011114800">no2011114800</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1100359044">1100359044</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/079862233">079862233</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ntk20191027368">ntk20191027368</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2007248">2007248</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18865567">DA18865567</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007374768005171">987007374768005171</a></span></li><li><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_i_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na_knji%C5%BEnica_u_Zagrebu" class="extiw" title="hr:Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000097666&local_base=nsk10">000097666</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3905282.html">3905282</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivar-Giaever">biography/Ivar-Giaever</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ivar-giaever/">ivar-giaever</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/1951152">1951152</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/ivar-giaever">ivar-giaever</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver">Ivar_Giæver</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/ivar-giaever/">ivar-giaever</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0029849.xml">0029849</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Ivar_Giaever">Ivar_Giaever</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=21907">21907</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&oldid=73429142">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&oldid=73429142</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Cz%C5%82onkowie_Ameryka%C5%84skiej_Akademii_Sztuk_i_Nauk" title="Kategoria:Członkowie Amerykańskiej Akademii Sztuk i Nauk">Członkowie Amerykańskiej Akademii Sztuk i Nauk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Norwescy_fizycy_XX_wieku" title="Kategoria:Norwescy fizycy XX wieku">Norwescy fizycy XX wieku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Europejscy_fizycy_XXI_wieku" title="Kategoria:Europejscy fizycy XXI wieku">Europejscy fizycy XXI wieku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Fizycy_cia%C5%82a_sta%C5%82ego" title="Kategoria:Fizycy ciała stałego">Fizycy ciała stałego</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Europejscy_nobli%C5%9Bci_%E2%80%93_fizyka" title="Kategoria:Europejscy nobliści – fizyka">Europejscy nobliści – fizyka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Urodzeni_w_1929" title="Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1929">Urodzeni w 1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ludzie_urodzeni_w_Bergen" title="Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Bergen">Ludzie urodzeni w Bergen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Ameryka%C5%84scy_nobli%C5%9Bci" title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy nobliści">Amerykańscy nobliści</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer 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