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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caratteristiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_dell'istituto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_dell'istituto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia dell'istituto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia_dell'istituto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_proposte_di_nuovi_campi_aperti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_proposte_di_nuovi_campi_aperti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Le proposte di <i>nuovi campi aperti</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_proposte_di_nuovi_campi_aperti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Disponibile in 16 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="نظام الحقول المفتوحة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام الحقول المفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewann" title="Gewann - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system" title="Open-field system - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Open-field system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malferma_kamparo" title="Malferma kamparo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malferma kamparo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_abierto" title="Campo abierto - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Openfield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkajako" title="Sarkajako - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarkajako" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Openfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_lapangan_terbuka" title="Sistem lapangan terbuka - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem lapangan terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ღია მინდვრების სისტემა - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღია მინდვრების სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9%EA%B2%BD%EC%A7%80%EC%A0%9C" title="개방경지제 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개방경지제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_abrida" title="Campo abrida - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Campo abrida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewannflur" title="Gewannflur - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewannflur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Система открытых полей - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система открытых полей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p><b>Campi aperti</b> (traduzione letterale del termine inglese <i>open field</i> o <i>common field</i>) è un sistema di ordinamento e di suddivisione del terreno agricolo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nei <i>campi aperti</i> le terre di ciascun agricoltore non solo non sono separate da siepi, ma le decisioni sopra le coltivazioni di ciascuna zona (parcella) sono prese in comune tra vicini, nel rispetto delle tradizioni. Nei <i>campi chiusi</i> vi sono differenze fisiche tra gli appezzamenti e ciascun agricoltore è libero di coltivare il terreno nel modo che più gli piace. L’agricoltura inglese nel Medioevo era caratterizzata da un sistema detto dell’open field,cioè “campo aperto”. Gli appezzamenti di terra di proprietà dei singoli contadini di un villaggio venivano coltivati in comune e il raccolto poi redistribuito in proporzione ai diversi proprietari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_dell'istituto"><span id="Storia_dell.27istituto"></span>Storia dell'istituto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia dell'istituto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia dell'istituto"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dall'<a href="/wiki/Illuminismo" title="Illuminismo">Illuminismo</a> in poi si ha il passaggio di molte zone d'Europa da un sistema di <i>campi aperti</i> ad uno di <i>campi chiusi</i>. </p><p>Il fenomeno fu favorito anche dalla convinzione che un'agricoltura moderna, e capace di sfamare una popolazione crescente, sarebbe stata favorita da tale trasformazione e interessò dapprima l'<a href="/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra">Inghilterra</a>, per estendersi poi gradatamente a molti altri paesi, compresa la <a href="/wiki/Sardegna" title="Sardegna">Sardegna</a> con l'editto delle <a href="/wiki/Chiudende" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiudende">chiudende</a>. </p><p>Il sistema dei "campi aperti" fu il prevalente sistema agricolo in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> dal <a href="/wiki/Medioevo" title="Medioevo">Medioevo</a> fino a tempi recenti come il <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a>. Dal <a href="/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo">XII secolo</a> in poi fu gradualmente rimpiazzato dai recinti. </p><p>Il sistema dei "campi aperti" sembra essersi sviluppato nel periodo medievale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_proposte_di_nuovi_campi_aperti">Le proposte di <i>nuovi campi aperti</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Le proposte di nuovi campi aperti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Le proposte di nuovi campi aperti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'evoluzione dell'agricoltura cerealicola ha fatto osservare agli studiosi della necessità per gli agricoltori delle aree italiane vocate per le culture cerealicole, soprattutto il <a href="/wiki/Mais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mais">mais</a>, di coordinare la coltivazione di campi appartenenti a diversi proprietari per poter fornire quella massa minima di lotti di prodotto omogenei richiesti dal mercato. Non sarebbe perciò più il singolo proprietario a decidere le pratiche colturali, ma il libero aggregarsi di coltivatori delle aree confinanti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oliver Rackham, <i>The History of the Countryside</i> (1986). (On Britain, primarily England)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosures" title="Enclosures">Enclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C3%A0_collettiva" title="Proprietà collettiva">Proprietà collettiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiudende" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiudende">Chiudende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campi_recintati" title="Campi recintati">Campi recintati</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campi_aperti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://travel.guardian.co.uk/activities/walking/story/0,7447,414838,00.html">http://travel.guardian.co.uk/activities/walking/story/0,7447,414838,00.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr/link/med/economy/agricul/laxsurv.html">http://mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr/link/med/economy/agricul/laxsurv.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224072305/http://mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr/link/med/economy/agricul/laxsurv.html">Archiviato</a> il 24 dicembre 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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