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conduit</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: circular conduit"> <meta name="keywords" content="circular conduit"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="circular conduit"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 781</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: circular conduit</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">781</span> CFD Studies on Forced Convection Nanofluid Flow Inside a Circular Conduit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khalid">M. Khalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Rashmi"> W. Rashmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20L.%20Kwan"> L. L. Kwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work provides an overview on the experimental and numerical simulations of various nanofluids and their flow and heat transfer behavior. It was further extended to study the effect of nanoparticle concentration, fluid flow rates and thermo-physical properties on the heat transfer enhancement of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a turbulent flow circular conduit using ANSYS FLUENT™ 14.0. Single-phase approximation (homogeneous model) and two-phase (mixture and Eulerian) models were used to simulate the nanofluid flow behavior in the 3-D horizontal pipe. The numerical results were further validated with experimental correlations reported in the literature. It was found that heat transfer of nanofluids increases with increasing particle volume concentration and Reynolds number, respectively. Results showed good agreement (~9% deviation) with the experimental correlations, especially for a single-phase model with constant properties. Among two-phase models, mixture model (~14% deviation) showed better prediction compared to Eulerian-dispersed model (~18% deviation) when temperature independent properties were used. Non-drag forces were also employed in the Eulerian two-phase model. However, the two-phase mixture model with temperature dependent nanofluid properties gave slightly closer agreement (~12% deviation). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title="nanofluid">nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20convection" title=" forced convection"> forced convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20conduit" title=" circular conduit"> circular conduit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13358/cfd-studies-on-forced-convection-nanofluid-flow-inside-a-circular-conduit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13358.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">780</span> Nanofluid Flow Heat Transfer Through Ducts with Different Cross-Sections</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Dehshiri">Amir Dehshiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Salimpour"> Mohammad Reza Salimpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present article, we investigate experimental laminar forced convective heat transfer specifications of TiO2/water nanofluids through conduits with different cross sections. We check the effects of different parameters such as cross-sectional shape, Reynolds number and concentration of nanoparticles in stable suspension on increasing convective heat transfer by designing and assembling of an experimental apparatus. The results demonstrate adding a little amount of nanoparticles to the base fluid, improves heat transfer behavior in conduits. Moreover, conduit with circular cross-section has better performance compared to the square and triangular cross sections. However, conduits with square and triangular cross sections have more relative heat transfer enhancement than conduit with circular cross section. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title="nanofluid">nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20shape" title=" cross-sectional shape"> cross-sectional shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2" title=" TiO2"> TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title=" convection"> convection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2143/nanofluid-flow-heat-transfer-through-ducts-with-different-cross-sections" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">779</span> Experimental Analysis of Laminar Nanofluid Flow Convection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20R.%20Salimpour">Mohammad R. Salimpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we investigate experimental laminar forced convective heat transfer specifications of TiO2/water nanofluids through conduits with different cross sections. Ee check the effects of different parameters such as cross sectional shape, Reynolds number and concentration of nanoparticles in stable suspension on increasing convective heat transfer by designing and assembling of an experimental apparatus. The results demonstrate adding a little amount of nanoparticles to the base fluid, improves heat transfer behavior in conduits. Moreover, conduit with circular cross-section has better performance compared to the square and triangular cross sections. However, conduits with square and triangular cross sections have more relative heat transfer enhancement than conduit with circular cross section. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title="nanofluid">nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20shape" title=" cross-sectional shape"> cross-sectional shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2" title=" TiO2"> TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title=" convection"> convection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20434/experimental-analysis-of-laminar-nanofluid-flow-convection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">778</span> New Effect of Duct Cross Sectional Shape on the Nanofluid Flow Heat Transfer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20R.%20Salimpour">Mohammad R. Salimpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Dehshiri"> Amir Dehshiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present article, we investigate experimental laminar forced convective heat transfer specifications of TiO2/water nanofluids through conduits with different cross sections. we check the effects of different parameters such as cross sectional shape, Reynolds number and concentration of nanoparticles in stable suspension on increasing convective heat transfer by designing and assembling of an experimental apparatus. The results demonstrate adding a little amount of nanoparticles to the base fluid, improves heat transfer behavior in conduits. Moreover, conduit with circular cross-section has better performance compared to the square and triangular cross sections. However, conduits with square and triangular cross sections have more relative heat transfer enchantment than conduit with circular cross section. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20fluid" title="nano fluid">nano fluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20shape" title=" cross-sectional shape"> cross-sectional shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2" title=" TiO2"> TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title=" convection"> convection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19769/new-effect-of-duct-cross-sectional-shape-on-the-nanofluid-flow-heat-transfer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">777</span> Effect of Channel Cross Section Shape on Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Nanofluid Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Salimpour">Mohammad Reza Salimpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Dehshiri"> Amir Dehshiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present article, we investigate experimental laminar forced convective heat transfer specifications of TiO2/water nanofluids through conduits with different cross sections. We check the effects of different parameters such as cross sectional shape, Reynolds number and concentration of nanoparticles in stable suspension on increasing convective heat transfer by designing and assembling of an experimental apparatus. The results demonstrate adding a little amount of nanoparticles to the base fluid improves heat transfer behavior in conduits. Moreover, conduit with circular cross-section has better performance compared to the square and triangular cross sections. However, conduits with square and triangular cross sections have more relative heat transfer enhancement than conduit with circular cross section. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title="nanofluid">nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20shape" title=" cross-sectional shape"> cross-sectional shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2" title=" TiO2"> TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title=" convection"> convection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9657/effect-of-channel-cross-section-shape-on-convective-heat-transfer-coefficient-of-nanofluid-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">776</span> Design and Development of an Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Valved Conduit with Sinus of Valsalva</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munirah%20Ismail">Munirah Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joon%20Hock%20Yeo"> Joon Hock Yeo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Babies born with Tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart defect, are required to undergo reconstruction surgery to create a valved conduit. As the child matures, the partially reconstructed pulmonary conduit increases in diameter, while the size of the reconstructed valve remains the same. As a result, follow up surgery is required to replace the undersized valve. Thus, in this project, we evaluated the in-vitro performance of a bi-leaflet valve design in terms of percentage regurgitation with increasing artery (conduit) diameters. Results revealed percentage regurgitations ranging from 13% to 34% for conduits tested. It was observed that percentage of regurgitation increased exponentially with increasing diameters. While the amount of regurgitation may seem severe, it is deemed acceptable, and this valve could potentially reduce the frequency of re-operation in the lifetime of pediatric patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulmonary%20heart%20valve" title="pulmonary heart valve">pulmonary heart valve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetralogy%20of%20fallot" title=" tetralogy of fallot"> tetralogy of fallot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expanded%20polytetrafluoroethylene%20valve" title=" expanded polytetrafluoroethylene valve"> expanded polytetrafluoroethylene valve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20heart%20valve%20replacement" title=" pediatric heart valve replacement"> pediatric heart valve replacement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86145/design-and-development-of-an-expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene-valved-conduit-with-sinus-of-valsalva" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">775</span> A Nanofi Brous PHBV Tube with Schwann Cell as Artificial Nerve Graft Contributing to Rat Sciatic Nerve Regeneration across a 30-Mm Defect Bridge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmaeil%20Biazar">Esmaeil Biazar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A nanofibrous PHBV nerve conduit has been used to evaluate its efficiency based on the promotion of nerve regeneration in rats. The designed conduits were investigated by physical, mechanical and microscopic analyses. The conduits were implanted into a 30-mm gap in the sciatic nerves of the rats. Four months after surgery, the regenerated nerves were evaluated by macroscopic assessments and histology. This polymeric conduit had sufficiently high mechanical properties to serve as a nerve guide. The results demonstrated that in the nanofibrous graft with cells, the sciatic nerve trunk had been reconstructed with restoration of nerve continuity and formatted nerve fibers with myelination. For the grafts especially the nanofibrous conduits with cells, muscle cells of gastrocnemius on the operated side were uniform in their size and structures. This study proves the feasibility of artificial conduit with Schwann cells for nerve regeneration by bridging a longer defect in a rat model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sciatic%20regeneration" title="sciatic regeneration">sciatic regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schwann%20cell" title=" Schwann cell"> Schwann cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20conduit" title=" artificial conduit"> artificial conduit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofibrous%20PHBV" title=" nanofibrous PHBV"> nanofibrous PHBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histological%20assessments" title=" histological assessments"> histological assessments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21190/a-nanofi-brous-phbv-tube-with-schwann-cell-as-artificial-nerve-graft-contributing-to-rat-sciatic-nerve-regeneration-across-a-30-mm-defect-bridge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">774</span> Circular Economy: An Overview of Principles, Strategies, and Case Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Mahmoud%20Bakr">Dina Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud Bakr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of a circular economy is gaining increasing attention as a way to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce the environmental impact of human activities. The circular economy is a systemic approach that aims to keep materials and resources in use for as long as possible, minimize waste and pollution, and regenerate natural systems. The purpose of this article is to present a summary of the principles and tactics employed in the circular economy, along with examples of prosperous circular economy projects implemented in different sectors across Japan, Austria, the Netherlands, South Africa, Germany, and the United States. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a circular economy and the policy interventions that can support this transition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20reduction" title=" waste reduction"> waste reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165532/circular-economy-an-overview-of-principles-strategies-and-case-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">773</span> Harmonising the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 160 Papers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Novak">M. Novak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Dufourmount"> J. Dufourmount</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Wildi"> D. Wildi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sutherland"> A. Sutherland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Sosa"> L. Sosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Zimmer"> J. Zimmer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Szabo"> E. Szabo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The circular economy has grounded itself amongst scholars and practitioners operating across governments and enterprises. The aim of this paper is to augment the circular economy concept by identifying common core and enabling circular business models. To this aim, we have analysed over 150 papers regarding circular activities and identified 8 clusters of business models and enablers. We have mapped and harmonised the most prominent frameworks conceptualising the circular economy. Our findings indicate that circular economy core business models include regenerative in addition to reduce, reuse and recycle activities. We further find enabling activities in design, digital technologies, knowledge development and sharing, multistakeholder collaborations, and extended corporate responsibility initiatives in various forms. We critically contrast the application of these business models across the European and African contexts. Overall, we find that seemingly varied circular economy definitions distill the same conceptual business models. We hope to contribute towards the coherence of the circular economy concept, and the continuous development of practical guidance to select and implement circular strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Circular%20economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20analysis" title="content analysis">content analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20models" title="business models">business models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=definitions" title="definitions">definitions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enablers" title="enablers">enablers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frameworks" title="frameworks">frameworks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140970/harmonising-the-circular-economy-an-analysis-of-160-papers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">772</span> Non-Circular Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Chainring Failure Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Elmikaty">A. Elmikaty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Thanawarothon"> Z. Thanawarothon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Mezeix"> L. Mezeix</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a finite element model to simulate the teeth failure of non-circular composite chainring. Model consists of the chainring and a part of the chain. To reduce the size of the model, only the first 11 rollers are simulated. In order to validate the model, it is firstly applied to a circular aluminum chainring and evolution of the stress in the teeth is compared with the literature. Then, effect of the non-circular shape is studied through three different loading positions. Strength of non-circular composite chainring and failure scenario is investigated. Moreover, two composite lay-ups are proposed to observe the influence of the stacking. Results show that composite material can be used but the lay-up has a large influence on the strength. Finally, loading position does not have influence on the first composite failure that always occurs in the first tooth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFRP" title="CFRP">CFRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20failure" title=" composite failure"> composite failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEA" title=" FEA"> FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-circular%20chainring" title=" non-circular chainring"> non-circular chainring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76708/non-circular-carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymers-chainring-failure-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">771</span> Magnetohydrodynamic Flows in a Conduit with Multiple Channels under a Magnetic Field Applied Perpendicular to the Plane of Flow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Luo">Yang Luo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Nyung%20Kim"> Chang Nyung Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study numerically analyzes a steady-state, three-dimensional liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic flows in a conduit with multiple channels under a uniform magnetic field. The geometry of the conduit is of a four-parallel-channels system including one inflow channel and three outflow channels. The liquid-metal flows in the inflow channel, then turns 1800 in the transition segment, finally flows into three different outflow channels simultaneously. This kind of channel system can induce counter flow and co-flow, which is rarely investigated before. The axial velocity in the side layer near the first partitioning wall, which is located between the inflow channel and the first outflow channel, is the highest. ‘M-shaped’ velocity profiles are obtained in the side layers of the inflow and outflow channels. The interdependency of the current, fluid velocity, pressure, electric potential is examined in order to describe the electromagnetic characteristics of the liquid-metal flows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-metal" title="liquid-metal">liquid-metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20channels" title=" multiple channels"> multiple channels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20field" title=" magnetic field"> magnetic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetohydrodynamic" title=" magnetohydrodynamic"> magnetohydrodynamic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25440/magnetohydrodynamic-flows-in-a-conduit-with-multiple-channels-under-a-magnetic-field-applied-perpendicular-to-the-plane-of-flow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">770</span> Relationships between Actors within Business Ecosystems That Adopt Circular Strategies: A Systematic Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophia%20Barquete">Sophia Barquete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriana%20H.%20Trevisan"> Adriana H. Trevisan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janaina%20Mascarenhas"> Janaina Mascarenhas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The circular economy (CE) aims at the cycling of resources through restorative and regenerative strategies. To achieve circularity, coordination of several actors who have different responsibilities is necessary. The interaction among multiple actors allows the connection between the CE and business ecosystem research fields. Although fundamental, the relationships between actors within an ecosystem to foster circularity are not deeply explored in the literature. The objective of this study was to identify the possibilities of cooperation, competition, or even coopetition among the members of business ecosystems that adopt circular strategies. In particular, the motivations that make these actors interact to achieve a circular economy were investigated. A systematic literature review was adopted to select business ecosystem cases that adopt circular strategies. As a result, several motivations were identified for actors to engage in relationships within ecosystems, such as sharing knowledge and infrastructure, developing products with a circular design, promoting reverse logistics, among others. The results suggest that partnerships between actors are, in fact, important for the implementation of circular strategies. In order to achieve a complete and circular solution, actors must be able to clearly understand their roles and relationships within the network so that they can establish new partnerships or reframe those already established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20ecosystem" title="business ecosystem">business ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperation" title=" cooperation"> cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coopetition" title=" coopetition"> coopetition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title=" competition"> competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142483/relationships-between-actors-within-business-ecosystems-that-adopt-circular-strategies-a-systematic-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">769</span> Implementing Two Rotatable Circular Polarized Glass Made Window to Reduce the Amount of Electricity Usage by Air Condition System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imtiaz%20Sarwar">Imtiaz Sarwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air conditioning in homes may account for one-third of the electricity during period in summer when most of the energy is required in large cities. It is not consuming only electricity but also has a serious impact on environment including greenhouse effect. Circular polarizer filter can be used to selectively absorb or pass clockwise or counter-clock wise circularly polarized light. My research is about putting two circular polarized glasses parallel to each other and make a circular window with it. When we will place two circular polarized glasses exactly same way (0 degree to each other) then nothing will be noticed rather it will work as a regular window through which all light and heat can pass on. While we will keep rotating one of the circular polarized glasses, the angle between the glasses will keep increasing and the window will keep blocking more and more lights. It will completely block all the lights and a portion of related heat when one of the windows will reach 90 degree to another. On the other hand, we can just open the window when fresh air is necessary. It will reduce the necessity of using Air condition too much or consumer will use electric fan rather than air conditioning system. Thus, we can save a significant amount of electricity and we can go green. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20polarizer" title="circular polarizer">circular polarizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=window" title=" window"> window</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20condition" title=" air condition"> air condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light" title=" light"> light</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22141/implementing-two-rotatable-circular-polarized-glass-made-window-to-reduce-the-amount-of-electricity-usage-by-air-condition-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">607</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">768</span> Out-of-Plane Free Vibrations of Circular Rods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faruk%20Firat%20%C3%87alim">Faruk Firat Çalim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurullah%20Karaca"> Nurullah Karaca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Tacettin%20T%C3%BCrker"> Hakan Tacettin Türker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, out-of-plane free vibrations of a circular rods is investigated theoretically. The governing equations for naturally twisted and curved spatial rods are obtained using Timoshenko beam theory and rewritten for circular rods. Effects of the axial and shear deformations are considered in the formulations. Ordinary differential equations in scalar form are solved analytically by using transfer matrix method. The circular rods of the mass matrix are obtained by using straight rod of consistent mass matrix. Free vibrations frequencies obtained by solving eigenvalue problem. A computer program coded in MATHEMATICA language is prepared. Circular beams are analyzed through various examples for free vibrations analysis. Results are compared with ANSYS results based on finite element method and available in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20rod" title="circular rod">circular rod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=out-of-plane%20free%20vibration%20analysis" title=" out-of-plane free vibration analysis"> out-of-plane free vibration analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20matrix%20method" title=" transfer matrix method"> transfer matrix method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29528/out-of-plane-free-vibrations-of-circular-rods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">767</span> Bi-Layer Electro-Conductive Nanofibrous Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloofar%20Nazeri">Niloofar Nazeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Derakhshan"> Mohammad Ali Derakhshan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Faridi%20Majidi"> Reza Faridi Majidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Ghanbari"> Hossein Ghanbari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Injury of peripheral nervous system (PNS) can lead to loss of sensation or movement. To date, one of the challenges for surgeons is repairing large gaps in PNS. To solve this problem, nerve conduits have been developed. Conduits produced by means of electrospinning can mimic extracellular matrix and provide enough surface for further functionalization. In this research, a conductive bilayer nerve conduit with poly caprolactone (PCL), poly (lactic acid co glycolic acid) (PLGA) and MWCNT for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration was fabricated. The conduit was made of longitudinally aligned PLGA nanofibrous sheets in the lumen to promote nerve regeneration and randomly oriented PCL nanofibers on the outer surface for mechanical support. The intra-luminal guidance channel was made out of conductive aligned nanofibrous rolled sheets which are coated with laminin via dopamine. Different properties of electrospun scaffolds were investigated by using contact angle, mechanical strength, degradation time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SEM analysis was shown that size range of nanofibrous mat were about 600-750 nm and MWCNTs deposited between nanofibers. The XPS result was shown that laminin attached to the nanofibers surface successfully. The contact-angle and tensile tests analysis revealed that scaffolds have good hydrophilicity and enough mechanical strength. In vitro studies demonstrated that this conductive surface was able to enhance the attachment and proliferation of PC12 and Schwann cells. We concluded that this bilayer composite conduit has good potential for nerve regeneration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductive" title="conductive">conductive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conduit" title=" conduit"> conduit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laminin" title=" laminin"> laminin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MWCNT" title=" MWCNT"> MWCNT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76928/bi-layer-electro-conductive-nanofibrous-conduits-for-peripheral-nerve-regeneration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76928.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">766</span> Territories' Challenges and Opportunities to Promote Circular Economy in the Building Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Tirado">R. Tirado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Habert"> G. Habert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mailhac"> A. Mailhac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Laurenceau"> S. Laurenceau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid development of cities implies significant material inflows and outflows. The construction sector is one of the main consumers of raw materials and producers of waste. The waste from the building sector, for its quantity and potential for recovery, constitutes significant deposits requiring major efforts, by combining different actors, to achieve the circular economy's objectives. It is necessary to understand and know the current construction actors' knowledge of stocks, urban metabolism, deposits, and recovery practices in this context. This article aims to explore the role of local governments in planning strategies by facilitating a circular economy. In particular, the principal opportunities and challenges of communities for applying the principles of the circular economy in the building sector will be identified. The approach used for the study was to conduct semi-structured interviews with those responsible for circular economy projects within local administrations of some communities in France. The results show territories' involvement in the inclusion and application of the principles of the circular economy in the building sector. The main challenges encountered are numerous, hence the importance of having identified and described them so that the different actors can work to meet them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20stock" title="building stock">building stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interview" title=" interview"> interview</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20authorities" title=" local authorities"> local authorities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134550/territories-challenges-and-opportunities-to-promote-circular-economy-in-the-building-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">765</span> Circular Approximation by Trigonometric Bézier Curves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Hussin">Maria Hussin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Zawwar%20Hussain"> Malik Zawwar Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubashrah%20Saddiqa"> Mubashrah Saddiqa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a trigonometric scheme to approximate a circular arc with its two end points and two end tangents/unit tangents. A rational cubic trigonometric Bézier curve is constructed whose end control points are defined by the end points of the circular arc. Weight functions and the remaining control points of the cubic trigonometric Bézier curve are estimated by variational approach to reproduce a circular arc. The radius error is calculated and found less than the existing techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20points" title="control points">control points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rational%20trigonometric%20B%C3%A9zier%20curves" title=" rational trigonometric Bézier curves"> rational trigonometric Bézier curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radius%20error" title=" radius error"> radius error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape%20measure" title=" shape measure"> shape measure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight%20functions" title=" weight functions"> weight functions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15444/circular-approximation-by-trigonometric-bezier-curves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15444.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">764</span> Simultaneous Measurement of Pressure and Temperature Profile of Lubricating Oil-Film along Orthogonally Displaced Non-Circular Journal Bearing: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Singla">Amit Singla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Chauhan"> Amit Chauhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The non-circular journal bearings provide better thermal stability and lesser oil-film temperature rise as compared to circular journal bearings. Experimentation on simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature of lubricated oil-film along the profile of the bearing will help the designer to design journal bearings. In this paper, pressure and temperature of oil-film along orthogonally displaced non-circular journal bearing have been measured on a designed journal bearing test rig. The orthogonal non-circular journal bearing has been fabricated by displacing two circular halves away from the centers in the orthogonal direction. The data acquisition for oil film pressure and temperature has been carried out at journal speed=3000 rpm and by increasing the static radial load from 500 N to 2000 N in steps of 500 N using three different grades of oil (ISOVG 32, 68, and 150) named as oil-1, oil-2, and oil-3 respectively. The results show that the oil-film pressure and temperature increases with increase in radial load and change of lubricating oil towards increasing viscosity. Further, two lobes in the pressure and temperature profiles have been obtained which accounts for better thermal stability as it reduces cavitation zone inside the bearing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavitation" title="cavitation">cavitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-circular%20journal%20bearing" title=" non-circular journal bearing"> non-circular journal bearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonally%20displaced" title=" orthogonally displaced"> orthogonally displaced</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stability" title=" thermal stability"> thermal stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51319/simultaneous-measurement-of-pressure-and-temperature-profile-of-lubricating-oil-film-along-orthogonally-displaced-non-circular-journal-bearing-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">763</span> Experimental Measurements of Mean and Turbulence Quantities behind the Circular Cylinder by Attaching Different Number of Tripping Wires</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Bak%20Khoshnevis">Amir Bak Khoshnevis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdieh%20Khodadadi"> Mahdieh Khodadadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aghil%20Lotfi"> Aghil Lotfi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a bluff body, roughness elements in simulating a turbulent boundary layer, leading to delayed flow separation, a smaller wake, and lower form drag. In the present work, flow past a circular cylinder with using tripping wires is studied experimentally. The wind tunnel used for modeling free stream is open blow circuit (maximum speed = 30m/s and maximum turbulence of free stream = 0.1%). The selected Reynolds number for all tests was constant (Re = 25000). The circular cylinder selected for this experiment is 20 and 400mm in diameter and length, respectively. The aim of this research is to find the optimal operation mode. In this study installed some tripping wires 1mm in diameter, with a different number of wires on the circular cylinder and the wake characteristics of the circular cylinder is studied. Results showed that by increasing number of tripping wires attached to the circular cylinder (6, 8, and 10, respectively), The optimal angle for the tripping wires with 1mm in diameter to be installed on the cylinder is 60̊ (or 6 wires required at angle difference of 60̊). Strouhal number for the cylinder with tripping wires 1mm in diameter at angular position 60̊ showed the maximum value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wake%20of%20circular%20cylinder" title="wake of circular cylinder">wake of circular cylinder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trip%20wire" title=" trip wire"> trip wire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20defect" title=" velocity defect"> velocity defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strouhal%20number" title=" strouhal number"> strouhal number</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36656/experimental-measurements-of-mean-and-turbulence-quantities-behind-the-circular-cylinder-by-attaching-different-number-of-tripping-wires" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">762</span> Defuzzification of Periodic Membership Function on Circular Coordinates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takashi%20Mitsuishi">Takashi Mitsuishi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koji%20Saigusa"> Koji Saigusa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents circular polar coordinates transformation of periodic fuzzy membership function. The purpose is identification of domain of periodic membership functions in consequent part of IF-THEN rules. The proposed methods are applied to the simple color construct system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodic%20membership%20function" title="periodic membership function">periodic membership function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polar%20coordinates%20transformation" title=" polar coordinates transformation"> polar coordinates transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defuzzification" title=" defuzzification"> defuzzification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20coordinates" title=" circular coordinates"> circular coordinates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14722/defuzzification-of-periodic-membership-function-on-circular-coordinates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">761</span> Adopting Circular Economy Principles in Municipal Waste Management: A Pathway to Sustainability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bushra">Bushra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Filza%20Akhtar"> Filza Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As countries face increased pressure to address environmental issues and resource constraints, the need to implement sustainable waste management strategies grows. This research study investigates the concept of circular economy principles in the context of municipal waste management as a tool for achieving sustainability goals. Municipalities can reduce environmental impacts, conserve resources, and promote economic development by switching from traditional linear waste disposal prototypes to circular approaches prioritizing waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and resource recovery. Drawing on case studies and best practices worldwide, this study investigates the potential benefits, obstacles, and opportunities of incorporating circular economy principles into waste management methods. It also talks about the role of regulatory frameworks, technology advances, and stakeholder participation in driving the transformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title="sustainable">sustainable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186183/adopting-circular-economy-principles-in-municipal-waste-management-a-pathway-to-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">760</span> Embracing Circular Economy: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in Emerging Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20Jose%20Paillacho%20Silva">Mario Jose Paillacho Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20%C3%81ngel%20P%C3%A9rez%20L%C3%B3pez"> José Ángel Pérez López</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article delves into the critical role of circular economy principles in unlocking sustainable growth and addressing environmental inequalities in emerging markets. Circular economy practices, rooted in regenerative systems and resource conservation, offer a transformative pathway for dynamic economies to achieve prosperity while minimizing environmental impact. The article comprehensively explores the understanding of the circular economy in emerging markets, emphasizing its economic benefits, social implications, and environmental advantages. It highlights key challenges and opportunities faced by these markets and emphasizes the crucial role of governments in creating supportive policy frameworks. It emphasizes how circular economy practices empower local communities and promote social inclusion and equality. Furthermore, the article underscores how the adoption of circular economy practices can mitigate waste, pollution, and resource scarcity, thus contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Integrating circular economy principles with the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs), the article showcases the potential of circularity in fostering responsible consumption and production, sustainable economic growth, and environmental protection. Overall, the article advocates for cross-sector collaboration and knowledge sharing to overcome barriers and scale circular economy practices in emerging markets, ultimately leading to a more equitable, prosperous, and environmentally sustainable future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20markets" title=" emerging markets"> emerging markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circularity" title=" circularity"> circularity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170438/embracing-circular-economy-unlocking-sustainable-growth-in-emerging-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">759</span> Selective Excitation of Circular Helical Modes in Graded Index Fibers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Al-Sowayan">S. Al-Sowayan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impact of selective excitation of circular helical modes of graded-index fibers on its capacity is analyzed using a model for propagation delay variation with launch offset and angle that resulted from misalignment of source and fiber axis. Results show that promising technique to improve graded-index fiber capacities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20measurements" title="fiber measurements">fiber measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optic" title=" fiber optic"> fiber optic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communications" title=" communications"> communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20helical%20modes" title=" circular helical modes"> circular helical modes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3070/selective-excitation-of-circular-helical-modes-in-graded-index-fibers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">789</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">758</span> A Review on the Outlook of the Circular Economy in the Automotive Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Buruzs">A. Buruzs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Torma"> A. Torma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relationship of the automotive industry with raw material supply is a major challenge and presents obstacles. Automobiles are ones of the most complex products using a large variety of materials. Safety, eco-friendliness and comfort requirements, physical, chemical and economic limitations set the framework in which this industry continuously optimizes the efficient and responsible use of resources. The concept of circular economy covers the issues of waste generation, resource scarcity and economic advantages. However, circularity is already known for the automobile industry – several efforts are done to foster material reuse, product remanufacturing and recycling. The aim of this study is to give an overview on how the producers comply with the growing demands on one hand, and gain efficiency and increase profitability on the other hand from circular economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive%20industry" title="automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20requirements" title=" international requirements"> international requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70333/a-review-on-the-outlook-of-the-circular-economy-in-the-automotive-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">757</span> Twisted Bilayer Crescent Chiral Metasurface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semere%20Araya%20Asefa">Semere Araya Asefa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> I described twisted bilayer crescent metasurfaces that link optical properties between two layers and enhance circular dichroism. The interactions between the metasurface layers cause circular dichroism. And we evaluated the parameters that affect the chiroptical response of the crescent <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chiroptical%20response" title="chiroptical response">chiroptical response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chiral%20metasurface" title=" chiral metasurface"> chiral metasurface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20dichroism" title=" circular dichroism"> circular dichroism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chiral%20sensing" title=" chiral sensing"> chiral sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164207/twisted-bilayer-crescent-chiral-metasurface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">756</span> Comparative Study of Dynamic Effect on Analysis Approaches for Circular Tanks Using Codal Provisions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Deepak%20Kumar">P. Deepak Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aishwarya%20Alok"> Aishwarya Alok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20R.%20Maiti"> P. R. Maiti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liquid storage tanks have become widespread during the recent decades due to their extensive usage. Analysis of liquid containing tanks is known to be complex due to hydrodynamic force exerted on tank which makes the analysis a complex one. The objective of this research is to carry out analysis of liquid domain along with structural interaction for various geometries of circular tanks considering seismic effects. An attempt has been made to determine hydrodynamic pressure distribution on the tank wall considering impulsive and convective components of liquid mass. To get a better picture, a comparative study of Draft IS 1893 Part 2, ACI 350.3 and Eurocode 8 for Circular Shaped Tank has been performed. Further, the differences in the magnitude of shear and moment at base as obtained from static (IS 3370 IV) and dynamic (Draft IS 1892 Part 2) analysis of ground supported circular tank highlight the need for us to mature from the old code to a newer code, which is more accurate and reliable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20filled%20containers" title="liquid filled containers">liquid filled containers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20tanks" title=" circular tanks"> circular tanks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IS%201893%20%28part%202%29" title=" IS 1893 (part 2)"> IS 1893 (part 2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20analysis" title=" seismic analysis"> seismic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sloshing" title=" sloshing"> sloshing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28169/comparative-study-of-dynamic-effect-on-analysis-approaches-for-circular-tanks-using-codal-provisions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">755</span> Design of Non-uniform Circular Antenna Arrays Using Firefly Algorithm for Side Lobe Level Reduction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gopi%20Ram">Gopi Ram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Durbadal%20Mandal"> Durbadal Mandal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajib%20Kar"> Rajib Kar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakti%20Prasad%20Ghoshal"> Sakti Prasad Ghoshal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A design problem of non-uniform circular antenna arrays for maximum reduction of both the side lobe level (SLL) and first null beam width (FNBW) is dealt with. This problem is modeled as a simple optimization problem. The method of Firefly algorithm (FFA) is used to determine an optimal set of current excitation weights and antenna inter-element separations that provide radiation pattern with maximum SLL reduction and much improvement on FNBW as well. Circular array antenna laid on x-y plane is assumed. FFA is applied on circular arrays of 8-, 10-, and 12- elements. Various simulation results are presented and hence performances of side lobe and FNBW are analyzed. Experimental results show considerable reductions of both the SLL and FNBW with respect to those of the uniform case and some standard algorithms GA, PSO, and SA applied to the same problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20arrays" title="circular arrays">circular arrays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20null%20beam%20width" title=" first null beam width"> first null beam width</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=side%20lobe%20level" title=" side lobe level"> side lobe level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FFA" title=" FFA"> FFA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4066/design-of-non-uniform-circular-antenna-arrays-using-firefly-algorithm-for-side-lobe-level-reduction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">754</span> Evaluating of Turkish Earthquake Code (2007) for FRP Wrapped Circular Concrete Cylinders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guler%20S.">Guler S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guzel%20E."> Guzel E.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulen%20M."> Gulen M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials are commonly used in construction sector to enhance the strength and ductility capacities of structural elements. The equations on confined compressive strength of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders is described in the 7th chapter of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-07) that enter into force in 2007. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of TEC-07 on confined compressive strengths of circular FRP wrapped concrete cylinders. To this end, a large number of data on circular FRP wrapped concrete cylinders are collected from the literature. It is clearly seen that the predictions of TEC-07 on circular FRP wrapped the FRP wrapped columns is not same accuracy for different ranges of concrete strengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiber%20Reinforced%20Polymer%20%28FRP%29" title="Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)">Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20cylinders" title=" concrete cylinders"> concrete cylinders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkish%20Earthquake%20Code" title=" Turkish Earthquake Code"> Turkish Earthquake Code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21290/evaluating-of-turkish-earthquake-code-2007-for-frp-wrapped-circular-concrete-cylinders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">753</span> Adopting a Stakeholder Perspective to Profile Successful Sustainable Circular Business Approaches: A Single Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charleen%20von%20Kolpinski">Charleen von Kolpinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karina%20Cagarman"> Karina Cagarman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Blaute"> Alina Blaute</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The circular economy concept is often framed by politicians, scientists and practitioners as being the solution to sustainability problems of our times. However, the focus of these discussions and publications is very often set on environmental and economic aspects. In contrast, the social dimension of sustainability has been neglected and only a few recent and mostly conceptual studies targeted the inclusion of social aspects and the SDGs into circular economy research. All stakeholders of this new circular system have to be included to represent a truly sustainable solution to all the environmental, economic and social challenges caused by the linear economic system. Hence, this empirical research aims to analyse, next to the environmental and economic dimension, also explicitly the social dimension of a sustainable circular business model. This inductive and explorative approach applies the single case study method. A multi-stakeholder view is adopted to shed light on social aspects of the circular business model. Different stakeholder views, tensions between stakeholders and conflicts of interest are detected. In semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders of the company, this study compares the different stakeholder views to profile the success factors of its business model in terms of sustainability implementation and to detect its shortcomings. These findings result in the development of propositions which cover different social aspects of sustainable circular business model implementation. This study is an answer to calls for future empirical research about the social dimension of the circular economy and contributes to sustainable business model thinking in entrepreneurial contexts of the circular economy. It helps identifying all relevant stakeholders and their needs to successfully and inclusively implement a sustainable circular business model. The method of a single case study has some limitations by nature as it only covers one enterprise with its special business model. Therefore, more empirical studies are needed to research sustainable circular business models from multiple stakeholder perspectives, in different countries and industries. Future research can build upon the developed propositions of this study and develop hypotheses to be tested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20case%20study" title=" single case study"> single case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20dimension" title=" social dimension"> social dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20circular%20business%20model" title=" sustainable circular business model"> sustainable circular business model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143949/adopting-a-stakeholder-perspective-to-profile-successful-sustainable-circular-business-approaches-a-single-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">752</span> Analyzing the Potential of Job Creation by Taking the First Step Towards Circular Economy: Case Study of Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Conde">R. Conde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Brazilian economic projections and social indicators show a future of crisis for the country. Solutions to avoid this crisis scenario are necessary. Several developed countries implement initiatives linked to sustainability, mainly related to the circular economy, to solve their crises quickly - green recovery. This article aims to assess social gains if Brazil followed the same recovery strategy. Furthermore, with the use of data presented and recognized in the international academic society, the number of jobs that can be created, if Brazil took the first steps towards a more circular economy, was found. Moreover, in addition to the gross value in the number of jobs created, this article also detailed the number of these jobs by type of activity (collection, processing, and manufacturing) and by type of material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20recovery" title=" green recovery"> green recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20creation" title=" job creation"> job creation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20gains" title=" social gains"> social gains</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134915/analyzing-the-potential-of-job-creation-by-taking-the-first-step-towards-circular-economy-case-study-of-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20conduit&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20conduit&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20conduit&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20conduit&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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