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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Proper names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proper names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proper_names_and_the_definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_names_and_the_definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Proper names and the definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper_names_and_the_definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Capitalization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capitalization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capitalization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_capitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_capitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History of capitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_capitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_English_capitalization_of_proper_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_English_capitalization_of_proper_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern English capitalization of proper nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_English_capitalization_of_proper_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_marking_of_proper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_marking_of_proper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative marking of proper names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_marking_of_proper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_and_cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_and_cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acquisition and cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_and_cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proper noun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eienaam" title="Eienaam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eienaam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="علم (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_propiu" title="Nome propiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nome propiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choan-i%C3%BA_b%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB" title="Choan-iú bêng-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choan-iú bêng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv_divoutin" title="Anv divoutin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv divoutin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_propi" title="Nom propi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom propi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Пайăр ят – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайăр ят" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastn%C3%AD_jm%C3%A9no" title="Vlastní jméno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlastní jméno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egennavn" title="Egennavn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egennavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenname" title="Eigenname – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eigenname" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4risnimi" title="Pärisnimi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärisnimi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_propio" title="Nombre propio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre propio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propra_nomo" title="Propra nomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propra nomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izen_propio" title="Izen propio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izen propio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="اسم خاص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسم خاص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_propre" title="Nom propre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom propre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmfhocal_d%C3%ADlis" title="Ainmfhocal dílis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmfhocal dílis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC" title="고유명사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고유명사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rnafn" title="Sérnafn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sérnafn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_proprio" title="Nome proprio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nome proprio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99" title="שם עצם פרטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עצם פרטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomino_za_pekee" title="Nomino za pekee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nomino za pekee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_proprium" title="Nomen proprium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomen proprium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AApa%C5%A1v%C4%81rds" title="Īpašvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īpašvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulajdonn%C3%A9v" title="Tulajdonnév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tulajdonnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaran-tsamirery" title="Anaran-tsamirery – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anaran-tsamirery" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigennaam" title="Eigennaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eigennaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="固有名詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="固有名詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_pr%C3%B2pri" title="Nom pròpri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom pròpri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%81" title="اسم معرفہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسم معرفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egennaam" title="Egennaam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Egennaam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazwa_w%C5%82asna" title="Nazwa własna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nazwa własna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_pr%C3%B3prio" title="Nome próprio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nome próprio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantiv_propriu" title="Substantiv propriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Substantiv propriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Имя собственное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя собственное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Анал аат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Анал аат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proper noun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastn%C3%A9_meno" title="Vlastné meno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlastné meno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastno_ime" title="Lastno ime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lastno ime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erisnimi" title="Erisnimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erisnimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தனிப் பெயர்ச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிப் பெயர்ச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ялгызлык исем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ялгызлык исем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="วิสามานยนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิสามานยนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Proper name" redirects here. For more abstract semantic treatments, see <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(philosophy)" title="Proper name (philosophy)">Proper name (philosophy)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>proper noun</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (<i><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_(given_name)" title="Sarah (given name)">Sarah</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>)</i> as distinguished from a <b>common noun</b>, which is a noun that refers to a <a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">class</a> of entities (<i>continent, planet, person, corporation</i>) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a <i>continent</i>, another <i>planet</i>, these <i>persons</i>, our <i>corporation</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterBeason20054_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterBeason20054-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073–5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073–5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiGaynor1954177_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiGaynor1954177-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeufeldt19911078_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeldt19911078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to <i>groups</i> of entities considered as unique (the <i>Hendersons</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a></i>, <i>the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></i>). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the <i>Mozart</i> experience; his <i>Azores</i> adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no <i>Pavarotti</i>; a few would-be <i>Napoleons</i>). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentineBrennenBrédart20022–5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentineBrennenBrédart20022–5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between <i>proper nouns</i> and <i>proper names</i>. By this strict distinction, because the term <i>noun</i> is used for a class of single words (<i>tree</i>, <i>beauty</i>), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: <i>Peter</i> and <i>Africa</i> are both proper names and proper nouns; but <i>Peter the Great</i> and <i>South Africa</i>, while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>). The term <i>common name</i> is not much used to contrast with <i>proper name</i>, but some linguists have used the term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply <i>names</i>, but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">proper adjectives</a></i> (or <i>proper adverbs</i>, and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. <i>Chastity,</i> for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity is considered a unique abstract entity. </p><p>Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named <i><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Haven (disambiguation)">New Haven</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jupiter (disambiguation)">Jupiter</a></i> may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named <i><a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mata Hari (disambiguation)">Mata Hari</a></i>, as well as a racehorse, several songs, several films, and other objects; there are towns and people named <i><a href="/wiki/Toyota_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Toyota (disambiguation)">Toyota</a></i>, as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although some may be taken to include the article <i>the</i>, as in <i>the Netherlands</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">the Roaring Forties</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a></i>. A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named <i>Rose</i> is not a flower). If it once had a descriptive meaning, it may no longer be descriptive. For example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have the proper name <i>Newtown</i> though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town. </p><p>In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization, but the details are complex and vary from language to language (French <i>lundi</i>, <i>Canada</i>, <i>un homme canadien</i>, <i>un Canadien</i>; English <i>Monday</i>, <i>Canada</i>, <i>a Canadian man</i>, <i>a Canadian</i>; Italian <i>lunedì</i>, <i>Canada</i>, <i>un uomo canadese</i>, <i>un canadese</i>). The study of proper names is sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a></i> or <i>onomatology</i>, while a rigorous analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of proper names is a matter for <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">ellipsis</a> (for instance, <i>the three Kennedys</i> = <i>the three members of the Kennedy family</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> (for instance, <i>the new Gandhi</i>, likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200696_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200696-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–516_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–516-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proper_names">Proper names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Proper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current linguistics makes a distinction between <i>proper nouns</i> and <i>proper names</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this distinction is not universally observed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalker1992813_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalker1992813-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with <i>the</i>), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> such as <i>the United Kingdom</i>, <i>North Carolina</i>, <i>Royal Air Force</i>, and <i>the White House</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>; <i>the United Kingdom</i>, for example, is a proper name with the common noun <i>kingdom</i> as its head, and <i>North Carolina</i> is headed by the proper noun <i>Carolina</i>. Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film <i><a href="/wiki/Being_There" title="Being There">Being There</a></i>; <i>Hi De Ho</i> as a nickname for <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> and as the title of <a href="/wiki/Hi-De-Ho_(1947_film)" title="Hi-De-Ho (1947 film)">a film</a> about him). </p><p>Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as <i>naming expressions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200666_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200666-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes they are called simply <i>names</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200666_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200666-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that term is also used more broadly (as in "<i>chair</i> is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name is called a <i>common name</i> to distinguish it from a <i>proper name</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJespersen201364–71_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJespersen201364–71-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are <i>agency</i>, <i>boulevard</i>, <i>city</i>, <i>day,</i> and <i>edition</i>. In such cases the common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example: </p> <ul><li>The 16th robotic probe to land on the planet was assigned to study the north pole, and the 17th probe the south pole.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(common-noun senses throughout)</dd></dl> <ul><li>When Probe 17 overflew the South Pole, it passed directly over the place where Captain Scott's expedition ended.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(in this sentence, <i>Probe 17</i> is the proper name of a vessel, and <i>South Pole</i> is a proper name referring to Earth's south pole)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Sanjay lives on the beach road.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(the road that runs along the beach)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Sanjay lives on Beach Road.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(as a proper name, Beach Road may have nothing to do with the beach; it may be any distance from the waterfront)</dd></dl> <ul><li>My university has a school of medicine.</li></ul> <dl><dd>(no indication of the name of the university or its medical school)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The John A. Burns School of Medicine is located at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.</li></ul> <p>Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in English. They may take titles, such as <i>Mr Harris</i> or <i>Senator Harris</i>. Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as <i>old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles</i>, or <i>historic York</i>; in a formal style, this may include <i>the</i>, as in <i>the inimitable Henry Higgins</i>. They may also take <i>the</i> in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique: <i>the young Mr Hamilton</i> (not the old one), <i>the Dr Brown I know</i>; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent: <i>the young Einstein</i> (Einstein when he was young). The <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)#Indefinite_article" title="Article (grammar)">indefinite article</a> <i>a</i> may similarly be used to establish a new referent: <i>the column was written by a [</i>or<i> one] Mary Price</i>. Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally: <i>beautiful King's College</i> is acceptable, but not <i>King's famous College</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985288ff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985288ff-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has a ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_names_and_the_definite_article">Proper names and the definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proper names and the definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)#Definite_article" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> as redundant, and personal names (like <i>John</i>) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with the definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name. <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i> terms these <i>weak proper names</i>, in contrast with the more typical <i>strong proper names</i>, which are normally used without an article. </p><p>Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g., <i>the Mediterranean</i>, <i>the Thames</i>), buildings (e.g., <i>the Parthenon</i>), institutions (e.g., <i>the House of Commons</i>), cities and districts (e.g., <i>The Hague</i>, <i>the Bronx</i>), works of literature (e.g., <i> the Bible</i>), newspapers and magazines (e.g., <i>The Times</i>, <i>The Economist</i>, <i>the New Statesman</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and events (e.g., <i>the '45</i>, <i>the Holocaust</i>). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g., <i>the Himalayas</i>), and collections of islands (e.g., <i>the Hebrides</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the <i>mighty</i> Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., "<i>the</i> Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop the article. </p><p>The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., "<i>Da Vinci's</i> Mona Lisa", "<i>our</i> United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in <i>these</i> United States", "<i>that</i> spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., "<i>whose</i> Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is <i>no</i> Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want <i>another</i> Holocaust"). </p><p>An indefinite article phrase voids the use of the definite article (e.g., "<i>a</i> restored Sistine Chapel", "<i>a</i> Philippines free from colonial masters"). </p><p>The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., "<i>Hague</i> residents are concerned ...", "... eight pints of <i>Thames</i> water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., "<i>the</i> Amazon <i>jungle</i>", "<i>the</i> Bay of Pigs <i>debacle</i>"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">Vocative</a> phrases that address a proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., "<i>jump</i> that shark, Fonz!", "<i>O</i> Pacific, be so on our voyage", "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!"). </p><p>In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally does not use it, only a single article is used (e.g., "<i>the</i> Matterhorn at Disneyland is not <i><b>the</b></i> Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at the head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., "<i>the</i> Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin"). </p><p>Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. </p><p>Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant (<i>David</i>, <i>the United States of America</i>) and an informal variant (<i>Dave</i>, <i>the United States</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In languages that use <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetic">alphabetic</a> scripts and that distinguish lower and upper <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case</a>, there is usually an association between proper names and <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a>. In German, <a href="/wiki/German_nouns" title="German nouns">all nouns</a> are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Große Bär</i></span> (the Great Bear, <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of the week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has <i>House of Representatives</i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Lexical_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical word">lexical words</a> are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Državni zbor</i></span>, "National Assembly"). In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in the initial element, though with many exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_capitalization">History of capitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient texts. </p><p>In past centuries, <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> practices in English varied widely. Capitalization was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#Annotated_text_of_the_engrossed_declaration" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) and all of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights#Text_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment</a> (1865) capitalizes only proper nouns. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a>, from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_English_capitalization_of_proper_nouns">Modern English capitalization of proper nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern English capitalization of proper nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum20021758–1759_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum20021758–1759-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few clear exceptions include <i>summer</i> and <i>winter</i> (contrast <i>July</i> and <i>Christmas</i>). It is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Title_case" title="Letter case">Letter case § Title case</a>. </p><p>Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban missile crisis</a>" is often capitalized ("<a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: <i>Dr</i>, <i>Baptist</i>, <i>Congregationalism</i>, <i>His</i> and <i>He</i> in reference to the Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: <i>northerner</i> or <i>Northerner</i>; <i>aboriginal trees</i> but <i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal land rights in Australia">Aboriginal land rights in Australia</a></i>. When <i>the</i> comes at the start of a proper name, as in <i>the White House</i>, it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_to_the_Kingdom" title="The Keys to the Kingdom">The Keys to the Kingdom</a></i>). </p><p>Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, <i>Mountain Bluebird</i> does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with the term <i>proper name</i>). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species (<i>Sialia currucoides</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnAlderfer2006354_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnAlderfer2006354-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, <i>Londoner</i> is capitalized because it derives from the proper name <i>London</i>, but it is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: <i>the Londoner</i>, <i>some Londoners</i>). Similarly, <i>African</i>, <i>Africanize</i>, and <i>Africanism</i> are not proper names, but are capitalized because <i>Africa</i> is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized (<i>Swiss</i> in <i>Swiss cheese</i>; <i>Anglicize</i>; <i>Calvinistically</i>; <i>Petrarchism</i>) are sometimes loosely called <i>proper adjectives</i> (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. <i>Abrahamic</i>, <i>Buddhist</i>, <i>Hollywoodize</i>, <i>Freudianism</i>, and <i>Reagonomics</i> are capitalized; <i>quixotic</i>, <i>bowdlerize</i>, <i>mesmerism</i>, and <i>pasteurization</i> are not; <i>aeolian</i> and <i>alpinism</i> may be capitalized or not. </p><p>Some words or some <a href="/wiki/Homonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonyms">homonyms</a> (depending on how a body of study defines "<a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a>") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the <i>Moon</i>; dedicated to <i>God</i>; <i>Smith</i>'s apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third <i>moon</i> of Saturn; a Greek <i>god</i>; the <i>smith</i>'s apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a <i>swede</i> in the soup; a <i>Swede</i> who came to see me). Such words that vary according to <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case</a> are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Capitonym" title="Capitonym">capitonyms</a> (although only rarely: this term is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most alphabetic languages, <a href="/wiki/Brand_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand names">brand names</a> and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i> is a proper name, referring to a specific company. But if <i>Microsoft</i> is given a non-standard secondary application, in the role of a common noun, these usages are accepted: "The <i>Microsofts</i> of this world"; "That's not the <i>Microsoft</i> I know!"; "The company aspired to be another <i>Microsoft</i>."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a></i> is similarly a proper name referring to a specific company. But unlike <i>Microsoft</i>, it is also used in the role of a common noun to refer to products of the named company: "He drove a <i>Chevrolet</i>" (a particular vehicle); "The <i>Chevrolets</i> of the 1960s" (classes of vehicles). In these uses, <i>Chevrolet</i> does not function as a proper name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette" title="Chevrolet Corvette">Corvette</a></i> (referring to a car produced by the company Chevrolet) is not a proper name:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can be pluralized (French and English <i>Corvettes</i>); and it can take a definite article or other <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiner</a> or modifier: "the <i>Corvette</i>", "la <i>Corvette</i>"; "my <i>Corvette</i>", "ma <i>Corvette</i>"; "another new <i>Corvette</i>", "une autre nouvelle <i>Corvette</i>". Similarly, <i>Chevrolet Corvette</i> is not a proper name: "We owned three <i>Chevrolet Corvettes</i>." It contrasts with the uncapitalized <i><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a></i>, a kind of warship.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_marking_of_proper_names">Alternative marking of proper names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative marking of proper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, parts of a royal name were enclosed in a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a>: an oval with a line at one end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierManley200320_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierManley200320-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_mark" title="Proper name mark">proper name mark</a> (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Underline#Underlines_in_non-Latin_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underline</a>) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> system of romanization for <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinyongFelley1990138–190_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinyongFelley1990138–190-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even different notions of such broad categories as <i>word</i> and <i>phrase</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackard2000106–109_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackard2000106–109-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and other languages written in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition_and_cognition">Acquisition and cognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acquisition and cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence from brain disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also appear to be differences in language acquisition. Although Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names) and names of individuals (equivalent to proper names): When a previously unknown label was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However, <i>if the object already had an established name</i>, there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals: </p> <ul><li>for inanimate objects, the children tended to interpret the new label as a sub-class, but</li> <li>for animals they tended to interpret the label as a name for the individual animal (i.e. a proper name).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImaiHaryu2001_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImaiHaryu2001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In English, children employ different strategies depending on the type of referent but also rely on syntactic cues, such as the presence or absence of the determiner "the" to differentiate between common and proper nouns when first learned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzBakerMacnamara1974_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzBakerMacnamara1974-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(philosophy)" title="Proper name (philosophy)">Proper name (philosophy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distinction is recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> entry "proper, adj., n., and adv." The relevant lemmas within the entry: "proper noun n. <i>Grammar</i> a noun that designates an individual person, place, organization, animal, ship, etc., and is usually written with an initial capital letter; cf. <i>proper name</i> n. ..."; "proper name n. ... a name, consisting of a proper noun or noun phrase including a proper noun, that designates an individual person, place, organization, tame animal, ship, etc., and is usually written with an initial capital letter. ...". See also the <i>Oxford Modern English Grammar</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAarts201142,_57_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAarts201142,_57-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–522_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–522-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a section of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i> headed "The distinction between proper names and proper nouns", Huddleston and Pullum write: "In their primary use proper names normally refer to the particular entities that they name: in this use they have the syntactic status of NPs. ...Proper nouns, by contrast, are word-level units belonging to the category noun. ... Proper nouns are nouns which are specialised to the function of heading proper names."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The author distinguishes the two terms (including in separate index entries), but elsewhere in the text he conflates them. This conflation runs counter to the accepted definition of <i>noun</i> as denoting a class of single words, as opposed to phrases as higher-level elements of clauses and sentences—a definition that he himself gives (on p. 627, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum199697_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum199697-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The authors give as an example the proper name <i>New Zealand</i>, which includes the proper noun <i>Zealand</i> as its head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such guides include <i>AMA Manual of Style</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAMA2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAMA2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Associated Press Stylebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major US guide is <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>; the major British one is <i><a href="/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hart's Rules">New Hart's Rules</a></i>. According to both of these, proper names are generally capitalized, but some apparent exceptions are made, and many nouns and noun phrases that are not presented as proper names include capitalization. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors#Publications" title="Council of Science Editors">Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers</a></i> (8th edition, 2014) does not appeal to proper names in discussion of trademarks ("Aspirin", for applicable countries; 9.7.7) or biological taxa ("The Liliaceae are very diverse"; 22.3.1.4), except to mention that component proper nouns are capitalized normally ("Capitalize other parts of a virus name only if they are proper nouns: ... <i>Sandfly fever Naples virus</i>"; 22.3.5.2). The guides vary in their recommendations. Valentine et al. (1996) cite dictionaries and grammars in an effort to settle the scope of the term <i>proper name</i>, but decide (against the majority) not to include expressions for days of the week or months of the year. They cite as evidence the fact that French does not capitalize these.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This list [... a check-list, from the American Ornithologists' Union] makes sure that each capitalized common name corresponds to one and only one scientific name and each scientific name corresponds to one and only capitalized common name."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2005106_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2005106-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The authors use <i>Cortina</i> (manufactured by the company Ford) as an example of a "tradename but not a proper name".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522,_1758_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522,_1758-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The authors distinguish proper nouns, common nouns, abstract nouns, material nouns, and collective nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPo-ChingRimmington200610–13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPo-ChingRimmington200610–13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterBeason20054-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterBeason20054_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLesterBeason2005">Lester & Beason 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073–5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073–5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson 2007</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiGaynor1954177-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiGaynor1954177_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeiGaynor1954">Pei & Gaynor 1954</a>, p. 177.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeiGaynor1954 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeldt19911078-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeufeldt19911078_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeufeldt1991">Neufeldt 1991</a>, p. 1078.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20073_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentineBrennenBrédart20022–5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentineBrennenBrédart20022–5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentineBrennenBrédart2002">Valentine, Brennen & Brédart 2002</a>, pp. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200696-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200696_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeech2006">Leech 2006</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–516-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–516_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 515–516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAarts201142,_57-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAarts201142,_57_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAarts2011">Aarts 2011</a>, pp. 42, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–522-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002515–522_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 515–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002516_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalker1992813-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalker1992813_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalker1992">Chalker 1992</a>, p. 813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum199697-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum199697_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum1996">Greenbaum 1996</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech200666-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200666_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech200666_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeech2006">Leech 2006</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJespersen201364–71-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJespersen201364–71_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJespersen2013">Jespersen 2013</a>, pp. 64–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985288ff-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985288ff_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985">Quirk et al. 1985</a>, pp. 288ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002517–518_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 517–518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjeld Kristensen: Dansk for svenskere, page 133, Gleerups 1986, ISBN 91-38-61407-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum20021758–1759-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum20021758–1759_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 1758–1759.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAMA2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAMA2007_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAMA2007">AMA 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press2007">Associated Press 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnAlderfer2006354-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnAlderfer2006354_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnAlderfer2006">Dunn & Alderfer 2006</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2005106-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2005106_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn2005">Quinn 2005</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 521–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522,_1758-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002521–522,_1758_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, pp. 521–522, 1758.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierManley200320-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierManley200320_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollierManley2003">Collier & Manley 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinyongFelley1990138–190-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinyongFelley1990138–190_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinyongFelley1990">Binyong & Felley 1990</a>, pp. 138–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPo-ChingRimmington200610–13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPo-ChingRimmington200610–13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPo-ChingRimmington2006">Po-Ching & Rimmington 2006</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackard2000106–109-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackard2000106–109_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPackard2000">Packard 2000</a>, pp. 106–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004">Robsona et al. 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImaiHaryu2001-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImaiHaryu2001_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImaiHaryu2001">Imai & Haryu 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzBakerMacnamara1974-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatzBakerMacnamara1974_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatzBakerMacnamara1974">Katz, Baker & Macnamara 1974</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAarts2011" class="citation book cs1">Aarts, Bas (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordmodernengl00aart"><i>Oxford Modern English Grammar</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165047-5"><bdi>978-0-19-165047-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Modern+English+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-165047-5&rft.aulast=Aarts&rft.aufirst=Bas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordmodernengl00aart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAMA2007" class="citation book cs1">Iverson, Cheryl, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amamanualofstyle0000unse"><i>AMA Manual of Style</i></a> (10th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517633-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AMA+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517633-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famamanualofstyle0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, John Mathieson (2007). <i>The Grammar of Names</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929741-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929741-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929741-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John+Mathieson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2007" class="citation book cs1"><i>Associated Press Stylebook</i> (42nd ed.). The Associated Press, Basic Books. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8"><bdi>978-0-465-00489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Associated+Press+Stylebook&rft.edition=42nd&rft.pub=The+Associated+Press%2C+Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00489-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Update using 2016 edition, available in June (June 2016)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinyongFelley1990" class="citation book cs1">Binyong, Yin; Felley, Mary (1990). <i>Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography</i>. Beijing: Sinolingua. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5"><bdi>978-7-80052-148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Romanization%3A+Pronunciation+and+Orthography&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Sinolingua&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-7-80052-148-5&rft.aulast=Binyong&rft.aufirst=Yin&rft.au=Felley%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridge2002" class="citation journal cs1">Burridge, Kate (November 2002). "New Standards in a Glorious Grammar: Review of <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i> by Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds)". <i>Australian Book Review</i> (246). Wiley: 62–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Book+Review&rft.atitle=New+Standards+in+a+Glorious+Grammar%3A+Review+of+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language+by+Rodney+Huddleston+and+Geoffrey+K.+Pullum+%28eds%29&rft.issue=246&rft.pages=62-63&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalker1992" class="citation book cs1">Chalker, Sylvia (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00mcar">"Proper noun"</a>. In McArthur, Tom (ed.). <i><span></span>'The Oxford Companion to the English Language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214183-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214183-5"><bdi>978-0-19-214183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proper+noun&rft.btitle=%27The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214183-5&rft.aulast=Chalker&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00mcar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierManley2003" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (2003). <i>How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23949-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23949-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23949-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Egyptian+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23949-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Manley%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnAlderfer2006" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Jon Lloyd; Alderfer, Jonathan K. (2006). <i>National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America</i>. National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5314-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5314-3"><bdi>978-0-7922-5314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Field+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+North+America&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-5314-3&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jon+Lloyd&rft.au=Alderfer%2C+Jonathan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum1996" class="citation book cs1">Greenbaum, Sidney (1996). <i>The Oxford English Grammar</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861250-6"><bdi>978-0-19-861250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Grammar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861250-6&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey</a> (2002). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImaiHaryu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Imai, Mutsumi; Haryu, Etsuko (2001). "Learning Proper Nouns and Common Nouns without Clues from Syntax". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>72</b> (3). Wiley: 787–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8624.00315">10.1111/1467-8624.00315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3920">0009-3920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11405582">11405582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Learning+Proper+Nouns+and+Common+Nouns+without+Clues+from+Syntax&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=787-802&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11405582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8624.00315&rft.aulast=Imai&rft.aufirst=Mutsumi&rft.au=Haryu%2C+Etsuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJespersen2013" class="citation book cs1">Jespersen, Otto (2013) [First published 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7CERdwh78QC"><i>The Philosophy of Grammar</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-66575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-66575-3"><bdi>978-1-135-66575-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-66575-3&rft.aulast=Jespersen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7CERdwh78QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzBakerMacnamara1974" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Nancy; Baker, Erica; Macnamara, John (1974). "What's in a name? A study of how children learn common and proper names". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>45</b> (2). Wiley: 469–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1127970">10.2307/1127970</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3920">0009-3920</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1127970">1127970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+A+study+of+how+children+learn+common+and+proper+names&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=469-473&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1127970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1127970&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Baker%2C+Erica&rft.au=Macnamara%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeech2006" class="citation book cs1">Leech, Geoffrey (2006). <i>A Glossary of English Grammar</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1729-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-1729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+English+Grammar&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1729-6&rft.aulast=Leech&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterBeason2005" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). <i>The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-144133-6"><bdi>0-07-144133-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McGraw-Hill+Handbook+of+English+Grammar+and+Usage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-144133-6&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Beason%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeldt1991" class="citation book cs1">Neufeldt, Virginia (1991). <i>Webster's new world dictionary of American English. 3rd college edition</i>. New York: Prentice Hall. 013949314X.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+new+world+dictionary+of+American+English.+3rd+college+edition.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall.+013949314X.&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Neufeldt&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard2000" class="citation book cs1">Packard, Jerome L. (2000). <i>The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43166-8"><bdi>978-1-139-43166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morphology+of+Chinese%3A+A+Linguistic+and+Cognitive+Approach&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43166-8&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Jerome+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiGaynor.1954" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Mario A.; Gaynor., Frank (1954). <i>A dictionary of linguistics</i>. OxfordNew York: Philosophical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+linguistics.&rft.place=OxfordNew+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario+A.&rft.au=Gaynor.%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPo-ChingRimmington2006" class="citation book cs1">Po-Ching, Yip; Rimmington, Don (2006). <i>Chinese: An Essential Grammar</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Taylor & Francis (Routledge). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96979-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96979-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96979-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+%28Routledge%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96979-3&rft.aulast=Po-Ching&rft.aufirst=Yip&rft.au=Rimmington%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2005" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Charles (2005). <i>A Nature Guide to the Southwest Tahoe Basin</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Quinn_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Quinn (publisher) (page does not exist)">Charles Quinn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9708895-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9708895-4-6"><bdi>978-0-9708895-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nature+Guide+to+the+Southwest+Tahoe+Basin&rft.pub=Charles+Quinn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9708895-4-6&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Quirk" title="Randolph Quirk">Quirk, Randolph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Greenbaum" title="Sidney Greenbaum">Greenbaum, Sidney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Leech, Geoffrey</a>; Svartvik, Jan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00quir"><i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</i></a>. Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-51734-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-51734-9"><bdi>978-0-582-51734-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-582-51734-9&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rft.au=Greenbaum%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Leech%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Svartvik%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomprehensivegra00quir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobsonaMarshallaPringaMontagua2004" class="citation journal cs1">Robsona, Jo; Marshalla, Jane; Pringa, Tim; Montagua, Ann; Chiatb, Shula (2004). "Processing proper nouns in aphasia: Evidence from assessment and therapy". <i>Aphasiology</i>. <b>18</b> (10). Taylor & Francis: 917–935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02687030444000462">10.1080/02687030444000462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144541071">144541071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aphasiology&rft.atitle=Processing+proper+nouns+in+aphasia%3A+Evidence+from+assessment+and+therapy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=917-935&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02687030444000462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144541071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robsona&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft.au=Marshalla%2C+Jane&rft.au=Pringa%2C+Tim&rft.au=Montagua%2C+Ann&rft.au=Chiatb%2C+Shula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentineBrennenBrédart2002" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Tim; Brennen, Tim; Brédart, Serge (2002) [First published 1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cognitivepsychol0000vale"><i>The Cognitive Psychology of Proper Names: On the Importance of Being Ernest</i></a>. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77956-7"><bdi>978-1-134-77956-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cognitive+Psychology+of+Proper+Names%3A+On+the+Importance+of+Being+Ernest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-77956-7&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Brennen%2C+Tim&rft.au=Br%C3%A9dart%2C+Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcognitivepsychol0000vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+noun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i> (1993; 10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-707-4">978-0-87779-707-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Online Dictionary of Language Terminology</i> [ODTL]. Steeves, Jon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odlt.org">http://www.odlt.org</a>.</li> <li><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (2000; 4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4">978-0-395-82517-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_noun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Proper_name" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Proper name">Wikiversity: Proper name</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of 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