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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacturing techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewing_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewing_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viewing techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artistic considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_film-based_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_film-based_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advent of film-based versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_film-based_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_autochrome_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_autochrome_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Important autochrome collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_autochrome_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commercial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Autochromists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Autochromists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Neo-Autochromists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Autochromists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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title="Autochrom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autochrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochromemetoden" title="Autochromemetoden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autochromemetoden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochromverfahren" title="Autochromverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autochromverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_autocroma" title="Placa autocroma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Placa autocroma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome" title="Autochrome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autochrome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome" title="Autochrome – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autochrome" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%AC" title="오토크롬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토크롬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocromia" title="Autocromia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autocromia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokr%C3%B3m" title="Autokróm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autokróm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochroom_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochroom Lumière – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autochroom Lumière" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="オートクローム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オートクローム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrom" title="Autochrom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autochrom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocromo" title="Autocromo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autocromo" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste Lumière">Auguste Lumière</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Autochrome Lumière</b> was an early <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color photography</a> process patented in 1903<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumière brothers">Lumière brothers</a> in France and first marketed in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autochrome was an <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive color</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "mosaic screen plate" process. It was one of the principal color photography processes in use before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> in the mid-1930s. A competing process was that of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a>. </p><p>Prior to the Lumière brothers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ducos_du_Hauron" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Ducos du Hauron">Louis Ducos du Hauron</a> utilized the separation technique to create colour images on paper with screen plates, producing natural colours through superimposition, which would become the foundation of all commercial colour photography.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of photographer Antoine Lumière, inventors Louis and Auguste Lumière utilized Du Hauron's (1869) technique, which had already been improved upon by other inventors such as John Joly (1894) and James William McDonough (1896), making it possible to print photographic images in colour.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most broadly used forms of colour photography in the early twentieth century, autochrome was recognized for its aesthetic appeal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg/220px-Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg/330px-Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg/440px-Tour_Eiffel_autochrome_collection_Albert_Kahn_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="3819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in Paris photographed in 1914 using the Autochrome process.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumierebox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lumierebox.jpg/220px-Lumierebox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Lumierebox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>A box of Autochrome plates, expiration date 1923</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_use">Structure and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autochrome is an <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive color</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "mosaic screen plate" process. The medium consists of a glass plate coated on one side with a random mosaic of microscopic grains of <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dyed red-orange, green, and blue-violet (a variant of the standard red, green, and blue additive colors); the grains of starch act as color filters. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Lampblack</a> fills the spaces between grains, and a black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchromatic">panchromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> is coated on top of the filter layer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike ordinary black-and-white plates, the Autochrome was loaded into the camera with the bare glass side facing the lens so that the light passed through the mosaic filter layer before reaching the emulsion. The use of an additional special orange-yellow filter in the camera was required to block ultraviolet light and restrain the effects of violet and blue light, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_light#Electromagnetic_spectrum_and_visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">spectrum</a> to which the emulsion was overly sensitive. Because of the light loss due to all the filtering, Autochrome plates required much longer exposures than black-and-white plates and films, which meant that a tripod or other stand had to be used and that it was not practical to photograph moving subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plate was reversal-processed into a positive <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (photography)">transparency</a> — that is, the plate was first developed into a negative image but not "fixed", then the silver forming the negative image was chemically removed, then the remaining silver halide was exposed to light and developed, producing a positive image.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> The luminance filter (silver halide layer) and the mosaic chrominance filter (the colored potato starch grain layer) remained precisely aligned and were distributed together, so that light was filtered in situ. Each starch grain remained in alignment with the corresponding microscopic area of silver halide emulsion coated over it. When the finished image was viewed by transmitted light, each bit of the silver image acted as a micro-filter, allowing more or less light to pass through the corresponding colored starch grain, recreating the original proportions of the three colors. At normal viewing distances, the light coming through the individual grains blended together in the eye, reconstructing the color of the light photographed through the filter grains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg/220px-Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg/330px-Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg/440px-Microphoto_of_Autochrome_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The colored starch grains in an Autochrome plate, greatly enlarged.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_techniques">Manufacturing techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturing techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To create the Autochrome color filter mosaic, a thin glass plate was first coated with a transparent adhesive layer. The dyed starch grains were graded to between 5 and 10 micrometers in size and the three colors were thoroughly intermingled in proportions which made the mixture appear gray to the unaided eye. They were then spread onto the adhesive, creating a layer with approximately 4,000,000 grains per square inch but only one grain thick. The exact means by which significant gaps and overlapping grains were avoided still remains unclear. It was found that the application of extreme pressure would produce a mosaic that more efficiently transmitted light to the emulsion, because the grains would be flattened slightly, making them more transparent, and pressed into more intimate contact with each other, reducing wasted space between them. As it was impractical to apply such pressure to the entire plate all at once, a steamroller approach was used which flattened only one very small area at a time. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Lampblack</a> was used to block up the slight spaces that remained. The plate was then coated with <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> to protect the moisture-vulnerable grains and dyes from the water-based gelatin emulsion, which was coated onto the plate after the shellac had dried. The resulting finished plate was cut up into smaller plates of the desired size, which were packaged in boxes of four. Each plate was accompanied by a thin piece of cardboard colored black on the side facing the emulsion. This was to be retained when loading and exposing the plate and served both to protect the delicate emulsion and to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Anti-halation_backing" title="Anti-halation backing">halation</a>. </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US822532">1906 U.S. patent</a> describes the process more generally: the grains can be orange, violet, and green, or red, yellow, and blue (or "any number of colors"), optionally with black powder filling the gaps. Experimentations within the early twentieth century provided solutions to many issues, including the addition of screen plates, a yellow filter designed to balance the blue, and adjustments to the size of the silver halide crystals to allow for a broader spectrum of colour and control over the frequency of light.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewing_techniques">Viewing techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viewing techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Autochrome Lumière">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg/220px-Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg/330px-Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg/440px-Autochrome_still_life_slnsw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption>Still life, autochrome photograph, 1912-20<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because the presence of the mosaic color screen made the finished Autochrome image very dark overall, bright light and special viewing arrangements were needed for satisfactory results. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscopic</a> Autochromes were especially popular, the combined color and depth proving to be a bewitching experience to early 20th-century eyes. Usually of a small size, they were most commonly viewed in a small hand-held box-type stereoscope. Larger, non-stereoscopic plates were most commonly displayed in a diascope, which was a folding case with the Autochrome image and a ground glass diffuser fitted into an opening on one side, and a mirror framed into the other side. The user would place the diascope near a window or other light source so that light passed through the diffuser and the Autochrome, and the resulting back-lit, dark-surrounded image would be viewed in the mirror. Slide projectors, then known as <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">magic lanterns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereopticon" title="Stereopticon">stereopticons</a>, were a less common but especially effective display technique, more suitable for public exhibitions. Projection required an extremely bright and therefore hot light source (a <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">carbon arc</a> or a 500-watt <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">bulb</a> were typical) and could visibly "fry" the plate if continued for more than two or three minutes, causing serious damage to the color.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many surviving Autochromes suffer from such "tanning" and conventional projection is not a recommended means of displaying these irreplaceable images today. </p><p>However, a projector-like optical system (i.e., using condenser lenses for illumination, with a viewing lens in place of the projection lens), employing daylight (not direct sunlight) for the light source, can produce comparably excellent visual results—although for only one viewer at a time—without the hazards of actual projection. </p><p> The use of a "light box" or similar highly diffused artificial light source for viewing Autochromes, can damage the plates as the heavy scattering of light within and among the several layers of coatings on the plate degrades the color saturation. The slight pinkish tinge caused by colloidal scattering (the effect seen through a glass of water into which a couple of drops of milk have been mixed) is exacerbated, and the use of artificial light—especially fluorescent light—upsets the color rendition of a system which the Lumière Brothers carefully balanced for use with natural daylight.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg/220px-Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg/330px-Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg/440px-Mauretania_in_drydock_1928_autochrome_process_starboard_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)" title="RMS Mauretania (1906)">RMS <i>Mauretania</i></a> photographed in 1928 using the Autochrome process.</figcaption></figure><p>Making modern film or digital copies of Autochromes introduces other problems, because a color system based on red, green, and blue is used to copy an image that exists within the red-orange, green, and blue-violet system, providing further opportunities for color degradation. Vintage reproductions of Autochromes in old books and magazines have often been noticeably hand-adjusted by the photoengravers in an effort to compensate for some of the difficulties of reproduction, and as a result, they sometimes look more like hand-colored photographs than "natural color" ones. In short, it is very difficult to form an accurate impression of the appearance of any Autochrome image without seeing the original "in person" and correctly illuminated. </p><p>The lamination of the grains, varnish, and emulsion makes autochrome plates susceptible to deterioration with each layer being vulnerable to changes in environment including moisture, oxidation, cracking, or flaking as well as physical damage from handling; Solutions include conservative lighting conditions, chemical-free materials, medium-range humidity control of between 63 and 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and a well-designed preservation plan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_considerations">Artistic considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artistic considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If an Autochrome was well made and has been well preserved, color values can be very good. The dyed starch grains are somewhat coarse, giving a hazy, pointillist effect, with faint stray colors often visible, especially in open light areas such as skies. The smaller the image, the more noticeable these effects are. Autochrome has been touted as "the colour of dreams."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting "dream-like" impressionist quality may have been one reason behind the enduring popularity of the medium even after more starkly realistic color processes had become available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although difficult to manufacture and fairly expensive, Autochromes were relatively easy to use and were immensely popular among enthusiastic amateur photographers, at least among those who could bear the cost and were willing to sacrifice the convenience of black and white hand-held "snapshooting." Autochromes failed to sustain the initial interest of more serious "artistic" practitioners, largely due to their inflexibility. Not only did the need for diascopes and projectors make them extremely difficult to publicly exhibit, they allowed little in the way of the <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">manipulation</a> much loved by <i>aficionados</i> of the then-popular <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialist</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advent_of_film-based_versions">Advent of film-based versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advent of film-based versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autochromes continued to be produced as <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> plates into the 1930s, when film-based versions were introduced, first Lumière Filmcolor sheet film in 1931, then Lumicolor roll film in 1933. Although these soon completely replaced glass plate Autochromes, their triumph was short-lived, as <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa">Agfa</a> soon began to produce multi-layer subtractive color films (<a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor Neu</a> respectively). Nevertheless, the Lumière products had a devoted following, above all in France, and their use persisted long after modern color films had become available. The final version, Alticolor, was introduced in 1952 and discontinued in 1955, marking the end of the nearly fifty-year-long public life of the Autochrome.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_autochrome_collections">Important autochrome collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Important autochrome collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1909 and 1931, a collection of 72,000 autochrome photographs, documenting life at the time in 50 countries around the world, was created by French banker <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(banker)" title="Albert Kahn (banker)">Albert Kahn</a>. The collection, one of the biggest of its kind in the world, is housed in The Albert Kahn Museum (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Albert-Kahn" title="Musée Albert-Kahn">Musée Albert-Kahn</a>) on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new compilation of images from the Albert Kahn collection was published in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> made extensive use of autochromes and other mosaic color screen plates for over twenty years. 15,000 original Autochrome plates are still preserved in the Society's archives. The collection contains unique photographs, including numerous autochromes from Paris by Auguste Léon from 1925 and by W. Robert Moore from 1936 just before WWII.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>'s huge collection of American Pictorialist photographer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a>'s work, 384 of his autochrome plates were among the holdings as of 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_Museum" title="George Eastman Museum">George Eastman Museum</a> in Rochester, N.Y. has an extensive collection of early colour photography, including Louise Ducos Du Hauron's earliest autochrome images and materials used by the Lumière brothers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bassetlaw_Museum" title="Bassetlaw Museum">Bassetlaw Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Retford" title="Retford">Retford</a>, Nottinghamshire holds a collection of over 700 autochromes by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pegler" title="Stephen Pegler">Stephen Pegler</a>. This includes a collection of over 100 plates purchased by the museum in 2017 thanks to the generosity of local individuals and organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images cover a range of subjects from still lifes, posed studies, local people and landscapes, and his travels abroad, and were taken between 1910 and the early 1930s. The Pegler collection of autochromes is thought to be the largest collection of autochromes by one photographer in Britain today.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Royal Horticultural Society, UK has among the earliest colour photographs of plants and gardens taken by amateur photographer William Van Sommer (1859–1941), including of RHS Garden Wisley taken around 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Van-Sommer-RHS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-Sommer-RHS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_use">Commercial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first books published with color photography used this technique. The 12 volumes of "<a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank:_His_Methods_and_Discoveries,_Their_Practical_Application" title="Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application">Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application</a>" included 1,260 color photographs and a chapter on how this process worked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Standiford-Mehling" title="Ethel Standiford-Mehling">Ethel Standiford-Mehling</a> was an experimental photographer and artist and owner of the Standiford Studio in Louisville, Kentucky. She was commissioned by Louisville artist and art patron Eleanor Belknap Humphrey to create an autochrome diascope of her two oldest children. Both the autochrome photograph of the Humphrey children and the diascope mirror viewing device, which closes into itself in a leather-bound case similar in size and appearance to a book, are well preserved and still viewable in 2015. Ethel Standiford-Mehling later moved her Louisville enterprise Standiford Studios to Cleveland, Ohio,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is not known if any other examples of her autochrome diascopes still exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Jind%C5%99ich_Bufka" title="Vladimír Jindřich Bufka">Vladimír Jindřich Bufka</a> was a pioneer and popularizer of Autochrome in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Autochromists">Neo-Autochromists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neo-Autochromists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a revival of interest in the process by some, including a few groups in France working with original Lumière machinery and notes. One such recreation is a series of images from 2008 by the French photographer Frédéric Mocellin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British multimedia artist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Humphryes" title="Stuart Humphryes">Stuart Humphryes</a> has helped popularise the medium via his autochrome enhancement work in magazines, newspapers, and online platforms, with over 200,000 followers on his autochrome enhancement Twitter feed<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illusionist_(2006_film)" title="The Illusionist (2006 film)">The Illusionist</a></i> tried to recreate the look of Autochrome, although apparently basing that "look" on published reproductions rather than on actual Autochrome plates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Modern <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> in digital cameras most commonly use a <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a>, which works in essentially the same way as the colored starch grains in an Autochrome plate—by breaking up the image into microscopically small color-filtered elements. In physical arrangement, however, the Bayer filter mosaic much more closely resembles the regular geometric pattern used in other color screen plates of the Autochrome era, such as the Paget and Finlay plates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Autochrome images</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autochrome portrait of Mark Twain, 1908."><img alt="Autochrome portrait of Mark Twain, 1908." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg/120px-Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg/180px-Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg/240px-Autochrome_of_Mark_Twain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autochrome portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, 1908.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Gullick,_Zoe_Gullick,_Marjory_Gullick,_Chloe_Gullick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullick family, 1909"><img alt="Gullick family, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg/120px-Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg/180px-Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg/240px-Mary_Gullick%2C_Zoe_Gullick%2C_Marjory_Gullick%2C_Chloe_Gullick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullick family, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anna Iwaszkiewicz and Maria Wysocka, Poland, 1909"><img alt="Anna Iwaszkiewicz and Maria Wysocka, Poland, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg/120px-Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg/180px-Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg/240px-Anna_Iwaszkiewicz_with_Maria_Wysocka_color_photograph-_Stanis%C5%82aw_Wilhelm_Lilpop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Iwaszkiewicz" title="Anna Iwaszkiewicz">Anna Iwaszkiewicz</a> and Maria Wysocka, Poland, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Lumière, c. 1910"><img alt="Louis Lumière, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg/83px-Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg/125px-Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg/167px-Louis_Lumiere_with_microscope_and_test_tubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis Lumière, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katherine Stieglitz, c. 1910"><img alt="Katherine Stieglitz, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg/84px-Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg/126px-Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg/169px-Katherine_Stieglitz_autochrome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Katherine Stieglitz, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autochrome of Percy MacKaye, photographed by Arnold Genthe in 1913"><img alt="Autochrome of Percy MacKaye, photographed by Arnold Genthe in 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg/83px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg/125px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg/167px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autochrome of <a href="/wiki/Percy_MacKaye" title="Percy MacKaye">Percy MacKaye</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> in 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King George V and Queen Mary photographed by Jean Desboutin, 13 March 1914."><img alt="King George V and Queen Mary photographed by Jean Desboutin, 13 March 1914." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg/78px-1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg/118px-1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg/157px-1914_King_George_V_and_Queen_Mary_autochrome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a> photographed by Jean Desboutin, 13 March 1914.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France,_Paris_(Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Family in Paris, 1914"><img alt="Family in Paris, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg/120px-France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg/180px-France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg/240px-France%2C_Paris_%28Family_in_the_Rue_du_Pot-de-Fer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Family in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoang Trong Phu and his family, Vietnam, c. 1914."><img alt="Hoang Trong Phu and his family, Vietnam, c. 1914." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg/120px-T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg/180px-T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg/240px-T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Phu_and_his_families_in_front_of_his_villa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoang_Trong_Phu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoang Trong Phu (page does not exist)">Hoang Trong Phu</a> and his family, Vietnam, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_1925_59878912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Autochrome of the pavilion of Poland in Paris, 1925."><img alt="An Autochrome of the pavilion of Poland in Paris, 1925." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/86px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/129px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/172px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Autochrome of the pavilion of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1925.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Stockholm, Autochrome, 1930."><img alt="House in Stockholm, Autochrome, 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg/120px-Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg/180px-Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg/240px-Stockholmsutst%C3%A4llningen_1930_Villa_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Autochrome, 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Autochrome of the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, Sweden, 1934."><img alt="An Autochrome of the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, Sweden, 1934." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg/120px-Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg/180px-Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg/240px-Gustaf_Adolfs_torg_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8025" data-file-height="5787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Autochrome of the Royal Swedish Opera in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, 1934.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nieuport 17 aircraft, 1917."><img alt="Nieuport 17 aircraft, 1917." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg/120px-Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg/180px-Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg/240px-Nieuport_23_C.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Nieuport_17" title="Nieuport 17">Nieuport 17 aircraft</a>, 1917.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_(scan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - front (scan)"><img alt="Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - front (scan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg/120px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg/180px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg/240px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_front_%28scan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="4357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - front (scan)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_(scan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - reverse (scan)"><img alt="Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - reverse (scan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg/120px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg/180px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg/240px-Autochrome_Price_List_pamphlet_-_reverse_%28scan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="4357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autochrome Price List pamphlet, 1925 - reverse (scan)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French patent 339,223, Dec. 17, 1903. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyAAAAAAMAAJ&q=lumiere+339,223"><i>Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry,</i></a> 1905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Photography"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Photography">"Photography" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bway.net/jscruggs/auto.html">"Color Theory-Autochrome"</a>. Home.bway.net. 1906-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color+Theory-Autochrome&rft.pub=Home.bway.net&rft.date=1906-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.bway.net%2Fjscruggs%2Fauto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penichon, Sylvie. <i>Twentieth-Century Colour Photographs.</i> Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute (2013), p14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavedrine, Bertrand and Jean-Paul Gandolfo. <i>The Lumière Autochrome: History, Technology, and Preservation.</i> Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute (2013), p 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bway.net/jscruggs/auto.html">"Color Theory-Autochrome"</a>. Home.bway.net. 1906-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color+Theory-Autochrome&rft.pub=Home.bway.net&rft.date=1906-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.bway.net%2Fjscruggs%2Fauto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=262">"Collections | National Museum of American History"</a>. Americanhistory.si.edu. 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections+%26%23124%3B+National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.pub=Americanhistory.si.edu&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobject.cfm%3Fkey%3D35%26objkey%3D262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._L._Heidingsfeld1908" class="citation journal cs1">M. L. Heidingsfeld (June 27, 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8g8CAAAAYAAJ&q=Autochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re+orange+green+violet&pg=PA785">"The New Lumiere Process of Color Photography"</a>. <i>The Lancet-Clinic</i>. <b>LXXXXIX</b> (26). Lancet-Clinic Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet-Clinic&rft.atitle=The+New+Lumiere+Process+of+Color+Photography&rft.volume=LXXXXIX&rft.issue=26&rft.date=1908-06-27&rft.au=M.+L.+Heidingsfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8g8CAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAutochrome%2BLumi%25C3%25A8re%2Borange%2Bgreen%2Bviolet%26pg%3DPA785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavedrine, Bertrand and Jean-Paul Gandolfo. <i>The Lumiere Autochrome: History, Technology, and Preservation.</i> Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute (2013), p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131302381">"Still life, 1912-20"</a>. <i>www.wikidata.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wikidata.org&rft.atitle=Still+life%2C+1912-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ131302381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Maximum Time Limit for Leaving Color Plates in the Stereopticon" (article subsection). <i>American Annual of Photography, 1931</i>, <b>45</b>:69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penichon, Sylvie. <i>Twentieth-Century Colour Photographs.</i> Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute (2013), p 61, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term was first coined by John Wood in his book The Art of Autochrome: The Birth of Colour Photography (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993) and has subsequently become familiar terminology used in reference to autochrome images. Josef Maria Eder, <i>History of Photography</i> (New York: Dover Publications Inc, 1978), 639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/autochromes-the-dawn-of-colour-photography/">"History of the autochrome: The dawn of colour photography"</a>. <i>National Science and Media Museum blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a>. 5 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>For many photographers, the autochrome, unlike printing processes such as gum and bromoil, was a totally unresponsive and therefore ultimately unsatisfactory medium, inherently unsuited to the 'pictorialist' aesthetic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+and+Media+Museum+blog&rft.atitle=History+of+the+autochrome%3A+The+dawn+of+colour+photography&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk%2Fautochromes-the-dawn-of-colour-photography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autochromes.culture.fr/index.php?id=116&L=1">"autochromes.culture.fr"</a>. <i>The Evolution of the Autochrome - Rise and Fall</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Autochrome+-+Rise+and+Fall&rft.atitle=autochromes.culture.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autochromes.culture.fr%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D116%26L%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1997" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Jacqueline (1997-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/travel/a-philosophy-in-bloom.html">"A Philosophy in Bloom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13907-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13907-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13907-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+the+Color+Photograph%3A+Albert+Kahn%27s+Archives+of+the+Planet&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13907-4&rft.aulast=Okefuna&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdawnofcolorphoto0000okue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanderbilt, P. (compiled by), <i>Guide to the Special Collections of Prints & Photographs in the Library of Congress</i>, the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1955, page 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/?page_id=1912">"Support us – Bassetlaw Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+us+%E2%80%93+Bassetlaw+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbassetlawmuseum.org.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Colourful Past: The Autochromes of Stephen Pegler</i>. Bassetlaw Museum. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956493200" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956493200"><bdi>978-0956493200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Colourful+Past%3A+The+Autochromes+of+Stephen+Pegler&rft.pub=Bassetlaw+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0956493200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-Sommer-RHS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van-Sommer-RHS_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/digital-collections/william-van-sommer">"Exhibition: William Van Sommer"</a>. <i>Royal Horticultural Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.atitle=Exhibition%3A+William+Van+Sommer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fdigital-collections%2Fwilliam-van-sommer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/standiford-ethel-conway">"Standiford, Ethel Conway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cleveland_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Cleveland History">Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</a></i>. Case Western Reserve University. 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.atitle=Standiford%2C+Ethel+Conway&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fs%2Fstandiford-ethel-conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autochromes.fr/english/def.html">"autochromes.fr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=autochromes.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autochromes.fr%2Fenglish%2Fdef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/babelcolour-meet-the-man-breathing-new-life-into-early-colour-photographs-from-the-gulf-region-and-beyond-1.1097807">"BabelColour: Meet the man breathing new life into early colour photographs from the Gulf region and beyond"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=3562">the original</a> on 2016-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cinemareview.com&rft.atitle=The+illusionist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemareview.com%2Fproduction.asp%3Fprodid%3D3562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutochrome+Lumi%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autochromes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autochromes">Autochromes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autochrome.com/Autochrome-centennial/Patrimony.html">1907–1935: Universal Polychrome Overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iphotocentral.com/showcase/showcase_view.php/24/0/62/1/1">Autochrome: Beauty in Colored Pointillism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220075024/http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/nmem/autochrome/Resources.asp"><i>Dawn of Colour</i> (includes original instruction booklet (1908))</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Media_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National Media Museum">National Media Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150712/http://www.poiemadesign.com/wwi/index.html">Photographs of World War I in color</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.albert-kahn.hauts-de-seine.fr/">The Albert-Kahn Museum Official Web site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623124553/http://www.tournassoud.org/en/index.php">Autochromes</a> (including World War I) et al. by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tournassoud" title="Jean-Baptiste Tournassoud">Jean-Baptiste Tournassoud</a> (some errors in Autochrome historical information)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autochromes.be">Autochromes from Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz/en/expozice10/index.html">Presentation of Czech Autochrome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz/en/mark_jacobs_autochrome/">Autochromes from the Mark Jacobs Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.rhs.org.uk/browse?q=must,metadata.Creator.en.keyword,term,Van%20Sommer%3B%20William%20%281859-1941%29%3B%20photographer&limit=12">Autochomes by William Van Sommer on the RHS Digital Collections website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Auguste_and_Louis_Lumière" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumi%C3%A8re_Factory" title="Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory">La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Voltige" title="La Voltige">La Voltige</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_P%C3%AAche_aux_poissons_rouges" title="La Pêche aux poissons rouges">La Pêche aux poissons rouges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Photographical_Congress_Arrives_in_Lyon" title="The Photographical Congress Arrives in Lyon">The Photographical Congress Arrives in Lyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Forgerons" title="Les Forgerons">Les Forgerons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Arroseur_Arros%C3%A9" title="L'Arroseur Arrosé">L'Arroseur Arrosé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Repas_de_b%C3%A9b%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Repas de bébé">Le Repas de bébé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Saut_%C3%A0_la_couverture" title="Le Saut à la couverture">Le Saut à la couverture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Cordeliers_%C3%A0_Lyon" title="Place des Cordeliers à Lyon">Place des Cordeliers à Lyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Mer_(film)" title="La Mer (film)">La Mer (Baignade en mer)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Arriv%C3%A9e_d%27un_train_en_gare_de_La_Ciotat" title="L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat">L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barque_sortant_du_port" title="Barque sortant du port">Barque sortant du port</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Charcuterie_m%C3%A9canique" title="La Charcuterie mécanique">La Charcuterie mécanique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_boules_de_neige" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataille de boules de neige">Bataille de boules de neige</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partie_de_cartes" title="Partie de cartes">Partie de cartes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9molition_d%27un_mur" title="Démolition d'un mur">Démolition d'un mur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmaux,_d%C3%A9fournage_du_coke" title="Carmaux, défournage du coke">Carmaux, défournage du coke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naples_(film)" title="Naples (film)">Naples</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procession_at_Seville_and_bullfighting_scenes" title="Procession at Seville and bullfighting scenes">Procession at Seville and bullfighting scenes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">Cinematograph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autochrome Lumière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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