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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Present situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Written_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Written examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorded_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Recorded videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Võro language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%9B" title="ቮሮኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቮሮኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rokiel%C3%A2" title="Võrokielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Võrokielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="لغة فورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة فورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%B5ro" title="Idioma võro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma võro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyro%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Vyroñe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vyroñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выруская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выруская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выруская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выруская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Въруски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въруски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_(jezik)" title="Võro (jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Võro (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voroeg" title="Voroeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Voroeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ru%C5%A1tina" title="Võruština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Võruština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_(sprog)" title="Võro (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Võro (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rogiella" title="Võrogiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Võrogiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_keel" title="Võru keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võru keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Γλώσσα Βόρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Βόρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Выронь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Выронь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%B5ro" title="Idioma võro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma võro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voroa_lingvo" title="Voroa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Voroa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="زبان وورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان وورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_bhasa" title="Võro bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Võro bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_v%C3%B5ro" title="Lingua võro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua võro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro-ng%C3%AE" title="Võro-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Võro-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%96%B4" title="버로어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버로어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վիրուերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրուերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_V%C3%B5ro" title="Asụsụ Võro – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Võro" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_V%C3%B5ro" title="Bahasa Võro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Võro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_v%C3%B5ro" title="Lingua võro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua võro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikivoro" title="Ikivoro – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikivoro" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiv%C3%B5ro" title="Kivõro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kivõro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Выру кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Выру кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Voruvica" title="Lingua Voruvica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Voruvica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veru_valoda" title="Veru valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veru valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veru_kalba" title="Veru kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veru kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ron_kieli" title="Võron kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Võron kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_nyelv" title="Võro nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Võro nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83_(%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Виру (јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виру (јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="ヴォロ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォロ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Вирохойн меттан га – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вирохойн меттан га" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8restisk" title="Sørestisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørestisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8restisk" title="Sørestisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørestisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="وورو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وورو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_v%C3%B5ro" title="Język võro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język võro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_v%C3%B5ro" title="Língua võro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua võro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_v%C3%B5ro" title="Limba võro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba võro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_simi" title="Võro simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Võro simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Выруский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выруский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вөрө тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вөрө тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_leid" title="Võro leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Võro leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Võro language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro" title="Võro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Võro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_V%C3%B5ro" title="Wikang Võro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Võro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வோரோ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வோரோ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dili" title="Võro dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Võro dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Виро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virun_kel%27" title="Virun kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Virun kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_V%C3%B5ro" title="Tiếng Võro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Võro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_kiil" title="Võro kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Võro kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="沃罗语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沃罗语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="佛羅文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佛羅文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="沃罗语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃罗语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_V%C3%B5ro" title="Jaku Võro – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Võro" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_V%C3%B5ro" title="Basa Võro – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Võro" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Voro language" redirects here. For the Nigerian language, see <a href="/wiki/Voro_language_(Adamawa)" title="Voro language (Adamawa)">Voro language (Adamawa)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Võro</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;"><i>võro kiilʼ</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">72,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Estonian language">South Estonian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Ugala<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Ugandi<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Võro-Seto<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Võro</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_Institute" title="Võro Institute">Võro Institute</a> (semi-official)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vro" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vro">vro</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/voro1243">voro1243</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Voromkaart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Voromkaart.jpg/250px-Voromkaart.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Voromkaart.jpg/500px-Voromkaart.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Võro language area — <i>Võromaa</i> (Võro county) in its historical boundaries between Tartu and Seto areas, Russia (<i>Vinnemaa</i>) and Latvia (<i>Lätimaa</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Võro is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B5ro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/V%C3%B5ro.png/220px-V%C3%B5ro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/V%C3%B5ro.png/330px-V%C3%B5ro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/V%C3%B5ro.png/440px-V%C3%B5ro.png 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Võro speakers according to the 2021 census.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1797" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Võro speaker.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Tuulo_speaking_Voro.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Tuulo_speaking_Voro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="196143" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Tuulo_speaking_Voro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Tuulo_speaking_Voro.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Tuulo_speaking_Voro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /></video></span><figcaption>A girl speaks Võro</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Estonian_today.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/South_Estonian_today.PNG/250px-South_Estonian_today.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/South_Estonian_today.PNG/330px-South_Estonian_today.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/South_Estonian_today.PNG/500px-South_Estonian_today.PNG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>South Estonian today. Võro is marked with dark red colour.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg/220px-V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg/330px-V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg/440px-V%C3%B5ro_valdo_kaupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Võro speakers in Estonian municipalities according to the Estonian census 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG/220px-Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG/330px-Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG/440px-Estonian-Voro-bilingual-parish-sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual Estonian-Võro parish sign in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5rumaa" title="Võrumaa">Võrumaa</a>. The parish name with <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (Urvastõ) is in Võro.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg/220px-Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg/330px-Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg/440px-Vromaa-turismiteedus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>A trilingual (Estonian–English–Võro) sign on a tourist information center in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru" title="Võru">Võru</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abckiraoppus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Abckiraoppus.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A 1998 <a href="/wiki/ABC-book" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-book">ABC-book</a> in Võro language written by <a href="/wiki/Sulev_Iva" title="Sulev Iva">Sulev Iva</a>, <a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauksi_%C3%9Clle" class="extiw" title="fiu-vro:Kauksi Ülle">Kauksi Ülle</a> etc.: <i>ABC kiräoppus</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Võro</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VORR</span>-oh</i></a>; Võro: <i lang="vro">võro kiilʼ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈvɤro<span class="wrap"> </span>kʲiːlʲ]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">võru keel</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has its own <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and efforts have been undertaken to seek official recognition as an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koreinik1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreinik1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Võro has roughly 75,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speakers (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a>), mostly in southeastern Estonia, in the eight <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a> of the historical <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_County" title="Võru County">Võru County</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karula_Parish" title="Karula Parish">Karula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hargla" title="Hargla">Harglõ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urvaste_Parish" title="Urvaste Parish">Urvastõ</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B5uge_Parish" title="Rõuge Parish">Rõugõ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanepi_Parish" title="Kanepi Parish">Kanepi</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lva_Parish" title="Põlva Parish">Põlva</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4pina_Parish" title="Räpina Parish">Räpinä</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vastseliina_Parish" title="Vastseliina Parish">Vahtsõliina</a>. These parishes are currently centred (due to redistricting) in Võru and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lva_County" title="Põlva County">Põlva</a> counties, with parts extending into <a href="/wiki/Valga_County" title="Valga County">Valga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu</a> counties. Speakers can also be found in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> and the rest of Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Võro is a descendant of the old <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian (which is based on Northern Estonian dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutsi_(Ludza)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutsi (Ludza) (page does not exist)">Lutsi (Ludza)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Leivu">Leivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kraasna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraasna">Kraasna</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In addition to Võro, other contemporary South Estonian languages are <a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a>. </p><p>One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (<i>Wastne Testament</i>) published in 1686. Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_situation">Present situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Võro is used in the works of some of Estonia's best-known playwrights, poets, and authors (<a href="/wiki/Madis_K%C3%B5iv" title="Madis Kõiv">Madis Kõiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clle_Kauksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ülle Kauksi">Ülle Kauksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kaplinski" title="Jaan Kaplinski">Jaan Kaplinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ain_Kaalep" title="Ain Kaalep">Ain Kaalep</a>, etc.). One newspaper is printed in Võro: the fortnightly <i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Leht" title="Uma Leht">Uma Leht</a></i> (literally <i>Our Own Newspaper</i>). Twenty six public schools offer weekly special classes (mostly <a href="/wiki/Extracurricular_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracurricular activities">extracurricular</a>) in modern Võro. </p><p>Estonia's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2004">Eurovision Song Contest 2004</a> was the song "<a href="/wiki/Tii_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tii (song)">Tii</a>", which was performed by <a href="/wiki/Neiok%C3%B5s%C3%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiokõsõ">Neiokõsõ</a> in Võro. </p><p>The language is endangered,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to Kadri Koreinik this is due to the government's lack of legal commitment to protect the language.<sup id="cite_ref-koreinik1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreinik1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Võro employs the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, like Estonian and Finnish. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pp/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%95" title="Õ">Õ</a> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">Ž</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼ">ʼ</a><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌ʲ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most letters (including <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, and <i>õ</i>) denote the same sounds as in Estonian, with a few exceptions. The letter <i>q</i> stands for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> and <i>y</i> denotes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>, a vowel very close to <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">ы</a></i> (from 2005 written <i>õ</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a> of consonants is marked with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (´) or <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (ʼ). In proper typography and in handwriting, the palatalization mark does not extend above the <a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">cap height</a> (except uppercase letters <i>Ń</i>, <i>Ŕ</i>, <i>Ś</i>, <i>V́</i> etc.), and it is written above the letter if the letter has no <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a> (<i>ǵ</i>, <i>ḿ</i>, <i>ń</i>, <i>ṕ</i>, <i>ŕ</i>, <i>ś</i>, <i>v́</i> etc.) but written to the right of it otherwise (<i>bʼ</i>, <i>dʼ</i>, <i>fʼ</i>, <i>hʼ</i>, <i>kʼ</i>, <i>lʼ</i>, <i>tʼ</i>). In some sources, an apostrophe is placed after the letter in all cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png/220px-Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png/330px-Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png/440px-Speakers_of_South_Estonian_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>According to the 2021 Estonia census<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were 128,590 speakers of South Estonian: 97,320 speakers of Võro (72,240 when excluding 25,080 Seto speakers), 17,310 Tartu language speakers and 13,960 Mulgi speakers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">unrounded</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">rounded</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">unrounded</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">rounded</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Võro has preserved the system of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> that was present in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Finnic">Proto-Finnic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Võro seems to have more vowels than Proto-Finnic. Didn't it add more vowels to the vowel harmony system of Proto-Finnic? (February 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This distinguishes it from Estonian and some other Finnic languages, which have lost it. </p><p>The vowel harmony system distinguishes front, back and neutral vowels, much like the system found in Finnish. A word cannot contain both front and back vowels; suffixes automatically adapt the backness of the vowels depending on the type of vowels found in the word it is attached to. Neutral vowels can be combined with either type of vowel, although a word that contains only neutral vowels has front vowel harmony. The only neutral vowel is <i>i</i>, like in <a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> but unlike Finnish and Karelian, where <i>e</i> is also neutral. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Võro vowel harmony </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close rounded </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Close unrounded </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>*) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid rounded </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid unrounded </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The vowel <i>ɨ</i> (in the Võro orthography written with <i>õ</i> or <i>y</i>, see Orthography section) is considered a back vowel for harmony purposes, but does not participate in harmony itself, as it does not occur in suffixes and endings.</li></ul> <p>Some examples, with Estonian and Finnish included for comparison: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Võro </th> <th>Estonian </th> <th>Finnish </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>kül<b>ä</b> </td> <td>küla </td> <td>kyl<b>ä</b> </td> <td>village </td></tr> <tr> <td>küs<b>ü</b>n<b>ü</b>q </td> <td>küsinud </td> <td>kys<b>y</b>n<b>y</b>t </td> <td>asked </td></tr> <tr> <td>hõb<b>õ</b>h<b>õ</b>n<b>õ</b> </td> <td>hõbedane </td> <td>hopeinen </td> <td>silver (adj.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pala.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pala.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pala.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">plain</span></th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pala.</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋʲ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hʲ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vʲ</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rʲ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All Võro consonants (except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>) can be palatalized. The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (q, <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>) is a very common sound in Võro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endings are shown only in the back vowel harmony variant. The <i>e</i> of the illative ending does not undergo vowel harmony, so it never changes to <i>õ</i>. </p><p>Only the more common endings are shown. There are some unusual/irregular endings that are only found in a few words or word types. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Singular<br />ending </th> <th>Plural<br />ending </th> <th>Meaning/use </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> (<i>nimekäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td rowspan="2">-q </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">-∅ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telic</a>/complete <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> (<i>umakäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-i, -(i)dõ </td> <td>Possession, relation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a> (<i>osakäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-∅, -d, -t </td> <td>-i, -id, -it </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Atelic</a>/partial <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a> (<i>sissekäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-∅, -he, -htõ </td> <td>-i, -(i)he, -dõhe </td> <td>Motion into </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a> (<i>seenkäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-(h)n </td> <td>-i(h)n, -(i)dõ(h)n </td> <td>Being in/inside </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a> (<i>seestkäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-st </td> <td>-ist, -(i)dõst </td> <td>Motion out of </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> (<i>päälekäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-lõ </td> <td>-ilõ, -(i)dõlõ </td> <td>Motion onto, towards </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a> (<i>päälkäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-l </td> <td>-il, -(i)dõl </td> <td>Being at, on </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> (<i>päältkäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-lt </td> <td>-ilt, -(i)dõlt </td> <td>Motion off, from </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a> (<i>saajakäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-s </td> <td>-is, -(i)dõs </td> <td>Changing into </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a> (<i>piirikäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-niq </td> <td>-iniq, -(i)dõniq </td> <td>Until, up to, as far as </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a> (<i>ilmakäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-ldaq </td> <td>-ildaq, -(i)dõldaq </td> <td>Without, lacking </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a> (<i>ütenkäänüs</i>) </td> <td>-gaq </td> <td>-igaq, -(i)dõgaq </td> <td>With, in company of, by means of </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>The accusative is not usually considered a separate case in Võro grammars, as it is always identical to either the nominative or the genitive.</li> <li>When an ending beginning with <i>d</i> is attached to a stem ending in an obstruent, it is devoiced to <i>t</i> automatically.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 3rd person singular of the indicative mood can be either without an ending or, alternatively, with an <i>s</i>-ending: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Võro </th> <th>Estonian </th> <th>Finnish </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>kirota<b>s</b> </td> <td>kirjuta<b>b</b> </td> <td>kirjoitta<b>a</b> </td> <td>writes </td></tr> <tr> <td>and </td> <td>anna<b>b</b> </td> <td>anta<b>a</b> </td> <td>gives </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among the Finnic languages, such double verb conjugation can be found only in the <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Estonian language">South Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a <a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">negative verb</a>, which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb <i>ei</i> (Finnish <i>en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät</i>) is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with <i>-i(q)</i> or <i>-s</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Võro </th> <th>Estonian </th> <th>Finnish </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>saq anna-<b>aiq</b> </td> <td>sa <b>ei</b> anna </td> <td>sinä <b>et</b> anna </td> <td>You don't give </td></tr> <tr> <td>maq tulõ-<b>õiq</b> </td> <td>ma <b>ei</b> tule </td> <td>minä <b>en</b> tule </td> <td>I don't come </td></tr> <tr> <td>saq anna-<b>as</b> </td> <td>sa <b>ei</b> andnud </td> <td>sinä <b>et</b> antanut </td> <td>You didn't give </td></tr> <tr> <td>maq tulõ-<b>õs</b> </td> <td>ma <b>ei</b> tulnud </td> <td>minä <b>en</b> tullut </td> <td>I didn't come </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_examples">Language examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_examples">Written examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Written examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg/220px-Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg/330px-Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg/440px-Wastne_V%C3%B5ro_keeli_A_B_D_raamat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>An 1885 <a href="/wiki/ABC-book" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-book">ABC-book</a> in Võro language written by Johann Hurt: <i>Wastne Wõro keeli ABD raamat</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Võro: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Võro-language text"><i lang="vro">Kyik inemiseq sünnüseq vapos ja ütesugumaidsis uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütsʼtõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>As comparison the same sentence in Standard Estonian: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>In Finnish: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>In English : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recorded_videos">Recorded videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recorded videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="717" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Egle_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egle speaking Võro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="1130" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sulev_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sulev speaking Võro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="1797" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pulga_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jaan speaking Võro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="433" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Maarika_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maarika speaking Võro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="519" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_Võro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toomas_speaking_V%C3%B5ro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Toomas speaking Võro</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Estonian language">South Estonian language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Leht" title="Uma Leht">Uma Leht</a></i>, newspaper in the Võro language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_Institute" title="Võro Institute">Võro Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/vro">Võro language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iub.edu/~bafsa/articles.html#Voro">"Recent Events"</a>. 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Unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft.pub=Unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-422.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%B5ro+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/pxweb/en/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__voorkeeleoskus-murded/RL21446.px/">"RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021"</a>. <i>PxWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PxWeb&rft.atitle=RL21446%3A+POPULATION+WITH+ESTONIAN+AS+THEIR+MOTHER+TONGUE+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+A+DIALECT%2C+AGE+GROUP%2C+SEX%2C+AND+PLACE+OF+RESIDENCE+%28ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT%29%2C+31+DECEMBER+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2Fstat%2Fstat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__voorkeeleoskus-murded%2FRL21446.px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%B5ro+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhalaNiglas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ehala, Martin; Niglas, Katrin (2007). "Empirical evaluation of a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro". <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>. <b>28</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">427–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2167%2Fjmmd537.0">10.2167/jmmd537.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52248021">52248021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=Empirical+evaluation+of+a+mathematical+model+of+ethnolinguistic+vitality%3A+the+case+of+V%C3%B5ro&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2167%2Fjmmd537.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52248021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ehala&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Niglas%2C+Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%B5ro+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEller1999" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Kalle (1999). <i>Võro-Seto Language</i>. Võro Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985914953" title="Special:BookSources/9985914953"><bdi>9985914953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%B5ro-Seto+Language&rft.pub=V%C3%B5ro+Institute&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9985914953&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Kalle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%B5ro+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulev_Iva" title="Sulev Iva">Iva, Sulev</a>; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): "The Võro Language: Historical Development and Present Situation". In: Language Policy and Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scientific Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 May 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 – 63.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulev_Iva" title="Sulev Iva">Iva, Sulev</a> (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf">English summary pp 144–146)</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulev_Iva" title="Sulev Iva">Iva, Sulev</a> (pen name Jüvä Sullõv), (2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.</li> <li>Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro language). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoreinik2007" class="citation report cs1">Koreinik, Kadri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator/regionale_dossiers/PDFs/vo%CC%83ro_in_estonia.pdf">The Võro language in education in Estonia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Regional dossiers series. Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-1239">1570-1239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+V%C3%B5ro+language+in+education+in+Estonia&rft.series=Regional+dossiers+series&rft.pub=Mercator+European+Research+Centre+on+Multilingualism+and+Language+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1570-1239&rft.aulast=Koreinik&rft.aufirst=Kadri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.fa.knaw.nl%2Fmercator%2Fregionale_dossiers%2FPDFs%2Fvo%25CC%2583ro_in_estonia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%B5ro+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): "Language naming practices and linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonia". Language and Identity in the Finno-Ugric World. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the University of Groningen, May 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland and C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5ro_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fiu-vro:"> Võro edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:V%C3%B5ro_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Võro language">Võro language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Finnic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Finnic Swadesh lists">Appendix:Finnic Swadesh lists</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm">Võro language and alphabet</a> at Omniglot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://synaq.org">Võro-Estonian dictionary (Võro Institute)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wi.ee">Võro Institute</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umaleht.ee">Võro language newspaper "Uma Leht"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haldjas.folklore.ee/tagused/nr2/muina.htm">Audio example of Võro language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wi.ee/en/voro-keele-sunteeshelu/">Võro synthetic voice</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oahpa.no/voro">Oahpa – an internet program for learners of Võro</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=61&kateg=38&alam=44&leht=3">"Estonian dialects and layers" on http://www.estonica.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001634/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=61&kateg=38&alam=44&leht=3">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vro">Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/vtk/vtk.html">Homepage of computer programs in Võro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219234347/http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/vtk/vtk.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/ivps/ivps.html">English-Võro dictionary of computer terms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015035445/http://math.ut.ee/~vlaan/ivps/ivps.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210915/http://eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorities=279">Eurominority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html">Uralic languages (Salminen 2003)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyordie.com/mangoq.html">Online games in Võro language</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastekas.ee/index.php?go=multikaq">Collection of cartoons in Võro</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Võro)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language"> Laiuse Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uralic_languages421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Finnic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salaca_Livonian" title="Salaca Livonian">Salaca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/330px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/500px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/960px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Sámi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoksha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoksha dialect">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komi_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komi languages (page does not exist)">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Zyryan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan#Culture" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Selkup_language" title="Northern Selkup language">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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