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id="toc-Electric_model_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Electric locomotives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_full-scale_electric_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_full-scale_electric_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 First full-scale electric cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_full-scale_electric_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890s-1910s:_Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890s-1910s:_Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1890s-1910s: Golden age </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1990s:_Revival_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1990s:_Revival_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1960s–1990s: Revival of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1990s:_Revival_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s:_Modern_highway-capable_electric_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s:_Modern_highway-capable_electric_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s:_Modern_highway-capable_electric_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_bicycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_bicycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Electric bicycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_bicycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Timeline of milestones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_production_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_production_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable production vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_production_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of the electric vehicle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Geschichte des Elektroautos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Elektroautos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_veh%C3%ADculo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Historia del vehículo eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del vehículo eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تاریخچه خودرو الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخچه خودرو الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_v%C3%A9hicule_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Histoire du véhicule électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du véhicule électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="전기자동차의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기자동차의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27auto_elettrica" title="Storia dell'auto elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'auto 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about history of all-electric vehicles. For the history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicles</a> that use plug-in rechargeable batteries, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_plug-in_hybrids" title="History of plug-in hybrids">history of plug-in hybrids</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg/167px-2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg/251px-2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg/334px-2018_Jaguar_I-Pace_EV400_AWD_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="2523" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_3_parked,_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg/147px-Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg/221px-Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg/294px-Tesla_Model_3_parked%2C_front_driver_side-height_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1154" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/166px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/249px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/332px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/148px-2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/222px-2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/296px-2018_Nissan_Leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Modern mass market <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">all-electric passenger cars</a>. Clockwise from upper left: <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-Pace" title="Jaguar I-Pace">Jaguar I-Pace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a></div></div></div></div> Crude electric carriages were first invented in the late 1820s and 1830s. Practical, commercially available <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> appeared during the 1890s. An electric vehicle held the vehicular <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> until around 1900. In the early 20th century, the high cost, low top speed, and short-range of <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a>, compared to <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles, led to a worldwide decline in their use as private motor vehicles. Electric vehicles have continued to be used for loading and freight equipment and for public transport – especially rail vehicles. At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">alternative fuel vehicles</a> in private motor vehicles increased due to: growing concern over the problems associated with <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">hydrocarbon-fueled</a> vehicles, including damage to the <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">environment</a> caused by their <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">emissions</a>; the sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure; and improvements in electric vehicle technology. Since 2010, combined sales of all-electric cars and utility vans achieved 1 million units delivered globally in September 2016,<a href="#cite_note-1miBEVs-1">[1]</a> 4.8 million electric cars in use at the end of 2019,<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-2">[2]</a> and cumulative sales of light-duty <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a> reached the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Global2020-3">[3]</a> The global ratio between annual sales of battery electric cars and <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a> went from 56:44 in 2012 to 74:26 in 2019, and fell to 69:31 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Global2020-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-5">[5]</a> As of August 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the fully electric <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> is the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric passenger car, with around 645,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-AllTimeModel2082020-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_model_cars">Electric model cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electric model cars">edit</a>]</div> Designs of electric motors by individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> led to ideas for electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Block_2015_p._84-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eisen_2001_p._499-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber_1917_p._13-9">[9]</a> The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1828, the Hungarian priest and physicist <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a> invented an early type of <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, and created a small model car powered by his new motor. Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Robert Anderson (inventor)">Robert Anderson</a> also invented a crude electric carriage.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcom-11">[11]</a> In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker from Germany also created a small-scale electric car, powered by non-rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">primary cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_locomotives">Electric locomotives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric locomotives">edit</a>]</div> In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a> built a similar contraption which operated on a short, circular, electrified track.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837, in Scotland by chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>. It was powered by <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a> (batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Scottish Society of Arts">Royal Scottish Society of Arts</a> Exhibition in 1841. The 7,100 kg (7-long-ton) vehicle had two <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-drive">direct-drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Reluctance_motor" title="Reluctance motor">reluctance motors</a>, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutators</a>. It hauled a load of 6,100 kg (6 long tons) at 6.4 km/h (4 mph) for a distance of 2.4 km (1.5 mi). It was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Glasgow_Railway" title="Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway">Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway</a> in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their security of employment.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840, and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">battery rail car</a> was used in 1887 on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bavarian_State_Railways" title="Royal Bavarian State Railways">Royal Bavarian State Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_full-scale_electric_cars">First full-scale electric cars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First full-scale electric cars">edit</a>]</div> Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859, with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid battery</a> by French physicist <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9" title="Gaston Planté">Gaston Planté</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camille_Alphonse_Faure" title="Camille Alphonse Faure">Camille Alphonse Faure</a>, another French scientist, significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881; his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> What is likely the first human-carrying electric vehicle with its own power source was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1880 Trouvé improved the efficiency of a small electric motor developed by Siemens (from a design purchased from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Kravogl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Kravogl (page does not exist)">Johann Kravogl</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kravogl" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Kravogl">de</a>] in 1867) and using the recently developed rechargeable battery, fitted it to an English <a href="/wiki/James_Starley" title="James Starley">James Starley</a> tricycle, so inventing the world's first electric vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Although this was successfully tested on 19 April 1881 along the Rue Valois in central <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, he was unable to patent it.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Trouvé swiftly adapted his battery-powered motor to marine propulsion; to make it easy to carry his marine conversion to and from his workshop to the nearby <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</a>, Trouvé made it portable and removable from the boat, thus inventing the <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motor</a>. On 26 May 1881, the 5-metre Trouvé boat prototype, called Le Téléphone reached a speed of 3.6 km/h (2.2 mph) going upstream and 9.0 km/h (5.6 mph) downstream.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> English inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor)" title="Thomas Parker (inventor)">Thomas Parker</a>, who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel <a href="/wiki/Coalite" title="Coalite">coalite</a>, built his first electric car in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> in 1884, although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Parker's long-held interest in the construction of more fuel-efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles. He also may have been concerned about the malign effects <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> were having in London.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell-Parker Company, established in 1882 for the construction and sale of <a href="/wiki/Electric_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric tram">electric trams</a>. The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation; this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s. The company manufactured the first electric '<a href="/wiki/Dog_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog cart">dog cart</a>' in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcom-11">[11]</a> German engineer <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Flocken" title="Andreas Flocken">Andreas Flocken</a> built the first real electric car in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, as their motors did not use up precious oxygen. Before the pre-eminence of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion engines">internal combustion engines</a>, electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Jenatzy" title="Camille Jenatzy">Camille Jenatzy</a> on 29 April 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped' vehicle <a href="/wiki/Jamais_Contente" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamais Contente">Jamais Contente</a>, which reached a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Also notable was <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche's</a> design and construction of an all-wheel drive electric car, powered by a motor in each hub, which also set several records in the hands of its owner E.W. Hart. The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890–91 by Scotland-born <a href="/wiki/William_Morrison_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morrison (chemist)">William Morrison</a> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrison" class="extiw" title="es:William Morrison">es</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines">Des Moines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>; the vehicle was a six-passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 23 km/h (14 mph). It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles after A.L. Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Trouvé's tricycle (1881), world's first electric car"><img alt="Gustave Trouvé's tricycle (1881), world's first electric car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/329px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/494px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/658px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a>'s tricycle (1881), world's first electric car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electric car built in England by Thomas Parker, photo from 1895"><img alt="Electric car built in England by Thomas Parker, photo from 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg/349px-Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="241" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electric car built in England by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor)" title="Thomas Parker (inventor)">Thomas Parker</a>, photo from 1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flocken_7_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flocken Elektrowagen, 1888 (reconstruction, 2011)"><img alt="Flocken Elektrowagen, 1888 (reconstruction, 2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flocken_7_1888.jpg/320px-Flocken_7_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flocken_7_1888.jpg/480px-Flocken_7_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flocken_7_1888.jpg/640px-Flocken_7_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Flocken" title="Andreas Flocken">Flocken</a> Elektrowagen, 1888 (reconstruction, 2011)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia Electric's (1896–99) "Victoria" electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave., Washington D.C., seen from Lafayette Square in 1905, driving in front of the White House."><img alt="Columbia Electric's (1896–99) "Victoria" electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave., Washington D.C., seen from Lafayette Square in 1905, driving in front of the White House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg/302px-Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg/452px-Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg/603px-Columbia_Victoria_Electric_H.C._White_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="524" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columbia Electric's (1896–99) "Victoria" electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave., Washington D.C., seen from Lafayette Square in 1905, driving in front of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500,_Kraftdroschke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on top"><img alt="German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg/335px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg/503px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg/670px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1126-500%2C_Kraftdroschke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on top</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron,_Ohio,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The world's first police car was an electric wagon for the Akron Police Department in 1899.[36]"><img alt="The world's first police car was an electric wagon for the Akron Police Department in 1899.[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg/303px-Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg/455px-Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg/607px-Polizeifahrzeug_der_Stadtpolizei_Akron%2C_Ohio%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The world's first <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police car</a> was an electric wagon for the <a href="/wiki/Akron_Police_Department" title="Akron Police Department">Akron Police Department</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1890s-1910s:_Golden_age">1890s-1910s: Golden age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1890s-1910s: Golden age">edit</a>]</div> Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electric</a> battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. In London, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bersey" title="Walter Bersey">Walter Bersey</a> designed a fleet of such cabs and <a href="/wiki/Bersey_electric_cab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bersey electric cab">introduced them to the streets of London</a> in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> They were soon nicknamed "Hummingbirds" due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made.<a href="#cite_note-London_taxi-38">[38]</a> In the same year in New York City, the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric <a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">hansom cabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-39">[39]</a> The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Vehicle_Company" title="Electric Vehicle Company">Electric Vehicle Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars. They also did not require gear changes. (While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings.) The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine. Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers who used them as <a href="/wiki/City_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="City cars">city cars</a>, where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage. Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the United States by the turn of the century, 40 per cent of automobiles were powered by steam, 38 per cent by electricity, and 22 per cent by petrol. A total of 33,842 electric cars were registered in the United States, and the U.S. became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-42">[42]</a> Most early electric vehicles were massive, ornate carriages designed for the upper-class customers that made them popular. They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials. Electric vehicles were often marketed as luxury cars for women, which may have generated a stigma among male consumers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s. There were over 300 listed manufacturers who produced a vehicle in the United States until 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Kimes_1996-45">[45]</a> In 1910s, The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Electric_(automobile)" title="Standard Electric (automobile)">Standard Electric</a> used <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse electric motors</a> and claimed to have a range of 110 miles on a charge. It was operated by a tiller from the left-hand side. The controller had six forward speeds, and had a top speed of 20-mph. The model M was a closed model Coupe or open Runabout, and priced from $1,785 to $1,900.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beardsley_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beardsley Electric Company (page does not exist)">Beardsley Electric Company</a>, founded in Los Angeles by Volney S. Beardsley in 1913, produced 661 electric cars between 1914 and 1917. A typical cruising range was 115 km (70 miles). One model, the "light town car," in 1916 was priced at US$1,285 (equivalent to $35,980 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_as_a_service_and_General_Vehicle">Power as a service and General Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power as a service and General Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> To overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles, and the lack of recharging infrastructure, an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896.<a href="#cite_note-HistEV-48">[48]</a> The concept was first put into practice by <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Electric_Light_Company" title="Hartford Electric Light Company">Hartford Electric Light Company</a> through the GeVeCo battery service and was initially available for electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company (GVC, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric Company</a>) without a battery and the electricity was purchased from <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Electric_Light_Company" title="Hartford Electric Light Company">Hartford Electric</a> through an exchangeable battery. The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover the maintenance and storage of the truck. Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange. The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles. Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries.<a href="#cite_note-HistEV-48">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, in the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era, ten electric vehicle companies banded together to form the New York Electric Vehicle Association.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The association included manufacturers and <a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">dealers</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors'</a> truck division, and the aforementioned General Vehicle division of General Electric, which claimed to have almost 2,000 operating vehicles in the metropolitan region.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a> When opening their flagship department store, <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord and Taylor</a> boasted of its electric vehicle fleet – numbering 38 trucks – and the conveyor system to efficiently load and unload goods.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913"><img alt="Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg/315px-EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and an electric car in 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 Detroit Electric advertisement"><img alt="1912 Detroit Electric advertisement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg/333px-Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg/500px-Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg/667px-Detroit_Eletric_ad_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="582" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Electric" title="Detroit Electric">Detroit Electric</a> advertisement</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914 Beardsley electric car on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota"><img alt="1914 Beardsley electric car on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg/211px-1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg/316px-1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg/422px-1914BeardsleyElectric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1375" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1914 Beardsley electric car on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1920s–1950s:_Dark_age_of_Electric_Vehicles">1920s–1950s: Dark age of Electric Vehicles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1920s–1950s: Dark age of Electric Vehicles">edit</a>]</div> After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century, the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market. A number of developments contributed to this situation. By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure improved travel times, creating a need for vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars. Worldwide discoveries of large <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> reserves led to the wide availability of affordable <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a>, making petrol-powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed (no more than 24–32 km/h or 15–20 mph<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-42">[42]</a>) and low range (50–65 km or 30–40 miles<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-42">[42]</a>), and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics. Gasoline cars also overcame much of their negatives compared to electrics, in several areas. Whereas ICE cars originally had to be hand-cranked to start – a difficult and sometimes dangerous activity – the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_starter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric starter">electric starter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a> in 1912<a href="#cite_note-R1-52">[52]</a> eliminated the need of a hand starting crank. Further, while gasoline engines are inherently noisier than electric motors, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a> by <a href="/wiki/Milton_O._Reeves" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton O. Reeves">Milton O. Reeves</a> and Marshall T. Reeves in 1897 significantly reduced the noise to tolerable levels. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">the initiation of mass production</a> of gas-powered vehicles by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> brought their price down.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> By contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcom-11">[11]</a> Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s. Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems. <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">Forklift trucks</a> were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In Europe, especially the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk floats</a> were powered by electricity, and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Electric <a href="/wiki/Golf_cart" title="Golf cart">golf carts</a> were produced by Lektro as early as 1954.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> By the 1920s, the early heyday of electric cars had passed, and a decade later, the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars. Fuel-starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British <a href="/wiki/Milk_float" title="Milk float">milk floats</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bréguet Aviation">Bréguet Aviation</a> car, but overall, while <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> development progressed at a brisk pace, electric vehicle technology stagnated. In the late 1950s, Henney Coachworks and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Union Electric Company (page does not exist)">National Union Electric Company</a>, makers of Exide batteries, formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car, the <a href="/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt" title="Henney Kilowatt">Henney Kilowatt</a>, based on the French <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Renault Dauphine</a>. The car was produced in 36-<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> and 72-volt configurations.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The 72-volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km/h (60 mph) and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge. Despite Kilowatt's improved performance with respect to previous electric cars, it was about double the cost of a regular gasoline-powered Dauphine, and production ended in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electric vehicle TAMA, produced by Tachikawa Aircraft Company in 1947. Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No. 40"><img alt="Electric vehicle TAMA, produced by Tachikawa Aircraft Company in 1947. Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No. 40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg/360px-Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg/540px-Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg/720px-Tama-denki-jidosya01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1696" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electric vehicle TAMA, produced by <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Aircraft_Company" title="Tachikawa Aircraft Company">Tachikawa Aircraft Company</a> in 1947. <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering_Heritage_(Japan)" title="Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)">Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)</a> No. 40</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005,_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East German electric vans of the Deutsche Post in 1953"><img alt="East German electric vans of the Deutsche Post in 1953" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg/378px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg/567px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg/756px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-21519-0005%2C_Neue_Fahrzeuge_der_Deutschen_Post.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="497" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a> electric vans of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post_of_the_GDR" title="Deutsche Post of the GDR">Deutsche Post</a> in 1953</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilowatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Henney Kilowatt, a 1961 production electric car"><img alt="The Henney Kilowatt, a 1961 production electric car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kilowatt.jpg/339px-Kilowatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kilowatt.jpg/508px-Kilowatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kilowatt.jpg/678px-Kilowatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="630" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt" title="Henney Kilowatt">Henney Kilowatt</a>, a 1961 production electric car</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s–1990s:_Revival_of_interest">1960s–1990s: Revival of interest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960s–1990s: Revival of interest">edit</a>]</div> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a> (AMC) and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a "self-charging" battery.<a href="#cite_note-wards2000-60">[60]</a> AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel-cadmium batteries</a> that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead-acid versions.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> That same year, Nu-Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one-piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960.<a href="#cite_note-wards2000-60">[60]</a> In the mid-1960s a few battery-electric <a href="/wiki/Concept_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept cars">concept cars</a> appeared, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Scamp" title="Scottish Aviation Scamp">Scottish Aviation Scamp</a> (1965),<a href="#cite_note-design_19660701-62">[62]</a> and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair" title="Chevrolet Corvair">Electrovair</a> (1966).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> None of them entered production. The 1973 <a href="/wiki/Enfield_8000" title="Enfield 8000">Enfield 8000</a> did make it into small-scale production, 112 were eventually produced.<a href="#cite_note-Hereward-64">[64]</a> In 1967, AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on <a href="/wiki/Lithium_battery" title="Lithium battery">lithium</a> and a speed controller designed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Wouk" title="Victor Wouk">Victor Wouk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wouk-65">[65]</a> A nickel-cadmium battery supplied power to an all-electric 1969 <a href="/wiki/Rambler_American" title="Rambler American">Rambler American</a> station wagon.<a href="#cite_note-Wouk-65">[65]</a> Other "plug-in" experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the <a href="/wiki/Amitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitron">Amitron</a> (1967) and the similar <a href="/wiki/AMC_Electron" class="mw-redirect" title="AMC Electron">Electron</a> (1977).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 31 July 1971, an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first crewed vehicle to drive on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; that car was the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>, which was first deployed during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> mission. The "Moon buggy" was developed by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and GM subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Delco_Electronics" title="Delco Electronics">Delco Electronics</a> (co-founded by Kettering)<a href="#cite_note-R1-52">[52]</a> featured a DC drive motor in each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries. After years outside the limelight, the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. However, vehicles such as the intensely-marketed <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_C5" title="Sinclair C5">Sinclair C5</a> failed.<a href="#cite_note-Wallpaper09-67">[67]</a> General Motors created a concept car using another gasoline car as the base, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevette" title="Chevrolet Chevette">Electrovette</a> (1976). At the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Auto_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Auto Show">Los Angeles Auto Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> President <a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_(executive)" title="Roger Smith (executive)">Roger Smith</a> unveiled the <a href="/wiki/GM_Impact" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Impact">GM Impact</a> electric <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept car</a>, along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public. From the 1960s to the 1990s, a number of companies made battery electric vehicles converted from existing manufactured models, often using <a href="/wiki/Glider_(automobiles)" title="Glider (automobiles)">gliders</a>. None were sold in large numbers, with sales hampered by high cost and a limited range. Most of these vehicles were sold to government agencies and electric utility companies. The passage of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976 in the US provided government incentives for development of electric vehicles in the US.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation (now <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Energy_Systems" title="Apollo Energy Systems">Apollo Energy Systems</a>) produced the <a href="/wiki/Electrosport" title="Electrosport">Electrosport</a> (a converted <a href="/wiki/AMC_Hornet" title="AMC Hornet">AMC Hornet</a>), the Mars I (a converted <a href="/wiki/Renault_Dauphine" title="Renault Dauphine">Renault Dauphine</a>), and the Mars II (a converted <a href="/wiki/Renault_8_and_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 8 and 10">Renault R-10</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jet_Industries" title="Jet Industries">Jet Industries</a> sold the Electra-Van 600 (a converted <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Sambar" title="Subaru Sambar">Subaru Sambar</a> 600), the Electra-Van 750 (converted <a href="/wiki/Mazda_B_series" title="Mazda B series">Mazda B2000</a>/Ford Courier pickup trucks), the Electrica (converted <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escort_(North_America)" title="Ford Escort (North America)">Ford Escort</a>/Mercury Lynx cars) and the Electrica 007 (converted <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Omni_024" title="Dodge Omni 024">Dodge Omni 024</a>/Plymouth Horizon TC3 cars). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Electricar" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Electricar">U.S. Electricar</a> Corp., based in Massachusetts, sold the Lectric Leopard, a converted <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Electric Vehicle Associates sold the Current Fare (a converted <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fairmont" title="Ford Fairmont">Ford Fairmont</a>) and the Change of Pace (a converted <a href="/wiki/AMC_Pacer" title="AMC Pacer">AMC Pacer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> U.S. Electricar, Inc., based in California, sold a converted <a href="/wiki/Geo_Prizm" title="Geo Prizm">Geo Prizm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Solectria Corporation (now <a href="/wiki/Azure_Dynamics" title="Azure Dynamics">Azure Dynamics</a>) sold the <a href="/wiki/Solectria_Force" title="Solectria Force">Solectria Force</a> (a converted <a href="/wiki/Geo_Metro" title="Geo Metro">Geo Metro</a>) and the E10 (a converted <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_S-10" title="Chevrolet S-10">Chevrolet S-10</a>). Later, General Motors would also produce an electric S-10, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_S-10_EV" title="Chevrolet S-10 EV">Chevrolet S-10 EV</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emissions vehicles</a> such as electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-movie-74">[74]</a> In response, automakers developed electric models, including the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_TEVan" title="Chrysler TEVan">Chrysler TEVan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Ranger_EV" title="Ford Ranger EV">Ford Ranger EV</a> pickup truck, <a href="/wiki/GM_EV1" class="mw-redirect" title="GM EV1">GM EV1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_S10_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet S10 EV">S10 EV</a> pickup, <a href="/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus" title="Honda EV Plus">Honda EV Plus</a> hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Altra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Altra">Altra EV</a> miniwagon and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a>. The Altra was notable for being the first production EV to use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ev_world-75">[75]</a> <a href="#cite_note-motortrend_altra-76">[76]</a> The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate.<a href="#cite_note-movie-74">[74]</a> GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lease interest in continuing to own the cars.<a href="#cite_note-movie-74">[74]</a> Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of their cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public for six months until 22 November 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been <a href="/wiki/Car_crusher" title="Car crusher">destroyed</a> by their manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-movie-74">[74]</a> Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EVs in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States, who instead favored <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicles">sport utility vehicles</a>, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Domestic U.S. automakers chose to focus their product lines on truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. Most electric vehicles on the world roads were low-speed, low-range <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood electric vehicle">neighborhood electric vehicles</a> (NEVs). Pike Research estimated there were almost 479,000 NEVs on world roads in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NEVsales-79">[79]</a> As of July 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were between 60,000 and 76,000 low-speed battery-powered vehicles in use in the United States, up from about 56,000 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> North America's top-selling NEV is the <a href="/wiki/Global_Electric_Motorcars" title="Global Electric Motorcars">Global Electric Motorcars</a> (GEM) vehicles, with more than 50,000 units sold worldwide by mid-2014.<a href="#cite_note-GEMsales-81">[81]</a> The world's two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States, with 14,737 units sold, and France, with 2,231 units.<a href="#cite_note-PikeR-82">[82]</a> Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Kewet" title="Kewet">Kewet</a>, since 1991, and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Buddy_(electric_car)" title="Buddy (electric car)">Buddy</a>, launched in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Also the <a href="/wiki/Th!nk_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Th!nk City">Th!nk City</a> was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Production restarted in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Th!nk was sold in several European countries and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ThinkSales-89">[89]</a> A total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013, most of which are powered by <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid battery">lead-acid batteries</a>. These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as <a href="/wiki/New_energy_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="New energy vehicle">new energy vehicles</a> due to safety and environmental concerns, and consequently, do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-China2013-90">[90]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car,_1973_(34772918810).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charging station with NEMA connector for electric AMC Gremlin used by Seattle City Light in 1973[91]"><img alt="Charging station with NEMA connector for electric AMC Gremlin used by Seattle City Light in 1973[91]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/198px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/297px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg/396px-Seattle_City_Light_Superintendent_Gordon_Vickery_with_prototype_electric_car%2C_1973_%2834772918810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Charging station with <a href="/wiki/NEMA_connector" title="NEMA connector">NEMA connector</a> for electric <a href="/wiki/AMC_Gremlin" title="AMC Gremlin">AMC Gremlin</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Seattle_City_Light" title="Seattle City Light">Seattle City Light</a> in 1973<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Honda EV Plus, one of the cars introduced as a result of the CARB ZEV mandate"><img alt="The Honda EV Plus, one of the cars introduced as a result of the CARB ZEV mandate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg/320px-1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg/480px-1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg/640px-1997-1999_Honda_EV_Plus_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus" title="Honda EV Plus">Honda EV Plus</a>, one of the cars introduced as a result of the CARB ZEV mandate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Lunar Roving Vehicles are currently parked on the Moon"><img alt="Three Lunar Roving Vehicles are currently parked on the Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/363px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/544px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/726px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> are currently parked on the Moon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Th!nk City and Buddy in Oslo, Norway"><img alt="Th!nk City and Buddy in Oslo, Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg/397px-Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg/595px-Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg/793px-Zero_Rally_2011_02_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Th!nk_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Th!nk City">Th!nk City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_(electric_car)" title="Buddy (electric car)">Buddy</a> in Oslo, Norway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EV1_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to the California Air Resources Board mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999."><img alt="The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to the California Air Resources Board mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/334px-EV1_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/501px-EV1_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/668px-EV1_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a>, one of the cars introduced due to the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">NiMH batteries</a> in 1999.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s:_Modern_highway-capable_electric_cars">2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars">edit</a>]</div> California electric car maker <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla Motors</a> began development in 2004 on the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster</a>, which was first delivered to customers in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Roadster was the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Since 2008, Tesla sold approximately 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Roadster2450-94">[94]</a> Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012, when its supply of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Elise" title="Lotus Elise">Lotus Elise</a> <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle glider">gliders</a> ran out, as its contract with <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a> for 2,500 gliders expired at the end of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT050611-96">[96]</a> Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe, Asia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-TRSalesDec11-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-LastSales-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMiEV2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMiEV2009.jpg/220px-IMiEV2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMiEV2009.jpg/330px-IMiEV2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IMiEV2009.jpg/440px-IMiEV2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a> was launched in Japan in 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a> was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009, and for individual customers in April 2010,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP100331-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters100330-103">[103]</a> followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010, and Australia in July 2010 via leasing.<a href="#cite_note-HK0510-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUST10-105">[105]</a> The i-MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010, including a rebadged version sold in Europe as <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_iOn" class="mw-redirect" title="Peugeot iOn">Peugeot iOn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Zero" title="Citroën C-Zero">Citroën C-Zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The market launch in the Americas began in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> in February 2011, followed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-CR02-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand, Mitsubishi reports around 27,200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012, including the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab_MiEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV">minicab MiEVs</a> sold in Japan, and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero in the European market.<a href="#cite_note-iMiEVGlobal-113">[113]</a> Senior leaders at several large <a href="/wiki/Automaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Automaker">automakers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, have stated that the Roadster was a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, GM vice-chairman <a href="/wiki/Bob_Lutz_(businessman)" title="Bob Lutz (businessman)">Bob Lutz</a> was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't?' That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/220px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/330px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/440px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The global stock of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has grown steadily since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023-115">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/220px-First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/330px-First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg/440px-First_Customer_owned_Nissan_Leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> delivered in the U.S. went to a customer in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>, introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-Launch3-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaunchJap-117">[117]</a> As of January 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Leaf was also available in Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.<a href="#cite_note-50KLeafs-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Better_Place_(company)" title="Better Place (company)">Better Place</a> network was the first modern commercial deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Charging_station#Battery_swap" title="Charging station">battery swapping model</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Renault Fluence Z.E.</a> was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ekron" title="Kiryat Ekron">Kiryat Ekron</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a> in March 2011. The battery exchange process took five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-JP240311-120">[120]</a> As of December 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car.<a href="#cite_note-Better_Place_Delivers_For_Demanding_Amsterdam_Taxi_Drivers-121">[121]</a> By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties, and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non-core activities in North America, as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On 26 May 2013, Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The company's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi. Less than 1,000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-NYT052613-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPost052613-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smart_electric_drive" title="Smart electric drive">Smart electric drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheego_Whip_LiFe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheego Whip LiFe">Wheego Whip LiFe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mia_electric" title="Mia electric">Mia electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_C30_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo C30 Electric">Volvo C30 Electric</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electric" title="Ford Focus Electric">Ford Focus Electric</a> were launched for retail customers during 2011. The <a href="/wiki/BYD_e6" title="BYD e6">BYD e6</a>, released initially for fleet customers in 2010, began retail sales in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhen, China">Shenzhen, China</a> in October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9_Bluecar" title="Bolloré Bluecar">Bolloré Bluecar</a> was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the <a href="/wiki/Autolib%27" title="Autolib'">Autolib'</a> <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> service in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Launch1-129">[129]</a> Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In February 2011, the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than 10,000 units, including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot. The record was officially registered by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car ever,<a href="#cite_note-Guinness-131">[131]</a> and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50,000 unit mark.<a href="#cite_note-50KLeafs-118">[118]</a> The next Tesla vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Model S</a>, was released in the U.S. on 22 June 2012<a href="#cite_note-1stModelS-132">[132]</a> and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The next model was the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X" title="Tesla Model X">Tesla Model X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deliveries3Q2015-135">[135]</a> Other models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the <a href="/wiki/BMW_ActiveE" title="BMW ActiveE">BMW ActiveE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coda_(electric_car)" title="Coda (electric car)">Coda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E." title="Renault Fluence Z.E.">Renault Fluence Z.E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Fit_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Fit EV">Honda Fit EV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV#Second_generation" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roewe_E50" title="Roewe E50">Roewe E50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_e2o" title="Mahindra e2o">Mahindra e2o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Spark EV">Chevrolet Spark EV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SLS_AMG_Electric_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive">Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_500e" title="Fiat 500e">Fiat 500e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_e-Up!" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen e-Up!">Volkswagen e-Up!</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kandi_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandi EV">Kandi EV</a>. Toyota released the <a href="/wiki/Scion_iQ_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Scion iQ EV">Scion iQ EV</a> in the U.S. (Toyota eQ in Japan) in 2013. The car production is limited to 100 units. The first 30 units were delivered to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-UCIrvine-136">[136]</a> The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013, after selling only about 100 units in California. Its manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Coda_Automotive" title="Coda Automotive">Coda Automotive</a>, filed for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection</a> on 1 May 2013. The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-Bankruptcy-137">[137]</a> The Tesla Model S ranked as the top-selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric car</a> in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> (3,695).<a href="#cite_note-Tesla1Q2013-138">[138]</a> European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> in August 2013,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and during its first full month in the market, the Model S ranked as the top-selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013, becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country, and contributing to a record all-electric car <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of 8.6% of new car sales during that month.<a href="#cite_note-SalesNorway092013-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-NorwayTop092013-141">[141]</a> In October 2013, an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row. This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-SalesNorway102013-143">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG/220px-BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG/330px-BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG/440px-BMW_i3_04_2015_SFO_2899.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Retail deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> began in Europe in November 2013<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The i3 ranked as the third best selling all-electric car in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalTop2014-145">[145]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault–Nissan Alliance">Renault–Nissan Alliance</a> reached global sales of 100,000 all-electric vehicles in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-RN100K-146">[146]</a> The 100,000th customer was a U.S. student who bought a Nissan Leaf.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In mid January 2014, global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100,000 unit milestone, representing a 45% market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf100K-148">[148]</a> As of June 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were over 500,000 plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world, with the U.S. leading plug-in electric car sales with a 45% share of global sales.<a href="#cite_note-500KGlobal062014-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalShare-150">[150]</a> In September 2014, sales of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a> in the United States reached the 250,000 unit milestone.<a href="#cite_note-US250K-151">[151]</a> Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ModelS75K-152">[152]</a> In November 2014 the Renault–Nissan Alliance reached 200,000 all-electric vehicles delivered globally, representing a 58% share of the global light-duty all-electric market segment.<a href="#cite_note-RN200K-153">[153]</a> The world's top-selling all-electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf (61,507), Tesla Model S (31,655), BMW i3 (16,052), and the Renault Zoe (11,323). Accounting for plug-in hybrids, the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondingly among the world's top 10 selling plug-in electric cars.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalTop2014-145">[145]</a> All-electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the <a href="/wiki/BMW_Brilliance_Zinoro_1E" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E">BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_QQ3#eQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry QQ3">Chery eQ</a>, Geely-Kandi Panda EV, <a href="/wiki/Zotye_Zhidou_E20" class="mw-redirect" title="Zotye Zhidou E20">Zotye Zhidou E20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kia_Soul_EV" title="Kia Soul EV">Kia Soul EV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_e-Golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen e-Golf">Volkswagen e-Golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class_Electric_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive">Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venucia_e30" title="Venucia e30">Venucia e30</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg/220px-2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg/330px-2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg/440px-2018_Renault_ZOE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4935" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption>Global sales of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a>, released in 2012, achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Zoe50K-154">[154]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Bolt EV">Chevrolet Bolt EV</a> <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept car</a> at the 2015 <a href="/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show" title="North American International Auto Show">North American International Auto Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AB01122015-155">[155]</a> The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> 2017.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> more than 320 km (200 miles), with pricing starting at US$37,500 before any applicable <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles#United_States" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">government incentives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAT01122015-157">[157]</a> The European version, marketed as the Opel Ampera-e, will go into production in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Ampera_e-158">[158]</a> In May 2015, global sales of highway legal all-electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500,000 unit milestone, accounting for sales since 2008. Out these, Nissan accounts for about 35%, Tesla Motors about 15%, and Mitsubishi about 10%.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEV052015-159">[159]</a> Also in May 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> passed the 25,000 unit global sales milestone.<a href="#cite_note-25kGlobal052015-160">[160]</a> Worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75,000 unit milestone in June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ModelS75K-152">[152]</a> By early June 2015, the Renault–Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all-electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250,000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light-duty all-electric market segment. Nissan sales totaled 185,000 units, which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e-NV200 van. Renault has sold 65,000 electric vehicles, and its line-up includes the ZOE passenger car, the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo_Z.E." class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Kangoo Z.E.">Kangoo Z.E.</a> van, the SM3 Z.E. (previously Fluence Z.E.) sedan and the <a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_quadricycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy quadricycle">heavy quadricycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renault2015-161">[161]</a> By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans</a> passed the one million sales milestone, with the pure electrics capturing about 62% of global sales.<a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-162">[162]</a> The United States is the plug-in segment market leader with a stock of over 363,000 plug-in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015, representing 36.3% of global sales.<a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-162">[162]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is the largest plug-in car regional market, with more than 158,000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015, representing 46.5% of all plug-in cars sold in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2014-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calif100K-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calif4Q2014-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calif2Q2015-166">[166]</a> Until December 2014, California not only had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation, but also more than any other country.<a href="#cite_note-NYT092014-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJMN092014-168">[168]</a> As of August 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, China ranked as the world's second top-selling country plug-in market, with over 157,000 units sold since 2011 (15.7%), followed by Japan with more than 120,000 plug-in units sold since 2009 (12.1%).<a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-162">[162]</a> As of June 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 310,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-EUsalescum2014-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUsales1H2015-170">[170]</a> European sales are led by Norway, followed by the Netherlands, and France.<a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-162">[162]</a> In the heavy-duty segment, China is the world's leader, with over 65,000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-162">[162]</a> As of December 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200,000 units sold making the Leaf the world's top-selling highway-capable electric car in history. The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a>, with global deliveries of more than 100,000 units, listed as the world's second best selling all-electric car of all time.<a href="#cite_note-ModelS100K-171">[171]</a> The Model S ranked as the world's best selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicle</a> in 2015, up from second best in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Top2015Global-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top102014-173">[173]</a> The Model S was also the top-selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2015US-174">[174]</a> Most models released in the world's markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug-in hybrids. The only new series production all-electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the <a href="/wiki/BYD_e5" title="BYD e5">BYD e5</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X" title="Tesla Model X">Tesla Model X</a>, together with several variants of the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> line-up.<a href="#cite_note-ModelXfirst-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg/220px-2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg/330px-2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg/440px-2017_Tesla_Model_S_75D_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> was the top-selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric car</a> worldwide in 2015 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-176">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> was unveiled on 31 March 2016. With pricing starting at US$35,000 and an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> of 345 km (215 miles), the Model 3 is <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla Motors</a> first vehicle aimed for the <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a>. Before the unveiling event, over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> As of 7 April 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, one week after the event, Tesla Motors reported over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the 107,000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015. These reservations represent potential sales of over US$14 billion.<a href="#cite_note-325KModel3-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFG02042016-179">[179]</a> As of 31 March 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tesla Motors has sold almost 125,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Tesla125K-180">[180]</a> Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of 15 May 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.<a href="#cite_note-373K-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Ioniq Electric">Hyundai Ioniq Electric</a> was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renault-Nissan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault-Nissan Alliance">Renault-Nissan Alliance</a> achieved the milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016, and also set an industry record of 100,000 electric vehicles sold in a single year.<a href="#cite_note-RN350K-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> global electric vehicle sales passed the 250,000 unit milestone also in August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-RN350K-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in early September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Renault100K-185">[185]</a> Global sales of the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X" title="Tesla Model X">Tesla Model X</a> passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016, with most cars delivered in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ModelX10K-186">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg/220px-2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg/330px-2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg/440px-2017_Chevrolet_Bolt_EV_Premier_front_6.20.18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4829" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Bolt EV">Chevrolet Bolt EVs</a> were delivered to customers in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> in December 2016<a href="#cite_note-1stBolt-187">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-1miBEVs-1">[1]</a> Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016, four years and five months after its introduction, and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone.<a href="#cite_note-ModelS150k-188">[188]</a> Norway achieved the milestone of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/All-electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric vehicle">all-electric vehicles</a> registered in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-EVs100K-189">[189]</a> Retail deliveries of the 383 km (238 miles) <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Bolt EV">Chevrolet Bolt EV</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> on 13 December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-1stBolt-187">[187]</a> In December 2016, Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km (1.9 billion miles) driven collectively through November 2016, saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg (1,100 million lb) of CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf3bi-190">[190]</a> Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250,000 units delivered in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf250K-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeafBest250K-192">[192]</a> The Tesla Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2016 for the second year running, with 50,931 units delivered globally.<a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top30PEVs2016-193">[193]</a> In December 2016, Norway became the first country where 5% of all registered passenger cars were plug-in electric cars.<a href="#cite_note-TopTen2016-194">[194]</a> When new car sales in Norway are categorised by powertrain or fuel, nine of the top ten best-selling models in 2016 were electric-drive models. The Norwegian electric-drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40.2% of new passenger car sales in 2016, consisting of 15.7% for all-electric cars, 13.4% for plug-in hybrids, and 11.2% for conventional hybris.<a href="#cite_note-Norsk2016OFV-195">[195]</a> A record monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37.5% of new car sales; the <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> segment reached a 20.0% market share of new passenger cars, and the all-electric car segment had a 17.5% market share.<a href="#cite_note-OFV012017-196">[196]</a> Also in January 2017, the electrified passenger car segment, consisting of plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">conventional hybrids</a>, for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine, with a market share of 51.4% of new car sales that month.<a href="#cite_note-OFV012017-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-EDJan2017-197">[197]</a> For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50%, and have several other benefits, such as use of bus lanes and free parking.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Many of these perks have been extended to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg/220px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg/330px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg/440px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Dedicated free parking lot for electric cars in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. In October 2018, 1 out of every 10 passenger cars on Norwegian roads was a plug-in.<a href="#cite_note-Norway10pt-200">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> In February 2017 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> named <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Inc.">Tesla</a> as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Deliveries of the Tesla Model S passed the 200,000 unit milestone during the fourth quarter of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-ModelS200k-202">[202]</a> Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf300k-203">[203]</a> In September 2018, the Norwegian market share of all-electric cars reached 45.3% and plug-in hybrids 14.9%, for a combined market share of the plug-in car segment of 60.2% of new car registrations that month, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in Norway and in any country. Accounting for conventional hybrids, the electrified segment achieved an all-time record 71.5% market share in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-OFV092018-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Record60-205">[205]</a> In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered is a plug-in electric vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-Norway10pt-200">[200]</a> Norway ended 2018 with plug-in market share of 49.1%, meaning that every second new passenger car sold in the country in 2018 was a plug-in electric. The market share for the all-electric segment was 31.2% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-OFV2018-206">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg/220px-2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg/330px-2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg/440px-2018_Nissan_Leaf_2.Zero_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4301" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>The Nissan Leaf listed as all-time best selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in car">plug-in electric passenger car</a> until December 2019, with 450,000 global sales.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf450K-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> Tesla delivered its 100,000th <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Model 3</a> in October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-100kModel3-209">[209]</a> U.S. sales of the Model 3 reached the 100,000 unit milestone in November 2018, quicker than any previous model sold in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Model3US100K-210">[210]</a> The Model 3 was the top-selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric car</a> in the U.S. for 12 consecutive months since January 2018, ending 2018 as the best-selling plug-in with an estimated all-time record of 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100 thousand units in a single year.<a href="#cite_note-US2018Tesla-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-US2018sales-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopUS2018-213">[213]</a> In 2018, for the first time in any country, an all-electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment. The Nissan Leaf was Norway's best selling new passenger car model in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Norsk2018Top-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norsk2018Top10-215">[215]</a> The Tesla Model 3 listed as the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/220px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/330px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/440px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> In January 2019, with 148,046 units sold since inception in the American market, the Model 3 overtook the Model S to become the all-time best selling all-electric car in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Top3US012019-218">[218]</a> Until 2019, the Nissan Leaf was the world's all-time top-selling highway legal electric car, with global sales of 450,000 units through December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf450K-207">[207]</a> The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world's best selling plug-in electric car for the second consecutive year, with just over 300,000 units delivered.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-5">[5]</a> Also, the Model 3 topped the annual list of best selling passenger car models in the overall market in two countries, Norway and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-TopOverallSales-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-OFV2019Modell-220">[220]</a> The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars reached 5.1 million units in December 2018, consisting of 3.3 million all-electric cars (65%) and 1.8 million plug-in hybrid cars (35%).<a href="#cite_note-Global3mi-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">[216]</a> The global ratio between BEVs and PHEVs has been shifting towards fully electric cars, it went from 56:44 in 2012 to 60:40 in 2015, and rose from 69:31 in 2018 to 74:26 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-4">[4]</a> Despite the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a> on the world's roads at the end of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-EVGlobal2018inuse-222">[222]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's best selling electric car ever, with more than 500,000 total units sold by March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y" title="Tesla Model Y">Tesla Model Y</a> is the bestselling electric vehicle in terms of yearly units.<a href="#cite_note-BestSellingVehicle-223">[223]</a> Tesla also became the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-1million-224">[224]</a> Global sales of the Model 3 passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021, the first electric car model to do so.<a href="#cite_note-AllTimeModel2082020b-225">[225]</a> However, later in May 2023, the Model Y became the world's best selling vehicle in Q1.<a href="#cite_note-finance.yahoo.com-226">[226]</a> The Nissan Leaf achieved the milestone of 500,000 units sold globally in early December 2020, 10 years after its inception.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf500K-227">[227]</a> Combined sales of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a> and light-duty commercial vans since 2010 achieved the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020. Just a year and a half later, the combined sales doubled to 20 million in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-20-million-228">[228]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tesla Model 3 is the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric car, and became the first electric car to sell 1 million units in June 2021.[208]"><img alt="The Tesla Model 3 is the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric car, and became the first electric car to sell 1 million units in June 2021.[208]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg/338px-Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg/507px-Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg/675px-Tesla_Model_3_19.06.19_JM_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="1729" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> is the world's all-time best selling <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric car</a>, and became the first electric car to sell 1 million units in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_bicycle">Electric bicycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electric bicycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></div> The principal manufacturer of e-bikes globally is China, with 2009 seeing the manufacturing of 22.2 million units. In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E-bikes. Pedego is the best selling in the U.S. China accounts for nearly 92% of the market worldwide. In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010. Jiangsu Yadea, an electric bicycle producer of renown in China, leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council (CNLIC) electric bicycle industry for three years. It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year. In 1997, Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U.S. company to come out with a <a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">pedelec</a>. First models of electric bicycles appeared in late 19th century. US Patent office registered several e-bike patents since 1895 to 1899 (Ogden Bolton patented battery-powered bicycle in 1895, Hosea W. Libbey patented bicycle with double electric motor in 1897 and John Schnepf patented electric motor with roller wheel). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_milestones">Timeline of milestones</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timeline of milestones">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/350px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/525px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/700px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of annual sales of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric passenger cars</a> in the world's top markets (countries/regions) between 2011 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF;">Date</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;">Timeline of electric vehicle milestones </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1875</td> <td align="left">World's first <a href="/wiki/Electric_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric tram">electric tram</a> line operated in <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a> near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia, invented and tested by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Pirotsky" title="Fyodor Pirotsky">Fyodor Pirotsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1881</td> <td align="left">World's first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Electric_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric tram">electric tram</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Lichterfelde tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde tramway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_(Berlin)" title="Lichterfelde (Berlin)">Lichterfelde</a> near Berlin in Germany built by <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a> being installed in 1883. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1882</td> <td align="left">The <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Ernst Werner Siemens</a> demonstrated his "<a href="/wiki/Elektromote" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromote">Elektromote</a>" in a Berlin suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1883</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling_and_Hinterbr%C3%BChl_Tram" title="Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram">Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram</a>, Vienna, Austria, first <a href="/wiki/Electric_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric tram">electric tram</a> powered by <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wire">overhead wire</a>. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1884</td> <td align="left">Thomas Parker built an <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> in Wolverhampton using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Dec 1996</td> <td align="left">Launch of the limited production <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a><a href="#cite_note-CarandDriverAug09-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes-233">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1997</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a> becomes first plug-in electric production SUV. Leases are mostly restricted to governments and businesses in California.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1998</td> <td align="left">Launch of <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Altra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Altra">Nissan Altra EV</a>, becoming the first highway legal <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a><a href="#cite_note-ev_world-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-motortrend_altra-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Jul 2009</td> <td align="left">Launch of the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a>, the first modern highway legal <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a> electric car<a href="#cite_note-Reuters100330-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Dec 2010</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> deliveries began<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2011</td> <td align="left">The Nissan Leaf passed the Mitsubishi i MiEV as the world's all-time best selling all-electric car<a href="#cite_note-Guinness-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Jun 2012</td> <td align="left">Launch of the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a><a href="#cite_note-MSlaunch-236">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Mar 2014</td> <td align="left">1% of all cars in use in Norway are plug-ins<a href="#cite_note-Norway032014-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Sep 2015</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Cumulative global <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in</a> sales passed 1 million units.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nov 2016</td> <td align="left">Global all-electric car/van sales passed 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-1miBEVs-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Dec 2016</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 2 million units<a href="#cite_note-Global2mi-239">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">5% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins<a href="#cite_note-TopTen2016-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Early 2017</td> <td align="left">1 millionth domestic <a href="/wiki/New_energy_passenger_car" class="mw-redirect" title="New energy passenger car">new energy car</a> sold in China<a href="#cite_note-China500Kpax-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-China2017-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Jul 2017</td> <td align="left">Launch of the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a><a href="#cite_note-CNE072017-242">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nov 2017</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 3 million units<a href="#cite_note-Global3mi-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3">Dec 2017</td> <td align="left">Annual global sales passed the 1 million unit mark<a href="#cite_note-Sales2017global-243">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">5% of all cars in use in Norway are all-electric.<a href="#cite_note-5pctEVs2017-244">[244]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Annual global market share passed 1% for the first time<a href="#cite_note-Sales2017global-243">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>First half 2018</td> <td align="left">1 millionth plug-in electric car sold in Europe<a href="#cite_note-1millionEU-245">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Sep 2018</td> <td align="left">1 millionth plug-in electric car sold in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-1millionUS-246">[246]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">2 millionth new energy vehicle sold in China<a href="#cite_note-China092018-247">[247]</a> (includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Oct 2018</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">10% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins<a href="#cite_note-Norway10pct-248">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nov 2018</td> <td align="left">500,000th plug-in car sold in California<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Dec 2018</td> <td align="left">Annual global sales passed the 2 million unit mark<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-2018Sales2mi-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> becomes first plug-in to exceed 100,000 sales in a single year<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Dec 2019</td> <td align="left">One out of two new passenger cars registered in Norway in 2019 was a plug-in electric car<a href="#cite_note-Norsk2019-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Early 2020</td> <td align="left">The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf as the world's best selling plug-in electric car in history<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2">Mar 2020</td> <td align="left">The Tesla Model 3 is the first electric car to sell more than 500,000 units since inception.<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff"><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> becomes the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars<a href="#cite_note-1million-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Apr 2020</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">10% of all cars on the road in Norway are all-electric<a href="#cite_note-Norsk10%EVs-253">[253]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="4">Dec 2020</td> <td align="left">Nissan Leaf global sales reached 500,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf500K-227">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Cumulative global plug-in sales passed the 10 million unit milestone <a href="#cite_note-Global2020-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">The Norwegian plug-in car segment achieved a record annual market share of 74.7% of new car sales.<a href="#cite_note-OFV2020-254">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Over 15% of all cars on Norwegian roads are plug-in electric.<a href="#cite_note-Kjøretøybestanden2020-255">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>June 2021</td> <td align="left">Tesla Model 3 global sales passed 1,000,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Sep 2021</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rivian_R1T" title="Rivian R1T">Rivian R1T</a> becomes the first plug-in electric production pickup truck. <a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>May 2022</td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#f0f0ff">Cumulative global plug-in sales passed the 20 million unit milestone<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-20-million-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Jan 2023</td> <td align="left">EVs surpass 10% in global market share<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>May 2023</td> <td align="left">Tesla Model Y becomes the world's best selling vehicle<a href="#cite_note-finance.yahoo.com-226">[226]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_production_vehicles">Notable production vehicles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable production vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of production battery electric vehicles">List of production battery electric vehicles</a></div> Selected list of battery electric vehicles include (in chronological order):<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Production years </th> <th>Number produced </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Range </th> <th>Notability </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Baker_Motor_Vehicle" title="Baker Motor Vehicle">Baker Electric</a> </th> <td>1899–1915 </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="50">80 km (50 miles) </td> <td align="left">One of the first electric cars. Largest electric automaker in the world, as of 1906. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Electric" title="Studebaker Electric">Studebaker Electric</a> </th> <td>1902–1912 </td> <td>1,841 </td> <td>30–80 miles </td> <td align="left">One of the first electric cars. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Electric" title="Detroit Electric">Detroit Electric</a> </th> <td>1907–1939 </td> <td>13,000<a href="#cite_note-GCR032013-261">[261]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="80">130 km (80 miles) </td> <td align="left">Over 13,000 manufactured, making it one of the most successful early electric vehicles. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt" title="Henney Kilowatt">Henney Kilowatt</a> </th> <td>1958–1960 </td> <td><100 </td> <td> </td> <td align="left">First mass production electric car since they fell out of favour in the early 1900s. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Citicar" title="Citicar">Sebring-Vanguard Citicar</a> </th> <td>1974–1982 </td> <td>4,444 including variants<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="40">Approximately 65 km (40 miles) </td> <td align="left">Most popular electric car of its time, post-war. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a> </th> <td>1996–2003 </td> <td>1,117 </td> <td data-sort-value="160">255 km (160 miles) </td> <td align="left">First purpose-designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the outset. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus" title="Honda EV Plus">Honda EV Plus</a> </th> <td>1997–1999 </td> <td>~300 </td> <td data-sort-value="80">130–175 km (80–110 miles) </td> <td align="left">First known vehicle from a major automaker to eschew the use of lead-acid batteries in favour of NiMH. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a> </th> <td>1997–2002 </td> <td>1,900<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="87">140 km (87 miles) </td> <td align="left">First electric vehicle to be publicly sold by <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/REVAi" title="REVAi">REVAi</a> </th> <td>2001–2012 </td> <td>4,000+<a href="#cite_note-REVA4k-264">[264]</a> </td> <td>80 km (50 miles) </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster</a> </th> <td>2008–2012 </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td data-sort-value="220">355 km (220 miles) </td> <td align="left">First vehicle by <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i_MiEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi i MiEV">Mitsubishi i MiEV</a> (Peugeot iOn/Citroën C-Zero) </th> <td>2009– </td> <td>50,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-FirstEV_2-265">[265]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="62">160 km (100 miles) (Japanese cycle) 100 km (62 miles) (<a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> cycle) </td> <td align="left">First significantly popular production electric vehicle (over 50,000 sold). </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> </th> <td>2010– </td> <td>470,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Leaf470K-266">[266]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="109">175 km (109 miles) (New European Driving Cycle) </td> <td align="left">Surpassed the Mitsubishi i-MiEV to become the most successful electric vehicle until the Tesla Model 3. Over 500,000 sold. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">BYD F3DM</a> </th> <td>2010-2013 </td> <td>3,284 </td> <td>97 km (60 miles) </td> <td align="left">First <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> plug-in hybrid automobile. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Renault_Kangoo_Z.E." class="mw-redirect" title="Renault Kangoo Z.E.">Renault Kangoo Z.E.</a> </th> <td>2011– </td> <td>50,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Renault2011_16-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renault2017_2019-268">[268]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="left">As of December 2019, the top-selling all-electric light commercial vehicle in Europe. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> </th> <td>2012– </td> <td>200,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-ModelS200k-202">[202]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="300">560 km (348 miles) Performance mode 402 miles (647 km) Long Range Plus <a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> </td> <td align="left">First clean-slate design from <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a> </th> <td>2013– </td> <td>200,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renault2017_2019-268">[268]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="left">Since 2020, Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> </th> <td>2013– </td> <td>165,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-BMWi2020-270">[270]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="80">130 to 160 km (80 to 100 miles)<a href="#cite_note-specs2014-271">[271]</a> </td> <td align="left">First purpose-designed electric car from <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>. </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bolt" title="Chevrolet Bolt">Chevrolet Bolt</a> </th> <td>2017– </td> <td>51,600 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> </td> <td>238 miles (383 km)<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a><a href="#cite_note-Tesla_Model_3-274">[274]</a> </th> <td>2017– </td> <td>More than 500,000 by March 2020<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-208">[208]</a> </td> <td>355 km (220 miles) Standard version, 500 km (310 miles) Long Range version </td> <td align="left">Most successful electric car worldwide, as of 2020. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plug-in_hybrids" title="History of plug-in hybrids">History of plug-in hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" class="mw-redirect" title="History of electric motorcycles and scooters">History of electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of production battery electric vehicles">List of production battery electric vehicles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Country specific</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country" title="Electric car use by country">Electric car use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_Japan" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan">Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_Netherlands" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands">Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_Norway" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway">Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom">Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States">Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1miBEVs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1miBEVs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miBEVs_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miBEVs_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShahan2016" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (22 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2016/11/22/1-million-ev-revolution-begins/">"1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EV Revolution Begins!"</a>. Clean Technica. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Million+Pure+EVs+Worldwide%3A+EV+Revolution+Begins%21&rft.pub=Clean+Technica&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2F1-million-ev-revolution-begins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVOutlook2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020">"Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive?"</a>. International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI). June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2020%3A+Entering+the+decade+of+electric+drive%3F&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29%2C+Clean+Energy+Ministerial%2C+and+Electric+Vehicles+Initiative+%28EVI%29&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China. </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2020-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global2020_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global2020_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global2020_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrle2021" class="citation web cs1">Irle, Roland (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ev-volumes.com/news/86364/">"Global Plug-in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3,2 Million in 2020"</a>. ev-volumes.com. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ev-volumes.com&rft.atitle=Global+Plug-in+Vehicle+Sales+Reached+over+3%2C2+Million+in+2020&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.aulast=Irle&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-volumes.com%2Fnews%2F86364%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Plug-in sales totaled 3.24 million in 2020, up from 2.26 million in 2019. Europe, with nearly 1.4 million units surpassed China as the largest EV market for the first time since 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzkeMüllerSchenkWu2018" class="citation web cs1">Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise">"The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise"</a>. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.atitle=The+global+electric-vehicle+market+is+amped+up+and+on+the+rise&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Hertzke&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Wu%2C+Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fautomotive-and-assembly%2Four-insights%2Fthe-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2019-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2020" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2019"</a>. 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The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506." </li> <li id="cite_note-AllTimeModel2082020-6"><a href="#cite_ref-AllTimeModel2082020_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2020" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (4 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/447165/see-best-selling-battery-electric-cars/">"See The Best Selling Battery Electric Cars Of All-Time Here"</a>. insideevs.com. 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Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Americans+Buy+Their+250%2C000th+Plug-In+Car&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Famericans-buy-their-250000th-plug-in-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModelS75K-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ModelS75K_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModelS75K_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (16 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-due-to-sell-75000th-model-s-this-month/">"Tesla Due To Sell 75,000th Model S This Month"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Due+To+Sell+75%2C000th+Model+S+This+Month&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-due-to-sell-75000th-model-s-this-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RN200K-153"><a href="#cite_ref-RN200K_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/11/20141126-alliance.html">"Renault-Nissan Alliance sells its 200,000th electric vehicle"</a> (Press release). Paris and Yokohama: Renault Media. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault-Nissan+Alliance+sells+its+200%2C000th+electric+vehicle&rft.place=Paris+and+Yokohama&rft.pub=Renault+Media&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F20141126-alliance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zoe50K-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Zoe50K_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/renault-zoe-and-bmw-i3-join-the-50000-sales-club/">"Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 1 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Renault+Zoe+and+BMW+i3+Join+The+50%2C000+Sales+Club&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Frenault-zoe-and-bmw-i3-join-the-50000-sales-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> As of June 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (about 225,000), Tesla Model S (over 129,000), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), and BMW i3 (almost 50,000). </li> <li id="cite_note-AB01122015-155"><a href="#cite_ref-AB01122015_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkus2015" class="citation web cs1">Turkus, Brandon (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2015/01/12/chevrolet-bolt-ev-concept-video-detroit-2015/">"Chevrolet Bolt EV Concept foreshadows an affordable, 200-mile EV future [w/videos]"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=GM+Unveils+an+All-Electric+Car+for+Europe&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Korosec&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F02%2F11%2Fgm-chevy-bolt-opel-ampera-e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalEV052015-159"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEV052015_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (1 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/renault-nissan-and-leaf-lead-all-in-global-ev-proliferation/">"Renault-Nissan And Leaf Lead All in Global EV Proliferation"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault-Nissan+And+Leaf+Lead+All+in+Global+EV+Proliferation&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Frenault-nissan-and-leaf-lead-all-in-global-ev-proliferation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> About 510,000 battery electric cars and light-duty vans have been sold worldwide by May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-25kGlobal052015-160"><a href="#cite_ref-25kGlobal052015_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (15 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/three-more-plug-in-cars-cross-25000-sales-milestone/">"Three More Plug-in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+More+Plug-in+Cars+Cross+25%2C000+Sales+Milestone&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fthree-more-plug-in-cars-cross-25000-sales-milestone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2015-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault2015_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroupe_Renault2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groupe Renault (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles">"Ventes Mensuelles"</a> [Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventes+Mensuelles&rft.pub=Renault.com&rft.date=2015-06&rft.au=Groupe+Renault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroup.renault.com%2Ffinance%2Finformations-financieres%2Fchiffre-cles%2Fventes-mensuelles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "Ventes mensuelles (mai 2015)" to download the files "XLSX - 187 Ko" for CYTD 2015 sales through May, and open the tab "Sales by Model". </li> <li id="cite_note-Global1mi-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global1mi_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global1mi_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global1mi_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global1mi_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global1mi_162-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/">"One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 16 September 2015. <q>Cumulative global sales totaled about 1,004,000 highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light-duty vehicles by mid-September 2015.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Million+Global+Plug-In+Sales+Milestone+Reached&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fone-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cal2014-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Cal2014_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/californians-bought-more-plug-in-cars-than-china-last-year/">"Californians Bought More Plug-in Cars Than China Last Year"</a>. hybridcars.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-09/californians-propel-plug-in-car-sales-with-40-of-market.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Californians+Propel+Plug-In+Car+Sales+With+40%25+of+Market&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Ohnsman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-09-09%2Fcalifornians-propel-plug-in-car-sales-with-40-of-market.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calif4Q2014-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Calif4Q2014_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205007/http://www.cncda.org/CMS/Pubs/Cal_Covering_4Q_14.pdf">"California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2014: New Light Vehicle Registrations Likely to Exceed 1.9 million units in 2015"</a> (PDF). California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA). February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cncda.org/CMS/Pubs/Cal_Covering_4Q_14.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015. <q>Registrations through December 2014 since 2010.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+New+Car+Dealers+Association+%28CNCDA%29&rft.atitle=California+Auto+Outlook+Covering+Fourth+Quarter+2014%3A+New+Light+Vehicle+Registrations+Likely+to+Exceed+1.9+million+units+in+2015&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncda.org%2FCMS%2FPubs%2FCal_Covering_4Q_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calif2Q2015-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Calif2Q2015_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108185024/http://www.cncda.org/CMS/Pubs/Cal%20Covering%202Q%2015%20Ver%202.pdf">"California New Vehicle Market Continues to Post Impressive Gains"</a> (PDF). 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Revised figures for 2014.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+New+Car+Dealers+Association+%28CNCDA%29&rft.atitle=California+New+Vehicle+Market+Continues+to+Post+Impressive+Gains&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncda.org%2FCMS%2FPubs%2FCal%2520Covering%25202Q%252015%2520Ver%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT092014-167"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT092014_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina2014" class="citation news cs1">Medina, Jennifer (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/brown-seeks-more-electric-cars-in-california.html?_r=0">"Jerry Brown Seeks More Electric Cars in California"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jerry+Brown+Seeks+More+Electric+Cars+in+California&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F22%2Fus%2Fbrown-seeks-more-electric-cars-in-california.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJMN092014-168"><a href="#cite_ref-SJMN092014_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2014" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Dana (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26493736/california-charges-ahead-electric-vehicles">"California charges ahead with electric vehicles"</a>. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=California+charges+ahead+with+electric+vehicles&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fci_26493736%2Fcalifornia-charges-ahead-electric-vehicles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUsalescum2014-169"><a href="#cite_ref-EUsalescum2014_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreffler2015" class="citation news cs1">Schreffler, Roger (23 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115621/http://wardsauto.com/politics/psa-toyota-lead-way-european-cars-get-cleaner">"PSA, Toyota Lead Way as European Cars Get Cleaner"</a>. Ward's Auto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardsauto.com/politics/psa-toyota-lead-way-european-cars-get-cleaner">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015. <q>Cumulative plug-in hybrid and all-electric sales in Europe totaled 233,022 units as of December 2014.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ward%27s+Auto&rft.atitle=PSA%2C+Toyota+Lead+Way+as+European+Cars+Get+Cleaner&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.aulast=Schreffler&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardsauto.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpsa-toyota-lead-way-european-cars-get-cleaner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUsales1H2015-170"><a href="#cite_ref-EUsales1H2015_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiot2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amiot, Maxime (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesechos.fr/journal20150810/lec2_industrie_et_services/021213096095-quand-lhybride-rechargeable-fait-de-lombre-a-la-voiture-electrique-1143285.php">"Quand l'hybride rechargeable fait de l'ombre à la voiture électrique"</a> [When the plug-in hybrid overshadows the electric car]. Les Échos (in French). France. Retrieved 16 September 2015. <q>A total of 77,259 plug-in electric cars were sold in Europe during the first half of 2015, consisting of 40,558 all-electric cars and 36,701 plug-in hybrids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+%C3%89chos&rft.atitle=Quand+l%27hybride+rechargeable+fait+de+l%27ombre+%C3%A0+la+voiture+%C3%A9lectrique&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Amiot&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesechos.fr%2Fjournal20150810%2Flec2_industrie_et_services%2F021213096095-quand-lhybride-rechargeable-fait-de-lombre-a-la-voiture-electrique-1143285.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModelS100K-171"><a href="#cite_ref-ModelS100K_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (15 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-crossed-100000-sales-milestone-this-month/">"Tesla Model S Crossed 100,000 Sales Milestone This Month"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Crossed+100%2C000+Sales+Milestone+This+Month&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-crossed-100000-sales-milestone-this-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Accounting for global cumulative sales by December 2015, plug-in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf (200,000), followed by the Tesla Model S (100,000). As of November 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (~50,000), BYD Qin (45,275), BMW i3 (38,581), Renault Zoe (36,040), and the Ford Fusion Energi (26,742). Combines sales of the top 10 PEV models represent almost 50% of cumulative global PEV sales through November 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-Top2015Global-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Top2015Global_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015/">"Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Was+World%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+in+2015&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top102014-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Top102014_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/2014s-top-10-global-best-selling-plug-in-cars/10/">"2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014%27s+Top-10+Global+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Cars&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2F2014s-top-10-global-best-selling-plug-in-cars%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide in 2014. Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled 56,782 Model S cars by the end of 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2015US-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Sales2015US_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2015-dashboard/">"December 2015 Dashboard"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=December+2015+Dashboard&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2015-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModelXfirst-175"><a href="#cite_ref-ModelXfirst_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikin2015" class="citation web cs1">Millikin, Mike (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/09/20140930-modelx.html">"Tesla CEO Musk launches Model X electric SUV: "safest SUV ever""</a>. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+CEO+Musk+launches+Model+X+electric+SUV%3A+%22safest+SUV+ever%22&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2015%2F09%2F20140930-modelx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_176-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (31 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/">"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year in a Row"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Is+World%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+For+Second+Year+in+a+Row&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll2016" class="citation web cs1">Stoll, John (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/teslas-musk-model-3-orders-surpassed-115-000-within-24-hours-1459483890">"Tesla's Musk: Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115,000 Within 24 Hours"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Tesla%27s+Musk%3A+Model+3+Orders+Surpassed+115%2C000+Within+24+Hours&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fteslas-musk-model-3-orders-surpassed-115-000-within-24-hours-1459483890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325KModel3-178"><a href="#cite_ref-325KModel3_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2016" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Dana (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-07/tesla-says-model-3-pre-orders-surge-to-325-000-in-first-week">"Tesla Says It Received More Than 325,000 Model 3 Reservations"</a>. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Tesla+Says+It+Received+More+Than+325%2C000+Model+3+Reservations&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-07%2Ftesla-says-model-3-pre-orders-surge-to-325-000-in-first-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFG02042016-179"><a href="#cite_ref-SFG02042016_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2016" class="citation news cs1">Baker, David R. (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php">"Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+3+reservations+top+232%2C000&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FTesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Tesla Motors had sold 107,000 Model S cars by the end of 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla125K-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla125K_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2016" class="citation news cs1">Young, Angelo (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/tesla-motors-tsla-1q-2016-sales-14820-model-s-model-x-cars-were-delivered-first-three-2348000">"Tesla Motors (TSLA) 1Q 2016 Sales: 14,820 Model S, Model X Cars Were Delivered In First Three Months; Model S Sales Jumped 45%"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+Motors+%28TSLA%29+1Q+2016+Sales%3A+14%2C820+Model+S%2C+Model+X+Cars+Were+Delivered+In+First+Three+Months%3B+Model+S+Sales+Jumped+45%25&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Ftesla-motors-tsla-1q-2016-sales-14820-model-s-model-x-cars-were-delivered-first-three-2348000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373K-181"><a href="#cite_ref-373K_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Jay (18 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/tesla-to-raise-2-billion-373000-people-have-reserved-a-model-3/">"Tesla, Musk Plan $2 Billion Stock Sale To Build Model 3, 373,000 People Reserved"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 18 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=Tesla%2C+Musk+Plan+%242+Billion+Stock+Sale+To+Build+Model+3%2C+373%2C000+People+Reserved&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Ftesla-to-raise-2-billion-373000-people-have-reserved-a-model-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2016" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Dana (18 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-18/tesla-to-sell-1-4-billion-in-shares-for-expanded-production">"Tesla to Sell $1.4 Billion in Shares for Expanded Production"</a>. Bloomberg News. 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Retrieved 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Hyundai%27s+Ioniq+EV+sales+top+1%2C000+units&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F09%2F12%2F0503000000AEN20160912002500320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RN350K-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RN350K_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RN350K_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223135611/http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/content/renault-nissan-alliance-hits-milestone-350000-electric-vehicles-sold-maintains-position-glob">"Renault-Nissan Alliance hits milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold, maintains position as global EV leader"</a> (Press release). Paris/Yokohama: Renault-Nissan Alliance. 13 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com/content/renault-nissan-alliance-hits-milestone-350000-electric-vehicles-sold-maintains-position-glob">the original</a> on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault-Nissan+Alliance+hits+milestone+of+350%2C000+electric+vehicles+sold%2C+maintains+position+as+global+EV+leader&rft.place=Paris%2FYokohama&rft.pub=Renault-Nissan+Alliance&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.alliance-renault-nissan.com%2Fcontent%2Frenault-nissan-alliance-hits-milestone-350000-electric-vehicles-sold-maintains-position-glob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The Alliance has sold its 350,000th electric vehicle since December 2010, when the Nissan LEAF went on sale. The milestone was achieved in August 2016. The Alliance also set an industry record of 100,000 EVs sold in a single year. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault100K-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault100K_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.renault.com/global/en-gb/renault/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=81871&nodeid=product31554">"Renault hands over the key to its 100,000th electric vehicle"</a> (Press release). Oslo: Groupe Renault. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renault+hands+over+the+key+to+its+100%2C000th+electric+vehicle&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Groupe+Renault&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.renault.com%2Fglobal%2Fen-gb%2Frenault%2FMedia%2FPressRelease.aspx%3Fmediaid%3D81871%26nodeid%3Dproduct31554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ModelX10K-186"><a href="#cite_ref-ModelX10K_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2016" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (14 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/tesla-model-x-crosses-the-10000-sold-mark/">"Tesla Model X Crosses The 10,000 Sold Mark"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Model+X+Crosses+The+10%2C000+Sold+Mark&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Ftesla-model-x-crosses-the-10000-sold-mark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1stBolt-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1stBolt_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stBolt_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214160228/http://www.hybridcars.com/first-chevy-bolt-evs-delivered-today/">"First Chevy Bolt EVs Delivered Today"</a>. hybridcars.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hybridcars.com/first-chevy-bolt-evs-delivered-today/">the original</a> on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=First+Chevy+Bolt+EVs+Delivered+Today&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ffirst-chevy-bolt-evs-delivered-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModelS150k-188"><a href="#cite_ref-ModelS150k_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (5 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-second-plug-in-car-to-cross-150000-sales-milestone/">"Tesla Model S Is Second Plug-in Car To Cross 150,000 Sales Milestone"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Is+Second+Plug-in+Car+To+Cross+150%2C000+Sales+Milestone&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-is-second-plug-in-car-to-cross-150000-sales-milestone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The Volt/Ampera family of vehicles is the world's all-time third best selling plug-in electric car after the Nissan Leaf (240,000), and the Tesla Model S (over 150,000), with 130,500 vehicles sold globally through November 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-EVs100K-189"><a href="#cite_ref-EVs100K_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydenlund2016" class="citation web cs1">Frydenlund, Ståle (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217160241/http://elbil.no/norway-now-has-100000-electric-cars/">"Norway now has 100,000 electric cars"</a>. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elbil.no/norway-now-has-100000-electric-cars/">the original</a> on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norway+now+has+100%2C000+electric+cars&rft.pub=Norsk+Elbilforening+%28Norwegian+Electric+Vehicle+Association%29&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Frydenlund&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A5le&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felbil.no%2Fnorway-now-has-100000-electric-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf3bi-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf3bi_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.nissan-europe.com/eu/en-gb/media/pressreleases/426166621/new-nissan-electric-cafe-opens-in-paris-as-the-brand-celebrates-three-billion-ev-kilometres-worldwid">"New Nissan Electric Café opens in Paris as the brand celebrates three billion EV kilometres worldwide"</a> (Press release). Paris: Nissan Newsroom Europe. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Nissan+Electric+Caf%C3%A9+opens+in+Paris+as+the+brand+celebrates+three+billion+EV+kilometres+worldwide&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nissan+Newsroom+Europe&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.nissan-europe.com%2Feu%2Fen-gb%2Fmedia%2Fpressreleases%2F426166621%2Fnew-nissan-electric-cafe-opens-in-paris-as-the-brand-celebrates-three-billion-ev-kilometres-worldwid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf250K-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf250K_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nissannews.com/en-US/nissan/usa/channels/us-nissan-2017-ces/releases/press-kit-nissan-intelligent-mobility-at-ces">"Nissan Intelligent Mobility at CES"</a> (Press release). Las Vegas: Nissan USA. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+Intelligent+Mobility+at+CES&rft.place=Las+Vegas&rft.pub=Nissan+USA&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnissannews.com%2Fen-US%2Fnissan%2Fusa%2Fchannels%2Fus-nissan-2017-ces%2Freleases%2Fpress-kit-nissan-intelligent-mobility-at-ces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeafBest250K-192"><a href="#cite_ref-LeafBest250K_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (9 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/">"Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car in History"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Nissan%27s+Quarter-Millionth+Leaf+Means+It%27s+The+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+in+History&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fnissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> As of December 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top30PEVs2016-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Top30PEVs2016_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharan2017" class="citation web cs1">Sharan, Zachary (4 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2017/02/04/tesla-model-s-clocked-as-worlds-best-selling-electric-car-in-2016/">"Tesla Model S & Nissan LEAF Clocked As World's Best-Selling Electric Cars In 2016"</a>. cleantechnica.comm. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cleantechnica.comm&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+%26+Nissan+LEAF+Clocked+As+World%27s+Best-Selling+Electric+Cars+In+2016&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft.aulast=Sharan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2017%2F02%2F04%2Ftesla-model-s-clocked-as-worlds-best-selling-electric-car-in-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopTen2016-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TopTen2016_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopTen2016_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (17 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/top-10-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-of-2016/">"Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Top+10+Plug-in+Vehicle+Adopting+Countries+of+2016&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftop-10-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-of-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norsk2016OFV-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Norsk2016OFV_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041636/http://www.ofv.no/getfile.php/135201/Dokumenter/OFV%20Frokostm%C3%B8ter/2017.01.10%20Presentasjon%20OFV_frokostm%C3%B8tet%2010%20januar%202017.pdf">"Bilåret 2016 – status og trender"</a> [Car sales 2016 - status and trends] (PDF). Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (in Norwegian). 10 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofv.no/getfile.php/135201/Dokumenter/OFV%20Frokostm%C3%B8ter/2017.01.10%20Presentasjon%20OFV_frokostm%C3%B8tet%2010%20januar%202017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft.atitle=Bil%C3%A5ret+2016+%E2%80%93+status+og+trender&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofv.no%2Fgetfile.php%2F135201%2FDokumenter%2FOFV%2520Frokostm%25C3%25B8ter%2F2017.01.10%2520Presentasjon%2520OFV_frokostm%25C3%25B8tet%252010%2520januar%25202017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFV012017-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OFV012017_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OFV012017_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082107/http://www.ofvas.no/aktuelt-1/bilsalget-i-januar-article669-385.html">"Bilsalget i januar"</a> [Car sales in January]. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (in Norwegian). February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofvas.no/aktuelt-1/bilsalget-i-januar-article669-385.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft.atitle=Bilsalget+i+januar&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofvas.no%2Faktuelt-1%2Fbilsalget-i-januar-article669-385.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 5,457 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in January 207, consisting of: 2,289 new electric cars, 494 used imported all-electric cars, 2,609 new plug-in hybrid cars, 54 new all-electric vans, and 11 used imported all-electric vans. Sales of new plug-in hybrids achieved a market share of 20.0%, all-electric cars 17.5% (excluding FCVs), conventional hybrids 13.9%, diesel cars excluding hybrids 23.9% and gasoline cars excluding hybrids 24.7%. </li> <li id="cite_note-EDJan2017-197"><a href="#cite_ref-EDJan2017_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoberg2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moberg, Knut (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinside.no/motor/bmw-foran-toyota/66931197">"Bilsalget i januar 2017 - BMW foran Toyota"</a> [Car sales in January 2017 - BMW surpassed Toyota]. Dinside.no (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Quietly+Sold+200%2C000th+Model+S+Last+Year&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-quietly-sold-200000th-model-s-last-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> "Tesla sold its 200,000 Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017, in October or early November, becoming the second plug-in car to cross this sales threshold after the Nissan Leaf (300,000 units by early 2017). As of December 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tesla reported global sales of 212,874 Model S cars." </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf300k-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf300k_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.nissan-global.com/releases/release-4a75570239bf1983b1e6a41b7d00d8f5-nissan-delivers-300000th-nissan-leaf">"Nissan delivers 300,000th Nissan LEAF"</a> (Press release). Yokohama: <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>. 8 January 2018. 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OFV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i-september/category782.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilsalget+i+september&rft.pub=OFV&rft.date=2018-10&rft.au=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofvas.no%2Fbilsalget-i-september%2Fcategory782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The market share of all-electric cars reached 45.3% and plug-in hybrids 14.9%, for a combined market share of the plug-in car segment of 60.2% of new car registrations in September 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Record60-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Record60_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2018" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/norway-60-new-vehicle-sales-plug-in-cars/">"Plug-ins reach record market share in Norway"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dinside.no&rft.atitle=Dette+var+nordmenns+favoritt-biler+i+2018&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft.au=%C3%98ystein+Fossum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinside.no%2Fmotor%2Fdette-var-nordmenns-favoritt-biler-i-2018%2F70621289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2018-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_216-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_216-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2019" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2018"</a>. EVSales.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2018&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD." </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">IEA 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top3US012019-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Top3US012019_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2019" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/us-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-january-2019/">"US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: January 2019"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Plug-In+Electric+Car+Sales+Charted%3A+January+2019&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fus-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-january-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" In January 209 the Tesla Model 3 (148,046) overtook the Model S (144,767). The Chevrolet Volt (152,819) continues as the all-time best selling plug-in car in the U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-TopOverallSales-219"><a href="#cite_ref-TopOverallSales_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2020" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (19 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/01/19/tesla-model-3-1-best-selling-automobile-in-netherlands-norway-in-2019/">"Tesla Model 3 = #1 Best Selling Auto In Netherlands & Norway In 2019"</a>. Clean Technica. Retrieved 16 May 2020. <q>In Norway and the Netherlands, the Model 3 was the #1 best selling automobile of any kind in any class in 2019.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clean+Technica&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+3+%3D+%231+Best+Selling+Auto+In+Netherlands+%26+Norway+In+2019&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2020%2F01%2F19%2Ftesla-model-3-1-best-selling-automobile-in-netherlands-norway-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFV2019Modell-220"><a href="#cite_ref-OFV2019Modell_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Road_Federation_(OFV)2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ofv.no/registreringsstatistikk">"OFV Registreringsstatistikk"</a> [OFV Registration Statistics] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OFV+Registreringsstatistikk&rft.pub=OFV&rft.date=2020-01&rft.au=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofv.no%2Fregistreringsstatistikk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs for "2019" and "Desember" - The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15,683 units registered. </li> <li id="cite_note-Global3mi-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global3mi_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global3mi_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2017" class="citation news cs1">Vaughan, Adam (25 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/25/electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-cars-3m-worldwide">"Electric and plug-in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Electric+and+plug-in+hybrid+cars+whiz+past+3m+mark+worldwide&rft.date=2017-12-25&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fdec%2F25%2Felectric-and-plug-in-hybrid-cars-3m-worldwide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> "The number of fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars on the world’s roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017." </li> <li id="cite_note-EVGlobal2018inuse-222"><a href="#cite_ref-EVGlobal2018inuse_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoren2019" class="citation web cs1">Coren, Michael J. 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Retrieved 25 January 2019. <q>The plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2018</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-nough%3F+Automakers+may+have+completely+overestimated+how+many+people+want+electric+cars&rft.pub=Quartz&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Coren&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1533976%2Fautomakers-may-overproduce-14-million-electric-cars-by-2030%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A rate of 1/250 translates into 0.40% of all vehicles on the world's roads. </li> <li id="cite_note-BestSellingVehicle-223"><a href="#cite_ref-BestSellingVehicle_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapparella2022" class="citation news cs1">Capparella, Joey (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412155630/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g36005989/best-selling-cars-2021/">"Top 25 Bestselling Cars, Trucks, and SUVs of 2021"</a>. CarAndDriver. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g36005989/best-selling-cars-2021/">the original</a> on 12 April 2022. 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Autotrader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120030049/https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/toyota-rav4-ev-has-had-two-obscure-generations-281474979930553">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autotrader&rft.atitle=The+Toyota+RAV4+EV+Has+Had+Two+Obscure+Generations&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Demuro&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autotrader.com%2Fcar-news%2Ftoyota-rav4-ev-has-had-two-obscure-generations-281474979930553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2014" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/retrospective-four-years-of-nissan-leaf-and-chevy-volt/">"Retrospective: Four Years of Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retrospective%3A+Four+Years+of+Nissan+Leaf+and+Chevy+Volt&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fretrospective-four-years-of-nissan-leaf-and-chevy-volt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSlaunch-236"><a href="#cite_ref-MSlaunch_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Boudreau2012" class="citation news cs1">John Boudreau (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_20919722/silicon-valley-milestone-tesla-motors-begins-delivering-model?refresh=no">"In a Silicon Valley milestone, Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars"</a>. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=In+a+Silicon+Valley+milestone%2C+Tesla+Motors+begins+delivering+Model+S+electric+cars&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.au=John+Boudreau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fci_20919722%2Fsilicon-valley-milestone-tesla-motors-begins-delivering-model%3Frefresh%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norway032014-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Norway032014_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlippenstein2014" class="citation news cs1">Klippenstein, Matthew (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1091290_one-percent-of-norways-cars-are-already-plug-in-electrics">"One Percent of Norway's Cars Are Already plug-ins"</a>. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=One+Percent+of+Norway%27s+Cars+Are+Already+plug-ins&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=Klippenstein&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1091290_one-percent-of-norways-cars-are-already-plug-in-electrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Cobb (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/">"One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Million+Global+Plug-In+Sales+Milestone+Reached&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fone-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2mi-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2mi_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/the-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car/">"The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=The+World+Just+Bought+Its+Two-Millionth+Plug-in+Car&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fthe-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 EVs), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling EV market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in cars. </li> <li id="cite_note-China500Kpax-240"><a href="#cite_ref-China500Kpax_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/china-buys-half-millionth-passenger-plug-in-car-on-track-to-surpass-us/">"China Buys Half-Millionth Passenger Plug-in Car; On Track To Surpass US"</a>. hybridcars.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=China+Buys+Half-Millionth+Passenger+Plug-in+Car%3B+On+Track+To+Surpass+US&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fchina-buys-half-millionth-passenger-plug-in-car-on-track-to-surpass-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689,447 units between 2011 and August 2016. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493,290 units between 2010 and August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-China2017-241"><a href="#cite_ref-China2017_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutomotive_News_China2018" class="citation web cs1">Automotive News China (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autonews.com/china/electrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017">"Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017"</a>. Automotive News China. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrified+vehicle+sales+surge+53%25+in+2017&rft.pub=Automotive+News+China&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.au=Automotive+News+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Fchina%2Felectrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000 </li> <li id="cite_note-CNE072017-242"><a href="#cite_ref-CNE072017_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrok2017" class="citation news cs1">Krok, Andrew (29 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/by-the-numbers-tesla-model-3-vs-chevrolet-bolt-ev/">"By the numbers: Tesla Model 3 vs. Chevrolet Bolt EV"</a>. CNET. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=By+the+numbers%3A+Tesla+Model+3+vs.+Chevrolet+Bolt+EV&rft.date=2017-07-29&rft.aulast=Krok&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Froadshow%2Fnews%2Fby-the-numbers-tesla-model-3-vs-chevrolet-bolt-ev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2017global-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2017global_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2017global_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2018" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (29 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2018/01/world-top-20-december-2017.html">"World Top 20 December 2017 (Updated)"</a>. EV Sales. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Top+20+December+2017+%28Updated%29&rft.pub=EV+Sales&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fworld-top-20-december-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 1,224,103 plug-in cars in 2017, with a market share of over 1%." </li> <li id="cite_note-5pctEVs2017-244"><a href="#cite_ref-5pctEVs2017_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Road_Federation_(OFV)2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020034825/http://www.ofvas.no/bestselgerne-trendene-bilsalget-2017/tredje-storste-bilsalgsaret-i-historien-article775-752.html">"Tredje største bilsalgsåret i historien"</a> [Third largest car sales year in history] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofvas.no/bestselgerne-trendene-bilsalget-2017/tredje-storste-bilsalgsaret-i-historien-article775-752.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tredje+st%C3%B8rste+bilsalgs%C3%A5ret+i+historien&rft.pub=OFV&rft.date=2018-01&rft.au=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofvas.no%2Fbestselgerne-trendene-bilsalget-2017%2Ftredje-storste-bilsalgsaret-i-historien-article775-752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1millionEU-245"><a href="#cite_ref-1millionEU_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/26/electric-cars-exceed-1m-in-europe-as-sales-soar-by-more-than-40-per-cent">"Electric cars exceed 1m in Europe as sales soar by more than 40%"</a>. The Guardian. 26 August 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Electric+cars+exceed+1m+in+Europe+as+sales+soar+by+more+than+40%25&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Faug%2F26%2Felectric-cars-exceed-1m-in-europe-as-sales-soar-by-more-than-40-per-cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1millionUS-246"><a href="#cite_ref-1millionUS_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2018" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (6 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/1-million-electric-cars-sold-us/">"Plug-In Electric Cars Sales in U.S. Surpass 1 Million"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=Plug-In+Electric+Cars+Sales+in+U.S.+Surpass+1+Million&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2F1-million-electric-cars-sold-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China092018-247"><a href="#cite_ref-China092018_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutomotive_News_China2018" class="citation web cs1">Automotive News China (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonewschina.com/en/article.asp?id=18237">"China's electrified vehicle fleet tops 2.21 million"</a>. Automotive News China. Retrieved 21 October 2018. <q>China's fleet of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids topped 2.21 million by the end of September as sales of electrified vehicles continued to surge in the country. Of the total, EVs accounted for 1.78 million, or nearly 81 per cent. The rest were plug-in hybrids, China's Ministry of Public Security said this week. Electrified cargo vehicles—which include trucks, pickups and delivery vans—approached 254,000, representing 11 per cent of the electrified vehicle fleet as of last month.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+electrified+vehicle+fleet+tops+2.21+million&rft.pub=Automotive+News+China&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.au=Automotive+News+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonewschina.com%2Fen%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D18237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norway10pct-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Norway10pct_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2018" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (7 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/10-norways-passenger-vehicles-plug-ins/">"10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10%25+Of+Norway%27s+Passenger+Vehicles+Are+Plug+Ins&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2018-10-07&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2F10-norways-passenger-vehicles-plug-ins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczesny2018" class="citation news cs1">Szczesny, Joseph (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2018/12/sales-of-electric-vehicles-growing-steadily-in-california/">"Sales of Electric Vehicles Growing Steadily in California"</a>. The Detroit Bureau. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+Bureau&rft.atitle=Sales+of+Electric+Vehicles+Growing+Steadily+in+California&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Szczesny&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedetroitbureau.com%2F2018%2F12%2Fsales-of-electric-vehicles-growing-steadily-in-california%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018Sales2mi-250"><a href="#cite_ref-2018Sales2mi_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloitte_UK2019" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Deloitte UK (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/press-releases/articles/21-million-more-electric-vehicles-expected-worldwide-by-2030.html">"21 million more electric vehicles expected worldwide by 2030"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deloitte_Touche_Tohmatsu_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited">Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited</a> (Press release). UK. Retrieved 22 January 2019. <q>2018 a record year for electric vehicles as two million units sold globally</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+million+more+electric+vehicles+expected+worldwide+by+2030&rft.place=UK&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.au=Deloitte+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fuk%2Fen%2Fpages%2Fpress-releases%2Farticles%2F21-million-more-electric-vehicles-expected-worldwide-by-2030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutley2019" class="citation web cs1">Routley, Nick (16 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/electric-vehicle-sales/">"Visualizing EV Sales Around the World"</a>. Visual Capitalist. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Capitalist&rft.atitle=Visualizing+EV+Sales+Around+the+World&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft.aulast=Routley&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Felectric-vehicle-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norsk2019-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Norsk2019_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2020" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (4 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/391146/2019-plugin-car-sales-norway-increased/">"In 2019, Plug-In Electric Car Sales In Norway Increased By 10%"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+2019%2C+Plug-In+Electric+Car+Sales+In+Norway+Increased+By+10%25&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F391146%2F2019-plugin-car-sales-norway-increased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The Norwegian market share for the plug-in car segment was 55.9% in 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-Norsk10%EVs-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Norsk10%EVs_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Joshua S. (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedriven.io/2020/06/25/thanks-to-electric-cars-norway-will-reach-climate-target-in-2020/">"Thanks to electric cars, Norway will reach climate target in 2020"</a>. The Driven. Retrieved 3 July 2020. <q>The share of electric cars on Norway's roads reached more than 10% of the total fleet in April</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thanks+to+electric+cars%2C+Norway+will+reach+climate+target+in+2020&rft.pub=The+Driven&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Joshua+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedriven.io%2F2020%2F06%2F25%2Fthanks-to-electric-cars-norway-will-reach-climate-target-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFV2020-254"><a href="#cite_ref-OFV2020_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Road_Federation_(OFV)2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-desember-2020">"Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020"</a> [Car sales in December and throughout 2020] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilsalget+i+desember+og+hele+2020&rft.pub=OFV&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.au=Norwegian+Road+Federation+%28OFV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofv.no%2Fbilsalget%2Fbilsalget-i-desember-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kjøretøybestanden2020-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Kjøretøybestanden2020_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugneland2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haugneland, Petter (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elbil.no/over-200-000-elbiler-i-norge/">"Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff"</a> [passenger car stock in Norway by fuel] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personbilbestanden+i+Norge+fordelt+p%C3%A5+drivstoff&rft.pub=Norsk+Elbilforening+%28Norwegian+Electric+Vehicle+Association%29&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=Haugneland&rft.aufirst=Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felbil.no%2Fover-200-000-elbiler-i-norge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See graph under "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" - As of 31 December 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 12.06% all-electric cars and 5.11% are plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined, plug-in electric passenger cars represented 17.17% of all cars in circulation in the country, up from 13.45% in 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-1miModel3-256"><a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2021" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales/">"Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Model+3+Has+Passed+1+Million+Sales&rft.pub=CleanTechnica&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2021%2F08%2F26%2Ftesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2023" class="citation web cs1">King, Charlie (22 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evmagazine.com/top10/top-10-electric-pickup-trucks">"Top 10: Electric Pickup Trucks"</a>. evmagazine.com. 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Retrieved 19 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All-Electric+Sports+Car+Coming+Next+Month+From+Detroit+Startup%3F&rft.pub=Green+Car+Reports&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Voelcker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1082994_all-electric-corvette-coming-next-month-from-detroit-startup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheels.ca/feature/electric-car-for-the-average-joe-not-far-away/">"Electric car for the average Joe not far away"</a>. wheels.ca. 14 September 2012. 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Retrieved 31 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Govt+subsidy+may+rev+up+Reva+sales&rft.pub=Daily+News+%26+Analysis+India&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Praveena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmoney%2Freport_govt-subsidy-may-rev-up-reva-sales_1520820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstEV_2-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FirstEV_2_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Moore2015" class="citation news cs1">Bill Moore (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324075414/http://evworld.com/focus.cfm?cid=267">"Mitsubishi Firsts"</a>. EV World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evworld.com/focus.cfm?cid=267">the original</a> on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EV+World&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Firsts&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft.au=Bill+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevworld.com%2Ffocus.cfm%3Fcid%3D267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf470K-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf470K_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2020" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (8 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/420665/nissan-ev-sales-500000/">"Nissan Electric Car Sales May Already Exceed 500,000"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+Electric+Car+Sales+May+Already+Exceed+500%2C000&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F420665%2Fnissan-ev-sales-500000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> More than 470,000 Leaf cars have been sold globally by May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2011_16-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault2011_16_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles">"Ventes Mensuelles"</a> [Monthly Sales] (in French). Groupe Renault. January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017. <q>Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "(décembre 2016)" to download the file "XLSX - 239 Ko" for CYTD sales in 2016, and open the tab "Sales by Model". Click on "+ Voir plus" (See more) to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" - Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" - "XLSX - 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" - "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2015)" to download the file "XLSX - 227 Ko" for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 sales. Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventes+Mensuelles&rft.pub=Groupe+Renault&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroup.renault.com%2Ffinance%2Finformations-financieres%2Fchiffre-cles%2Fventes-mensuelles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2017_2019-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renault2017_2019_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renault2017_2019_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroupe_Renault2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groupe Renault (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles">"Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault"</a> [Monthly Sales - Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventes+Mensuelles+-+Statistiques+commerciales+mensuelles+du+groupe+Renault&rft.pub=Renault.com&rft.date=2020-04&rft.au=Groupe+Renault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroup.renault.com%2Ffinance%2Finformations-financieres%2Fchiffre-cles%2Fventes-mensuelles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file, and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2017, 2018 and 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tesla.com/models">"Model S"</a>. Tesla. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tesla&rft.atitle=Model+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesla.com%2Fmodels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMWi2020-270"><a href="#cite_ref-BMWi2020_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0303913EN/six-years-of-bmw-i3:-electric-vehicle-pioneers-drive-over-200-000-km-in-their-bmw-i3?language=en">"Six years of BMW i3: Electric vehicle pioneers drive over 200,000 km in their BMW i3"</a> (Press release). Munich: BMW Group. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020. <q>Since its market launch, the BMW i3 has been the most widely sold electric vehicle in the premium compact segment with more than 165,000 units already sold worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+years+of+BMW+i3%3A+Electric+vehicle+pioneers+drive+over+200%2C000+km+in+their+BMW+i3&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=BMW+Group&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.bmwgroup.com%2Fglobal%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2FT0303913EN%2Fsix-years-of-bmw-i3%3A-electric-vehicle-pioneers-drive-over-200-000-km-in-their-bmw-i3%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-specs2014-271"><a href="#cite_ref-specs2014_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2013" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Jay (29 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/bmw-i3-range-extender-to-offer-up-to-87-more-miles-decreases-performance/">"BMW i3 Range Extender To Offer Up to 87 More Miles, Decreases Performance"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMW+i3+Range+Extender+To+Offer+Up+to+87+More+Miles%2C+Decreases+Performance&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fbmw-i3-range-extender-to-offer-up-to-87-more-miles-decreases-performance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/chevrolet/chevrolet-bolt-ev/chevrolet-bolt-ev-sales-numbers/">"Chevrolet Bolt EV Sales Numbers"</a>. GM Authority. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GM+Authority&rft.atitle=Chevrolet+Bolt+EV+Sales+Numbers&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgmauthority.com%2Fblog%2Fgm%2Fchevrolet%2Fchevrolet-bolt-ev%2Fchevrolet-bolt-ev-sales-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025223118/https://www.chevrolet.com/index/vehicles/2019/cars/bolt-ev/overview.html">"2019 Bolt EV Electric Car: An Affordable All-Electric Car"</a>. Chevrolet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chevrolet.com/index/vehicles/2019/cars/bolt-ev/overview.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chevrolet&rft.atitle=2019+Bolt+EV+Electric+Car%3A+An+Affordable+All-Electric+Car&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chevrolet.com%2Findex%2Fvehicles%2F2019%2Fcars%2Fbolt-ev%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla_Model_3-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla_Model_3_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslamotors.com/model3">"Model 3"</a>. US: Tesla. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+3&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Tesla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslamotors.com%2Fmodel3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050419161945/http://www.newton.mec.edu/brown/te/ALTERNATIVE_FUEL/TIMELINE/timeline.html">Alternative Fuel Vehicles Timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econogics.com/ev/evhistry.htm">An Extensive Electric Vehicle History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybrid-vehicle.org/hybrid-vehicle-history.html">Hybrid-Vehicle.org: Early Electric Cars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sloan.stanford.edu/EVonline/schallen.htm">Analysis by Richard H. Schallenberg for the IEEE Transactions on Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sloan.stanford.edu/EVonline/kirsch.htm">1997 Dissertation by David A. Kirsch, Stanford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sloan.stanford.edu/EVonline/rae.htm">"1955 Business Analysis of Early Electric Vehicles", John B. Rae, Associate Professor of History, MIT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didik.com/ev%5Fhist.htm">History And Directory Of Electric Cars From 1834 to 1987</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120524131917/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarselectrica.htm">Short Electric, And Other Vehicle History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r066.html">Mikes Railway History, 1935: Electric Traction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901101724/http://www.hybridcars.com/history.html">some Electric information as well</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006044337/http://www.dassault.fr/filiale.php?docid=82">SVE Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ElectricCarSociety.com/">Electric Car Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718044715/http://www.evworld.com/index.cfm">EV World -US Internet Journal about EVs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/223/electric-car-timeline.html">Timeline: History of the Electric Car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techinsider.io/electric-cars-history-gif-2016-5">Watch how much electric cars have changed over time in one GIF</a>, Tech Insider, May 2016.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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