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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_nacional_de_fauna_andina_Eduardo_Avaroa" title="Reserva nacional de fauna andina Eduardo Avaroa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reserva nacional de fauna andina Eduardo Avaroa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve" title="Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_Nacional_de_Fauna_Andina_Eduardo_Avaroa" title="Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_nacional_de_fauna_andina_Eduardo_Abaroa" title="Reserva nacional de fauna andina Eduardo Abaroa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reserva nacional de fauna andina Eduardo Abaroa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Abaroa_Andeetako_faunaren_erreserba_nazionala" title="Eduardo Abaroa Andeetako faunaren erreserba nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo Abaroa Andeetako faunaren erreserba nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9serve_nationale_de_faune_andine_Eduardo_Avaroa" title="Réserve nationale de faune andine Eduardo Avaroa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réserve nationale de faune andine Eduardo Avaroa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riserva_nazionale_di_fauna_andina_Eduardo_Avaroa" title="Riserva nazionale di fauna andina Eduardo Avaroa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riserva nazionale di fauna andina Eduardo Avaroa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Abaroa_And%C5%B3_faunos_nacionalinis_rezervatas" title="Eduardo Abaroa Andų faunos nacionalinis rezervatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardo Abaroa Andų faunos nacionalinis rezervatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Abaroa_anti_fauna_mama_llaqta_risirwa" title="Eduardo Abaroa anti fauna mama llaqta risirwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Eduardo Abaroa anti fauna mama llaqta risirwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Avaroan_suojelualue" title="Eduardo Avaroan suojelualue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eduardo Avaroan suojelualue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_Nacional_de_Fauna_Andina_Eduardo_Avaroa" title="Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Національний заповідник андської фауни Едуардо Авароа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національний заповідник андської фауни Едуардо Авароа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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data for this location">22.53500°S 67.65000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.53500; -67.65000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reserve in Potosí, Bolivia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #B2E5CD;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> IV (habitat/species management area)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_(Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/284px-Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/426px-Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg/568px-Pajonal_con_la_Laguna_Verde_al_fondo_%28Potos%C3%AD_-_Bolivia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Stipa_ichu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipa ichu">Stipa ichu</a></i> in the reserve.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/284px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/426px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bolivia_physical_map.svg/568px-Bolivia_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="901" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.233%;left:23.592%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve"><img alt="Map showing the location of Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sur_L%C3%ADpez_Province" title="Sur Lípez Province">Sur Lípez Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&params=22_32_06_S_67_39_00_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°32′06″S</span> <span class="longitude">67°39′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.53500°S 67.65000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.53500; -67.65000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">7147.45 km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">67,000 (in 2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas</i> (SERNAP)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbol_de_Piedra,_Bolivia_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg/220px-Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg/330px-Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg/440px-Arbol_de_Piedra%2C_Bolivia_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rbol_de_Piedra" title="Árbol de Piedra">Árbol de Piedra</a> ("stone tree"), an unusual rock formation, about 7 meters high, a <a href="/wiki/Ventifact" title="Ventifact">ventifact</a> carved by wind-blown sand in the Eduardo Avaroa Reserve.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve</b> (<i>Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa</i>; Spanish acronym: <b>REA</b>) is located in <a href="/wiki/Sur_L%C3%ADpez_Province" title="Sur Lípez Province">Sur Lípez Province</a>. Situated in the far southwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, it is the country's most visited <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the most important protected area in terms of tourist influx in the <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>. </p><p>Located at an altitude between 4,200 m (13,800 ft) and 5,400 m (17,700 ft)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Bolivia, it extends over an area of 714,745 hectares (1,766,170 acres) and includes the Laguna Colorada National Wildlife Sanctuary. Categorized under <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> Category IV, it is primarily for the protection of birds that inhabit the different lagoons in the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Puna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reserve protects part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Andean_dry_puna" title="Central Andean dry puna">Central Andean dry puna</a> (oligothermic) <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puna_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecoregion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoregion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reserve's major attractions are erupting <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, hot springs, geysers, lakes, fumaroles, mountains and its three endemic species of <a href="/wiki/Flamingos" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingos">flamingos</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MurphyPerkins2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurphyPerkins2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Established in 1973, the national park is named after <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Avaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Avaroa">Eduardo Avaroa</a> (1838–1879), the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> war hero of the 19th century. It was created by Supreme Decree (SD) of 13 December 1973 and extended on May 14, 1981. Since 2009, the entire reserve is part of the larger Los Lípez Ramsar site.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mapa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mapa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reserve is situated in the southern region of <a href="/wiki/Andean_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean mountains">Andean mountains</a> in southwestern Bolivia. The mountains rise to heights varying from 3,500–5,000 m (11,500–16,400 ft).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The basin features depict active volcanoes, hot springs, geysers and fumaroles, and a parallel has been drawn with the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the US. Its water resources are limited to lakes and salt water lagoons due to very low rainfall of 76 mm (3.0 in) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two communities, Quetena Chico and Quetena Grande, lie within the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakes include <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Verde_(Bolivia)" title="Laguna Verde (Bolivia)">Laguna Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>, Laguna Salada, Laguna Busch and <a href="/wiki/Hedionda_Lake_(Sud_Lipez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedionda Lake (Sud Lipez)">Laguna Hedionda</a>. Laguna Colorada lies at an altitude of 4,278 m (14,035 ft) and covers 60 km<sup>2</sup> (23 sq mi). It is named after the effect of wind and sun on the micro-organism that live in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lake is very shallow, less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, and supports some 40 bird species, providing pink <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> to population of rare <a href="/wiki/James%27s_flamingo" title="James's flamingo">James's flamingoes</a> who can walk across it.<sup id="cite_ref-FB_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_South_American_handbook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_South_American_handbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unusual natural feature of attraction (much photographed) in the reserve is an isolated rock formation projecting out of the sand dunes of Siloli at a place known as <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rbol_de_Piedra" title="Árbol de Piedra">Árbol de Piedra</a>. It is about 18 km (11 mi) north of Laguna Colorada. It is known as the “Stone Tree” as it is in the shape of a stunted tree, which is formed as a thin rock due to strong wind action.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilburn2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilburn2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuticArmstrong2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuticArmstrong2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate in winter (May to August) is dry, generally with no rain during the summer (December to April). The average temperature is 3 °C (37 °F). The lowest temperatures are recorded during the months of May, June and July. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountains">Mountains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The park contains the following mountains: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sairecabur" title="Sairecabur">Sairecabur</a> – 5,971 m, border with Chile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putana_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Putana Volcano">Putana</a> – 5,890 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licancabur" title="Licancabur">Licancabur</a> – 5,920 m, border with Chile</li> <li>Piedras Grandes – 5,710 m</li> <li>Chijlla – 5,709 m</li> <li>Callejón Chico – 5,708 m</li> <li>Aguas Calientes – 5,684 m</li> <li>Wilama – 5,678 m, border with Argentina</li> <li>Bravo – 5,656 m</li> <li>Sanabria – 5,654 m</li> <li>Loromayu – 5,641 m</li> <li>Silata Chahuna – 5640 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juriques" title="Juriques">Juriques</a> – 5,704 m, border with Chile</li> <li>Poderosa – 5,614 m</li> <li>Quebrada Honda – 5,593 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayaques" title="Guayaques">Guayaques</a> – 5,598 m</li> <li>Cahuna – 5,583 m</li> <li>Waylla Yarita – 5,578 m</li> <li>Amarillo – 5,560 m</li> <li>Tres Cumbres – 5,509 m</li> <li>Pabellón – 5,498 m</li> <li>Aguita Brava – 5,485 m</li> <li>Baratera – 5,484 m</li> <li>Bajo – 5,468 m, border with Argentina</li> <li>Puripica Chico – 5,464 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_Phuyu" title="Suri Phuyu">Suri Phuyu</a> – 5,458 m</li> <li>Panizo – 5,456 m</li> <li>Tinte – 5,384 m, border with Argentina</li> <li>Brajma – 5,356 m</li> <li>Guacha – 5,340 m</li> <li>Viscachillos – 5,301 m</li> <li>Lagunitas – 5,287 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michina" title="Michina">Michina</a> – 5,537 m</li> <li>Colorado – 5,264 m</li> <li>Sandoncito – 5,252 m</li> <li>Lagunitas – 5,203 m</li> <li>Estrato – 5,193 m</li> <li>Letrato – 5,193 m</li> <li>Chicalin – 5,123 m</li> <li>Cojita – 5,116 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapaleri" title="Zapaleri">Zapaleri</a> – 5,090 m, border with Argentina and Chile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nelly" title="Mount Nelly">Nelly</a> – 5,078 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzor" title="Linzor">Linzor</a> – 5,680 m</li> <li>Puntas Negras – 4,963 m</li> <li>Totoral – 4,963 m</li> <li>Cueva Blanca – 4,957 m</li> <li>Chaco Seguro – 4,948 m</li> <li>Loromita – 4,846 m</li></ul> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sairecabur_chain_from_co_colorado_to_vn_sairecabur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sairecabur mountain group, Bolivia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sairecabur_chain_from_co_colorado_to_vn_sairecabur.jpg" decoding="async" width="1800" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sairecabur_chain_from_co_colorado_to_vn_sairecabur.jpg" title="File:Sairecabur chain from co colorado to vn sairecabur.jpg"> </a></div>Sairecabur mountain group, Bolivia</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desierto_de_Siloli,_Bolivia,_2016-02-03,_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG/220px-Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG/330px-Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG/440px-Desierto_de_Siloli%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-03%2C_DD_22-29_PAN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="32397" data-file-height="4607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siloli_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siloli Desert (page does not exist)">Siloli Desert</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quetena Chico, founded in the 1920s, has a population 520, while Quetena Grande, founded shortly thereafter, is the smaller of the two and has a population of 180. Although the inhabitants are of Quechua descent, their primary language is Spanish. Health care and schooling were unavailable until the 1990s, while electricity and potable water systems were also unavailable at least until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near Quetena Chico, there are some archaeological remains, <i>jaranas</i> (stone huts), <i>tambos</i> (trail markers), rock paintings, and a ceremonial site lying in a depression between two volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-LougheedHarris2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LougheedHarris2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atulcha (or Chullpares), is an archeological site with mummies in a cave on Tunupa Volcano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/220px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/330px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/440px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Llama by <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important income generating activity for the two local communities has been <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelid</a> farming, selling llama wool and meat. With the restriction on fox hunting subsequent to the REA, community members' livelihoods have been negatively affected as the fox is the principal predator of llamas. Before establishment of the REA, flamingo egg sales provided monetary income to locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park visitor centre is located in Quetena Chico and tourism is growing steadily as, in 2007 there were over 67,000 visitors, six times the number reported in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-footprinttravelguides.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprinttravelguides.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to working in the tourist trade, locals pan for gold in the Río Quetena. </p><p>Mining is a major industry in and around the reserve, rich in natural resources of veins of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. As a result, 61 mining concessions are located in the park. Also extracted are its nonmetallic mineral resources like <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulexite" title="Ulexite">ulexite</a> the evaporating mineral. Ulexite is converted to <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> and is exported to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG/220px-Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG/330px-Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG/440px-Azorella_compacta_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Yareta (<i>Azorella compacta</i>), which may live up to 3,000 years, is used as firewood fuel.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reserve in the Andean has vegetation consisting of tropical alpine herbs with dwarf shrubs of the forests of <i>Polylepis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puna_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant and tree species are reportedly about 190 species, in the harsh terrain, which have emerged given the conditions of salinity, lack of fresh water, low temperatures, and scarcity of nutrients. Flora restricted to this and other ecoregions include the genera <i>Barneoudia</i>, <i>Hexaptera</i>, <i>Nototriche</i>, <i>Pycnophyllum</i> and <i>Werneria</i>. The vegetation is characterized by the strong presence of pasture grass (straw) such as <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_feather_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian feather grass">Peruvian feather grass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Stipa_ichu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipa ichu">Stipa ichu</a></i>) in some plains and hillsides. The important plant species on which people are dependent for fuel wood in the area is <a href="/wiki/Yareta" title="Yareta">yareta</a>, which grows in the forest of the reserve at 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) per year amidst rocky terrain. This hardwood tree, which looks like a foamy bubble bath but is as hard as stone, grows slowly, attaining a height of about 5 ft (1.5 m) in height with girth of 10 ft (3.0 m) and can be as old as 3000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places with higher humidity, Tola or Thola (<i>Parastrephia lepidophylla</i>), <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a> and Kenua bush tree are found.<sup id="cite_ref-FB_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villagers use vegetation as fuel for heating and cooking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/200px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/300px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg/400px-Andean_Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Andean_flamingo" title="Andean flamingo">Andean flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reserve is habitat for ten <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species (including two lizards of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Liolaemus" title="Liolaemus">Liolaemus</a></i>), amphibians and fish. Other domesticated animals that are raised in 500 villages inhabited by Quetena Grande and Quetena Chico communities are the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpacas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpacas">alpacas</a>; however, grazing by these animals on the native grasses and plants in the reserve has a detrimental effect on the conservation of the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fauna is characterized by the presence of species that have adapted to extreme living conditions in the region, some of them endangered. The reserve is home to 80 species of birds. Out of six flamingo species in the world, three species, namely the Chilean, Andean and James flamingos are found in very large numbers in the freshwater lakes and saltwater lagoons of the reserve; of the <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicopterus_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicopterus chilensis">Phoenicopterus chilensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicoparrus_andinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicoparrus andinus">Phoenicoparrus andinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicoparrus_jamesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicoparrus jamesi">Phoenicoparrus jamesi</a></i> flamingos in the reserve, their population recorded in 1994 as 26,600.<sup id="cite_ref-Puna_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the reserve is also the habitat for 80 more species of birds, which include the <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_rhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser rhea">lesser rhea</a><i> (<a href="/wiki/Pterocnemia_pennata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterocnemia pennata">Pterocnemia pennata</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Puna_tinamou" title="Puna tinamou">puna tinamou</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Tinamotis_pentlandii" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamotis pentlandii">Tinamotis pentlandii</a>)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Andean_goose" title="Andean goose">Andean goose</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Chloephaga_melanoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloephaga melanoptera">Chloephaga melanoptera</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endemic birds found in this ecoregion also include the endangered Ash-breasted tit-tyrant <i>(<a href="/wiki/Anairetes_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anairetes alpinus">Anairetes alpinus</a>)</i>; the critically threatened royal cinclodes <i>(<a href="/wiki/Cinclodes_aricomae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinclodes aricomae">Cinclodes aricomae</a>)</i>, the vulnerable Berlepsch's canastero <i>(<a href="/wiki/Asthenes_berlepschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenes berlepschi">Asthenes berlepschi</a>)</i>; and species of least concern the line-fronted canastero <i>(<a href="/wiki/Asthenes_urubambensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenes urubambensis">Asthenes urubambensis</a>)</i>, scribble-tailed canastero <i>(<a href="/wiki/Asthenes_maculicauda" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenes maculicauda">Asthenes maculicauda</a>)</i>, short-tailed finch <i>(Idiopsar bracyurus)</i>, and gray-bellied flower-piercer <i>(Diglosa carbonaria)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammals reported in the protected reserve are 23 species, which include <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">pumas</a>, Andean foxes (<i>Pseudalopex culpaeus</i>) and vizcacha (rabbit -like), and also <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicuñas">vicuñas</a> (<i>Vicugna vicugna</i>), <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">suri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a>, keñua, puma (<i>Felis concolor</i>), andean cat (<i>Felis jacobita</i>), and quirquincho (<i>Chaetophractus nationi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Puna_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of Polylepis forests as a whole has been subject to heavy degradation. The overuse of <i><a href="/wiki/Polylepis_tarapacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylepis tarapacana">Polylepis tarapacana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Azorella_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Azorella compacta">Azorella compacta</a></i> has brought the reserve under severe stress. It is due to overgrazing by domesticated animals, use of forest trees for fuel, burning, clearance for cultivation and due to dumping of <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a> or mining wastes. Tourism is also perceived as a threat to the park environment and the tourism industry has reported a visitation of a large number of people annually to the reserve; the security forces engaged for protecting the park is inadequate to meet this challenge. Human disturbance, soil erosion, wastes in lakes and lagoons, and <a href="/wiki/Fecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal">fecal</a> <a href="/wiki/Coliform" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliform">coliform</a> runoff from waste are also identified reasons affecting the conservation of flamingos.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andean_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg/250px-Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg/375px-Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg/500px-Laguna_Verde_y_Blanca_desde_la_cumbre_del_Licancabur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Verde_(Bolivia)" title="Laguna Verde (Bolivia)">Laguna Verde</a> and Volcán Licancabur</figcaption></figure> <p>The Conservancy and the Bolivian National Protected Areas Service (SERNAP) has the onus for operating and maintaining the reserve with its trained 14 park guards who are provided with patrol vehicles and two-way radios. However, keeping in view the growing influx of tourists to the park and other threats from other sources as reported, SERNAP has prepared a Master Plan for park management plan subsuming ecotourism as an essential component to generate financial resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FB_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Andy Drumm, director of the Ecotourism Program, entrance fees at the reserve amounted to about $200,000 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Honey2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honey2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This necessitated a scientific study on the carrying capacity of the reserve due to large influx of tourists. However, SERNAP is associating the TROPICO (created in 1986 as a non-governmental, non-profit organization for biodiversity conservation in Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as its conservancy partner to introduce and enforce environmental regulations in the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollars_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks in Peril (PiP), a program of intervention, a collaboration between "the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Agency for International Development">U.S. Agency for International Development</a> (USAID), and the Nature Conservancy to Preserve our Natural Heritage" provided funding for conservations works of the reserve, which is one of the most economically backward areas. This funding, provided between 1999 and 2002, enabled PiP to work in association with the SERNAP and the Nature Conservancy, and TROPICO providing the supervisory services, to evolve a self-sustaining strategy of utilizing park entrance fee for conservation related aspects. This experience gained from this pilot model for ecotourism is now replicated in other parks in Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other strategies adopted for conservation of the reserve were: Restricting visitor access to some of the reserve's vulnerable resources; providing natural gas and solar energy as cooking fuel replacing wood cutting from the reserve; agricultural extension services to educate farmers on better methods of farming; improvement of infrastructure in the reserve including staffing for patrolling and security; and collection of scientific data.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD_Desert" title="Salvador Dalí Desert">Salvador Dalí Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana" title="Sol de Mañana">Sol de Mañana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Blanca_(Bolivia)" title="Laguna Blanca (Bolivia)">Laguna Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Chalviri" title="Salar de Chalviri">Salar de Chalviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portezuelo_del_Caj%C3%B3n" title="Portezuelo del Cajón">Portezuelo del Cajón</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robertson2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2005_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2005" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Nina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7SddnjzGIIC&pg=PA99"><i>Fresh tracks in the forest: assessing incipient payments for environmental services initiatives in Bolivia</i></a>. CIFOR. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3361-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3361-81-9"><bdi>978-979-3361-81-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fresh+tracks+in+the+forest%3A+assessing+incipient+payments+for+environmental+services+initiatives+in+Bolivia&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=CIFOR&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-979-3361-81-9&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7SddnjzGIIC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puna_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puna_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puna_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puna_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puna_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt1001">"Central Andean dry puna"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Central+Andean+dry+puna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt1001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollars-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollars_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004215304/http://www.parksinperil.org/files/boliviaeduardoavaroaseptember2004.pdf">"Bolivia: Eduardo Avaroa National Andean Fauna Reserve"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecotourism Emphasis Provides Dollars, Incentive to Protect Flamingo Haven South America Conservation Region: Southern Andes</i>. parksinperil.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parksinperil.org/files/boliviaeduardoavaroaseptember2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecotourism+Emphasis+Provides+Dollars%2C+Incentive+to+Protect+Flamingo+Haven+South+America+Conservation+Region%3A+Southern+Andes&rft.atitle=Bolivia%3A+Eduardo+Avaroa+National+Andean+Fauna+Reserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parksinperil.org%2Ffiles%2Fboliviaeduardoavaroaseptember2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecoregion-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecoregion_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson,_D._M,_E._Dinerstein2001" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, D. M, E. Dinerstein; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0933%3ATEOTWA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>51</b> (11): 933–938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0933%3ATEOTWA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions+of+the+World%3A+A+New+Map+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=933-938&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0933%3ATEOTWA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.au=Olson%2C+D.+M%2C+E.+Dinerstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1641%252F0006-3568%25282001%2529051%255B0933%253ATEOTWA%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andean-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andean_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529000118/http://parksinperil.org/wherewework/southamerica/bolivia/protectedarea/eduardo.html">"Eduardo Avaroa National Reserve of Andean Fauna"</a>. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parksinperil.org/wherewework/southamerica/bolivia/protectedarea/eduardo.html">the original</a> on May 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eduardo+Avaroa+National+Reserve+of+Andean+Fauna&rft.pub=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parksinperil.org%2Fwherewework%2Fsouthamerica%2Fbolivia%2Fprotectedarea%2Feduardo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FB_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FB_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FB_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nature_Conservancy_(U.S.)2003" class="citation book cs1">The Nature Conservancy (U.S.) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CglGAQAAIAAJ"><i>Nature Conservancy</i></a>. The Nature Conservancy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Conservancy&rft.pub=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft.date=2003&rft.au=The+Nature+Conservancy+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCglGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurphyPerkins2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurphyPerkins2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyPerkinsHannay2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Alan; Perkins, Roger; Hannay, Kate (1 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbNGuLkXcJAC&pg=PA216"><i>Bolivia handbook</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903471-21-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903471-21-0"><bdi>978-1-903471-21-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+handbook&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-903471-21-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Roger&rft.au=Hannay%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbNGuLkXcJAC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-annolist-annotated-ramsar-16666/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16666_4000_0__">"The Annotated Ramsar List: Bolivia"</a>. Ramsar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Ramsar+List%3A+Bolivia&rft.pub=Ramsar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fcda%2Fen%2Framsar-pubs-annolist-annotated-ramsar-16666%2Fmain%2Framsar%2F1-30-168%255E16666_4000_0__&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mapa-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mapa_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/6BO001_map.pdf">"Los Lípez Ramsar Site Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+L%C3%ADpez+Ramsar+Site+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetlands.org%2Freports%2Fris%2F6BO001_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_South_American_handbook-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_South_American_handbook_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rtl6AAAAMAAJ"><i>The South American handbook</i></a>. Trade & Travel Publications ltd. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+American+handbook&rft.pub=Trade+%26+Travel+Publications+ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtl6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilburn2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hilburn2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hilburn2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hilburn (30 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kR15NA9r2-wC&pg=PA39"><i>Travel Diary – Bolivia</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-1909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-1909-5"><bdi>978-1-4120-1909-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+Diary+%E2%80%93+Bolivia&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-1909-5&rft.au=Michael+Hilburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkR15NA9r2-wC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuticArmstrong2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuticArmstrong2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnja_MuticKate_ArmstrongPaul_Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">Anja Mutic; Kate Armstrong; Paul Smith (1 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049985"><i>Bolivia</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049985/page/176">176</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-998-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-998-5"><bdi>978-1-74104-998-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia&rft.pages=176-&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-998-5&rft.au=Anja+Mutic&rft.au=Kate+Armstrong&rft.au=Paul+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781741049985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LougheedHarris2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LougheedHarris2006_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLougheedHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Lougheed, Vivien; Harris, John (1 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7myXytFLG7QC&pg=PA150"><i>Bolivia</i></a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. pp. 150–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-565-1"><bdi>978-1-58843-565-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-565-1&rft.aulast=Lougheed&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Harris%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7myXytFLG7QC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footprinttravelguides.com-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footprinttravelguides.com_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117140300/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/1398/reserva-eduardo-avaroa-and-los-lipez/">"Reserva Eduardo Avaroa and Los Lípez"</a>. <i>footprinttravelguides.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/1398/reserva-eduardo-avaroa-and-los-lipez/">the original</a> on 17 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=footprinttravelguides.com&rft.atitle=Reserva+Eduardo+Avaroa+and+Los+L%C3%ADpez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footprinttravelguides.com%2Fc%2F1398%2Freserva-eduardo-avaroa-and-los-lipez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Honey2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2008" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Martha (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw2hy_2E5nwC&pg=PA92"><i>Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise?</i></a>. Island Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-126-5"><bdi>978-1-59726-126-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism+and+sustainable+development%3A+who+owns+paradise%3F&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-126-5&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJw2hy_2E5nwC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326030723/http://tropico.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=93&lang=en">"About Us"</a>. tropico.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tropico.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=93&lang=en">the original</a> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=tropico.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftropico.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D28%26Itemid%3D93%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Park_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529000118/http://parksinperil.org/wherewework/southamerica/bolivia/protectedarea/eduardo.html">"Parks in Peril: Eduardo Avaroa National Andean Fauna Reserve"</a>. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parksinperil.org/wherewework/southamerica/bolivia/protectedarea/eduardo.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks+in+Peril%3A+Eduardo+Avaroa+National+Andean+Fauna+Reserve&rft.pub=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parksinperil.org%2Fwherewework%2Fsouthamerica%2Fbolivia%2Fprotectedarea%2Feduardo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEduardo+Avaroa+Andean+Fauna+National+Reserve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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parks of Bolivia">National parks of Bolivia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">National Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguarag%C3%BCe_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Aguaragüe National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Aguaragüe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambor%C3%B3_National_Park" title="Amboró National Park">Amboró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrasco_National_Park" title="Carrasco National Park">Carrasco </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotapata_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Cotapata National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Cotapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1ao_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Iñao National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Iñao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isiboro_S%C3%A9cure_National_Park_and_Indigenous_Territory" title="Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory">Isiboro Sécure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaa-Iya_del_Gran_Chaco_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Kaa-Iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madidi_National_Park" title="Madidi National Park">Madidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Kempff_Mercado_National_Park" title="Noel Kempff Mercado National Park">Noel Kempff Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuquis_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Otuquis National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Otuquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajama_National_Park" title="Sajama National Park">Sajama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torotoro_National_Park" title="Torotoro National Park">Torotoro </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunari_National_Park" title="Tunari National Park">Tunari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Biological_Station_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve">Beni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eduardo Avaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuripi-Heath_Amazonian_Wildlife_National_Reserve" title="Manuripi-Heath Amazonian Wildlife National Reserve">Manuripi-Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil%C3%B3n_Lajas_Biosphere_Reserve_and_Communal_Lands" title="Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands">Pilón Lajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_Sama_Biological_Reserve" title="Cordillera de Sama Biological Reserve">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqu%C3%ADa_Flora_and_Fauna_National_Reserve" title="Tariquía Flora and Fauna National Reserve">Tariquía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucavaca_Valley_Municipal_Reserve" title="Tucavaca Valley Municipal Reserve">Tucavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Ulla_National_Reserve" title="Ulla Ulla National Reserve">Ulla Ulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Integrated Management Natural Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolobamba_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Apolobamba Integrated Management Natural Area">Apolobamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Palmar_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="El Palmar Integrated Management Natural Area">El Palmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%91embi_Guasu_Area_of_Conservation_and_Ecological_Importance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ñembi Guasu Area of Conservation and Ecological Importance (page does not 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