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8.351a1.312 1.312 0 0 1-1.146 1.954H1.33A1.313 1.313 0 0 1 .183 9.058ZM7 7V3H5v4Zm-1 3a1 1 0 1 0 0-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div data-target="query-builder.screenReaderFeedback" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></div> </query-builder></form> <div class="d-flex flex-row color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2"> Search syntax tips </a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" 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3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="feedback-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="code-search-feedback-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/feedback" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="i8Vukciaj8NzpDZ4RCv0GnBQNFi+WjcgZfkQzOr8pgjF/9DyirmtoAdPcixVq0jdUG30pC5Dc5+Fs2m84Bi2UQ==" /> <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> 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class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 454\nTitle: Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python memory allocations\nVersion: \u003cmath-renderer class=\"js-inline-math\" style=\"display: inline-block\" data-static-url=\"https://github.githubassets.com/static\" data-run-id=\"f6304632dc33a4ffde874cb2e240351a\"\u003e$Revision$\u003c/math-renderer\u003e\nLast-Modified: \u003cmath-renderer class=\"js-inline-math\" style=\"display: inline-block\" data-static-url=\"https://github.githubassets.com/static\" data-run-id=\"f6304632dc33a4ffde874cb2e240351a\"\u003e$Date$\u003c/math-renderer\u003e\nAuthor: Victor Stinner \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:vstinner@python.org\"\u003evstinner@python.org\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nBDFL-Delegate: Charles-François Natali \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:cf.natali@gmail.com\"\u003ecf.natali@gmail.com\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Final\nType: Standards Track\nContent-Type: text/x-rst\nCreated: 03-Sep-2013\nPython-Version: 3.4\nResolution: \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130491.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130491.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes to add a new \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module to trace memory\nblocks allocated by Python.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rationale\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRationale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rationale\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rationale\" href=\"#rationale\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eClassic generic tools like Valgrind can get the C traceback where a\nmemory block was allocated. Using such tools to analyze Python memory\nallocations does not help because most memory blocks are allocated in\nthe same C function, in \u003ccode\u003ePyMem_Malloc()\u003c/code\u003e for example. Moreover, Python\nhas an allocator for small objects called \"pymalloc\" which keeps free\nblocks for efficiency. This is not well handled by these tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are debug tools dedicated to the Python language like \u003ccode\u003eHeapy\u003c/code\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003ePympler\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eMeliae\u003c/code\u003e which lists all alive objects using the\ngarbage collector module (functions like \u003ccode\u003egc.get_objects()\u003c/code\u003e,\n\u003ccode\u003egc.get_referrers()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003egc.get_referents()\u003c/code\u003e), compute their size\n(ex: using \u003ccode\u003esys.getsizeof()\u003c/code\u003e) and group objects by type. These tools\nprovide a better estimation of the memory usage of an application. They\nare useful when most memory leaks are instances of the same type and\nthis type is only instantiated in a few functions. Problems arise when\nthe object type is very common like \u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003etuple\u003c/code\u003e, and it is hard\nto identify where these objects are instantiated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFinding reference cycles is also a difficult problem. There are\ndifferent tools to draw a diagram of all references. These tools\ncannot be used on large applications with thousands of objects because\nthe diagram is too huge to be analyzed manually.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-proposal\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eProposal\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-proposal\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Proposal\" href=\"#proposal\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing the customized allocation API from \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0445\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 445\u003c/a\u003e, it becomes easy to\nset up a hook on Python memory allocators. A hook can inspect Python\ninternals to retrieve Python tracebacks. The idea of getting the current\ntraceback comes from the faulthandler module. The faulthandler dumps\nthe traceback of all Python threads on a crash, here is the idea is to\nget the traceback of the current Python thread when a memory block is\nallocated by Python.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes to add a new \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module, a debug tool\nto trace memory blocks allocated by Python. The module provides the\nfollowing information:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTraceback where an object was allocated\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line\nnumber: total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComputed differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe API of the tracemalloc module is similar to the API of the faulthandler\nmodule: \u003ccode\u003eenable()\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003edisable()\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003estop()\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003eis_enabled()\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003eis_tracing()\u003c/code\u003e functions, an environment variable\n(\u003ccode\u003ePYTHONFAULTHANDLER\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ePYTHONTRACEMALLOC\u003c/code\u003e), and a \u003ccode\u003e-X\u003c/code\u003e command line\noption (\u003ccode\u003e-X faulthandler\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e-X tracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e). See the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.python.org/3/library/faulthandler.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edocumentation of\nthe faulthandler module\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe idea of tracing memory allocations is not new. It was first\nimplemented in the PySizer project in 2005. PySizer was implemented\ndifferently: the traceback was stored in frame objects and some Python\ntypes were linked the trace with the name of object type. PySizer patch\non CPython adds an overhead on performances and memory footprint, even if\nthe PySizer was not used. tracemalloc attaches a traceback to the\nunderlying layer, to memory blocks, and has no overhead when the module\nis not tracing memory allocations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe tracemalloc module has been written for CPython. Other\nimplementations of Python may not be able to provide it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-api\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAPI\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-api\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: API\" href=\"#api\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be\nstarted as early as possible by setting the \u003ccode\u003ePYTHONTRACEMALLOC\u003c/code\u003e\nenvironment variable to \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e, or by using \u003ccode\u003e-X tracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e command\nline option. The \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc.start()\u003c/code\u003e function can be called at\nruntime to start tracing Python memory allocations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most\nrecent frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the\n\u003ccode\u003ePYTHONTRACEMALLOC\u003c/code\u003e environment variable to \u003ccode\u003e25\u003c/code\u003e, or use the \u003ccode\u003e-X\ntracemalloc=25\u003c/code\u003e command line option. The \u003ccode\u003eset_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e\nfunction can be used at runtime to set the limit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-functions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFunctions\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-functions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Functions\" href=\"#functions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eclear_traces()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eClear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003estop()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eget_object_traceback(obj)\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGet the traceback where the Python object \u003cem\u003eobj\u003c/em\u003e was allocated.\nReturn a \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e instance, or \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e if the \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e\nmodule is not tracing memory allocations or did not trace the\nallocation of the object.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003egc.get_referrers()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003esys.getsizeof()\u003c/code\u003e functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGet the maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of a trace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module must be tracing memory allocations to get\nthe limit, otherwise an exception is raised.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe limit is set by the \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eget_traced_memory()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nGet the current size and maximum size of memory blocks traced by the\n\u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module as a tuple: \u003ccode\u003e(size: int, max_size: int)\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eget_tracemalloc_memory()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nGet the memory usage in bytes of the \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module used to\nstore traces of memory blocks. Return an \u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eis_tracing()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eTrue\u003c/code\u003e if the \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module is tracing Python memory\nallocations, \u003ccode\u003eFalse\u003c/code\u003e otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003estop()\u003c/code\u003e functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003estart(nframe: int=1)\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart tracing Python memory allocations: install hooks on Python\nmemory allocators. Collected tracebacks of traces will be limited to\n\u003cem\u003enframe\u003c/em\u003e frames. By default, a trace of a memory block only stores\nthe most recent frame: the limit is \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e. \u003cem\u003enframe\u003c/em\u003e must be greater\nor equal to \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStoring more than \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e frame is only useful to compute statistics\ngrouped by \u003ccode\u003e'traceback'\u003c/code\u003e or to compute cumulative statistics: see\nthe \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.compare_to()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.statistics()\u003c/code\u003e methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStoring more frames increases the memory and CPU overhead of the\n\u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module. Use the \u003ccode\u003eget_tracemalloc_memory()\u003c/code\u003e\nfunction to measure how much memory is used by the \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e\nmodule.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003ePYTHONTRACEMALLOC\u003c/code\u003e environment variable\n(\u003ccode\u003ePYTHONTRACEMALLOC=NFRAME\u003c/code\u003e) and the \u003ccode\u003e-X\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc=NFRAME\u003c/code\u003e\ncommand line option can be used to start tracing at startup.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003estop()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eis_tracing()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e\nfunctions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003estop()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStop tracing Python memory allocations: uninstall hooks on Python\nmemory allocators. Clear also traces of memory blocks allocated by\nPython\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCall \u003ccode\u003etake_snapshot()\u003c/code\u003e function to take a snapshot of traces\nbefore clearing them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eis_tracing()\u003c/code\u003e functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etake_snapshot()\u003c/code\u003e function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTake a snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.\nReturn a new \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot\u003c/code\u003e instance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe snapshot does not include memory blocks allocated before the\n\u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module started to trace memory allocations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTracebacks of traces are limited to \u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e\nframes. Use the \u003cem\u003enframe\u003c/em\u003e parameter of the \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e function to\nstore more frames.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module must be tracing memory allocations to\ntake a snapshot, see the \u003ccode\u003estart()\u003c/code\u003e function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also the \u003ccode\u003eget_object_traceback()\u003c/code\u003e function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-filter\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFilter\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-filter\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Filter\" href=\"#filter\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFilter(inclusive: bool, filename_pattern: str, lineno: int=None, all_frames: bool=False)\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFilter on traces of memory blocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ccode\u003efnmatch.fnmatch()\u003c/code\u003e function for the syntax of\n\u003cem\u003efilename_pattern\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003ccode\u003e'.pyc'\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e'.pyo'\u003c/code\u003e file extensions\nare replaced with \u003ccode\u003e'.py'\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFilter(True, subprocess.__file__)\u003c/code\u003e only includes traces of the\n\u003ccode\u003esubprocess\u003c/code\u003e module\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFilter(False, tracemalloc.__file__)\u003c/code\u003e excludes traces of the\n\u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFilter(False, \"\u0026lt;unknown\u0026gt;\")\u003c/code\u003e excludes empty tracebacks\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003einclusive\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003cem\u003einclusive\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eTrue\u003c/code\u003e (include), only trace memory blocks\nallocated in a file with a name matching \u003ccode\u003efilename_pattern\u003c/code\u003e at\nline number \u003ccode\u003elineno\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003cem\u003einclusive\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eFalse\u003c/code\u003e (exclude), ignore memory blocks\nallocated in a file with a name matching \u003ccode\u003efilename_pattern\u003c/code\u003e at\nline number \u003ccode\u003elineno\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003elineno\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nLine number (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e) of the filter. If \u003cem\u003elineno\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e, the\nfilter matches any line number.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003efilename_pattern\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nFilename pattern of the filter (\u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eall_frames\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003cem\u003eall_frames\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eTrue\u003c/code\u003e, all frames of the traceback are\nchecked. If \u003cem\u003eall_frames\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eFalse\u003c/code\u003e, only the most recent frame is\nchecked.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis attribute is ignored if the traceback limit is less than \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e.\nSee the \u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e function and\n\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.traceback_limit\u003c/code\u003e attribute.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-frame\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFrame\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-frame\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Frame\" href=\"#frame\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFrame\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFrame of a traceback.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e class is a sequence of \u003ccode\u003eFrame\u003c/code\u003e instances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003efilename\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nFilename (\u003ccode\u003estr\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003elineno\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nLine number (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-snapshot\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSnapshot\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-snapshot\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Snapshot\" href=\"#snapshot\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSnapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003etake_snapshot()\u003c/code\u003e function creates a snapshot instance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecompare_to(old_snapshot: Snapshot, group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)\u003c/code\u003e method:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompute the differences with an old snapshot. Get statistics as a\nsorted list of \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff\u003c/code\u003e instances grouped by \u003cem\u003egroup_by\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the \u003ccode\u003estatistics()\u003c/code\u003e method for \u003cem\u003egroup_by\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ecumulative\u003c/em\u003e\nparameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: absolute\nvalue of \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff.size_diff\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff.size\u003c/code\u003e,\nabsolute value of \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff.count_diff\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eStatistic.count\u003c/code\u003e\nand then by \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff.traceback\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edump(filename)\u003c/code\u003e method:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrite the snapshot into a file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003eload()\u003c/code\u003e to reload the snapshot.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003efilter_traces(filters)\u003c/code\u003e method:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCreate a new \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot\u003c/code\u003e instance with a filtered \u003ccode\u003etraces\u003c/code\u003e\nsequence, \u003cem\u003efilters\u003c/em\u003e is a list of \u003ccode\u003eFilter\u003c/code\u003e instances. If \u003cem\u003efilters\u003c/em\u003e\nis an empty list, return a new \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot\u003c/code\u003e instance with a copy of\nthe traces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll inclusive filters are applied at once, a trace is ignored if no\ninclusive filters match it. A trace is ignored if at least one\nexclusive filter matches it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eload(filename)\u003c/code\u003e classmethod:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLoad a snapshot from a file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ccode\u003edump()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003estatistics(group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)\u003c/code\u003e method:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGet statistics as a sorted list of \u003ccode\u003eStatistic\u003c/code\u003e instances grouped\nby \u003cem\u003egroup_by\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cthead valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003egroup_by\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003edescription\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003e'filename'\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efilename\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003e'lineno'\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003efilename and line number\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003e'traceback'\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003etraceback\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003cem\u003ecumulative\u003c/em\u003e is \u003ccode\u003eTrue\u003c/code\u003e, cumulate size and count of memory\nblocks of all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most\nrecent frame. The cumulative mode can only be used with \u003cem\u003egroup_by\u003c/em\u003e\nequals to \u003ccode\u003e'filename'\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e'lineno'\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003etraceback_limit\u003c/code\u003e\ngreater than \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by:\n\u003ccode\u003eStatistic.size\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eStatistic.count\u003c/code\u003e and then by\n\u003ccode\u003eStatistic.traceback\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etraceback_limit\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nMaximum number of frames stored in the traceback of \u003ccode\u003etraces\u003c/code\u003e:\nresult of the \u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e when the snapshot was taken.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etraces\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTraces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of\n\u003ccode\u003eTrace\u003c/code\u003e instances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe sequence has an undefined order. Use the\n\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.statistics()\u003c/code\u003e method to get a sorted list of statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-statistic\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStatistic\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-statistic\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Statistic\" href=\"#statistic\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eStatistic\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStatistic on memory allocations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.statistics()\u003c/code\u003e returns a list of \u003ccode\u003eStatistic\u003c/code\u003e instances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also the \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff\u003c/code\u003e class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nNumber of memory blocks (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nTotal size of memory blocks in bytes (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etraceback\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nTraceback where the memory block was allocated, \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e\ninstance.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-statisticdiff\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStatisticDiff\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-statisticdiff\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: StatisticDiff\" href=\"#statisticdiff\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStatistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new\n\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot\u003c/code\u003e instance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.compare_to()\u003c/code\u003e returns a list of \u003ccode\u003eStatisticDiff\u003c/code\u003e\ninstances. See also the \u003ccode\u003eStatistic\u003c/code\u003e class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nNumber of memory blocks in the new snapshot (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e): \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e if the\nmemory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecount_diff\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nDifference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new\nsnapshots (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e): \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e if the memory blocks have been allocated\nin the new snapshot.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nTotal size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e):\n\u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esize_diff\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nDifference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old\nand the new snapshots (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e): \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e if the memory blocks have\nbeen allocated in the new snapshot.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etraceback\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nTraceback where the memory blocks were allocated, \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e\ninstance.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-trace\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTrace\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-trace\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Trace\" href=\"#trace\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eTrace\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTrace of a memory block.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eSnapshot.traces\u003c/code\u003e attribute is a sequence of \u003ccode\u003eTrace\u003c/code\u003e\ninstances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esize\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nSize of the memory block in bytes (\u003ccode\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003etraceback\u003c/code\u003e attribute:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\nTraceback where the memory block was allocated, \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e\ninstance.\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-traceback\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTraceback\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-traceback\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Traceback\" href=\"#traceback\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e class:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSequence of \u003ccode\u003eFrame\u003c/code\u003e instances sorted from the most recent frame to\nthe oldest frame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA traceback contains at least \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e frame. If the \u003ccode\u003etracemalloc\u003c/code\u003e module\nfailed to get a frame, the filename \u003ccode\u003e\"\u0026lt;unknown\u0026gt;\"\u003c/code\u003e at line number \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e is\nused.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to\n\u003ccode\u003eget_traceback_limit()\u003c/code\u003e frames. See the \u003ccode\u003etake_snapshot()\u003c/code\u003e\nfunction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eTrace.traceback\u003c/code\u003e attribute is an instance of \u003ccode\u003eTraceback\u003c/code\u003e\ninstance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rejected-alternatives\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRejected Alternatives\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rejected-alternatives\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rejected Alternatives\" href=\"#rejected-alternatives\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLog calls to the memory allocator\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Log calls to the memory allocator\" href=\"#log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA different approach is to log calls to \u003ccode\u003emalloc()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erealloc()\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003efree()\u003c/code\u003e functions. Calls can be logged into a file or send to another\ncomputer through the network. Example of a log entry: name of the\nfunction, size of the memory block, address of the memory block, Python\ntraceback where the allocation occurred, timestamp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLogs cannot be used directly, getting the current status of the memory\nrequires to parse previous logs. For example, it is not possible to get\ndirectly the traceback of a Python object, like\n\u003ccode\u003eget_object_traceback(obj)\u003c/code\u003e does with traces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePython uses objects with a very short lifetime and so makes an extensive\nuse of memory allocators. It has an allocator optimized for small\nobjects (less than 512 bytes) with a short lifetime. For example, the\nPython test suites calls \u003ccode\u003emalloc()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erealloc()\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003efree()\u003c/code\u003e\n270,000 times per second in average. If the size of log entry is 32\nbytes, logging produces 8.2 MB per second or 29.0 GB per hour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe alternative was rejected because it is less efficient and has less\nfeatures. Parsing logs in a different process or a different computer is\nslower than maintaining traces on allocated memory blocks in the same\nprocess.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-prior-work\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePrior Work\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-prior-work\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Prior Work\" href=\"#prior-work\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.softwareverify.com/python/memory/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePython Memory Validator\u003c/a\u003e (2005-2013):\ncommercial Python memory validator developed by Software Verification.\nIt uses the Python Reflection API.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://pysizer.8325.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePySizer\u003c/a\u003e: Google Summer of Code 2005 project by\nNick Smallbone.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://guppy-pe.sourceforge.net/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHeapy\u003c/a\u003e (2006-2013):\npart of the Guppy-PE project written by Sverker Nilsson.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDraft PEP: \u003ca href=\"http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/bcannon-sandboxing/PEP.txt\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSupport Tracking Low-Level Memory Usage in CPython\u003c/a\u003e\n(Brett Canon, 2006)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuppy: project developed in 2008 by Robert Schuppenies.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://code.activestate.com/recipes/546530/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003easizeof\u003c/a\u003e:\na pure Python module to estimate the size of objects by Jean\nBrouwers (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.scons.org/wiki/LudwigHaehne/HeapMonitor\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHeapmonitor\u003c/a\u003e:\nIt provides facilities to size individual objects and can track all objects\nof certain classes. It was developed in 2008 by Ludwig Haehne.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://code.google.com/p/pympler/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePympler\u003c/a\u003e (2008-2011):\nproject based on asizeof, muppy and HeapMonitor\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://mg.pov.lt/objgraph/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eobjgraph\u003c/a\u003e (2008-2012)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Dozer\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDozer\u003c/a\u003e: WSGI Middleware version\nof the CherryPy memory leak debugger, written by Marius Gedminas (2008-2013)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/meliae\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMeliae\u003c/a\u003e:\nPython Memory Usage Analyzer developed by John A Meinel since 2009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://fedorahosted.org/gdb-heap/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003egdb-heap\u003c/a\u003e: gdb script written in\nPython by Dave Malcolm (2010-2011) to analyze the usage of the heap memory\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/memory_profiler\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ememory_profiler\u003c/a\u003e:\nwritten by Fabian Pedregosa (2011-2013)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/smartfile/caulk/\"\u003ecaulk\u003c/a\u003e: written by Ben Timby in 2012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee also \u003ca href=\"http://pythonhosted.org/Pympler/related.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePympler Related Work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-links\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLinks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-links\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Links\" href=\"#links\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003etracemalloc:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue18874\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e#18874: Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python\nmemory allocations\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytracemalloc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epytracemalloc on PyPI\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis document has been placed in the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":8,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":"/python/.github/blob/5a0a7cb55767fb3667fe2391bcb66bda638edcb4/FUNDING.yml","showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":true,"symbols":[]}},"copilotInfo":null,"copilotAccessAllowed":false,"csrf_tokens":{"/python/peps/branches":{"post":"WT-_5X2pafImARYgHOh06aa9DKnaIcDWyIld1Abrvap_7TEBxC9uWO-ft-kI9MVFpQnCCQb-87JsrhMij8KrJw"},"/repos/preferences":{"post":"WAdQy4K8kYXyC7Oyf98b-LNMi9eLN9TETymF4WdHi830DCfSJG4RXzF5sZx2TpPRysnGr-SVcKDxVYHG8U7LRg"}}},"title":"peps/peps/pep-0454.rst at main · 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class="js-inline-math" style="display: inline-block" data-static-url="https://github.githubassets.com/static" data-run-id="f6304632dc33a4ffde874cb2e240351a">$Revision$</math-renderer> Last-Modified: <math-renderer class="js-inline-math" style="display: inline-block" data-static-url="https://github.githubassets.com/static" data-run-id="f6304632dc33a4ffde874cb2e240351a">$Date$</math-renderer> Author: Victor Stinner <<a href="mailto:vstinner@python.org">vstinner@python.org</a>> BDFL-Delegate: Charles-François Natali <<a href="mailto:cf.natali@gmail.com">cf.natali@gmail.com</a>> Status: Final Type: Standards Track Content-Type: text/x-rst Created: 03-Sep-2013 Python-Version: 3.4 Resolution: <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130491.html" rel="nofollow">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-November/130491.html</a></p> <a name="user-content-abstract"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Abstract</h2><a id="user-content-abstract" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Abstract" href="#abstract"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes to add a new <code>tracemalloc</code> module to trace memory blocks allocated by Python.</p> <a name="user-content-rationale"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rationale</h2><a id="user-content-rationale" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rationale" href="#rationale"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Classic generic tools like Valgrind can get the C traceback where a memory block was allocated. Using such tools to analyze Python memory allocations does not help because most memory blocks are allocated in the same C function, in <code>PyMem_Malloc()</code> for example. Moreover, Python has an allocator for small objects called "pymalloc" which keeps free blocks for efficiency. This is not well handled by these tools.</p> <p dir="auto">There are debug tools dedicated to the Python language like <code>Heapy</code> <code>Pympler</code> and <code>Meliae</code> which lists all alive objects using the garbage collector module (functions like <code>gc.get_objects()</code>, <code>gc.get_referrers()</code> and <code>gc.get_referents()</code>), compute their size (ex: using <code>sys.getsizeof()</code>) and group objects by type. These tools provide a better estimation of the memory usage of an application. They are useful when most memory leaks are instances of the same type and this type is only instantiated in a few functions. Problems arise when the object type is very common like <code>str</code> or <code>tuple</code>, and it is hard to identify where these objects are instantiated.</p> <p dir="auto">Finding reference cycles is also a difficult problem. There are different tools to draw a diagram of all references. These tools cannot be used on large applications with thousands of objects because the diagram is too huge to be analyzed manually.</p> <a name="user-content-proposal"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Proposal</h2><a id="user-content-proposal" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Proposal" href="#proposal"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Using the customized allocation API from <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0445" rel="nofollow">PEP 445</a>, it becomes easy to set up a hook on Python memory allocators. A hook can inspect Python internals to retrieve Python tracebacks. The idea of getting the current traceback comes from the faulthandler module. The faulthandler dumps the traceback of all Python threads on a crash, here is the idea is to get the traceback of the current Python thread when a memory block is allocated by Python.</p> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes to add a new <code>tracemalloc</code> module, a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by Python. The module provides the following information:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Traceback where an object was allocated</li> <li>Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number: total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks</li> <li>Computed differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The API of the tracemalloc module is similar to the API of the faulthandler module: <code>enable()</code> / <code>start()</code>, <code>disable()</code> / <code>stop()</code> and <code>is_enabled()</code> / <code>is_tracing()</code> functions, an environment variable (<code>PYTHONFAULTHANDLER</code> and <code>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code>), and a <code>-X</code> command line option (<code>-X faulthandler</code> and <code>-X tracemalloc</code>). See the <a href="http://docs.python.org/3/library/faulthandler.html" rel="nofollow">documentation of the faulthandler module</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">The idea of tracing memory allocations is not new. It was first implemented in the PySizer project in 2005. PySizer was implemented differently: the traceback was stored in frame objects and some Python types were linked the trace with the name of object type. PySizer patch on CPython adds an overhead on performances and memory footprint, even if the PySizer was not used. tracemalloc attaches a traceback to the underlying layer, to memory blocks, and has no overhead when the module is not tracing memory allocations.</p> <p dir="auto">The tracemalloc module has been written for CPython. Other implementations of Python may not be able to provide it.</p> <a name="user-content-api"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">API</h2><a id="user-content-api" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: API" href="#api"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started as early as possible by setting the <code>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>, or by using <code>-X tracemalloc</code> command line option. The <code>tracemalloc.start()</code> function can be called at runtime to start tracing Python memory allocations.</p> <p dir="auto">By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the <code>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code> environment variable to <code>25</code>, or use the <code>-X tracemalloc=25</code> command line option. The <code>set_traceback_limit()</code> function can be used at runtime to set the limit.</p> <a name="user-content-functions"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Functions</h3><a id="user-content-functions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Functions" href="#functions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>clear_traces()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>stop()</code>.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>get_object_traceback(obj)</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Get the traceback where the Python object <em>obj</em> was allocated. Return a <code>Traceback</code> instance, or <code>None</code> if the <code>tracemalloc</code> module is not tracing memory allocations or did not trace the allocation of the object.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>gc.get_referrers()</code> and <code>sys.getsizeof()</code> functions.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>get_traceback_limit()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Get the maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of a trace.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>tracemalloc</code> module must be tracing memory allocations to get the limit, otherwise an exception is raised.</p> <p dir="auto">The limit is set by the <code>start()</code> function.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>get_traced_memory()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> Get the current size and maximum size of memory blocks traced by the <code>tracemalloc</code> module as a tuple: <code>(size: int, max_size: int)</code>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>get_tracemalloc_memory()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> Get the memory usage in bytes of the <code>tracemalloc</code> module used to store traces of memory blocks. Return an <code>int</code>.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>is_tracing()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>True</code> if the <code>tracemalloc</code> module is tracing Python memory allocations, <code>False</code> otherwise.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>start()</code> and <code>stop()</code> functions.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>start(nframe: int=1)</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Start tracing Python memory allocations: install hooks on Python memory allocators. Collected tracebacks of traces will be limited to <em>nframe</em> frames. By default, a trace of a memory block only stores the most recent frame: the limit is <code>1</code>. <em>nframe</em> must be greater or equal to <code>1</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Storing more than <code>1</code> frame is only useful to compute statistics grouped by <code>'traceback'</code> or to compute cumulative statistics: see the <code>Snapshot.compare_to()</code> and <code>Snapshot.statistics()</code> methods.</p> <p dir="auto">Storing more frames increases the memory and CPU overhead of the <code>tracemalloc</code> module. Use the <code>get_tracemalloc_memory()</code> function to measure how much memory is used by the <code>tracemalloc</code> module.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</code> environment variable (<code>PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=NFRAME</code>) and the <code>-X</code> <code>tracemalloc=NFRAME</code> command line option can be used to start tracing at startup.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>stop()</code>, <code>is_tracing()</code> and <code>get_traceback_limit()</code> functions.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>stop()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Stop tracing Python memory allocations: uninstall hooks on Python memory allocators. Clear also traces of memory blocks allocated by Python</p> <p dir="auto">Call <code>take_snapshot()</code> function to take a snapshot of traces before clearing them.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>start()</code> and <code>is_tracing()</code> functions.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>take_snapshot()</code> function:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Take a snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. Return a new <code>Snapshot</code> instance.</p> <p dir="auto">The snapshot does not include memory blocks allocated before the <code>tracemalloc</code> module started to trace memory allocations.</p> <p dir="auto">Tracebacks of traces are limited to <code>get_traceback_limit()</code> frames. Use the <em>nframe</em> parameter of the <code>start()</code> function to store more frames.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>tracemalloc</code> module must be tracing memory allocations to take a snapshot, see the <code>start()</code> function.</p> <p dir="auto">See also the <code>get_object_traceback()</code> function.</p> </blockquote> <a name="user-content-filter"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Filter</h3><a id="user-content-filter" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Filter" href="#filter"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Filter(inclusive: bool, filename_pattern: str, lineno: int=None, all_frames: bool=False)</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Filter on traces of memory blocks.</p> <p dir="auto">See the <code>fnmatch.fnmatch()</code> function for the syntax of <em>filename_pattern</em>. The <code>'.pyc'</code> and <code>'.pyo'</code> file extensions are replaced with <code>'.py'</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Examples:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>Filter(True, subprocess.__file__)</code> only includes traces of the <code>subprocess</code> module</li> <li><code>Filter(False, tracemalloc.__file__)</code> excludes traces of the <code>tracemalloc</code> module</li> <li><code>Filter(False, "<unknown>")</code> excludes empty tracebacks</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>inclusive</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">If <em>inclusive</em> is <code>True</code> (include), only trace memory blocks allocated in a file with a name matching <code>filename_pattern</code> at line number <code>lineno</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">If <em>inclusive</em> is <code>False</code> (exclude), ignore memory blocks allocated in a file with a name matching <code>filename_pattern</code> at line number <code>lineno</code>.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>lineno</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Line number (<code>int</code>) of the filter. If <em>lineno</em> is <code>None</code>, the filter matches any line number.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>filename_pattern</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Filename pattern of the filter (<code>str</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>all_frames</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">If <em>all_frames</em> is <code>True</code>, all frames of the traceback are checked. If <em>all_frames</em> is <code>False</code>, only the most recent frame is checked.</p> <p dir="auto">This attribute is ignored if the traceback limit is less than <code>2</code>. See the <code>get_traceback_limit()</code> function and <code>Snapshot.traceback_limit</code> attribute.</p> </blockquote> <a name="user-content-frame"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Frame</h3><a id="user-content-frame" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Frame" href="#frame"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Frame</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Frame of a traceback.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>Traceback</code> class is a sequence of <code>Frame</code> instances.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>filename</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Filename (<code>str</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>lineno</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Line number (<code>int</code>).</blockquote> <a name="user-content-snapshot"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Snapshot</h3><a id="user-content-snapshot" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Snapshot" href="#snapshot"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Snapshot</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>take_snapshot()</code> function creates a snapshot instance.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>compare_to(old_snapshot: Snapshot, group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)</code> method:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Compute the differences with an old snapshot. Get statistics as a sorted list of <code>StatisticDiff</code> instances grouped by <em>group_by</em>.</p> <p dir="auto">See the <code>statistics()</code> method for <em>group_by</em> and <em>cumulative</em> parameters.</p> <p dir="auto">The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: absolute value of <code>StatisticDiff.size_diff</code>, <code>StatisticDiff.size</code>, absolute value of <code>StatisticDiff.count_diff</code>, <code>Statistic.count</code> and then by <code>StatisticDiff.traceback</code>.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>dump(filename)</code> method:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Write the snapshot into a file.</p> <p dir="auto">Use <code>load()</code> to reload the snapshot.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>filter_traces(filters)</code> method:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Create a new <code>Snapshot</code> instance with a filtered <code>traces</code> sequence, <em>filters</em> is a list of <code>Filter</code> instances. If <em>filters</em> is an empty list, return a new <code>Snapshot</code> instance with a copy of the traces.</p> <p dir="auto">All inclusive filters are applied at once, a trace is ignored if no inclusive filters match it. A trace is ignored if at least one exclusive filter matches it.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>load(filename)</code> classmethod:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Load a snapshot from a file.</p> <p dir="auto">See also <code>dump()</code>.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>statistics(group_by: str, cumulative: bool=False)</code> method:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Get statistics as a sorted list of <code>Statistic</code> instances grouped by <em>group_by</em>:</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th>group_by</th> <th>description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><code>'filename'</code></td> <td>filename</td> </tr> <tr><td><code>'lineno'</code></td> <td>filename and line number</td> </tr> <tr><td><code>'traceback'</code></td> <td>traceback</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">If <em>cumulative</em> is <code>True</code>, cumulate size and count of memory blocks of all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most recent frame. The cumulative mode can only be used with <em>group_by</em> equals to <code>'filename'</code> and <code>'lineno'</code> and <code>traceback_limit</code> greater than <code>1</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: <code>Statistic.size</code>, <code>Statistic.count</code> and then by <code>Statistic.traceback</code>.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>traceback_limit</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of <code>traces</code>: result of the <code>get_traceback_limit()</code> when the snapshot was taken.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>traces</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Traces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of <code>Trace</code> instances.</p> <p dir="auto">The sequence has an undefined order. Use the <code>Snapshot.statistics()</code> method to get a sorted list of statistics.</p> </blockquote> <a name="user-content-statistic"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Statistic</h3><a id="user-content-statistic" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Statistic" href="#statistic"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Statistic</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Statistic on memory allocations.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>Snapshot.statistics()</code> returns a list of <code>Statistic</code> instances.</p> <p dir="auto">See also the <code>StatisticDiff</code> class.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>count</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Number of memory blocks (<code>int</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>size</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Total size of memory blocks in bytes (<code>int</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>traceback</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Traceback where the memory block was allocated, <code>Traceback</code> instance.</blockquote> <a name="user-content-statisticdiff"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">StatisticDiff</h3><a id="user-content-statisticdiff" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: StatisticDiff" href="#statisticdiff"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>StatisticDiff</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Statistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new <code>Snapshot</code> instance.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>Snapshot.compare_to()</code> returns a list of <code>StatisticDiff</code> instances. See also the <code>Statistic</code> class.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>count</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Number of memory blocks in the new snapshot (<code>int</code>): <code>0</code> if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>count_diff</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Difference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new snapshots (<code>int</code>): <code>0</code> if the memory blocks have been allocated in the new snapshot.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>size</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Total size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (<code>int</code>): <code>0</code> if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>size_diff</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Difference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old and the new snapshots (<code>int</code>): <code>0</code> if the memory blocks have been allocated in the new snapshot.</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>traceback</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Traceback where the memory blocks were allocated, <code>Traceback</code> instance.</blockquote> <a name="user-content-trace"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Trace</h3><a id="user-content-trace" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Trace" href="#trace"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Trace</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Trace of a memory block.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>Snapshot.traces</code> attribute is a sequence of <code>Trace</code> instances.</p> </blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>size</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Size of the memory block in bytes (<code>int</code>).</blockquote> <p dir="auto"><code>traceback</code> attribute:</p> <blockquote> Traceback where the memory block was allocated, <code>Traceback</code> instance.</blockquote> <a name="user-content-traceback"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Traceback</h3><a id="user-content-traceback" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Traceback" href="#traceback"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Traceback</code> class:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">Sequence of <code>Frame</code> instances sorted from the most recent frame to the oldest frame.</p> <p dir="auto">A traceback contains at least <code>1</code> frame. If the <code>tracemalloc</code> module failed to get a frame, the filename <code>"<unknown>"</code> at line number <code>0</code> is used.</p> <p dir="auto">When a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to <code>get_traceback_limit()</code> frames. See the <code>take_snapshot()</code> function.</p> <p dir="auto">The <code>Trace.traceback</code> attribute is an instance of <code>Traceback</code> instance.</p> </blockquote> <a name="user-content-rejected-alternatives"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rejected Alternatives</h2><a id="user-content-rejected-alternatives" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rejected Alternatives" href="#rejected-alternatives"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <a name="user-content-log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Log calls to the memory allocator</h3><a id="user-content-log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Log calls to the memory allocator" href="#log-calls-to-the-memory-allocator"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A different approach is to log calls to <code>malloc()</code>, <code>realloc()</code> and <code>free()</code> functions. Calls can be logged into a file or send to another computer through the network. Example of a log entry: name of the function, size of the memory block, address of the memory block, Python traceback where the allocation occurred, timestamp.</p> <p dir="auto">Logs cannot be used directly, getting the current status of the memory requires to parse previous logs. For example, it is not possible to get directly the traceback of a Python object, like <code>get_object_traceback(obj)</code> does with traces.</p> <p dir="auto">Python uses objects with a very short lifetime and so makes an extensive use of memory allocators. It has an allocator optimized for small objects (less than 512 bytes) with a short lifetime. For example, the Python test suites calls <code>malloc()</code>, <code>realloc()</code> or <code>free()</code> 270,000 times per second in average. If the size of log entry is 32 bytes, logging produces 8.2 MB per second or 29.0 GB per hour.</p> <p dir="auto">The alternative was rejected because it is less efficient and has less features. Parsing logs in a different process or a different computer is slower than maintaining traces on allocated memory blocks in the same process.</p> <a name="user-content-prior-work"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Prior Work</h2><a id="user-content-prior-work" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Prior Work" href="#prior-work"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://www.softwareverify.com/python/memory/index.html" rel="nofollow">Python Memory Validator</a> (2005-2013): commercial Python memory validator developed by Software Verification. It uses the Python Reflection API.</li> <li><a href="http://pysizer.8325.org/" rel="nofollow">PySizer</a>: Google Summer of Code 2005 project by Nick Smallbone.</li> <li><a href="http://guppy-pe.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">Heapy</a> (2006-2013): part of the Guppy-PE project written by Sverker Nilsson.</li> <li>Draft PEP: <a href="http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/bcannon-sandboxing/PEP.txt" rel="nofollow">Support Tracking Low-Level Memory Usage in CPython</a> (Brett Canon, 2006)</li> <li>Muppy: project developed in 2008 by Robert Schuppenies.</li> <li><a href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/546530/" rel="nofollow">asizeof</a>: a pure Python module to estimate the size of objects by Jean Brouwers (2008).</li> <li><a href="http://www.scons.org/wiki/LudwigHaehne/HeapMonitor" rel="nofollow">Heapmonitor</a>: It provides facilities to size individual objects and can track all objects of certain classes. It was developed in 2008 by Ludwig Haehne.</li> <li><a href="http://code.google.com/p/pympler/" rel="nofollow">Pympler</a> (2008-2011): project based on asizeof, muppy and HeapMonitor</li> <li><a href="http://mg.pov.lt/objgraph/" rel="nofollow">objgraph</a> (2008-2012)</li> <li><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Dozer" rel="nofollow">Dozer</a>: WSGI Middleware version of the CherryPy memory leak debugger, written by Marius Gedminas (2008-2013)</li> <li><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/meliae" rel="nofollow">Meliae</a>: Python Memory Usage Analyzer developed by John A Meinel since 2009</li> <li><a href="https://fedorahosted.org/gdb-heap/" rel="nofollow">gdb-heap</a>: gdb script written in Python by Dave Malcolm (2010-2011) to analyze the usage of the heap memory</li> <li><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/memory_profiler" rel="nofollow">memory_profiler</a>: written by Fabian Pedregosa (2011-2013)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/smartfile/caulk/">caulk</a>: written by Ben Timby in 2012</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">See also <a href="http://pythonhosted.org/Pympler/related.html" rel="nofollow">Pympler Related Work</a>.</p> <a name="user-content-links"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Links</h2><a id="user-content-links" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Links" href="#links"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">tracemalloc:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue18874" rel="nofollow">#18874: Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python memory allocations</a></li> <li><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytracemalloc" rel="nofollow">pytracemalloc on PyPI</a></li> </ul> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 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