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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people in Washington state, U.S.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nuwhaha</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="lut">dxʷʔaha</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">merged into the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other Lushootseed-speaking peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Skagit">Upper Skagit</a> peoples; <a href="/wiki/Samish_people" title="Samish people">Samish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nuwhaha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">noo-<span style="font-size:90%">WAH</span>-hah</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>: <i lang="lut">dxʷʔaha</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a historical <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples">Lushootseed-speaking people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Skagit_River" title="Skagit River">Skagit River</a> valley of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. The Nuwhaha primarily lived along the <a href="/wiki/Samish_River" title="Samish River">Samish River</a>, as well as the coastal areas between <a href="/wiki/Bay_View,_Washington" title="Bay View, Washington">Bay View</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a>. </p><p>The Nuwhaha were a powerful and warlike people, but <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemics devastated them in the 18th and 19th centuries. Eventually, they were pushed inland by wars with the <a href="/wiki/Samish_people" title="Samish people">Samish people</a>. In 1855, the Nuwhaha were a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Point_Elliott" title="Treaty of Point Elliott">Treaty of Point Elliott</a>. </p><p>Today, Nuwhaha descendants are members of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoWeAreSkagit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19852_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19852-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of one Nuwhaha man, George Bob, are enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nooksack Indian Tribe">Nooksack Indian Tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19855_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19855-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no distinct Nuwhaha entity today, some Nuwhaha descendants enrolled in <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">federally recognized tribes</a> still maintain their traditional identity as Nuwhaha.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuwhaha are also erroneously called the Upper Samish (and they should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Samish_people" title="Samish people">Samish people</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1941_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19853-4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19853-4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19822_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stick Samish was another name historically used to refer to the Nuwhaha by White settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19853_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19853-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other settlers called the Nuwhaha "flatheads", as most Indians in western Washington often called due to their head-flattening practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19857_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19857-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuwhaha has also been spelled Nuwha’ha,<sup id="cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoWeAreSkagit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noo-wha-ha,<sup id="cite_ref-PETreaty_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PETreaty-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noo-wha-ah,<sup id="cite_ref-PETreaty_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PETreaty-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuwaha, and Duwaha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their endonym in Lushootseed is <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷʔaha</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuwhaha were a Lushootseed-speaking <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a> people, a group of culturally and linguistically related peoples in the Salish Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1941_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they were historically independent, they have been classified variously by anthropologists and historians as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Lower Skagit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper Skagit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even Samish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legally, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> found that the Nuwhaha were separate from the aboriginal Upper Skagit peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the modern Upper Skagit Indian Tribe maintains that it is the political successor to the Nuwhaha.<sup id="cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoWeAreSkagit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samish-River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a calm river in the middle of rural farmlands, during the day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Samish-River.jpg/220px-Samish-River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Samish-River.jpg/330px-Samish-River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Samish-River.jpg/440px-Samish-River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Samish River was the heart of Nuwhaha territory</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_and_villages">Territory and villages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territory and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuwhaha were located north of the Skagit River, with their villages primarily located along the <a href="/wiki/Samish_River" title="Samish River">Samish River</a> and nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhoWeAreSkagit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their proximity to the Upper Skagit peoples, they maintained close ties with the neighboring peoples of the Skagit River. Nuwhaha territory included two large prairies, now called Jarman (or German) Prairie, Warner's Prairie, and Young Prairie,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197227_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where women would go to harvest roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the Nuwhaha once occupied a swath of land from <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bay_View,_Washington" title="Bay View, Washington">Bay View</a>, including Lake Samish and parts of Lake Whatcom.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1941_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact north-south boundaries differ according to different records. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susie_Sampson_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susie Sampson Peter (page does not exist)">Susie Sampson Peter</a>, Skagit storyteller, the Nuwhaha once controlled the area from <a href="/wiki/Samish_Island,_Washington" title="Samish Island, Washington">Samish Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_Creek" title="Whatcom Creek">Whatcom Creek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-63_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to her son, Swinomish historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sampson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Sampson (historian) (page does not exist)">Martin Sampson</a>, the Nuwhaha once had the area from south of Bay View to <a href="/wiki/Bellingham_Bay" title="Bellingham Bay">Bellingham Bay</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_River" title="Nooksack River">Nooksack River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nuwhaha also occupied Chuckanut Bay, Samish Bay and Bellingham Bay, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack</a>, Samish, and <a href="/wiki/Lummi_people" title="Lummi people">Lummi</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-AboutUsNok_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutUsNok-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two large forts, one at the mouth of the Samish River that could defend against invaders, and one at a high, rocky hill on Jarman Prairie, to which warriors would retreat in case the first fort became overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226-27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197226-27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuwhaha villages were generally built around fishing sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nuwhaha had several villages in the vicinity of the Samish River: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>List of known Nuwhaha villages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Anglicization(s) or Alternative names </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">bəsɬaʔɬaʔus</i></span> </td> <td>Baslatlaus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_View,_Washington" title="Bay View, Washington">Bay View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padilla_Bay" title="Padilla Bay">Padilla Bay</a> </td> <td>Two longhouses </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷʔəčuʔb</i></span> </td> <td>Duwachubub </td> <td>On <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Creek (page does not exist)">Edison Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bow,_Washington" title="Bow, Washington">Bow</a> </td> <td>Chadaskadim was from this village </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belfast, Washington (page does not exist)">Belfast</a>, on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friday_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friday Creek (page does not exist)">Friday Creek</a> </td> <td>One longhouse. Wiped out by a smallpox epidemic in the 1830s. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jarman Prairie, on the Samish River </td> <td>Wiped out by a smallpox epidemic in the 1830s. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Hacubthluk </td> <td>Warner Prairie </td> <td>The headman of this village was Statileius, also known as "Mowitch Man". </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225-27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>South end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Samish" title="Lake Samish">Lake Samish</a> </td> <td>One longhouse </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Smith1941_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">sx̌ačuʔabš</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lake People </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Whatcom" title="Lake Whatcom">Lake Whatcom</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Park,_Washington" title="Park, Washington">Park</a> (likely at Fir Creek) </td> <td>Mixed Nuwhaha-Nooksack village. Sometimes considered as independent from the Nooksack and Nuwhaha. Last occupied around 1860. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-AboutUsNok_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutUsNok-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richardson2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuwhaha were struck by epidemics which arrived starting in the 18th century. The first epidemic left many remaining on the lakes and prairies, who were less affected due to their inland residencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Europeans to record their encounter the with the Nuwhaha were the crew of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a> and the <i>Santa Saturnina</i> around 1791. When they arrived in what they called the "Seno de Padilla" (<a href="/wiki/Padilla_Bay" title="Padilla Bay">Padilla Bay</a>), they could see many people who were gathering shellfish, likely from the village <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">bəsɬaʔɬaʔus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197424-25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197424-25-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Martin Sampson, the Nuwhaha were a large, powerful, and warlike tribe prior to the arrival of Europeans. In the early 19th century, under the leadership of Chadaskadim I (<a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>: <i lang="lut">č̓adəsqidəb</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chadaskadim II,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they made war on peoples as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_people" title="Puyallup people">Puyallup</a>, and reaching as far north as <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>. At some point, the <a href="/wiki/Saanich_people" title="Saanich people">Saanich</a> invaded the territory of the Nuwhaha, killing Chadaskadim II and taking his head back to what is now <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia" title="Sidney, British Columbia">Sidney</a>. In retaliation, the Nuwhaha, led by a man named Sathill, invaded the Saanich at Sidney, in an effort to repatriate the head of Chadaskadim II. The invasion was not successful, as although they had burned all the houses at Sidney, only a few were killed, they were able to take no slaves, and the head was not returned. According to tradition, the head of Chadaskadim II still remained somewhere in Sidney in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225-26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendants of Chadaskadim II include members of the Swinomish Reservation, as well as the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Sehome_Shelton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Sehome Shelton (page does not exist)">Ruth Sehome Shelton</a> from Tulalip, while the descendants of Sathill include other Swinomish residents such as the Sampson family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Nuwhaha were pushed further inland by incursions from the Samish.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1941_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, the Nuwhaha were decimated by another epidemic. The epidemic reached every village, and reduced the Nuwhaha population to around 200 (from 1,000 pre-epidemic). One man from the village near Bow went to visit his relatives at the Jarman Prairie village. He found all the occupants dead, save for his baby niece, who he found still in her mother's arms. After placing her in a shelter away from the village, he burned the houses. He also found all the occupants of the Friday Creek village dead, and burned that one as well. After burning his clothing and the clothing of his niece, they returned together to a shelter near his village, where they were quarantined in a shelter. After they had washed for several days, surely free of smallpox, they returned to his village at Bow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 22, 1855, the Nuwhaha were party to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Point_Elliott" title="Treaty of Point Elliott">Treaty of Point Elliott</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pateus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pateus (page does not exist)">Pateus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a famous Nuwhaha leader from the Bay View village (who was described as a "sub-chief" of the Nuwhaha by the treaty commission), signed the treaty for the Nuwhaha.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PETreaty_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PETreaty-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SamishTL_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamishTL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197227_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197227-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pateus, whose wife was Samish, was also one of the men authorized by the United States to sign the treaty for the Samish people.<sup id="cite_ref-SamishTL_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamishTL-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nuwhaha were intended to be removed to the Lummi Reservation, although they generally did not move there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19823-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During treaty times, some Nuwhaha were organized around the prophet Stababutkin, alongside the Upper Skagit. Stababutkin himself was the son-in-law of Pateus.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, Indian agents reported a Nuwhaha population of 90, about half of whom had converted to Christianity, although it is unknown if the reports included all Nuwhaha or just those living on the Lummi Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane197514_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane197514-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, some Nuwhaha had reportedly tried to join the Lummi at the Lummi Reservation, but in 1870, agent C.C. Finkbonner reported the Nuwhaha were "persistently refus[ing]" removal to the Lummi Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane197515_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane197515-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19823-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reservation around the Samish River was considered, but never established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19822_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Around 1890, some Nuwhaha moved to the <a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Reservation" title="Swinomish Reservation">Swinomish Reservation</a>, while others joined the Upper Skagit communities. Some Nuwhaha moved to the Samish settlement on <a href="/wiki/Guemes_Island" title="Guemes Island">Guemes Island</a>, which remained until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span>. After its abandonment, the residents moved primarily to the Swinomish Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19757_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19757-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least five Nuwhaha families filed for homesteads in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19823-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red banner with a bear in the traditional Coast Salish-formline art style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, a modern successor to the Nuwhaha</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1918, the Nuwhaha living along the Samish River largely had assimilated into the Upper Skagits, while coastal Nuwhaha were assimilated into the Samish.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1900s, the Nuwhaha were represented both by the Anacortes (Samish) and Upper Skagit sections of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Federation_of_American_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Federation of American Indians (page does not exist)">Northwest Federation of American Indians</a>, which sued for claims in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19823-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, a new organization was formed by a combination of Samish, Nuwhaha, and others (both on and off reservations) to be the successor to the Anacortes Branch, in order to represent the Samish claims going forward. This organization sued for federal recognition in 1972, eventually winning to become the <a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19826_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19826-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, twenty-two percent of the membership of the tribe was of Nuwhaha descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI198225_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI198225-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, there was a short-lived attempt by Nuwhaha descendants in reservation communities to form a separate Noowhaha Tribe and seek federal recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19826_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19826-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nuwhaha spoke the <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed language</a>, the same as their Upper Skagit neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples">List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack language</a>-name of this village was <span title="Nooksack-language text"><i lang="nok">X̠achu7ámish</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">č̓adəsqidəb</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelled "Pat-teh-us" on the treaty; also spelled Pattehus<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name "Nuwhaha" was spelled variously "Noo-wha-ha" and "Noo-wha-ah" by the treaty commission.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatesHessHilbert19944_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatesHessHilbert1994">Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhoWeAreSkagit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhoWeAreSkagit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upperskagittribe-nsn.gov/who-we-are/">"Who We Are"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upper+Skagit+Indian+Tribe&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupperskagittribe-nsn.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19852-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19852_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1985">Lane 1985</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197226-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruby1992-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby1992_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubyBrownCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoindiantri0000ruby_d7g1/"><i>A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest</i></a>. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806124797" title="Special:BookSources/9780806124797"><bdi>9780806124797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Indian+Tribes+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=Norman&rft.series=Civilization+of+the+American+Indian&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780806124797&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Brown%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Cary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoindiantri0000ruby_d7g1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19855-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19855_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1985">Lane 1985</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1941-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1941_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1941_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1941_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1941_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1941_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Smith" title="Marian Smith">Smith, Marian W.</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/662952">"The Coast Salish of Puget Sound"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1941.43.2.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/662952">662952</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Coast+Salish+of+Puget+Sound&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1941.43.2.02a00050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F662952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F662952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197420-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197420_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1974">Collins 1974</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995122_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995">gʷəqʷulc̓əʔ 1995</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19853-4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19853-4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1985">Lane 1985</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19822-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19822_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19822_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDOI1982">DOI 1982</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDOI1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19853-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19853_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1985">Lane 1985</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19857-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19857_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1985">Lane 1985</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PETreaty-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PETreaty_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PETreaty_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PETreaty_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goia.wa.gov/tribal-government/treaty-point-elliott-1855">"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"</a>. <i>Governors Office of Indian Affairs</i>. State of Washington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governors+Office+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Point+Elliott%2C+1855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoia.wa.gov%2Ftribal-government%2Ftreaty-point-elliott-1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197227-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197227_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197227_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-63-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-63_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995">gʷəqʷulc̓əʔ 1995</a>, p. 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutUsNok-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AboutUsNok_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AboutUsNok_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nooksacktribe.org/about/">"About Us"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nooksack Indian Tribe">Nooksack Indian Tribe</a></i>. 2024-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nooksack+Indian+Tribe&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnooksacktribe.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197226-27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197226-27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 26-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ199562_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995">gʷəqʷulc̓əʔ 1995</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225-27_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 25-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2011_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson2011_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonGalloway2011" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Allan; <a href="/wiki/Brent_Galloway" title="Brent Galloway">Galloway, Brent</a> (2011). <i>Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language</i>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">University of British Columbia Press</a>. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774820455" title="Special:BookSources/9780774820455"><bdi>9780774820455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nooksack+Place+Names%3A+Geography%2C+Culture%2C+and+Language&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780774820455&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins197424-25-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins197424-25_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1974">Collins 1974</a>, p. 24-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson197225-26-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson197225-26_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1972">Sampson 1972</a>, p. 25-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SamishTL-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SamishTL_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamishTL_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samishtribe.nsn.us/who-we-are/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samish+Indian+Nation&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samishtribe.nsn.us%2Fwho-we-are%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19823-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19823_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDOI1982">DOI 1982</a>, p. 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDOI1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane197514-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane197514_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1975">Lane 1975</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane197515-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane197515_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1975">Lane 1975</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane19757-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane19757_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane1975">Lane 1975</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI19826-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19826_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI19826_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDOI1982">DOI 1982</a>, p. 6.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDOI1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDOI198225-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDOI198225_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDOI1982">DOI 1982</a>, p. 25.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDOI1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesHessHilbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hilbert" title="Vi Hilbert">Hilbert, Vi</a> (1994). <i>Lushootseed Dictionary</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97323-4"><bdi>978-0-295-97323-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29877333">29877333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Dictionary&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29877333&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97323-4&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1974" class="citation book cs1">Collins, June McCormick (1974). <i>Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95327-4"><bdi>978-0-295-95327-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120655342">1120655342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valley+of+the+Spirits%3A+The+Upper+Skagit+Indians+of+Western+Washington&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120655342&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95327-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=June+McCormick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgʷəqʷulc̓əʔ1995" class="citation book cs1">gʷəqʷulc̓əʔ (1995). <i>x̌əč̓usədəʔ ʔə gʷəqʷulc̓əʔ</i> [<i>Aunt Susie Sampson Peter: The Wisdom of a Skagit Elder</i>] (in lut). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hilbert" title="Vi Hilbert">Hilbert, Vi</a>. Lushootseed Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=x%CC%8C%C9%99%C4%8D%CC%93us%C9%99d%C9%99%CA%94+%CA%94%C9%99+g%CA%B7%C9%99q%CA%B7ulc%CC%93%C9%99%CA%94&rft.pub=Lushootseed+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=g%CA%B7%C9%99q%CA%B7ulc%CC%93%C9%99%CA%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DOI" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/014_samish_WA/014_pf.pdf"><i>Recommendation and Summary of Evidence for Proposed Finding Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Samish Indian Tribe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. October 27, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendation+and+Summary+of+Evidence+for+Proposed+Finding+Against+Federal+Acknowledgment+of+the+Samish+Indian+Tribe&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1982-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdup%2Fassets%2Fas-ia%2Fofa%2Fpetition%2F014_samish_WA%2F014_pf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1975" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Barbara (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msaj.com/_files/ugd/aad22c_10660538e84f4ceb8a11ac94b879a1f9.pdf"><i>Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of the Samish Indian Tribe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+Treaty+Status%2C+and+Fisheries+of+the+Samish+Indian+Tribe&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msaj.com%2F_files%2Fugd%2Faad22c_10660538e84f4ceb8a11ac94b879a1f9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1985" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Barbara (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msaj.com/_files/ugd/aad22c_0885bb7e5b5e48f4b47ed8054b8ed40e.pdf"><i>Upper Skagit-Nuwhaha Connections in the Mid-Nineteenth Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upper+Skagit-Nuwhaha+Connections+in+the+Mid-Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msaj.com%2F_files%2Fugd%2Faad22c_0885bb7e5b5e48f4b47ed8054b8ed40e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1972" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Martin J. (1972). <i>Indians of Skagit County</i> (3rd ed.). Mount Vernon: Skagit County Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+of+Skagit+County&rft.place=Mount+Vernon&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Skagit+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuwhaha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lushootseed-speaking_peoples_of_Puget_Sound" style="border:2px solid #7d2d2d;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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title="Template talk:Lushootseed navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lushootseed_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lushootseed navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lushootseed-speaking_peoples_of_Puget_Sound" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Lushootseed</span></a>-speaking peoples of <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_region" title="Puget Sound region"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Puget Sound</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Lushootseed language</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_grammar" title="Lushootseed grammar">Lushootseed grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lushootseed_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/200px-Lushootseed_area.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/300px-Lushootseed_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/400px-Lushootseed_area.png 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="2159" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_oral_narratives" title="Salishan oral narratives">Salishan oral narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohkwibuhch" title="Dohkwibuhch">dukʷibəɬ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(spirit-being)" title="Transformer (spirit-being)">Transformer/Changer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spirit Powers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahos" title="Ayahos">Ayahos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lushootseed-speaking_peoples" title="List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Peoples</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Northern peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_peoples" title="Skagit peoples">Skagit peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_people" title="Swinomish people">Swinomish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuwhaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikiallus_people" title="Kikiallus people">Kikiallus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk_people_(Washington)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauk people (Washington) (page does not exist)">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_people" title="Stillaguamish people">Stillaguamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_people" title="Snohomish people">Snohomish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Southern peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_people" title="Snoqualmie people">Snoqualmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilshole_people" title="Shilshole people">Shilshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish_people" title="Sammamish people">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_people" title="Puyallup people">Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilacoom_people" title="Steilacoom people">Steilacoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_people" title="Nisqually people">Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahewamish" title="Sahewamish">Sahewamish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Federally recognized tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians">Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Indian_Tribe" title="Snoqualmie Indian Tribe">Snoqualmie Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisqually Tribe">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin Island Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Reservation" title="Swinomish Reservation">Swinomish Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Madison_Indian_Reservation" title="Port Madison Indian Reservation">Port Madison Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Reservation" title="Nisqually Reservation">Nisqually Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7d2d2d; color:#ffffff;">Non-recognized groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_Tribe" title="Duwamish Tribe">Duwamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilacoom_Tribe" title="Steilacoom Tribe">Steilacoom Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coast_Salish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_Salish" title="Template:Coast Salish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coast_Salish" title="Template talk:Coast Salish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coast_Salish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coast Salish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coast_Salish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawathil_First_Nation" title="Chawathil First Nation">Chawathil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheam people (page does not exist)">Cheam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_people" title="Sts'ailes people">Sts'ailes</a> (WA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stz%27uminus_First_Nation" title="Stz'uminus First Nation">Stz'uminus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemclemaluts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemclemaluts (page does not exist)">Clemclemaluts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comiaken_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comiaken people (page does not exist)">Comiaken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copalis (page does not exist)">Copalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_people" title="Cowlitz people">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquimalt_people" title="Esquimalt people">Esquimalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalt_First_Nation" title="Halalt First Nation">Halalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Hoh_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian Reservation">Hoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalco_First_Nation" title="Homalco First Nation">Homalco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humptulips_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humptulips (tribe) (page does not exist)">Humptulips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Katzie">Katzie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khenipsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khenipsen (page does not exist)">Khenipsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilpahlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilpahlas (page does not exist)">Kilpahlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klahoose" title="Klahoose">Klahoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Klallam">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koksilah_(people)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koksilah (people) (page does not exist)">Koksilah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwa-kwa-a-pilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwa-kwa-a-pilt (page does not exist)">Kwa-kwa-a-pilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwantlen people">Kwantlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwetlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwikwetlem">Kway-quit-lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui_people" title="Matsqui people">Matsqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam Indian Band">Musqueam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoose">Nanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malahat people">Malahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla%27amin_Nation" title="Tla'amin Nation">Sliammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_people" title="Semiahmoo people">Semiahmoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumas_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumas people (page does not exist)">Sumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sq%27%C3%A9wlets_First_Nation" title="Sq'éwlets First Nation">Sq'éwlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_people" title="Sts'ailes people">Sts'ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leq%27%C3%A1:mel_First_Nation" title="Leq'á:mel First Nation">Leq'á:mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum_First_Nation" title="Popkum First Nation">Popkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_Island_First_Nation" title="Seabird Island First Nation">Seabird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwah_First_Nation" title="Skwah First Nation">Skwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skway_First_Nation" title="Skway First Nation">Skway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilshole_people" title="Shilshole people">Shilshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shxw%27ow%27hamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shxw'ow'hamel">Shxw'ow'hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawahlook_First_Nation" title="Skawahlook First Nation">Skawahlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skowkale_First_Nation" title="Skowkale First Nation">Skowkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soowahlie_First_Nation" title="Soowahlie First Nation">Soowahlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Squiala">Squiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D" title="Stó꞉lō">Stó꞉lō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeachten_First_Nation" title="Tzeachten First Nation">Tzeachten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakweakwioose">Yakweakwioose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'souk-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsartlip_First_Nation" title="Tsartlip First Nation">Tsartlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somena" title="Somena">Somena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quamichan" title="Quamichan">Quamichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelakut" title="Penelakut">Penelakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwlitsum" title="Hwlitsum">Lamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_people" title="Saanich people">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_people" title="Lummi people">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_people" title="Nooksack people">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Skagit" title="Lower Skagit">Lower Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokomish_people" title="Skokomish people">Skokomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot" title="Muckleshoot">Muckleshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish_people" title="Sammamish people">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_people" title="Samish people">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington">Sauk-Suiattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_people" title="Snohomish people">Snohomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_people" title="Snoqualmie people">Snoqualmie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skykomish_people" title="Skykomish people">Skykomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_people" title="Nisqually people">Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_people" title="Puyallup people">Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_people" title="Stillaguamish people">Stillaquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish" title="Suquamish">Suquamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinomish">Swinomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulalip">Tulalip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_people" title="Quinault people">Quinault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahewamish" title="Sahewamish">Sahewamish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wynoochee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wynoochee (page does not exist)">Wynoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsop_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satsop people (page does not exist)">Satsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_people" title="Tillamook people">Nehalem</a> (Tillamook)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siletz" title="Siletz">Siletz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quamichan" title="Quamichan">Quamichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somena" title="Somena">Somena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitchelitz_First_Nation" title="Aitchelitz First Nation">Aitchelitz Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawathil_First_Nation" title="Chawathil First Nation">Chawathil First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheam_First_Nation" title="Cheam First Nation">Cheam First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_First_Nation" title="Kwantlen First Nation">Kwantlen First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie_First_Nation" title="Katzie First Nation">Katzie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt_First_Nation" title="Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation">Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leq%27%C3%A1:mel_First_Nation" title="Leq'á:mel First Nation">Leq'á:mel First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui_First_Nation" title="Matsqui First Nation">Matsqui First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum_First_Nation" title="Popkum First Nation">Popkum Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sq%27%C3%A9wlets_First_Nation" title="Sq'éwlets First Nation">Sq'éwlets First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_Island_First_Nation" title="Seabird Island First Nation">Seabird Island Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwah_First_Nation" title="Skwah First Nation">Skwah First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skway_First_Nation" title="Skway First Nation">Skway First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shxw%27ow%27hamel_First_Nation" title="Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation">Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawahlook_First_Nation" title="Skawahlook First Nation">Skawahlook First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skowkale_First_Nation" title="Skowkale First Nation">Skowkale First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soowahlie_First_Nation" title="Soowahlie First Nation">Soowahlie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiala_First_Nation" title="Squiala First Nation">Squiala First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sto%EA%9E%89lo_Nation_Chiefs_Council" title="Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council">Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D_Tribal_Council" title="Stó꞉lō Tribal Council">Stó꞉lō Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumas_First_Nation" title="Sumas First Nation">Sumas First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeachten_First_Nation" title="Tzeachten First Nation">Tzeachten First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose_First_Nation" title="Yakweakwioose First Nation">Yakweakwioose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_Nation" title="Sts'ailes Nation">Sts'ailes Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-waututh First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam Indian Band">Musqueam Indian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie_First_Nation" title="Katzie First Nation">Katzie First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwetlem_First_Nation" title="Kwikwetlem First Nation">Kwikwetlem First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_First_Nation" title="Semiahmoo First Nation">Semiahmoo First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stz%27uminus_First_Nation" title="Stz'uminus First Nation">Chemainus First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalt_First_Nation" title="Halalt First Nation">Halalt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalco_First_Nation" title="Homalco First Nation">Homalco First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klahoose_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Klahoose First Nation">Klahoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_First_Nation" title="Malahat First Nation">Malahat First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose_First_Nation" title="Nanoose First Nation">Nanoose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_First_Nation" title="Peters First Nation">Peters First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla%27amin_Nation" title="Tla'amin Nation">Tla'amin Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_First_Nation" title="Yale First Nation">Yale First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose_First_Nation" title="Yakweakwioose First Nation">Yakweakwioose First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseycum_First_Nation" title="Tseycum First Nation">Tseycum First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Squamish Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Bar_First_Nation" title="Union Bar First Nation">Union Bar First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'Sou-ke Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquimalt_First_Nation" title="Esquimalt First Nation">Esquimalt First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawout_First_Nation" title="Tsawout First Nation">Tsawout First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes" title="Cowichan Tribes">Cowichan Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Grand_Ronde_Community_of_Oregon" title="Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon">Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Siletz_Indians" title="Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians">Confederated Tribes of Siletz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Chehalis_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Indian_Tribe" title="Cowlitz Indian Tribe">Cowlitz Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Elwha_Klallam_Tribe" title="Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe">Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_S%27Klallam_Tribe_of_Washington" title="Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington">Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Gamble_Band_of_S%27Klallam_Indians" title="Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians">Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_Nation" title="Lummi Nation">Lummi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makah people">Makah Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckleshoot Indian Tribe">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Nisqually_Reservation" title="Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_Indian_Nation" title="Quinault Indian Nation">Quinault Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokomish_Indian_Tribe" title="Skokomish Indian Tribe">Skokomish Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Indian_Tribe" title="Snoqualmie Indian Tribe">Snoqualmie Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin Island Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians">Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Indian_Fisheries_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (page does not exist)">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Puget_Intertribal_Planning_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency (page does not exist)">South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Indian_Gaming_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Indian Gaming Association (page does not exist)">Washington Indian Gaming Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_British_Columbia_Indian_Chiefs" title="Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs">Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish music (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast_Salish_mythology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coast Salish mythology (page does not exist)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_art" title="Coast Salish art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a> <ul><li>Island Comox †</li> <li>Sliammon/Mainland Comox</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiahmoo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiahmoo dialect (page does not exist)">Semiahmoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'sou-ke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> <ul><li>Northern and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lushootseed" title="Southern Lushootseed">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Washington_(state)&#124;link=Washington_(state)_Indigenous_peoples_in_Washington_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_in_Washington" title="Template:Indigenous peoples in Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_in_Washington" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples in Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_in_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples in Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Washington_(state)&#124;link=Washington_(state)_Indigenous_peoples_in_Washington_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)"><img alt="Washington (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></span> Indigenous peoples in Washington state</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Chehalis_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_the_Colville_Reservation" title="Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation">Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Indian_Tribe" title="Cowlitz Indian Tribe">Cowlitz Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoh Tribe">Hoh Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_S%27Klallam_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe">Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalispel_Tribe_of_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalispel Tribe of Indians">Kalispel Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Elwha_Klallam_Tribe" title="Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe">Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_Nation" title="Lummi Nation">Lummi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Makah Tribe">Makah Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckleshoot Indian Tribe">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisqually Indian Tribe">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nooksack Indian Tribe">Nooksack Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Gamble_S%27Klallam_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe">Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quileute_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quileute Nation">Quileute Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_Indian_Nation" title="Quinault Indian Nation">Quinault Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_Indian_Nation" title="Samish Indian Nation">Samish Indian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk-Suiattle_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe">Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoalwater_Bay_Indian_Tribe" title="Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe">Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skokomish_Indian_Tribe" title="Skokomish Indian Tribe">Skokomish Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Indian_Tribe" title="Snoqualmie Indian Tribe">Snoqualmie Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Tribe_of_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane Tribe of Indians">Spokane Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaxin_Island_Tribe" title="Squaxin Island Tribe">Squaxin Island Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillaguamish_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians">Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Suquamish Tribe">Suquamish Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinomish_Indian_Tribal_Community" title="Swinomish Indian Tribal Community">Swinomish Indian Tribal Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulalip_Tribes" title="Tulalip Tribes">Tulalip Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Skagit_Indian_Tribe" title="Upper Skagit Indian Tribe">Upper Skagit Indian Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakama Nation">Yakama Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua%E2%80%93Clatskanie_language" title="Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemakum_language" title="Chemakum language">Chemakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quileute_language" title="Quileute language">Quileute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Chinook language">Lower Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville-Okanagan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Colville-Okanagan language">Colville-Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">(S')Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Salish-Spokane-Kalispel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade languages">Trade languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">Unclassified languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duwamish_Number_1_Site" title="Duwamish Number 1 Site">Duwamish Number 1 Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Wenatchee_Clovis_Site" title="East Wenatchee Clovis Site">East Wenatchee Clovis Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_Petrified_Forest_State_Park" title="Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park">Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lind_Coulee_Archaeological_Site" title="Lind Coulee Archaeological Site">Lind Coulee Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Snake_River_Archaeological_District" title="Lower Snake River Archaeological District">Lower Snake River Archaeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marymoor_Prehistoric_Indian_Site" title="Marymoor Prehistoric Indian Site">Marymoor Prehistoric Indian Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozette_Indian_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site">Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_House" title="Old Man House">Old Man House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmond_Town_Center_archaeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Redmond Town Center archaeological site">Redmond Town Center archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities_Archaeological_District" title="Tri-Cities Archaeological District">Tri-Cities Archaeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tse-whit-zen" title="Tse-whit-zen">Tse-whit-zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windust_Caves_Archaeological_District" title="Windust Caves Archaeological District">Windust Caves Archaeological District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%94%C3%A1l%CA%94al_Caf%C3%A9" title="ʔálʔal Café">ʔálʔal Café</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Seattle_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Seattle Club (page does not exist)">Chief Seattle Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daybreak_Star_Cultural_Center" title="Daybreak Star Cultural Center">Daybreak Star Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelooska_Museum" title="Lelooska Museum">Lelooska Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah_Museum" title="Makah Museum">Makah Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_College" title="Northwest Indian College">Northwest Indian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Portland_Area_Indian_Health_Board" title="Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board">Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinault_Cultural_Center_and_Museum" title="Quinault Cultural Center and Museum">Quinault Cultural Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suquamish_Museum" title="Suquamish Museum">Suquamish Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&oldid=1250974426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuwhaha&oldid=1250974426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coast_Salish" title="Category:Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_people_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Category:Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest">Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Washington_(state)" title="Category:History of Washington (state)">History of Washington (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Native American tribes in Washington (state)">Native American tribes in Washington (state)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nooksack-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nooksack-language text">Articles containing Nooksack-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lushootseed-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lushootseed-language text">Articles containing Lushootseed-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn 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