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} .loading { visibility: hidden; } .detail-page .post-footer .cmt_iframe_holder { padding-top: 40px !important; } /** Desktop **/ @media (max-width: 900px) { .col-right { display: none; } .col-main { margin-right: 0; min-width: initial; } .footer-outer { display: none; } .cols-wrapper { min-width: initial; } .google-footer-outer { background-color: #f5f5f5; } } /** Tablet **/ @media (max-width: 712px) { .header-outer, .cols-wrapper, .footer-outer, .google-footer-outer { padding: 0 40px; } } /* An extra breakpoint accommodating for long blog titles. */ @media (max-width: 600px) { .header-left { height: 100%; position: initial; top: inherit; margin-top: 0; -webkit-transform: initial; transform: initial; } .header-title { margin-top: 18px; } .header-inner { height: auto; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-top: 32px; } .header-desc { margin-top: 12px; } .header-inner .google-logo { height: 70px; margin-top: 3px; } .header-inner .google-logo img { height: 70px; } .header-title h2 { font-size: 32px; 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max-width: inherit; width: calc(100% + 32px); } .post-content table, .post-content td { width: 100%; } #blog-pager { margin: 0; padding: 16px 0; } /** List page tweaks. **/ .list-page .post-original { display: none; } .list-page .post-summary { display: block; } .list-page .comment-container { display: none; } .list-page #blog-pager { padding-top: 0; border: 0; margin-top: -8px; } .list-page .label-footer { display: none; } .list-page #main .post .post-footer { border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; margin: -16px 0 0 0; padding: 0 0 20px 0; } .list-page .post .share { display: none; } /** Detail page tweaks. **/ .detail-page .post-footer .cmt_iframe_holder { padding-top: 32px !important; } .detail-page .label-footer { margin-bottom: 0; } .detail-page #main .post .post-footer { padding-bottom: 0; } .detail-page #comments { display: none; } } [data-about-pullquote], [data-is-preview], [data-about-syndication] { display: none; } </style> <noscript> <style> .loading { visibility: visible }</style> </noscript> <script type='text/javascript'> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); 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//]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://blog.chromium.org/'> <img alt="Chromium Blog" height="50" src="//1.bp.blogspot.com/-vkF7AFJOwBk/VkQxeAGi1mI/AAAAAAAARYo/57denvsQ8zA/s1600-r/logo_chromium.png"> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Chromium Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> News and developments from the open source browser project </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='2433316463466189386' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/chrome-windows-performance-improvements-native-window-occlusion.html' itemprop='url' title='Chrome on Windows performance improvements and the journey of Native Window Occlusion'> Chrome on Windows performance improvements and the journey of Native Window Occlusion </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Thursday, December 9, 2021 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7fe984ee-7fff-3f35-da76-32a2b7f66d3a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnFszV3_OSq9fbqxZvxkYPqk82PcWjLOWM2tdQDkbL8DekbaVTQd-Pm-JqGbly7aHbS5sHAC3BlfoJvKdWtQJjTMu7WTuf0LE2v-H0u0uol7muwJIcSI4YdJUVc2bsn5t9I4fEp_ZuTip/s1999/image2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1999" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnFszV3_OSq9fbqxZvxkYPqk82PcWjLOWM2tdQDkbL8DekbaVTQd-Pm-JqGbly7aHbS5sHAC3BlfoJvKdWtQJjTMu7WTuf0LE2v-H0u0uol7muwJIcSI4YdJUVc2bsn5t9I4fEp_ZuTip/w636-h264/image2.jpg" width="636" /></a></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><br /><i>Whether you prefer organizing your browser with <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/manage-tabs-with-google-chrome/">tab groups</a>, <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/more-helpful-chrome-throughout-your-workday/#:~:text=memory%20and%20CPU.-,Name%20your%20windows%C2%A0,-To%20set%20myself">naming your windows</a>, <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/faster-chrome/#:~:text=Tabs%3A%20pin%20%E2%80%98em%2C%20group%20%E2%80%98em%2C%20and%20now%20search%20%E2%80%98em">tab search</a>, or another method, you have lots of features that help you get to the tabs you want. In this <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious">The Fast and the Curious</a> post, we describe how we use what windows are visible to you to optimize Chrome, <b>leading to 25.8% faster start up and 4.5% fewer crashes.</b></i></span><div><span><i><br /></i></span></div><div><i><br /></i><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Background</span></h1>For several years, to improve the user experience, Chrome has lowered the priority of background tabs<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span>. For example, JavaScript is throttled in background tabs, and these tabs don’t <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/multi-process-architecture">render </a>web content. This reduces CPU, GPU and memory usage, which leaves more memory, CPU and GPU for foreground tabs that the user actually sees. However, the logic was limited to tabs that weren't focused in their window, or windows that were minimized or otherwise moved offscreen.<br /><br />Through experiments, we found that nearly 20% of Chrome windows are completely covered by other windows, i.e., occluded. If these occluded windows were treated like background tabs, our hypothesis was that we would see significant performance benefits. So, around three years ago, we started working on a project to track the occlusion state of each Chrome window in real time, and lower the priority of tabs in occluded windows. We called this project Native Window Occlusion, because we had to know about the location of native, non-Chrome windows on the user’s screen. (The location information is discarded immediately after it is used in the occlusion calculation.)</div><div><span><br /></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Calculating Native Window Occlusion</span></h1><span>The Windows OS doesn’t provide a direct way to find out if a window is completely covered by other windows, so Chrome has to figure it out on its own. If we only had to worry about other Chrome windows, this would be simple because we know where Chrome windows are, but we have to consider all the non-Chrome windows a user might have open, and know about anything that happens that might change whether Chrome windows are occluded or not.<br /><br />There are two main pieces to keeping track of which Chrome windows are occluded. The first is the occlusion calculation, which consists of iterating over the open windows on the desktop, in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-order"> z-order</a> (front to back) and seeing if the windows in front of a Chrome window completely cover it. The second piece is deciding when to do the occlusion calculation.</span></div><div><span><br /></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Calculating Occlusion</span></h1><span>In theory, figuring out which windows are occluded is fairly simple. In practice, however, there are lots of complications, such as <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/gdi/multiple-monitor-system-metrics">multi-monitor setups</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/shobjidl_core/nn-shobjidl_core-ivirtualdesktopmanager">virtual desktops</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-getlayeredwindowattributes">non-opaque windows</a>, and even <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwmwindowattribute">cloaked windows</a>(!). This needs to be done with great care, because if we decide that a window is occluded when in fact it is visible to the user, then the area where the user expects to see web contents will be white. We also don’t want to block the UI thread while doing the occlusion calculation, because that could reduce the responsiveness of Chrome and degrade the user experience. So, we compute occlusion on a separate thread, as follows:<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span>Ignore minimized windows, since they’re not visible.</span></li><li><span>Mark Chrome windows on a different virtual desktop as occluded.</span></li><li><span>Compute the virtual screen rectangle, which combines the display monitors. This is the unoccluded screen rectangle.</span></li><li>Iterate over the open windows on the desktop from front to back, ignoring invisible windows, transparent windows, floating windows (windows with style <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winmsg/extended-window-styles">WS_EX_TOOLBAR</a>), cloaked windows, windows on other virtual desktops, non-rectangular windows<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span>, etc. Ignoring these kinds of windows may cause some occluded windows to be considered visible (false negatives) but importantly it won’t lead to treating visible windows as occluded (false positives). For each window:</li><ul><li><span>Subtract the window's area from the unoccluded screen rectangle.</span></li><li><span>If the window is a Chrome window, check if its area overlapped with the unoccluded area. If it didn’t, that means the Chrome window is completely covered by previous windows, so it is occluded.</span></li></ul><li><span>Keep iterating until all Chrome windows are captured.</span></li><li>At this point, any Chrome window that we haven’t marked occluded is visible, and we’re done computing occlusion. Whew! Now we post a task to the UI thread to update the visibility of the Chrome windows.</li><li>This is all done without synchronization locks, so the occlusion calculation has minimal effect on the UI thread, e.g., it will not ever block the UI thread and degrade the user experience.</li></ol>For more detailed implementation information, see the <a href="https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:docs/windows_native_window_occlusion_tracking.md">documentation</a>.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Deciding When to Calculate Occlusion</span></h1>We don’t want to continuously calculate occlusion because it would degrade the performance of Chrome, so we need to know when a window might become visible or occluded. Fortunately, Windows lets you track various system events, like windows moving or getting resized/maximized/minimized. The occlusion-calculation thread tells Windows that it wants to track those events, and when notified of an event, it examines the event to decide whether to do a new occlusion calculation. Because we may get several events in a very short time, we don’t calculate occlusion more than once every 16 milliseconds, which corresponds to the time a single frame is displayed, assuming a frame rate of 60 frames per second (fps).<br /><br />Some of the events we listen for are windows getting activated or deactivated, windows moving or resizing, the user locking or unlocking the screen, turning off the monitor, etc. We don’t want to calculate occlusion more than necessary, but we don’t want to miss an event that causes a window to become visible, because if we do, the user will see a white area where their web contents should be. It’s a delicate balance<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span>.<br /><br />The events we listen for are focused on whether a Chrome window is occluded. For example, moving the mouse generates a lot of events, and cursors generate an event for every blink, so we ignore events that aren’t for window objects. We also ignore events for most popup windows, so that tooltips getting shown doesn’t trigger an occlusion calculation.<br /><br />The occlusion thread tells Windows that it wants to know about various Windows events. The UI thread tells Windows that it wants to know when there are major state changes, e.g., the monitor is powered off, or the user locks the screen.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrZ4rNITxC_LTgirCCPJ-nPrAEMEIz4_LAHTWRI7ZDKj3aFjb-QnnIzihx3W6-GNRkF6nnw1OHxF9bJ8u9b0mzrfA-dahpyY4QrI1LfFeibQXcZLlzrBNkqAW6fChQAEAaHIk1elJTMOj/s1999/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="1999" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrZ4rNITxC_LTgirCCPJ-nPrAEMEIz4_LAHTWRI7ZDKj3aFjb-QnnIzihx3W6-GNRkF6nnw1OHxF9bJ8u9b0mzrfA-dahpyY4QrI1LfFeibQXcZLlzrBNkqAW6fChQAEAaHIk1elJTMOj/w607-h404/image1.png" width="607" /></a><br /> <br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Results</span></h1>This feature was developed behind an <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/experiments">experiment</a> to measure its effect and rolled out to 100% of Chrome Windows users in October 2020 as part of the M86 release. Our metrics show significant performance benefits with the feature turned on:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span>8.5% to 25.8% faster startup</span></li><li><span>3.1% reduction in GPU memory usage</span></li><li><span>20.4% fewer renderer frames drawn overall</span></li><li><span>4.5% fewer clients experiencing renderer crashes</span></li><li><span>3.0% improvement in <a href="https://web.dev/fid/">first input delay</a></span></li><li><span>6.7% improvement in <a href="https://web.dev/fcp/">first contentful paint</a> and <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/">largest contentful paint</a></span></li></ul>A reason for the startup and first-contentful-paint improvements is when Chrome restores two or more full-screen windows when starting up, one of the windows is likely to be occluded. Chrome will now skip much of the work for that window, thus saving resources for the more important foreground window.<br /><br />Posted by David Bienvenu, Chrome Developer<br /><br /><i>Data source for all statistics: <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#usagestats">Real-world data</a> anonymously aggregated from Chrome clients.</i></div><div><span><i>[1] Note that certain tabs are exempt from having their priority lowered, e.g., tabs playing audio or video.</i></span></div><div><span><i>[2] Non-rectangular windows complicate the calculations and were thought to be rare, but it turns out non-rectangular windows are common on Windows 7, due to some quirks of the default Windows 7 theme.</i></span></div><div><i>[3] When this was initially launched, we quickly discovered that Citrix users were getting white windows whenever another user locked their screen, due to Windows sending us session changed notifications for sessions that were not the current session. For the details, look <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1024837">here</a>.</i></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <span id="docs-internal-guid-7fe984ee-7fff-3f35-da76-32a2b7f66d3a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnFszV3_OSq9fbqxZvxkYPqk82PcWjLOWM2tdQDkbL8DekbaVTQd-Pm-JqGbly7aHbS5sHAC3BlfoJvKdWtQJjTMu7WTuf0LE2v-H0u0uol7muwJIcSI4YdJUVc2bsn5t9I4fEp_ZuTip/s1999/image2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1999" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnFszV3_OSq9fbqxZvxkYPqk82PcWjLOWM2tdQDkbL8DekbaVTQd-Pm-JqGbly7aHbS5sHAC3BlfoJvKdWtQJjTMu7WTuf0LE2v-H0u0uol7muwJIcSI4YdJUVc2bsn5t9I4fEp_ZuTip/w636-h264/image2.jpg" width="636" /></a></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><br /><i>Whether you prefer organizing your browser with <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/manage-tabs-with-google-chrome/">tab groups</a>, <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/more-helpful-chrome-throughout-your-workday/#:~:text=memory%20and%20CPU.-,Name%20your%20windows%C2%A0,-To%20set%20myself">naming your windows</a>, <a href="https://blog.google/products/chrome/faster-chrome/#:~:text=Tabs%3A%20pin%20%E2%80%98em%2C%20group%20%E2%80%98em%2C%20and%20now%20search%20%E2%80%98em">tab search</a>, or another method, you have lots of features that help you get to the tabs you want. In this <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious">The Fast and the Curious</a> post, we describe how we use what windows are visible to you to optimize Chrome, <b>leading to 25.8% faster start up and 4.5% fewer crashes.</b></i></span><div><span><i><br /></i></span></div><div><i><br /></i><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Background</span></h1>For several years, to improve the user experience, Chrome has lowered the priority of background tabs<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span>. For example, JavaScript is throttled in background tabs, and these tabs don’t <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/multi-process-architecture">render </a>web content. This reduces CPU, GPU and memory usage, which leaves more memory, CPU and GPU for foreground tabs that the user actually sees. However, the logic was limited to tabs that weren't focused in their window, or windows that were minimized or otherwise moved offscreen.<br /><br />Through experiments, we found that nearly 20% of Chrome windows are completely covered by other windows, i.e., occluded. If these occluded windows were treated like background tabs, our hypothesis was that we would see significant performance benefits. So, around three years ago, we started working on a project to track the occlusion state of each Chrome window in real time, and lower the priority of tabs in occluded windows. We called this project Native Window Occlusion, because we had to know about the location of native, non-Chrome windows on the user’s screen. (The location information is discarded immediately after it is used in the occlusion calculation.)</div><div><span><br /></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Calculating Native Window Occlusion</span></h1><span>The Windows OS doesn’t provide a direct way to find out if a window is completely covered by other windows, so Chrome has to figure it out on its own. If we only had to worry about other Chrome windows, this would be simple because we know where Chrome windows are, but we have to consider all the non-Chrome windows a user might have open, and know about anything that happens that might change whether Chrome windows are occluded or not.<br /><br />There are two main pieces to keeping track of which Chrome windows are occluded. The first is the occlusion calculation, which consists of iterating over the open windows on the desktop, in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-order"> z-order</a> (front to back) and seeing if the windows in front of a Chrome window completely cover it. The second piece is deciding when to do the occlusion calculation.</span></div><div><span><br /></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Calculating Occlusion</span></h1><span>In theory, figuring out which windows are occluded is fairly simple. In practice, however, there are lots of complications, such as <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/gdi/multiple-monitor-system-metrics">multi-monitor setups</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/shobjidl_core/nn-shobjidl_core-ivirtualdesktopmanager">virtual desktops</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-getlayeredwindowattributes">non-opaque windows</a>, and even <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwmwindowattribute">cloaked windows</a>(!). This needs to be done with great care, because if we decide that a window is occluded when in fact it is visible to the user, then the area where the user expects to see web contents will be white. We also don’t want to block the UI thread while doing the occlusion calculation, because that could reduce the responsiveness of Chrome and degrade the user experience. So, we compute occlusion on a separate thread, as follows:<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span>Ignore minimized windows, since they’re not visible.</span></li><li><span>Mark Chrome windows on a different virtual desktop as occluded.</span></li><li><span>Compute the virtual screen rectangle, which combines the display monitors. This is the unoccluded screen rectangle.</span></li><li>Iterate over the open windows on the desktop from front to back, ignoring invisible windows, transparent windows, floating windows (windows with style <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winmsg/extended-window-styles">WS_EX_TOOLBAR</a>), cloaked windows, windows on other virtual desktops, non-rectangular windows<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span>, etc. Ignoring these kinds of windows may cause some occluded windows to be considered visible (false negatives) but importantly it won’t lead to treating visible windows as occluded (false positives). For each window:</li><ul><li><span>Subtract the window's area from the unoccluded screen rectangle.</span></li><li><span>If the window is a Chrome window, check if its area overlapped with the unoccluded area. If it didn’t, that means the Chrome window is completely covered by previous windows, so it is occluded.</span></li></ul><li><span>Keep iterating until all Chrome windows are captured.</span></li><li>At this point, any Chrome window that we haven’t marked occluded is visible, and we’re done computing occlusion. Whew! Now we post a task to the UI thread to update the visibility of the Chrome windows.</li><li>This is all done without synchronization locks, so the occlusion calculation has minimal effect on the UI thread, e.g., it will not ever block the UI thread and degrade the user experience.</li></ol>For more detailed implementation information, see the <a href="https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:docs/windows_native_window_occlusion_tracking.md">documentation</a>.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Deciding When to Calculate Occlusion</span></h1>We don’t want to continuously calculate occlusion because it would degrade the performance of Chrome, so we need to know when a window might become visible or occluded. Fortunately, Windows lets you track various system events, like windows moving or getting resized/maximized/minimized. The occlusion-calculation thread tells Windows that it wants to track those events, and when notified of an event, it examines the event to decide whether to do a new occlusion calculation. Because we may get several events in a very short time, we don’t calculate occlusion more than once every 16 milliseconds, which corresponds to the time a single frame is displayed, assuming a frame rate of 60 frames per second (fps).<br /><br />Some of the events we listen for are windows getting activated or deactivated, windows moving or resizing, the user locking or unlocking the screen, turning off the monitor, etc. We don’t want to calculate occlusion more than necessary, but we don’t want to miss an event that causes a window to become visible, because if we do, the user will see a white area where their web contents should be. It’s a delicate balance<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3]</span>.<br /><br />The events we listen for are focused on whether a Chrome window is occluded. For example, moving the mouse generates a lot of events, and cursors generate an event for every blink, so we ignore events that aren’t for window objects. We also ignore events for most popup windows, so that tooltips getting shown doesn’t trigger an occlusion calculation.<br /><br />The occlusion thread tells Windows that it wants to know about various Windows events. The UI thread tells Windows that it wants to know when there are major state changes, e.g., the monitor is powered off, or the user locks the screen.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrZ4rNITxC_LTgirCCPJ-nPrAEMEIz4_LAHTWRI7ZDKj3aFjb-QnnIzihx3W6-GNRkF6nnw1OHxF9bJ8u9b0mzrfA-dahpyY4QrI1LfFeibQXcZLlzrBNkqAW6fChQAEAaHIk1elJTMOj/s1999/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="1999" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrZ4rNITxC_LTgirCCPJ-nPrAEMEIz4_LAHTWRI7ZDKj3aFjb-QnnIzihx3W6-GNRkF6nnw1OHxF9bJ8u9b0mzrfA-dahpyY4QrI1LfFeibQXcZLlzrBNkqAW6fChQAEAaHIk1elJTMOj/w607-h404/image1.png" width="607" /></a><br /> <br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span>Results</span></h1>This feature was developed behind an <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/experiments">experiment</a> to measure its effect and rolled out to 100% of Chrome Windows users in October 2020 as part of the M86 release. Our metrics show significant performance benefits with the feature turned on:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span>8.5% to 25.8% faster startup</span></li><li><span>3.1% reduction in GPU memory usage</span></li><li><span>20.4% fewer renderer frames drawn overall</span></li><li><span>4.5% fewer clients experiencing renderer crashes</span></li><li><span>3.0% improvement in <a href="https://web.dev/fid/">first input delay</a></span></li><li><span>6.7% improvement in <a href="https://web.dev/fcp/">first contentful paint</a> and <a href="https://web.dev/lcp/">largest contentful paint</a></span></li></ul>A reason for the startup and first-contentful-paint improvements is when Chrome restores two or more full-screen windows when starting up, one of the windows is likely to be occluded. Chrome will now skip much of the work for that window, thus saving resources for the more important foreground window.<br /><br />Posted by David Bienvenu, Chrome Developer<br /><br /><i>Data source for all statistics: <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#usagestats">Real-world data</a> anonymously aggregated from Chrome clients.</i></div><div><span><i>[1] Note that certain tabs are exempt from having their priority lowered, e.g., tabs playing audio or video.</i></span></div><div><span><i>[2] Non-rectangular windows complicate the calculations and were thought to be rare, but it turns out non-rectangular windows are common on Windows 7, due to some quirks of the default Windows 7 theme.</i></span></div><div><i>[3] When this was initially launched, we quickly discovered that Citrix users were getting white windows whenever another user locked their screen, due to Windows sending us session changed notifications for sessions that were not the current session. For the details, look <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1024837">here</a>.</i></div> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:Chrome on Windows performance improvements and the journey of Native Window Occlusion&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/chrome-windows-performance-improvements-native-window-occlusion.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/chrome-windows-performance-improvements-native-window-occlusion.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/chrome-windows-performance-improvements-native-window-occlusion.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance' rel='tag'> performance </a> , <a class='label' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious' rel='tag'> the fast and the curious </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='9207931682847107271' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/faster-chrome-let-the-compiler-do-the-work.html' itemprop='url' title='Faster Chrome - Let The Compiler do the work'> Faster Chrome - Let The Compiler do the work </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Wednesday, December 1, 2021 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMoYEIdhyB0zEy13cEqUkDosQm9WTI6b2uOlS2-FwwfovfDeub91dbJzjB7sVqp8JvRptqT032o0hywAGouB6SoELn9Zo6z8dRoT2_hWx-qYiTydYtltYbQt_sf2b206JRfIgAEm0xdNV/s1999/image1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1999" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMoYEIdhyB0zEy13cEqUkDosQm9WTI6b2uOlS2-FwwfovfDeub91dbJzjB7sVqp8JvRptqT032o0hywAGouB6SoELn9Zo6z8dRoT2_hWx-qYiTydYtltYbQt_sf2b206JRfIgAEm0xdNV/w578-h240/image1.jpg" width="578" /></a><br /><br /><i>Chrome is fast, but there's always room for improvement. Often, that's achieved by carefully crafting the algorithms that make up Chrome. But there's a lot of Chrome, so why not let computers do at least some part of our work? In this installment of <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious">The Fast And the Curious</a>, we'll show you several changes in how we build Chrome to achieve a <b>25.8% higher score on Speedometer on Windows and a 22.0% increase in browser responsiveness. </b><br /></i><br /><br /><div><h1 style="text-align: left;">Why speed?</h1>So why do we care about performance benchmarks? It's not a simple "higher numbers is better" chasing of achievements - performance was so important to Chrome that we embedded in our <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/core-principles">core principles</a>, the "4Ss" - Speed, Security, Stability, Simplicity. And speed matters because we want a browser that responds quickly. Speed matters so much because we want to build a faster and more responsive browser. And by improving the speed of the browser, there's the additional benefit of maximizing battery use, so you don't have to charge your laptop/devices as often.<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">Speed? Size? Something Else?</h1>Let's look at a typical optimization.<br /><br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier;">  for</span><span style="font-family: courier;">(</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier;">int</span><span style="font-family: courier;"> j = </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: courier;">0</span><span style="font-family: courier;">; j < </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: courier;">5</span><span style="font-family: courier;">; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />The compiler can either compile this as a loop (<a href="https://godbolt.org/z/ja7d6x7hE">smaller</a>), or turn it into five additions in a row (<a href="https://godbolt.org/z/x76PohPz9">faster, but bigger</a>)<br /><br />You save the cost of checking the end of the loop and incrementing a variable every time through the loop. But in exchange, you now have many repeated calls to foo(). If foo() is called a lot, that is a lot of space.<br /><br />And while speed matters a lot, we also care about binary size. (Yes, we see your memes!) And that tradeoff - exchanging speed for memory, and vice versa, holds for a lot of compiler optimizations.<br /><br />So how do you decide if the cost is worth it? One good way is to optimize for speed in areas that are run often, because your speed wins accumulate each time you run a function. You could just guess at what you inline (your compiler can do this, it's called "a heuristic", it's an educated guess), and then measure speed and code size.<br /><br />The result: Likely faster. Likely larger. Is that good?<br /><br />Ask any engineer a question like that, and they will answer “It depends”. So, how do you get an answer?<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">The More You Know… (profiling & PGO)</h1>The best way to make a decision is with data. We collect data based on what gets run a lot, and what gets run a little. We do that for several different scenarios, because our users do lots of different things with Chrome and want them to be fast.<br /><br />Our goal is collecting performance data in various scenarios, and using that to guide the compiler. There are 3 steps needed:<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Instrument for profiling</li><li>Run that instrumented executable in various scenarios</li><li>Use the resulting performance profile to guide the compiler. </li></ol><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UX1Gvrp7O9Z9l6q7atdjs1E8XhJ4nWxlLZboPoann09dFmi9NVimkKdN_3nyMCyhOXylL70s2ip_BsgrkIhzseLa7vIK52NVFAdol5SWeASSrfG0NYL6KhugX5C4wXI0gnHx9nBkpm9l/s1999/image2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="1999" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UX1Gvrp7O9Z9l6q7atdjs1E8XhJ4nWxlLZboPoann09dFmi9NVimkKdN_3nyMCyhOXylL70s2ip_BsgrkIhzseLa7vIK52NVFAdol5SWeASSrfG0NYL6KhugX5C4wXI0gnHx9nBkpm9l/w548-h365/image2.png" width="548" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;">But we can do more (ThinLTO)</h1>That's a good start, but we can do better. Let's look at inlining - the compiler takes the code of a called function and inserts all of it at the callsite.<br /> <br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">inline</span> int foo() { <span style="color: #2b00fe;">return</span> <span style="color: #38761d;">3</span>; };</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver_inline(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  <span style="color: #2b00fe;">for</span>(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> j = <span style="color: #38761d;">0</span>; j < <span style="color: #38761d;">5</span>; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />When the compiler inlines foo(), it turns into<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver_inline(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">  for</span>(int j = <span style="color: #38761d;">0</span>; j < <span style="color: #38761d;">5</span>; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + 3;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />Not bad - saves us the function call and all the setup that goes with having a function. But the compiler can in fact even do better - because now all the information is in one place. The compiler can apply that knowledge and deduce that fiver_inline() adds the number three and does so 5 times - and so the entire code is <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/dY1vGPYbj">boiled down to</a><br /> <br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: courier;"> return num + 15;</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />Which is awesome! But the compiler can only do this if the source code for foo() and the location where it is called are in the same source file - otherwise, the compiler does not know what to inline. (That's the fiver() example). A trivial way around that is to combine all the source files into one giant source file and compile and link that in one go.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BzcLrQhHkvTNWkCVVYvXvGRC_a3s8XQ5WiLaUvbQZ6ipn_dafovEHOsIVPVw-E4BqniRWroaVW-02S38rYaLjyDNbrduQfOUF4tDvQIrdLe4q1-4uF8dbBHVtGc4DWXvSMawVRjAIYNz/s1999/image4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1999" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BzcLrQhHkvTNWkCVVYvXvGRC_a3s8XQ5WiLaUvbQZ6ipn_dafovEHOsIVPVw-E4BqniRWroaVW-02S38rYaLjyDNbrduQfOUF4tDvQIrdLe4q1-4uF8dbBHVtGc4DWXvSMawVRjAIYNz/w577-h384/image4.png" width="577" /></a><br /><br /><br />There's just one downside - that approach needs to generate all of the machine code for Chrome, all the time. Change one line in one file, compile all of Chrome. And there's a lot of Chrome. It also effectively disables caching build results and so makes remote compilation much less useful. (And we rely a lot on remote compilation & caching so we can quickly build new versions of Chrome.)<br /><br />So, back to the drawing board. The core insight is that each source file only needs to include a few functions - it doesn't need to see every single other file. All that's needed is "cleverly" mixing the right inline functions into the right source files. <br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt3Ouc89cdmpjZsdj3zaVYfBr5fjS3VYwqkW2QORzF3vhll3kDLAdvYIE_vovOWUjDwHr7DXt3UpKLesNGxBD3CszjSbf4xgDRk-AzMgMq7lTrlIIXY6rpgXx9p17Ws5aoMYEWZO5k5p4/s1999/image3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1999" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt3Ouc89cdmpjZsdj3zaVYfBr5fjS3VYwqkW2QORzF3vhll3kDLAdvYIE_vovOWUjDwHr7DXt3UpKLesNGxBD3CszjSbf4xgDRk-AzMgMq7lTrlIIXY6rpgXx9p17Ws5aoMYEWZO5k5p4/w608-h405/image3.png" width="608" /></a><br /><br /><br />Now we're back to compiling individual source files. Distributed/cached compilation works again, small changes don't cause a full rebuild, and since "ThinLTO" does just inline a few functions, and it is relatively little overhead.<br /><br />Of course, the question of "which functions should ThinLTO inline?" still needs to be answered. And the answer is still "the ones that are small and called a lot". Hey, we know those already - from the profiles we generated for Profile Guided Optimization (PGO). Talk about lucky coincidences!<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">But wait, there's more! (Callgraph Sorting)</h1>We've done a lot for inlined function calls. Is there anything we can do to speed up functions that haven't been inlined, too? Turns out there is. <br /><br />One important factor is that the CPU doesn't fetch data byte by byte, but in chunks. And so, if we could ensure that a chunk of data doesn't just contain the function we need right now, but ideally also the ones that we'll need next, we could ensure that we have to go out and get chunks of data less often.<br /><br />In other words, we want functions that are called right after the other to live next to each other in memory also ("code locality"). And we already know which functions are called close to each other - because we ran our profiling and stored performance profiles for PGO.<br /><br />We can then use that information to ensure that the right functions are next to each other when we link.<br /><br /><br />I.e.<br /><br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;">g.c</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f2();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f3();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  int g() {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    for(..) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">      f3();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  }</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  f2();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />could be interpreted as "g() calls f3() a lot - so keep that one really close. f1() is called twice, so… somewhat close. And if we can squeeze in f2, even better". The calling sequence is a "call graph", and so this sorting process is called "call graph sorting".<br /><br />Just changing the order of functions in memory might not sound like a lot, but it leads to <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1113282">~3% performance improvement</a>. And to know which functions calls which other ones a lot… yep. You guessed it. Our profiles from the PGO work pay off again.<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">One more thing.</h1>It turns out that the compiler can make even more use of that profile data for PGO. (Not a surprise - once you know where the slow spots are, exactly, you can do a lot to improve!). To make use of that, and enable further improvements, LLVM has something called the "new pass manager". In a nutshell, it's a new way to run optimizations within LLVM, and it helps a lot with PGO. For much more detail, I'd suggest reading the <a href="https://blog.llvm.org/posts/2021-03-26-the-new-pass-manager/">LLVM blog post</a>. <br /><br />Turning that on leads to another ~3% performance increase, and ~9MB size reduction.<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 style="text-align: left;">Why Now?</h1>Good question. One part of that is that PGO & profiling unlock an entire new set of optimizations, as you've seen above. It makes sense to do that all in one go. <br /><br />The other reason is our toolchain. We used to have a colorful mix of different technologies for compilers and linkers on different platforms.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfNBpFNKtZU6og2qYYDDCMy-zyUx3BfEM1JtiTghtW28hCZgL8MZ3Hm-lTCyTvM-9rlUTsrKvQjPHvIzLmivvfPyjukj4a72vDkcwP2Dj5kGCwCr1cjQt1Vt79LladQN140itD6tavWMj/s916/9NcAMNnoAe52Ly9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="916" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfNBpFNKtZU6og2qYYDDCMy-zyUx3BfEM1JtiTghtW28hCZgL8MZ3Hm-lTCyTvM-9rlUTsrKvQjPHvIzLmivvfPyjukj4a72vDkcwP2Dj5kGCwCr1cjQt1Vt79LladQN140itD6tavWMj/w478-h166/9NcAMNnoAe52Ly9.png" width="478" /></a><br /><br /><br />And since this work requires changes to compilers and linkers, that would mean changing the build - and testing it - across 5 compilers and 4 linkers. But, thankfully, we've simplified our toolchain (Simplicity - another one of the 4S's!). To be able to do this, we worked with the LLVM community to make clang a great <a href="https://blog.llvm.org/2018/03/clang-is-now-used-to-build-chrome-for.html">Windows compiler</a>, in addition to partnering with the LLVM community to create new ELF (Linux), COFF (Windows), and Mach-O (macOS, iOS) linkers.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiif6su4dE04GQyDm7D6oXewenzOOb-2vHpA0asi8HUFB0F1rkXYna3j0tsEX0Z-iGzQoGI5p0Qm4Sk2oPGvgr_zwII8TY9HS6hWK6TxS_0ODeTjvfeOsaZhS6-oJ7ovc94rSRtjz_jMn2H/s921/7kspjpiq3gfYBFE.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="921" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiif6su4dE04GQyDm7D6oXewenzOOb-2vHpA0asi8HUFB0F1rkXYna3j0tsEX0Z-iGzQoGI5p0Qm4Sk2oPGvgr_zwII8TY9HS6hWK6TxS_0ODeTjvfeOsaZhS6-oJ7ovc94rSRtjz_jMn2H/w476-h167/7kspjpiq3gfYBFE.png" width="476" /></a><br /><br /><br />And suddenly, it's only a single toolchain to fix. (Almost. LTO for lld on MacOS is <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=471146">being worked on</a>).<br /><br />Sometimes, the best way to get more speed is not to change the code you wrote, but to change the way you build the software.<br /><br />Posted by Rachel Blum, Engineering Director, Chrome Desktop</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Data source for all statistics: <a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/">Speedometer 2.0</a>.</i><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMoYEIdhyB0zEy13cEqUkDosQm9WTI6b2uOlS2-FwwfovfDeub91dbJzjB7sVqp8JvRptqT032o0hywAGouB6SoELn9Zo6z8dRoT2_hWx-qYiTydYtltYbQt_sf2b206JRfIgAEm0xdNV/s1999/image1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1999" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMoYEIdhyB0zEy13cEqUkDosQm9WTI6b2uOlS2-FwwfovfDeub91dbJzjB7sVqp8JvRptqT032o0hywAGouB6SoELn9Zo6z8dRoT2_hWx-qYiTydYtltYbQt_sf2b206JRfIgAEm0xdNV/w578-h240/image1.jpg" width="578" /></a><br /><br /><i>Chrome is fast, but there's always room for improvement. Often, that's achieved by carefully crafting the algorithms that make up Chrome. But there's a lot of Chrome, so why not let computers do at least some part of our work? In this installment of <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious">The Fast And the Curious</a>, we'll show you several changes in how we build Chrome to achieve a <b>25.8% higher score on Speedometer on Windows and a 22.0% increase in browser responsiveness. </b><br /></i><br /><br /><div><h1 style="text-align: left;">Why speed?</h1>So why do we care about performance benchmarks? It's not a simple "higher numbers is better" chasing of achievements - performance was so important to Chrome that we embedded in our <a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/core-principles">core principles</a>, the "4Ss" - Speed, Security, Stability, Simplicity. And speed matters because we want a browser that responds quickly. Speed matters so much because we want to build a faster and more responsive browser. And by improving the speed of the browser, there's the additional benefit of maximizing battery use, so you don't have to charge your laptop/devices as often.<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">Speed? Size? Something Else?</h1>Let's look at a typical optimization.<br /><br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier;">  for</span><span style="font-family: courier;">(</span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier;">int</span><span style="font-family: courier;"> j = </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: courier;">0</span><span style="font-family: courier;">; j < </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: courier;">5</span><span style="font-family: courier;">; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />The compiler can either compile this as a loop (<a href="https://godbolt.org/z/ja7d6x7hE">smaller</a>), or turn it into five additions in a row (<a href="https://godbolt.org/z/x76PohPz9">faster, but bigger</a>)<br /><br />You save the cost of checking the end of the loop and incrementing a variable every time through the loop. But in exchange, you now have many repeated calls to foo(). If foo() is called a lot, that is a lot of space.<br /><br />And while speed matters a lot, we also care about binary size. (Yes, we see your memes!) And that tradeoff - exchanging speed for memory, and vice versa, holds for a lot of compiler optimizations.<br /><br />So how do you decide if the cost is worth it? One good way is to optimize for speed in areas that are run often, because your speed wins accumulate each time you run a function. You could just guess at what you inline (your compiler can do this, it's called "a heuristic", it's an educated guess), and then measure speed and code size.<br /><br />The result: Likely faster. Likely larger. Is that good?<br /><br />Ask any engineer a question like that, and they will answer “It depends”. So, how do you get an answer?<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">The More You Know… (profiling & PGO)</h1>The best way to make a decision is with data. We collect data based on what gets run a lot, and what gets run a little. We do that for several different scenarios, because our users do lots of different things with Chrome and want them to be fast.<br /><br />Our goal is collecting performance data in various scenarios, and using that to guide the compiler. There are 3 steps needed:<br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Instrument for profiling</li><li>Run that instrumented executable in various scenarios</li><li>Use the resulting performance profile to guide the compiler. </li></ol><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UX1Gvrp7O9Z9l6q7atdjs1E8XhJ4nWxlLZboPoann09dFmi9NVimkKdN_3nyMCyhOXylL70s2ip_BsgrkIhzseLa7vIK52NVFAdol5SWeASSrfG0NYL6KhugX5C4wXI0gnHx9nBkpm9l/s1999/image2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="1999" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8UX1Gvrp7O9Z9l6q7atdjs1E8XhJ4nWxlLZboPoann09dFmi9NVimkKdN_3nyMCyhOXylL70s2ip_BsgrkIhzseLa7vIK52NVFAdol5SWeASSrfG0NYL6KhugX5C4wXI0gnHx9nBkpm9l/w548-h365/image2.png" width="548" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: left;">But we can do more (ThinLTO)</h1>That's a good start, but we can do better. Let's look at inlining - the compiler takes the code of a called function and inserts all of it at the callsite.<br /> <br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">inline</span> int foo() { <span style="color: #2b00fe;">return</span> <span style="color: #38761d;">3</span>; };</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver_inline(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  <span style="color: #2b00fe;">for</span>(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> j = <span style="color: #38761d;">0</span>; j < <span style="color: #38761d;">5</span>; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + foo();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />When the compiler inlines foo(), it turns into<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> fiver_inline(<span style="color: #2b00fe;">int</span> num) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">  for</span>(int j = <span style="color: #38761d;">0</span>; j < <span style="color: #38761d;">5</span>; j++)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    num = num + 3;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> return</span> num;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />Not bad - saves us the function call and all the setup that goes with having a function. But the compiler can in fact even do better - because now all the information is in one place. The compiler can apply that knowledge and deduce that fiver_inline() adds the number three and does so 5 times - and so the entire code is <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/dY1vGPYbj">boiled down to</a><br /> <br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: courier;"> return num + 15;</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />Which is awesome! But the compiler can only do this if the source code for foo() and the location where it is called are in the same source file - otherwise, the compiler does not know what to inline. (That's the fiver() example). A trivial way around that is to combine all the source files into one giant source file and compile and link that in one go.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BzcLrQhHkvTNWkCVVYvXvGRC_a3s8XQ5WiLaUvbQZ6ipn_dafovEHOsIVPVw-E4BqniRWroaVW-02S38rYaLjyDNbrduQfOUF4tDvQIrdLe4q1-4uF8dbBHVtGc4DWXvSMawVRjAIYNz/s1999/image4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1999" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8BzcLrQhHkvTNWkCVVYvXvGRC_a3s8XQ5WiLaUvbQZ6ipn_dafovEHOsIVPVw-E4BqniRWroaVW-02S38rYaLjyDNbrduQfOUF4tDvQIrdLe4q1-4uF8dbBHVtGc4DWXvSMawVRjAIYNz/w577-h384/image4.png" width="577" /></a><br /><br /><br />There's just one downside - that approach needs to generate all of the machine code for Chrome, all the time. Change one line in one file, compile all of Chrome. And there's a lot of Chrome. It also effectively disables caching build results and so makes remote compilation much less useful. (And we rely a lot on remote compilation & caching so we can quickly build new versions of Chrome.)<br /><br />So, back to the drawing board. The core insight is that each source file only needs to include a few functions - it doesn't need to see every single other file. All that's needed is "cleverly" mixing the right inline functions into the right source files. <br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt3Ouc89cdmpjZsdj3zaVYfBr5fjS3VYwqkW2QORzF3vhll3kDLAdvYIE_vovOWUjDwHr7DXt3UpKLesNGxBD3CszjSbf4xgDRk-AzMgMq7lTrlIIXY6rpgXx9p17Ws5aoMYEWZO5k5p4/s1999/image3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1999" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt3Ouc89cdmpjZsdj3zaVYfBr5fjS3VYwqkW2QORzF3vhll3kDLAdvYIE_vovOWUjDwHr7DXt3UpKLesNGxBD3CszjSbf4xgDRk-AzMgMq7lTrlIIXY6rpgXx9p17Ws5aoMYEWZO5k5p4/w608-h405/image3.png" width="608" /></a><br /><br /><br />Now we're back to compiling individual source files. Distributed/cached compilation works again, small changes don't cause a full rebuild, and since "ThinLTO" does just inline a few functions, and it is relatively little overhead.<br /><br />Of course, the question of "which functions should ThinLTO inline?" still needs to be answered. And the answer is still "the ones that are small and called a lot". Hey, we know those already - from the profiles we generated for Profile Guided Optimization (PGO). Talk about lucky coincidences!<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">But wait, there's more! (Callgraph Sorting)</h1>We've done a lot for inlined function calls. Is there anything we can do to speed up functions that haven't been inlined, too? Turns out there is. <br /><br />One important factor is that the CPU doesn't fetch data byte by byte, but in chunks. And so, if we could ensure that a chunk of data doesn't just contain the function we need right now, but ideally also the ones that we'll need next, we could ensure that we have to go out and get chunks of data less often.<br /><br />In other words, we want functions that are called right after the other to live next to each other in memory also ("code locality"). And we already know which functions are called close to each other - because we ran our profiling and stored performance profiles for PGO.<br /><br />We can then use that information to ensure that the right functions are next to each other when we link.<br /><br /><br />I.e.<br /><br /><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: courier;">g.c</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f2();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  extern int f3();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  int g() {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">    for(..) {</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">      f3();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  }</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  f1();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">  f2();</span></div><div><span style="font-family: courier;">}</span></div></blockquote><div><br /><br />could be interpreted as "g() calls f3() a lot - so keep that one really close. f1() is called twice, so… somewhat close. And if we can squeeze in f2, even better". The calling sequence is a "call graph", and so this sorting process is called "call graph sorting".<br /><br />Just changing the order of functions in memory might not sound like a lot, but it leads to <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1113282">~3% performance improvement</a>. And to know which functions calls which other ones a lot… yep. You guessed it. Our profiles from the PGO work pay off again.<br /><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;">One more thing.</h1>It turns out that the compiler can make even more use of that profile data for PGO. (Not a surprise - once you know where the slow spots are, exactly, you can do a lot to improve!). To make use of that, and enable further improvements, LLVM has something called the "new pass manager". In a nutshell, it's a new way to run optimizations within LLVM, and it helps a lot with PGO. For much more detail, I'd suggest reading the <a href="https://blog.llvm.org/posts/2021-03-26-the-new-pass-manager/">LLVM blog post</a>. <br /><br />Turning that on leads to another ~3% performance increase, and ~9MB size reduction.<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h1 style="text-align: left;">Why Now?</h1>Good question. One part of that is that PGO & profiling unlock an entire new set of optimizations, as you've seen above. It makes sense to do that all in one go. <br /><br />The other reason is our toolchain. We used to have a colorful mix of different technologies for compilers and linkers on different platforms.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfNBpFNKtZU6og2qYYDDCMy-zyUx3BfEM1JtiTghtW28hCZgL8MZ3Hm-lTCyTvM-9rlUTsrKvQjPHvIzLmivvfPyjukj4a72vDkcwP2Dj5kGCwCr1cjQt1Vt79LladQN140itD6tavWMj/s916/9NcAMNnoAe52Ly9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="916" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFfNBpFNKtZU6og2qYYDDCMy-zyUx3BfEM1JtiTghtW28hCZgL8MZ3Hm-lTCyTvM-9rlUTsrKvQjPHvIzLmivvfPyjukj4a72vDkcwP2Dj5kGCwCr1cjQt1Vt79LladQN140itD6tavWMj/w478-h166/9NcAMNnoAe52Ly9.png" width="478" /></a><br /><br /><br />And since this work requires changes to compilers and linkers, that would mean changing the build - and testing it - across 5 compilers and 4 linkers. But, thankfully, we've simplified our toolchain (Simplicity - another one of the 4S's!). To be able to do this, we worked with the LLVM community to make clang a great <a href="https://blog.llvm.org/2018/03/clang-is-now-used-to-build-chrome-for.html">Windows compiler</a>, in addition to partnering with the LLVM community to create new ELF (Linux), COFF (Windows), and Mach-O (macOS, iOS) linkers.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiif6su4dE04GQyDm7D6oXewenzOOb-2vHpA0asi8HUFB0F1rkXYna3j0tsEX0Z-iGzQoGI5p0Qm4Sk2oPGvgr_zwII8TY9HS6hWK6TxS_0ODeTjvfeOsaZhS6-oJ7ovc94rSRtjz_jMn2H/s921/7kspjpiq3gfYBFE.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="921" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiif6su4dE04GQyDm7D6oXewenzOOb-2vHpA0asi8HUFB0F1rkXYna3j0tsEX0Z-iGzQoGI5p0Qm4Sk2oPGvgr_zwII8TY9HS6hWK6TxS_0ODeTjvfeOsaZhS6-oJ7ovc94rSRtjz_jMn2H/w476-h167/7kspjpiq3gfYBFE.png" width="476" /></a><br /><br /><br />And suddenly, it's only a single toolchain to fix. (Almost. LTO for lld on MacOS is <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=471146">being worked on</a>).<br /><br />Sometimes, the best way to get more speed is not to change the code you wrote, but to change the way you build the software.<br /><br />Posted by Rachel Blum, Engineering Director, Chrome Desktop</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Data source for all statistics: <a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer2.0/">Speedometer 2.0</a>.</i><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> 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src='data:image/png;base64,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'/> <h2> Labels </h2> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </div> <div class='widget-content list-label-widget-content'> <ul> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/%24200K'> $200K </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/10th%20birthday'> 10th birthday </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/abusive%20ads'> abusive ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/abusive%20notifications'> abusive notifications </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/accessibility'> accessibility </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ad%20blockers'> ad blockers </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ad%20blocking'> ad blocking </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/advanced%20capabilities'> advanced capabilities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/android'> android </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/anti%20abuse'> anti abuse </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/anti-deception'> anti-deception </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/background%20periodic%20sync'> background periodic sync </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/badging'> badging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/benchmarks'> benchmarks </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/beta'> beta </a> <span dir='ltr'> 83 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/better%20ads%20standards'> better ads standards </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/billing'> billing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/birthday'> birthday </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/blink'> blink </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/browser'> browser </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/browser%20interoperability'> browser interoperability </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/bundles'> bundles </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/capabilities'> capabilities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/capable%20web'> capable web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds'> cds </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds18'> cds18 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cds2018'> cds2018 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome'> chrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 35 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2081'> chrome 81 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2083'> chrome 83 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%2084'> chrome 84 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20ads'> chrome ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20apps'> chrome apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20dev'> Chrome dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit'> chrome dev summit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit%202018'> chrome dev summit 2018 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20dev%20summit%202019'> chrome dev summit 2019 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20developer'> chrome developer </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20Developer%20Center'> Chrome Developer Center </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20developer%20summit'> chrome developer summit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20devtools'> chrome devtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20extension'> Chrome extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20extensions'> chrome extensions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20Frame'> Chrome Frame </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20lite'> Chrome lite </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20on%20Android'> Chrome on Android </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20on%20ios'> chrome on ios </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20on%20Mac'> Chrome on Mac </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Chrome%20OS'> Chrome OS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20privacy'> chrome privacy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20releases'> chrome releases </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20security'> chrome security </a> <span dir='ltr'> 10 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chrome%20web%20store'> chrome web store </a> <span dir='ltr'> 32 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromedevtools'> chromedevtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeframe'> chromeframe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeos'> chromeos </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromeos.dev'> chromeos.dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/chromium'> chromium </a> <span dir='ltr'> 9 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cloud%20print'> cloud print </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/coalition'> coalition </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/coalition%20for%20better%20ads'> coalition for better ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/contact%20picker'> contact picker </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/content%20indexing'> content indexing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cookies'> cookies </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/core%20web%20vitals'> core web vitals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/csrf'> csrf </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/css'> css </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/cumulative%20layout%20shift'> cumulative layout shift </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/custom%20tabs'> custom tabs </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/dart'> dart </a> <span dir='ltr'> 8 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/dashboard'> dashboard </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Data%20Saver'> Data Saver </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Data%20saver%20desktop%20extension'> Data saver desktop extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/day%202'> day 2 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/deceptive%20installation'> deceptive installation </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/declarative%20net%20request%20api'> declarative net request api </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/design'> design </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/developer%20dashboard'> developer dashboard </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Developer%20Program%20Policy'> Developer Program Policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/developer%20website'> developer website </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/devtools'> devtools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 13 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/digital%20event'> digital event </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/discoverability'> discoverability </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/DNS-over-HTTPS'> DNS-over-HTTPS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/DoH'> DoH </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/emoji'> emoji </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/emscriptem'> emscriptem </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/enterprise'> enterprise </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/extensions'> extensions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 27 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Fast%20badging'> Fast badging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/faster%20web'> faster web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/features'> features </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/feedback'> feedback </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/field%20data'> field data </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/first%20input%20delay'> first input delay </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Follow'> Follow </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fonts'> fonts </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/form%20controls'> form controls </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/frameworks'> frameworks </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fugu'> fugu </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/fund'> fund </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/funding'> funding </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/gdd'> gdd </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20earth'> google earth </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20event'> google event </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20io%202019'> google io 2019 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/google%20web%20developer'> google web developer </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/googlechrome'> googlechrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 12 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/harmful%20ads'> harmful ads </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/html5'> html5 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 11 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/HTTP%2F3'> HTTP/3 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/HTTPS'> HTTPS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/iframes'> iframes </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/images'> images </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/incognito'> incognito </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/insecure%20forms'> insecure forms </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/intent%20to%20explain'> intent to explain </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ios'> ios </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ios%20Chrome'> ios Chrome </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/issue%20tracker'> issue tracker </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/jank'> jank </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/javascript'> javascript </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lab%20data'> lab data </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/labelling'> labelling </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/largest%20contentful%20paint'> largest contentful paint </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/launch'> launch </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lazy-loading'> lazy-loading </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lighthouse'> lighthouse </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/linux'> linux </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Lite%20Mode'> Lite Mode </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Lite%20pages'> Lite pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20interventions'> loading interventions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20optimizations'> loading optimizations </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lock%20icon'> lock icon </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/long-tail'> long-tail </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mac'> mac </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/manifest%20v3'> manifest v3 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/metrics'> metrics </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/microsoft%20edge'> microsoft edge </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mixed%20forms'> mixed forms </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mobile'> mobile </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/na'> na </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20client'> native client </a> <span dir='ltr'> 8 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20file%20system'> native file system </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/New%20Features'> New Features </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/notifications'> notifications </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/octane'> octane </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/open%20web'> open web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/origin%20trials'> origin trials </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeed%20insights'> pagespeed insights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeedinsights'> pagespeedinsights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/passwords'> passwords </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20handler'> payment handler </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20request'> payment request </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payments'> payments </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance'> performance </a> <span dir='ltr'> 20 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance%20tools'> performance tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permission%20UI'> permission UI </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permissions'> permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/play%20store'> play store </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/portals'> portals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/prefetching'> prefetching </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy'> privacy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy%20sandbox'> privacy sandbox </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/private%20prefetch%20proxy'> private prefetch proxy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/profile%20guided%20optimization'> profile guided optimization </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/progressive%20web%20apps'> progressive web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Project%20Strobe'> Project Strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/protection'> protection </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pwa'> pwa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/QUIC'> QUIC </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/quieter%20permissions'> quieter permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/releases'> releases </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/removals'> removals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/rlz'> rlz </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/root%20program'> root program </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/safe%20browsing'> safe browsing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Secure%20DNS'> Secure DNS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/security'> security </a> <span dir='ltr'> 36 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/site%20isolation'> site isolation </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/slow%20loading'> slow loading </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/sms%20receiver'> sms receiver </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spam%20policy'> spam policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spdy'> spdy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spectre'> spectre </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/speed'> speed </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ssl'> ssl </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/store%20listing'> store listing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/strobe'> strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/subscription%20pages'> subscription pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/suspicious%20site%20reporter%20extension'> suspicious site reporter extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TCP'> TCP </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious'> the fast and the curious </a> <span dir='ltr'> 23 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TLS'> TLS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tools'> tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tracing'> tracing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/transparency'> transparency </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/trusted%20web%20activities'> trusted web activities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/twa'> twa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20agent%20string'> user agent string </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20data%20policy'> user data policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/v8'> v8 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/video'> video </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/wasm'> wasm </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web'> web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20apps'> web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20assembly'> web assembly </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20developers'> web developers </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20intents'> web intents </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20packaging'> web packaging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20payments'> web payments </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20platform'> web platform </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20request%20api'> web request api </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20vitals'> web vitals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web.dev'> web.dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web.dev%20live'> web.dev live </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webapi'> webapi </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webassembly'> webassembly </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webaudio'> webaudio </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webgl'> webgl </a> <span dir='ltr'> 7 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webkit'> webkit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/WebM'> WebM </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webmaster'> webmaster </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webp'> webp </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webrtc'> webrtc </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/websockets'> websockets </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webtiming'> webtiming </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/writable-files'> writable-files </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/yerba%20beuna%20center%20for%20the%20arts'> yerba beuna center for the arts </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive1'> <div class='tab'> <i class='material-icons icon'>  </i> <h2> Archive </h2> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </div> <div class='widget-content'> <div id='ArchiveList'> <div id='BlogArchive1_ArchiveList'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2025/'> 2025 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2025/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/'> 2024 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/'> 2023 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/'> 2022 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/'> 2021 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> 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class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/'> 2019 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/'> 2018 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/'> 2017 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/12/'> Dec </a> </div> 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class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/'> 2016 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> 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class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/'> 2012 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/'> 2011 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2011/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2010/'> 2010 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2010/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2010/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> 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