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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penyiaran+FM&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penyiaran+FM&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penyiaran+FM&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penyiaran+FM&returntoquery=section%3D6%26veaction%3Dedit" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Transmisi_FM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmisi_FM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Transmisi FM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmisi_FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelebihan_Radio_FM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelebihan_Radio_FM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kelebihan Radio FM</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kelebihan_Radio_FM-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kelebihan Radio FM</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kelebihan_Radio_FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebih_tahan_noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebih_tahan_noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lebih tahan noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebih_tahan_noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebar_pita_yang_lebih_lebar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebar_pita_yang_lebih_lebar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lebar pita yang lebih lebar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebar_pita_yang_lebih_lebar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fidelitas_tinggi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fidelitas_tinggi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fidelitas tinggi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fidelitas_tinggi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmisi_stereo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmisi_stereo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Transmisi stereo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmisi_stereo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulasi_frekuensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulasi_frekuensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modulasi frekuensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulasi_frekuensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penyiaran FM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 36 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D8%A5%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="بث إذاعي بتضمين التردد – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بث إذاعي بتضمين التردد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-radio" title="FM-radio – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FM-radio" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="এফএম সম্প্রচার – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এফএম সম্প্রচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_FM" title="Ràdio FM – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ràdio FM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_via_VHF_b%C3%A5nd_II" title="FM via VHF bånd II – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FM via VHF bånd II" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKW-Rundfunk" title="UKW-Rundfunk – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UKW-Rundfunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="FM broadcasting" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_FM" title="Radio FM – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radio FM" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_FM" title="Radio FM – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio FM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-raadioringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="FM-raadioringhääling – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FM-raadioringhääling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_irrati" title="FM irrati – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FM irrati" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="پخش رادیویی اف‌ام – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پخش رادیویی اف‌ام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_FM" title="Radio FM – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radio FM" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="एफ एम प्रसारण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एफ एम प्रसारण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-%C3%BAtvarp" title="FM-útvarp – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="FM-útvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%9F%AD%E6%B3%A2%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="超短波放送 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超短波放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B" title="ಎಫ್ ಎಮ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಫ್ ಎಮ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="FM 방송 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="FM 방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampielezam-peo_FM" title="Fampielezam-peo FM – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampielezam-peo FM" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_penyiaran_FM" title="Jalur penyiaran FM – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jalur penyiaran FM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE" title="एफएम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एफएम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-omroep" title="FM-omroep – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="FM-omroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-radio" title="FM-radio – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="FM-radio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-b%C3%A5ndet" title="FM-båndet – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FM-båndet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiung_FM" title="Radiung FM – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Radiung FM" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_FM" title="Rádio FM – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio FM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%9C-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="ЧМ-вещание – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ЧМ-вещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radiodifuzija" title="FM radiodifuzija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="FM radiodifuzija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetimi_FM" title="Transmetimi FM – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetimi FM" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பண்பலை ஒலிபரப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பலை ஒலிபரப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radyo" title="FM radyo – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FM radyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE" title="FM-радіо – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FM-радіо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ایف ایم نشریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایف ایم نشریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_thanh_FM" title="Phát thanh FM – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát thanh FM" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%A2%91%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="调频广播 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="调频广播" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%A2%91%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="调频广播 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="调频广播" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1368380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif/220px-Amfm3-en-de.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Sinyal gelombang FM (bawah, biru) pada radio</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penyiaran FM</b> adalah metode penyiaran radio menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Modulasi_frekuensi" title="Modulasi frekuensi">modulasi frekuensi</a> (FM). FM adalah metode untuk menyampaikan informasi melalui gelombang pembawa dengan memvariasikan frekuensi, hal ini berbeda dengan sistem <a href="/wiki/Modulasi_amplitudo" title="Modulasi amplitudo">modulasi amplitudo</a> (AM) di mana sistem AM amplitudo dari gelombang pembawa yang bervariasi sedangkan frekuensi tetap konstan. Modulasi frekuensi didefinisikan sebagai deviasi frekuensi sesaat sinyal pembawa (dari frekuensi tak termodulasinya) sesuai dengan amplitudo sesaat sinyal pemodulasi. Di awal perkembangannya, <i>radio broadcasting</i> memakai sistem transmisi AM (Amplitudo Modulasi), tetapi karena sinyal transmissi AM mempunyai banyak kelemahan, antara lain mudah terganggu oleh sumber medan listrik-magnit luar seperti, dinamo, petir, lampu neon, dsb, maka tidak cocok untuk menyalurkan informasi Audio yang mempunyai kualitas Hi-Fi. </p><p>Tetapi kemudian pada tahun 1936, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> menemukan sistem transmisi baru yang kemampuannya jauh lebih baik dari sistem AM, terutama dalam kekebalan terhadap gangguan luar dan kesanggupan menyalurkan informasi suara musik bebas dari noise. Sistem ini diberi nama Modulasi Frekuensi disingkat FM. Frekuensi FM secara luas digunakan pada perangkat telekomunikasi untuk mengirimkan suara tanpa <i>noise</i> (gangguan). Dalam aplikasi analog, frekuensi sesaat dari carrier (frekuensi pembawa) berbanding lurus dengan nilai sesaat dari sinyal input. </p><p>Dengan sistem FM, penyaluran musik menjadi jauh lebih sempurna dibanding AM, dimana dapat direproduksi suara musik yang jernih, tajam sesuai dengan aslinya. Komposisi <i>bass</i> dan <i>treble</i> terpadu harmonis dalam siaran FM tersebut, berbeda dengan siaran AM yang menyajikan musik dengan <i>treble</i> tumpul serta noissy. Meskipun telah diperoleh suara yang jernih dari siaran FM, tetapi keinginan penikmat audio masih belum merasa puas, karena sistem ini hanya dapat menyalurkan sinyal <i>monophonic</i>. Baru sekitar 20 tahun kemudian, pemakaian FM sebagai media <i>stereophonic</i> dapat direalisir dengan baik.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong memperkenalkan temuannya, yaitu penguat gelombang radio pertama (radio amplifier). Tahun 1933, dia memperkenalkan sistem <a href="/wiki/Radio_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio FM">radio FM</a> (frequency modulation) yang memberi penerimaan jernih meskipun ada badai dan menawarkan ketepatan suara yang tinggi. Tahun 1940, Amstrong mendapat ijin untuk mendirikan stasiun radio FM pertama yang didirkan di Alpine, New Jersey. Amstrong dikenal sebagai bapak penemu radio FM.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frekuensi yang dialokasikan untuk siaran FM berada di antara 88-108 MHz. Frekuensi tersebut relatif lebih aman dari gangguan cuaca buruk sehingga dapat menghasilkan suara dengan kualitas yang lebih baik. Gelombang radio FM memiliki panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek daripada gelombang AM sehingga gangguan yang diakibatkan oleh penurunan daya hampir tidak berpengaruh. Selain itu, sinyal yang dikirimkan melalui gelombang radio FM juga mampu menggabungkan sinyal suara untuk menghasilkan suara dengan kualitas <i>stereo</i>. Tak heran jika banyak statiun radio modern menggunakan pemancar radio FM agar dapat menyajikan acara-acara dengan suara yang lebih berkualitas kepada pendengarnya, khususnya acara musik di radio.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penerima FM memiliki konsep yang sama dengan AM. Saluran siar FM standar menduduki lebih dari sepuluh kali lebar pita saluran siar AM.Untuk menghasilkan sinyal FM, frekuensi radio pembawa harus diubah searah dengan amplitudo dari sinyal audio yang masuk. Ketika sinyal audio dimodulasikan ke frekuensi pembawa gelombang radio, frekuensi gelombang radio akan bergerak naik dan turun. Tingkat dimana gelombang bergerak naik turun ini dikenal dengan “penyimpangan” dan direpresentasikan sebagai penyimpangan kilohertz. FM dipilih untuk jangkauan terbatas dan lokasi tanah yang datar. FM memiliki kualitas audio lebih baik dari AM. FM menggunakan kapasitas listrik lebih kecil ketimbang AM dengan tayangan yang relatif stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmisi_FM">Transmisi FM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Transmisi FM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transmisi FM"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FM umumnya digunakan pada frekuensi radio VHF untuk menyiarkan musik dan percakapan dengan kualitas tinggi. Suara dari siaran tv normal juga disiarkan menggunakan FM. Selain itu, FM juga digunakan untuk mengirim sinyal ke ruang angkasa. FM juga lebih tahan dari efek suara yang kurang jelas. </p><p>Radio penerima FM menggunakan detektor khusus untuk sinyal FM dan terkadang detektor ini menunjukkan fenomena yang disebut efek capture, yang mana tuner dapat dengan jelas menerimasinyal dari dua statiun disiarkan pada frekuensi yang sama. Sebuah sinyal FM juga dapat digunakan untukmembawa sinyal stereo, dengan menggunakan multiplexing dan demultiplexing sebelum dan sesudah proses FM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelebihan_Radio_FM">Kelebihan Radio FM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kelebihan Radio FM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelebihan Radio FM"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di antara keuntungan FM adalah bebas dari pengaruh gangguan udara, lebar pita yang lebih besar dan fidelitas yang tinggi. Jika dibandingkan dengan AM, maka FM memiliki beberapa keunggulan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebih_tahan_noise">Lebih tahan noise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih tahan noise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lebih tahan noise"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frekuensi yang dialokasikan untuk siaran FM berada di antara 88-108 MHz, dimana pada wilayah frekuensi ini secara relatif bebas dari gangguan baik atmosfer maupun interfensi yang tidak diharapakan. Jangkauan dari sistem modulasi ini tidak sejauh jika dibandingan pada sistem modulasi AM dimana panjang gelombangnya lebih panjang. Sehingga gangguan yang diakibatkan oleh penurunan daya hampir tidak berpengaruh karena dipancarkan secara line of sight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebar_pita_yang_lebih_lebar">Lebar pita yang lebih lebar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Lebar pita yang lebih lebar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lebar pita yang lebih lebar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saluran siar FM standar menduduki lebih dari sepuluh kali lebar pita saluran siar AM. Hal ini disebabkan oleh struktur sideband nonlinear yang lebih kompleks dengan adanya efek-efek sehingga memerlukan lebar pita yang lebih lebar dibanding distribusi linear yang sederhana dari sideband-sideband dalam sistem AM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fidelitas_tinggi">Fidelitas tinggi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Fidelitas tinggi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fidelitas tinggi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respon yang seragam terhadap frekuensi audio (paling tidak pada interval 50 Hz samapai 15 Hz), distorsi denggan amplitudo sangat rendah dan respon transien yang bagus sangat diperlukan untuk kinerja Hi-Fi yang baik. Pemakaian saluran FM memberikan respon yang cukup untuk frekuensi audio dan menyediakan hubungan radio dengan noise rendah. Karakteristik yang lain hanyalah ditentukan oelh masalah rancangan perangkatnya saja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmisi_stereo">Transmisi stereo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Transmisi stereo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transmisi stereo"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alokasi saluran yang lebar dan kemampuan FM untuk menyatukan dengan harmonis beberapa saluran audio pada satu gelombang pembawa, memungkinkan pengembangan sistem penyiaran stereo yang praktis. Ini merupakan sebuah cara bagi industri penyiaran untuk memberikan kualitas reproduksi sebaik atau bahkan yang lebih baik daripada yang tersedia pada rekaman atau pita stereo. Munculnya compact disc dan perangkat audio digital lainnya akan terus mendorong kalangan industri peralatan dan teknisi siaran lebih jauh untuk memperbaiki kinerja ranta siaran FM secara keseluruhan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modulasi_frekuensi">Modulasi frekuensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Modulasi frekuensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modulasi frekuensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modulasi_frekuensi" title="Modulasi frekuensi">Modulasi frekuensi</a> merupakan kasus khusus dari modulasi sudut. Dalam sistem modulasi sudut frekuensi dan fasa dari gelombang pembawa berubah terhadap waktu menurut fungsi dari sinyal yang dimodulasikan. Jadidalam modulasi frekuensi, sinyal modulasi yang dimodulasikan akan menyebabkan frekuensi dari gelombang pembawa berubah-ubah sesuai peruabahan frekuensi dari sinyal modulasi. Dalam siaran yang menggunakan modulasi frekuensi, gelombang harus memiliki perubahan frekuensi yang sesuai dengan amplitudo dari sinyal modulasi, tetapi bebas frekuensi sinyal modulasi yang diatur oleh frekuensi modulator.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tujuan dari pemancar modulasi frekuensi adalah untuk mengubah satu atau lebih sinyal input yang berupa frekuensi audio menjadi gelombang termodulasi dalam sinyal radio frekuensi yang dimaksudkan sebagai daya keluaran yang kemudian diumpankan ke sistem antena untuk dapat dipisahkan atas modulator FM.n </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyiaran_FM&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidayanto Djamal, <i>Sistem Komunikasi</i>, Yogyakarta, Amzah, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaidir, <i>IPA Terpadu</i>, Jakarta, Grasindo, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunarto, <i>Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi,</i> Jakarta, Grasindo, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masduki, <i>Menjadi Broadcasting Profesional,</i> Yogyakarta, LKS Yogyakarta, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422070346/http://aripeox.blogspot.com/2009_05_01_archive.html">"Salinan arsip"</a>. 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