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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomical_proximity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_proximity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anatomical proximity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_proximity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lymphatic drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Microanatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_and_protein_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Gene and protein expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Mechanical digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Chemical digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_secretion_and_motility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_secretion_and_motility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Control of secretion and motility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_secretion_and_motility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stomach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maag" title="Maag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magen" title="Magen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Magen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="आमाशय – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आमाशय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%ABc" title="Būc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Būc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="معدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estomago" title="Estomago – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estomago" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܐܣܛܘܡܟܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܛܘܡܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ստամոքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ստամոքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumahi" title="Stumahi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Stumahi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="পাকস্থলী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাকস্থলী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3magu" title="Estómagu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estómagu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omitcimiwoc" title="Omitcimiwoc – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Omitcimiwoc" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%27a" title="Py'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Py'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Кванирукъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кванирукъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puraka" title="Puraka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puraka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99" title="Mədə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="معده – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="পাকস্থলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকস্থলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAi" title="Ūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Страўнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Страўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Страўнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Страўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulak" title="Tulak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tulak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Стомах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стомах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeludac" title="Želudac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Želudac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomog" title="Stomog – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stomog" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3mac" title="Estómac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estómac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%85%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Этем хырăмлăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем хырăмлăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaludek" title="Žaludek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žaludek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbu" title="Dumbu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dumbu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumog" title="Stumog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stumog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mave" title="Mave – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="معدة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="معدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magen" title="Magen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8B%DE%A7" title="މައިދާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މައިދާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magu" title="Magu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Στόμαχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στόμαχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5mmg" title="Ståmmg – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ståmmg" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3mago" title="Estómago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estómago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomako" title="Stomako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stomako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdail" title="Urdail – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdail" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="معده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estomac" title="Estomac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estomac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mage" title="Mage – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mage" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goile" title="Goile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Goile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3mago" title="Estómago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estómago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BD" title="Элкн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Элкн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="위 (해부학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위 (해부학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ստամոքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամոքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F)" title="आमाशय (पेट) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आमाशय (पेट)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeludac" title="Želudac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Želudac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomako" title="Stomako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stomako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%E1%BB%8D" title="Afọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Afọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambung" title="Lambung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lambung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomacho" title="Stomacho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stomacho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%95%BF%E1%90%8A%E1%95%88%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᕿᐊᕈᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᕿᐊᕈᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isisu" title="Isisu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isisu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi" title="Magi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Magi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomaco" title="Stomaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stomaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="קיבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambung" title="Lambung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lambung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiluu" title="Hiluu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hiluu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜಠರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಠರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungus" title="Dungus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98" title="კუჭი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუჭი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%9B%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%95" title="میٛادٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="میٛادٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Қарын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumbatio" title="Fumbatio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fumbatio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestomak" title="Lestomak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lestomak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gede" title="Gede – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gede" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="ЦӀуму – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦӀуму" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ທ້ອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທ້ອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachus" title="Stomachus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stomachus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%86%C4%A3is" title="Kuņģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuņģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo" title="Mo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrandis" title="Skrandis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skrandis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maag" title="Maag – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maag" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADkund%C3%BA" title="Líkundú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Líkundú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomaco" title="Stomaco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stomaco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomegh" title="Stomegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stomegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyomor" title="Gyomor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyomor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Желудник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Желудник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavony" title="Vavony – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vavony" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആമാശയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമാശയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0" title="जठर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जठर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98" title="კუჭი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კუჭი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perut" title="Perut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94i" title="Ôi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ôi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лекшав – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лекшав" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ходоод – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ходоод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အစာအိမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစာအိမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketena" title="Ketena – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ketena" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maag" title="Maag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magesekk" title="Magesekk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magesekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magesekk" title="Magesekk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magesekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estomac" title="Estomac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estomac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BCda" title="Meʼda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meʼda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eges" title="Eges – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Eges" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%81" title="معدہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معدہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBo%C5%82%C4%85dek" title="Żołądek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żołądek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B4mago" title="Estômago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estômago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomac" title="Stomac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stomac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiq%27i" title="Hiq'i – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hiq'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Желудок человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Желудок человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Куртах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Куртах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bituka" title="bituka – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bituka" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="उदरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उदरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painch" title="Painch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Painch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugthi" title="Lugthi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lugthi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B2mmacu" title="Stòmmacu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stòmmacu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ආමාශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආමාශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stomach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88_(%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%88)" title="معدو (عضوو) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="معدو (عضوو)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDal%C3%BAdok" title="Žalúdok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žalúdok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelodec" title="Želodec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Želodec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calool" title="Calool – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Calool" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95" title="گەدە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەدە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Желудац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Желудац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeludac" title="Želudac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Želudac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burih" title="Burih – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Burih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalaukku" title="Mahalaukku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahalaukku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mags%C3%A4ck" title="Magsäck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magsäck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikmura" title="Sikmura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikmura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="இரைப்பை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரைப்பை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кеше ашказаны – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кеше ашказаны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/lhbun" title="lhbun – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="lhbun" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="జీర్ణకోశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీర్ణకోశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="กระเพาะอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระเพาะอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mide" title="Mide – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mide" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1fa" title="A̱fa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱fa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шлунок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шлунок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%81" title="معدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاشقازان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاشقازان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungx_(gi%27gvanh)" title="Dungx (gi'gvanh) – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dungx (gi'gvanh)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3mego" title="Stómego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stómego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A1_d%C3%A0y" title="Dạ dày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dạ dày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mago" title="Mago – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mago" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruk-suruk" title="Suruk-suruk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Suruk-suruk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9F" title="מאגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胃" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the internal organ. For the middle part of the body, see <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stomach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stomach (disambiguation)">Stomach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gastric" redirects here. For the sauce flavoring, see <a href="/wiki/Gastrique" title="Gastrique">Gastrique</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Stomach</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1046.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/250px-Gray1046.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/375px-Gray1046.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/500px-Gray1046.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="776" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sections of the human stomach</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg/250px-Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg/375px-Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg/500px-Tractus_intestinalis_ventriculus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scheme of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tract</a>, with stomach in red</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">Foregut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right_gastric_artery" title="Right gastric artery">Right gastric artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_artery" title="Left gastric artery">left gastric artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_gastro-omental_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Right gastro-omental artery">right gastro-omental artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_gastro-omental_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left gastro-omental artery">left gastro-omental artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_gastric_arteries" title="Short gastric arteries">short gastric arteries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right_gastric_vein" title="Right gastric vein">Right gastric vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_vein" title="Left gastric vein">left gastric vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_gastroepiploic_vein" title="Right gastroepiploic vein">right gastroepiploic vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_gastroepiploic_vein" title="Left gastroepiploic vein">left gastroepiploic vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_gastric_veins" title="Short gastric veins">short gastric veins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">Celiac ganglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Celiac_lymph_nodes" title="Celiac lymph nodes">Celiac lymph nodes</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>ventriculus, stomachus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>στόμαχος</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013270">D013270</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.5.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.5.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2901">2901</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7148">7148</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029907" class="extiw" title="d:Q1029907">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257608828">.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-tract{width:21em}.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-tract .sidebar-list-title{padding-right:3em;font-size:100%;background-color:MistyRose}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks gastrointestinal-tract hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/300px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg/400px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Major parts of the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal tract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper gastrointestinal tract">Upper gastrointestinal tract</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower gastrointestinal tract">Lower gastrointestinal tract</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">Anus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Gastrointestinal wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>stomach</b> is a muscular, <a href="/wiki/Hollow_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow organ">hollow organ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper gastrointestinal tract">upper gastrointestinal tract</a> of humans and many other animals, including several <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>. The stomach is involved in the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric phase">gastric phase of digestion</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Cephalic_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalic phase">cephalic phase</a> in which the sight and smell of food and the act of <a href="/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing">chewing</a> are stimuli. In the stomach a chemical breakdown of food takes place by means of secreted <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a>. </p><p>The stomach is located between the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a> controls the passage of partially digested food (<a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a>) from the stomach into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, the first and shortest part of the small intestine, where <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> takes over to move this through the rest of the intestines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a>, the stomach lies between the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">esophagus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> (the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>). It is in the <a href="/wiki/Quadrants_and_regions_of_abdomen#Quadrants" title="Quadrants and regions of abdomen">left upper quadrant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>. The top of the stomach lies against the <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)">diaphragm</a>. Lying behind the stomach is the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>. A large double fold of visceral <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Greater_omentum" title="Greater omentum">greater omentum</a> hangs down from the <a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater curvature</a> of the stomach. Two <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincters</a> keep the contents of the stomach contained; the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus#Sphincters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">lower esophageal sphincter</a> (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a> at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum. </p><p>The stomach is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> (inhibitor) and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> (stimulant) <a href="/wiki/Plexuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexuses">plexuses</a> (networks of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> gastric, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior" title="Anatomical terms of location">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior" title="Anatomical terms of location">inferior</a>, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles. </p><p>The stomach is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distensibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:distensibility">distensible</a>, and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a newborn human baby the stomach will only be able to hold about 30 millilitres. The maximum stomach volume in adults is between 2 and 4 litres,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9863573_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9863573-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although volumes of up to 15 litres have been observed in extreme circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sections">Sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cardia" redirects here. For the ancient Greek colony, see <a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia (Thrace)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2414_Stomach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2414_Stomach.jpg/220px-2414_Stomach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2414_Stomach.jpg/330px-2414_Stomach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2414_Stomach.jpg/440px-2414_Stomach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing parts of the stomach</figcaption></figure> <p>The human stomach can be divided into four sections, beginning at the cardia followed by the fundus, the body and the pylorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Tortora09_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora09-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The gastric <b>cardia</b> is where the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> empty from the <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal sphincter">gastroesophageal sphincter</a> into the cardiac orifice, the opening into the gastric cardia.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHWARTZ2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHWARTZ2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cardiac notch at the left of the cardiac orifice, marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater curvature">greater curvature</a> of the stomach. A horizontal line across from the cardiac notch gives the dome-shaped region called the fundus.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardia is a very small region of the stomach that surrounds the esophageal opening.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>fundus</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> 'bottom') is formed in the upper curved part.</li> <li>The <b>body</b> or <b>corpus</b> is the main, central region of the stomach.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pylorus</a> opens to the body of the stomach. The pylorus (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> 'gatekeeper') connects the stomach to the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a>.</li></ul> <p>The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal junction">gastroesophageal junction</a>, the point at which the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> changes from <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratified squamous epithelia">stratified squamous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Columnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar">columnar</a>. Near the cardia is the lower esophageal sphincter.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHWARTZ2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHWARTZ2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_proximity">Anatomical proximity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomical proximity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>stomach bed</b> refers to the structures upon which the stomach rests in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/Tail_of_the_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail of the pancreas">tail of the pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splenic_artery" title="Splenic artery">splenic artery</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Suprarenal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprarenal gland">suprarenal gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Mesocolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocolon">mesocolon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_crus_of_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Left crus of diaphragm">left crus of diaphragm</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_colic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left colic flexure">left colic flexure</a>. The term was introduced around 1896 by Philip Polson of the Catholic University School of Medicine, Dublin. However this was brought into disrepute by surgeon anatomist J Massey.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_blood_supply.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stomach_blood_supply.svg/240px-Stomach_blood_supply.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stomach_blood_supply.svg/360px-Stomach_blood_supply.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stomach_blood_supply.svg/480px-Stomach_blood_supply.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Schematic image of the blood supply to the human stomach: <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_artery" title="Left gastric artery">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_gastric_artery" title="Right gastric artery">right gastric artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_gastroepiploic_artery" title="Left gastroepiploic artery">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_gastroepiploic_artery" title="Right gastroepiploic artery">right gastroepiploic artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_gastric_arteries" title="Short gastric arteries">short gastric arteries</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moore150_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Right_gastric_artery" title="Right gastric artery">right gastric artery</a> inferiorly and the <a href="/wiki/Left_gastric_artery" title="Left gastric artery">left gastric artery</a> superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Right_gastroepiploic_artery" title="Right gastroepiploic artery">right gastroepiploic artery</a> inferiorly and the <a href="/wiki/Left_gastroepiploic_artery" title="Left gastroepiploic artery">left gastroepiploic artery</a> superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Short_gastric_arteries" title="Short gastric arteries">short gastric arteries</a>, which arise from the splenic artery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymphatic_drainage">Lymphatic drainage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lymphatic drainage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two sets of <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymph_nodes" title="Gastric lymph nodes">gastric lymph nodes</a> drain the stomach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wall">Wall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Gastrointestinal wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/220px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/330px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/440px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The gastrointestinal wall of the human stomach</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/220px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/330px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/440px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Layers of the gastrointestinal wall of which the stomach is a dilated part</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">gastrointestinal wall</a>, the human stomach wall from inner to outer, consists of a <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">subserosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner part of the stomach wall is the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">gastric mucosa</a> a mucous membrane that forms the lining of the stomach. the membrane consists of an outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelium">columnar epithelium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>, and a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscularis mucosa">muscularis mucosa</a>. Beneath the mucosa lies the <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous connective tissue">fibrous connective tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meissner%27s_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner's plexus">Meissner's plexus</a> is in this layer interior to the oblique muscle layer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the submucosa lies the muscular layer. It consists of three layers of muscular fibres, with fibres lying at angles to each other. These are the inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the inner oblique layer is distinct from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which do not possess this layer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stomach contains the thickest muscular layer consisting of three layers, thus maximum peristalsis occurs here. </p> <ul><li>The <i>inner oblique layer:</i> This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.</li> <li>The <i>middle circular layer:</i> At this layer, the <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pylorus</a> is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall, which is normally tonically constricted, forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a>, which controls the movement of <a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. This layer is concentric to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Axes" title="Anatomical terms of location">longitudinal axis</a> of the stomach.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a> (Auerbach's plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> and mixing).</li></ul> <p>The <i>outer longitudinal layer</i> is responsible for moving the semi-digested food towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening. </p><p>To the outside of the muscular layer lies a <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>. </p><p>Smooth mucosa along the inside of the lesser curvature forms a passageway - the <b>gastric canal</b> that fast-tracks liquids entering the stomach, to the pylorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glands">Glands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_stomach_layers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Illu_stomach_layers.jpg/220px-Illu_stomach_layers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Illu_stomach_layers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing gastric pits (13) gastric glands (12) lamina propria (10) epithelium (11)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png/220px-Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png/330px-Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png/440px-Histology_of_normal_fundic_mucosa.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Histology of normal fundic mucosa. Fundic glands are simple, branched tubular glands that extend from the bottom of the gastric pits to the muscularis mucosae; the more distinctive cells are parietal cells. H&E stain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png/220px-Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png/330px-Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png/440px-Histology_of_normal_antral_mucosa.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Histology of normal antral mucosa. Antral mucosa is formed by branched coiled tubular glands lined by secretory cells similar in appearance to the surface mucous cells. H&E stain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mucosa lining the stomach is lined with <a href="/wiki/Gastric_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric pit">gastric pits</a>, which receive <a href="/wiki/Gastric_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric juice">gastric juice</a>, secreted by between 2 and 7 <a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">gastric glands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gastric juice is an acidic fluid containing <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and digestive enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glands contains a number of cells, with the function of the glands changing depending on their position within the stomach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within the body and fundus of the stomach lie the <i>fundic glands</i>. In general, these glands are lined by column-shaped cells that secrete a protective layer of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>. Additional cells present include <a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">parietal cells</a> that secrete hydrochloric acid and <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">intrinsic factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_cell" title="Chief cell">chief cells</a> that secrete <a href="/wiki/Pepsinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsinogen">pepsinogen</a> (this is a precursor to pepsin- the highly acidic environment converts the pepsinogen to pepsin), and neuroendocrine cells that secrete <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorland777_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland777-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Glands differ where the stomach meets the esophagus and near the pylorus.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal junction">gastroesophageal junction</a> lie <i>cardiac glands</i>, which primarily secrete mucus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorland777_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland777-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are fewer in number than the other gastric glands and are more shallowly positioned in the mucosa. There are two kinds - either simple <a href="/wiki/Tubular_gland" title="Tubular gland">tubular glands</a> with short ducts or <a href="/wiki/Compound_racemose_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound racemose glands">compound racemose</a> resembling the <a href="/wiki/Duodenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenal">duodenal</a> <a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Near the pylorus lie <i>pyloric glands</i> located in the antrum of the pylorus. They secrete mucus, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">gastrin</a> produced by their <a href="/wiki/G_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="G cells">G cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_and_protein_expression">Gene and protein expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gene and protein expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics#Gene_and_protein_expression" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression</a></div> <p>About 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Protein-coding_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-coding genes">protein-coding genes</a> are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include <a href="/wiki/Gastrokine-1" title="Gastrokine-1">gastrokine-1</a> expressed in the mucosa; <a href="/wiki/Pepsinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsinogen">pepsinogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lipase" title="Gastric lipase">gastric lipase</a>, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">gastric chief cells</a>; and a gastric <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase" title="Hydrogen potassium ATPase">ATPase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_intrinsic_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric intrinsic factor">gastric intrinsic factor</a>, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">parietal cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">development of the human embryo</a>, the ventral part of the embryo abuts the <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a>. During the third week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the yolk sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sac is surrounded by a network of <a href="/wiki/Vitelline_arteries" title="Vitelline arteries">vitelline arteries and veins</a>. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_artery" title="Celiac artery">celiac artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_artery" title="Inferior mesenteric artery">inferior mesenteric artery</a>. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midgut" title="Midgut">midgut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.<sup id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the stomach rotates during early development, the dorsal and ventral mesentery rotate with it; this rotation produces a space anterior to the expanding stomach called the greater sac, and a space posterior to the stomach called the lesser sac. After this rotation the dorsal mesentery thins and forms the greater <a href="/wiki/Greater_omentum" title="Greater omentum">omentum</a>, which is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. The ventral mesentery forms the lesser omentum, and is attached to the developing <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. In the adult, these connective structures of omentum and mesentery form the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>, and act as an insulating and protective layer while also supplying organs with <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and lymph vessels as well as nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-SADLER_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SADLER-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arterial supply to all these structures is from the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac trunk">celiac trunk</a>, and venous drainage is by the <a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_system" title="Portal venous system">portal venous system</a>. Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human digestive system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a> (a small rounded mass of <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">chewed up</a> food) enters the stomach through the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower esophageal sphincter</a>. The stomach releases <a href="/wiki/Proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteases">proteases</a> (protein-digesting <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, which kills or inhibits <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and provides the acidic <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 2 for the <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a> to work. Food is churned by the stomach through <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic</a> muscular contractions of the wall – reducing the volume of the bolus, before looping around the fundus<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_stomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of stomach">body of stomach</a> as the boluses are converted into <a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a> (partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, where the extraction of nutrients begins. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric juice</a> in the stomach also contains <a href="/wiki/Pepsinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsinogen">pepsinogen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric acid</a> activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into <a href="/wiki/Polypeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptides">polypeptides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical_digestion">Mechanical digestion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanical digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a few moments after food enters the stomach, mixing waves begin to occur at intervals of approximately 20 seconds. A mixing wave is a unique type of <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> that mixes and softens the food with gastric juices to create chyme. The initial mixing waves are relatively gentle, but these are followed by more intense waves, starting at the body of the stomach and increasing in force as they reach the pylorus. </p><p>The pylorus, which holds around 30 mL of chyme, acts as a filter, permitting only liquids and small food particles to pass through the mostly, but not fully, closed <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a>. In a process called <a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric emptying">gastric emptying</a>, rhythmic mixing waves force about 3 mL of chyme at a time through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. Release of a greater amount of chyme at one time would overwhelm the capacity of the small intestine to handle it. The rest of the chyme is pushed back into the body of the stomach, where it continues mixing. This process is repeated when the next mixing waves force more chyme into the duodenum. </p><p>Gastric emptying is regulated by both the stomach and the duodenum. The presence of chyme in the duodenum activates receptors that inhibit gastric secretion. This prevents additional chyme from being released by the stomach before the duodenum is ready to process it.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_digestion">Chemical digestion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemical digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundus stores both undigested food and gases that are released during the process of chemical digestion. Food may sit in the fundus of the stomach for a while before being mixed with the chyme. While the food is in the fundus, the digestive activities of <a href="/wiki/Salivary_amylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary amylase">salivary amylase</a> continue until the food begins mixing with the acidic chyme. Ultimately, mixing waves incorporate this food with the chyme, the acidity of which inactivates salivary amylase and activates <a href="/wiki/Lingual_lipase" title="Lingual lipase">lingual lipase</a>. Lingual lipase then begins breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids, and mono- and diglycerides. </p><p>The breakdown of protein begins in the stomach through the actions of hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a>. </p><p>The stomach can also produce <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lipase" title="Gastric lipase">gastric lipase</a>, which can help digesting fat. </p><p>The contents of the stomach are completely emptied into the duodenum within two to four hours after the meal is eaten. Different types of food take different amounts of time to process. Foods heavy in carbohydrates empty fastest, followed by high-protein foods. Meals with a high triglyceride content remain in the stomach the longest. Since enzymes in the small intestine digest fats slowly, food can stay in the stomach for 6 hours or longer when the duodenum is processing fatty chyme. However, this is still a fraction of the 24 to 72 hours that full digestion typically takes from start to finish.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption">Absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes: </p> <ul><li>Water, if the body is <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydrated</a></li> <li>Medication, such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">Amino acids</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10–20% of ingested <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (e.g. from alcoholic beverages)<sup id="cite_ref-intox_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intox-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To a small extent water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> (most are absorbed in the small intestine)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">parietal cells</a> of the human stomach are responsible for producing <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">intrinsic factor</a>, which is necessary for the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>. B12 is used in cellular metabolism and is necessary for the production of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, and the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_secretion_and_motility">Control of secretion and motility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Control of secretion and motility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg/600px-Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg/900px-Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg/1200px-Stomach_emptying_into_duodenum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Emptying of stomach chyme into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter</figcaption></figure> <p>Chyme from the stomach is slowly released into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> through coordinated <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> and opening of the pyloric sphincter. The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> and by the various <a href="/wiki/Digestion#Digestive_hormones" title="Digestion">digestive hormones</a> of the digestive system: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></td> <td>The hormone <i>gastrin</i> causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by <a href="/wiki/G_cell" title="G cell">G cells</a> in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> normally less than 4(high acid), as well as the hormone <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">Cholecystokinin</a></td> <td><i>Cholecystokinin</i> (CCK) has most effect on the <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladder</a>, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> juice, which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></td> <td>In a different and rare manner, <i>secretin</i>, which has the most effects on the pancreas, also diminishes acid secretion in the stomach. Secretin is synthesized by <a href="/wiki/S_cell" title="S cell">S-cells</a>, which are located in the duodenal mucosa as well as in the jejunal mucosa in smaller numbers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">Gastric inhibitory polypeptide</a></td> <td><i>Gastric inhibitory polypeptide</i> (GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility. GIP is synthesized by K-cells, which are located in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></td> <td><i>Enteroglucagon</i> decreases both gastric acid and motility. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Effects of EGF</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">Epidermal growth factor</a> (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular gland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" title="Parotid gland">parotid gland</a>. Salivary EGF, which also seems to be regulated by dietary inorganic <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Stomach as nutrition sensor</dt></dl> <p>The human stomach has receptors responsive to <a href="/wiki/Sodium_glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium glutamate">sodium glutamate</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this information is passed to the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus" title="Lateral hypothalamus">lateral hypothalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Palatability" title="Palatability">palatability</a> signal through the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stomach can also sense, independently of tongue and oral taste receptors, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Araujo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araujo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the brain to link <a href="/wiki/Nutritional" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional">nutritional</a> value of foods to their tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-Araujo_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araujo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Thyrogastric syndrome</dt></dl> <p>This syndrome defines the association between thyroid disease and chronic gastritis, which was first described in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was coined also to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of atrophic gastritis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, a more complete investigation on the stomach and thyroid was published,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reporting that the thyroid is, embryogenetically and phylogenetically, derived from a primitive stomach, and that the thyroid cells, such as primitive gastroenteric cells, migrated and specialized in uptake of iodide and in storage and elaboration of iodine compounds during vertebrate evolution. In fact, the stomach and thyroid share iodine-concentrating ability and many morphological and functional similarities, such as cell polarity and apical microvilli, similar organ-specific antigens and associated autoimmune diseases, secretion of glycoproteins (thyroglobulin and mucin) and peptide hormones, the digesting and readsorbing ability, and lastly, similar ability to form iodotyrosines by peroxidase activity, where iodide acts as an electron donor in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. In the following years, many researchers published reviews about this syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg/220px-Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg/330px-Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg/440px-Stomach_endoscopy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> of a normal stomach of a healthy 65-year-old woman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg/220px-Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg/330px-Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg/440px-Fundic_gland_polyposis0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Endoscopic image of a fundic gland <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyp</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach disease</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">series of radiographs</a> can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">barium swallow</a>. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscope</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">gastric emptying study</a> is considered the gold standard to assess the gastric emptying rate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, in humans are caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> infection, and an association has been seen with the development of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Stomach_rumble" title="Stomach rumble">stomach rumble</a> is actually noise from the intestines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, many <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</a> procedures involve the stomach, in order to lose weight. A <a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">gastric band</a> may be placed around the cardia area, which can adjust to limit intake. The <a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">anatomy of the stomach may be modified</a>, or the stomach may be <a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">bypassed entirely</a>. </p><p>Surgical removal of the stomach is called a <a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">gastrectomy</a>, and removal of the cardia area is a called a <b>cardiectomy</b>. "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BARLOW_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BARLOW-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MELTZER_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MELTZER-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Fundoplication</a> is stomach surgery in which the fundus is wrapped around the lower esophagus and stitched into place. It is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Minjarez06_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minjarez06-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>stomach</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>stomachos</i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">στόμαχος</span></span>), ultimately from <i>stoma</i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">στόμα</span></span>) 'mouth'.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gastro-</i> and <i>gastric</i> (meaning 'related to the stomach') are both derived from Greek <i>gaster</i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">γαστήρ</span></span>) 'belly'.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the esophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfishes</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fish have no stomach at all, with the esophagus opening directly into the intestine. These animals all consume diets that require little storage of food, no predigestion with gastric juices, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png/330px-Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png/495px-Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png/660px-Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here. Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a> (Tylopoda also have some cardiac glands opening onto ventral <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Many other variations exist among the mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"> <dl><dt><span style="color:#E2E200;">Yellow</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">Esophagus</a></dd> <dt><span style="color:#00AD00;">Green</span></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oesophageal_(nonglandular)_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oesophageal (nonglandular) region (page does not exist)">Esophageal (nonglandular) region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APFA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APFA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span style="color:#A700C3;">Purple</span></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_gland_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardiac gland region (page does not exist)">Cardiac gland region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APFA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APFA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span style="color:#C70000;">Red</span></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundic_gland_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundic gland region (page does not exist)">Fundic gland region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APFA_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APFA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span style="color:#247AFF;">Blue</span></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyloric_gland_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyloric gland region (page does not exist)">Pyloric gland region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APFA_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APFA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><span style="color:#2A2AFF;">Dark blue</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands and a posterior portion lined with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the esophagus. <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a>, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with esophageal mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the <a href="/wiki/Proventriculus" title="Proventriculus">proventriculus</a>, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>. Beyond lies the powerful muscular <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a>, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the <a href="/wiki/Insect#Midgut" title="Insect">midgut</a>. </p><p>Information about the stomach in <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> can be found under the respective articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray532.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image showing the celiac artery and its branches"><img alt="Image showing the celiac artery and its branches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/117px-Gray532.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/175px-Gray532.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/233px-Gray532.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image showing the celiac artery and its branches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_open_stomach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A human stomach at autopsy showing the many folds (rugae)"><img alt="A human stomach at autopsy showing the many folds (rugae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_open_stomach.jpg/120px-An_open_stomach.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_open_stomach.jpg/180px-An_open_stomach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_open_stomach.jpg/240px-An_open_stomach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A human stomach at autopsy showing the many <a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">folds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rugae" title="Rugae">rugae</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-quality image of the stomach"><img alt="High-quality image of the stomach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg/120px-3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg/180px-3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg/240px-3D_Medical_Animation_Stomach_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-quality image of the stomach</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stomach" class="extiw" title="commons:Stomach"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Stomach</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_microbiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric microbiota">Gastric microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+6%2F6ch2%2Fs6ch2_30&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Physiology&rft.aulast=Nosek&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanphysiology.tuars.com%2Fprogram%2Fsection6%2F6ch2%2Fs6ch2_30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/stomach.htm">The Stomach </a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood,_Lauralee1997" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Lauralee (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyf00sher"><i>Human physiology: from cells to systems</i></a></span>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-09245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-09245-8"><bdi>978-0-314-09245-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35270048">35270048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+physiology%3A+from+cells+to+systems&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35270048&rft.isbn=978-0-314-09245-8&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+Lauralee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanphysiologyf00sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9863573-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9863573_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzelIdrisBannerKubilis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Band R, Williams JL, et al. 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Sue Barnes (1994). <i>Invitation to Biology</i> (5 ed.). Worth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+Biology&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Worth&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Helena+%26+N.+Sue+Barnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris D. Kerstein, Barry Goldberg, Barry Panter, M. David Tilson, Howard Spiro, Gastric Infarction, Gastroenterology, Volume 67, Issue 6, 1974, Pages 1238–1239, ISSN 0016-5085, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32710-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32710-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tortora09-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tortora09_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2009" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2009). <i>Principles of anatomy and physiology</i> (12., internat. student version ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 937–942. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470233474" title="Special:BookSources/9780470233474"><bdi>9780470233474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=937-942&rft.edition=12.%2C+internat.+student+version&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470233474&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft.au=Derrickson%2C+Bryan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandring" class="citation cs2">Standring, Susan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.elsevierhealth.com/grays-anatomy-9780702077050.html"><i>Gray's Anatomy</i></a> (42nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 1160–1163</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy&rft.pages=1160-1163&rft.edition=42nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.elsevierhealth.com%2Fgrays-anatomy-9780702077050.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHWARTZ2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCHWARTZ2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHWARTZ2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunicardiAndersen2010" class="citation book cs1">Brunicardi, F. Charles; Andersen, Dana K.; et al., eds. (2010). <i>Schwartz's principles of surgery</i> (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071547703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071547703"><bdi>978-0071547703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schwartz%27s+principles+of+surgery&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Medical+Pub.+Division&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0071547703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9MvAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22stomach+bed%22&pg=RA1-PA7">[1]</a> Habershon, S. H. "Diseases of the Stomach: A Manual for Practitioners and Students,"Chicago Medical Book Company, 1909, page 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fn7TUwyORwQC&dq=%22stomach+bed%22&pg=PA157">[2]</a> Weber, John and Shearer, Edwin Morrill "Shearer's manual of human dissection, Eighth Edition," McGraw Hill, 1999, page 157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-134624-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-134624-4">0-07-134624-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/transactionsroy01irelgoog/page/n434">[3]</a> Transactions of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Volume 14, 1896, "Birmingham, A(mbrose), "Topographical anatomy of the spleen, pancreas, duodenum, kidneys, &c.", pages 363-385. Retrieved 29 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKdMAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22stomach+bed%22&pg=PA524">[4]</a> The Lancet, Volume 1, Part 1, 22 February 1902. page 524, "Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland." Retrieved 28 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWoBAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22stomach+bed%22+birmingham&pg=PA353">[5]</a> The Dublin journal of medical science, Volume 114, page 353."Reviews and bibliographical notes." Retrieved 28 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore150-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore150_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_M._R._AgurMoore,_Keith_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Anne M. R. Agur; Moore, Keith L. (2007). <i>Essential Clinical Anatomy (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins))</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Rochester+medical+center&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fcontenttypeid%3D34%26contentid%3D17785-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/stomach-histology">"Stomach histology"</a>. <i>Kenhub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91056-7"><bdi>978-3-319-91056-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042217248">1042217248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gastrointestinal+physiology+%3A+development%2C+principles+and+mechanisms+of+regulation&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=628&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042217248&rft.isbn=978-3-319-91056-7&rft.au=Welcome%2C+Menizibeya+Osain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/22%3A_Digestive_System/22.05%3A_Layers_of_the_Alimentary_Canal/22.5C%3A_Muscularis">"22.5C: Muscularis"</a>. <i>Medicine LibreTexts</i>. 2018-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4333-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-4333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Domestic+Animals&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4333-4&rft.au=William+O.+Reece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgvt_qSsLobUC%26q%3Dtylopoda%2Bomasum%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan,_Esther_J.Stevens,_C._Edward" class="citation web cs1">Finegan, Esther J. & Stevens, C. Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201045413/http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensCDAnatomy.html">"Digestive System of Vertebrates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/WWWEdStevensCDAnatomy.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digestive+System+of+Vertebrates&rft.au=Finegan%2C+Esther+J.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsweb.org%2Fdigestvertebrates%2FWWWEdStevensCDAnatomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalil,_Muhammad" class="citation web cs1">Khalil, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130085507/http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html">"The anatomy of the digestive system"</a>. <i>onemedicine.tuskegee.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html">the original</a> on 2010-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onemedicine.tuskegee.edu&rft.atitle=The+anatomy+of+the+digestive+system&rft.au=Khalil%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu%2FDigestiveSystem%2FStomach%2FStomach_Ruminants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APFA-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APFA_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APFA_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APFA_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APFA_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilke,_W._L.Fails,_A._D.Frandson,_R._D.2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, W. L.; Fails, A. D.; Frandson, R. D. (2009). <i>Anatomy and physiology of farm animals</i>. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1394-3"><bdi>978-0-8138-1394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+physiology+of+farm+animals&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1394-3&rft.au=Wilke%2C+W.+L.&rft.au=Fails%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Frandson%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/stomach" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/stomach">stomach</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/stomach">Stomach</a> at the Human Protein Atlas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213747/http://www.med.uiuc.edu/m1/biochemistry/TA%20reviews/sam/AminoAcids.htm">Digestion of proteins in the stomach or tiyan</a> (archived 10 March 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027033803/http://uk.geocities.com/bacterial_ed/bacteria_and_food.htm">Site with details of how ruminants process food</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partone.lifeinthefastlane.com/control_of_gastric_emptying.html">Control of Gastric Emptying</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112051823/http://www.partone.lifeinthefastlane.com/control_of_gastric_emptying.html">Archived</a> 2019-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li> <li>Spaces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sphincters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">upper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Curvatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sections">Cardia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Structure">Body</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Structure">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No substructures</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis mucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029907#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029907#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estomac"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119460275">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563871">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="žaludek"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135140&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estómago"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527323">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000110977&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536297905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.5.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" 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