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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bergeron_classification_of_air_masses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bergeron_classification_of_air_masses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bergeron classification of air masses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bergeron_classification_of_air_masses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_weather_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_weather_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Surface weather analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_weather_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span>Types</span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span>Types</span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cold front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warm_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warm_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Warm front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warm_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occluded_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occluded_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Occluded front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occluded_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warm_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warm_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Warm sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warm_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stationary_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stationary_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stationary front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stationary_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Dry line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squall_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squall_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Squall line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squall_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation_produced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation_produced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Precipitation produced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation_produced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather front</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerfront" title="Weerfront – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weerfront" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جبهة هوائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبهة هوائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_c%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="Atmosfer cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosfer cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Атмосфера фронттары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атмосфера фронттары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмасферны фронт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атмасферны фронт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="मौसमी फ्रंट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मौसमी फ्रंट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмосферен фронт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атмосферен фронт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(meteorologia)" title="Front (meteorologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9rick%C3%A1_fronta" title="Atmosférická fronta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atmosférická fronta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrynt" title="Ffrynt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrynt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(Meteorologie)" title="Front (Meteorologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Front (Meteorologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front" title="Front – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Front" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_(meteorolog%C3%ADa)" title="Frente (meteorología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente (meteorología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronto_(meteologio)" title="Fronto (meteologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fronto (meteologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_(meteorologia)" title="Fronte (meteorologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fronte (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جبهه هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)" title="Front (météorologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front (météorologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronta%C3%AD_aeir" title="Frontaí aeir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frontaí aeir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_(meteorolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fronte (meteoroloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fronte (meteoroloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%81%ED%95%99)" title="전선 (기상학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전선 (기상학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Մթնոլորտային ճակատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտային ճակատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferska_fronta" title="Atmosferska fronta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atmosferska fronta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer-fronto" title="Aer-fronto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aer-fronto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perenggan_(Meteorologi)" title="Perenggan (Meteorologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perenggan (Meteorologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_meteorologico" title="Fronte meteorologico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte meteorologico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="חזית מזג אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזית מזג אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Атмосфера шебі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атмосфера шебі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_(kewer)" title="Tal (kewer) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tal (kewer)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwon_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)" title="Fwon (météorologie) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fwon (météorologie)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83" title="Атмосфера фронту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атмосфера фронту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C4%93ras_fronte" title="Atmosfēras fronte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atmosfēras fronte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferos_frontas" title="Atmosferos frontas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atmosferos frontas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_meteorol%C3%B2gich" title="Front meteorològich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Front meteorològich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gk%C3%B6ri_front" title="Légköri front – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légköri front" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмосферски фронт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атмосферски фронт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Агаарын фронт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Агаарын фронт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(meteorologie)" title="Front (meteorologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Front (meteorologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%B7%9A_(%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1)" title="前線 (気象) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前線 (気象)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rfront" title="Værfront – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Værfront" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AArfront" title="Vêrfront – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vêrfront" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B2nt_(meteorologia)" title="Frònt (meteorologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frònt (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_frontlari" title="Atmosfera frontlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atmosfera frontlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_atmosferyczny" title="Front atmosferyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Front atmosferyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_de_ar" title="Frente de ar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente de ar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_atmosferic" title="Front atmosferic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Front atmosferic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмосферный фронт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атмосферный фронт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weather front" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(po%C4%8Dasie)" title="Front (počasie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Front (počasie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмосферски фронт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атмосферски фронт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4rintama" title="Säärintama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Säärintama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4derfront" title="Väderfront – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väderfront" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephe_(meteoroloji)" title="Cephe (meteoroloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cephe (meteoroloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Атмосферний фронт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атмосферний фронт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_th%E1%BB%9Di_ti%E1%BA%BFt" title="Front thời tiết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Front thời tiết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%92%E9%9D%A2" title="鋒面 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鋒面" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%92%E9%9D%A2" title="鋒面 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Boundary separating two masses of air of different densities</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg/200px-Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg/300px-Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg/400px-Unusually_well_defined_warm_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Approaching weather fronts are often visible from the ground, but are not always as well defined as this.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric sciences</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg/260px-ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg/390px-ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg/520px-ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Atmospheric physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">Atmospheric dynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_dynamics" title="Category:Atmospheric dynamics">category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Category:Atmospheric chemistry">category</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_cyclones" title="Category:Tropical cyclones">category</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate" title="Category:Climate">category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">portal</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <b>Glossaries</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Glossary of meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Glossary of tropical cyclone terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Glossary of tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary of climate change</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheric_sciences" title="Template:Atmospheric sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheric_sciences" title="Template talk:Atmospheric sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheric_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheric sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>weather front</b> is a boundary separating <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a> for which several characteristics differ, such as <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">air density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. Disturbed and unstable weather due to these differences often arises along the boundary. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> can bring bands of <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">cumulonimbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> or be preceded by <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">warm fronts</a> are usually preceded by <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. In summer, subtler humidity gradients known as <a href="/wiki/Dry_line" title="Dry line">dry lines</a> can trigger <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">severe weather</a>. Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is invariably a <a href="/wiki/Wind_direction" title="Wind direction">wind shift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2000-11-10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2000-11-10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cold fronts generally move from west to east, whereas warm fronts move <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poleward</a>, although any direction is possible. Occluded fronts are a hybrid merge of the two, and stationary fronts are stalled in their motion. Cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions because the dense air behind them can lift as well as push the warmer air. Mountains and bodies of water can affect the movement and properties of fronts, other than atmospheric conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Density_contrast" title="Density contrast">density contrast</a> has diminished between the air masses, for instance after flowing out over a uniformly warm ocean, the front can degenerate into a mere line which separates regions of differing <a href="/wiki/Wind_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind velocity">wind velocity</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Shear_line_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear line (meteorology)">shear line</a>. This is most common over the open ocean. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bergeron_classification_of_air_masses">Bergeron classification of air masses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bergeron classification of air masses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">Air mass</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tor_Bergeron" title="Tor Bergeron">Bergeron</a> classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along <a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">troughs</a> of lower <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first letter describes its <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> properties, with <ul><li><b>c</b>   used for <span style="text-decoration: underline;">c</span>ontinental air masses (dry) and</li> <li><b>m</b>   used for <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m</span>aritime air masses (moist).</li></ul></li> <li>The second letter describes the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">thermal</a> characteristic of its source region: <ul><li><b>T</b>   for <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">t</span>ropical</a>,</li> <li><b>P</b>   for <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">p</span>olar</a>,</li> <li><b>A</b>   for <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">A</span>rctic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">A</span>ntarctic</a>,</li> <li><b>M</b>   for <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">m</span>onsoon</a>,</li> <li><b>E</b>   for <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial region"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">e</span>quatorial</a>, and</li> <li><b>S</b>   for <span style="text-decoration: underline;">s</span>uperior air (dry air formed by significant upward lift in the atmosphere).</li></ul></li> <li>The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere; it is labeled: <ul><li><b>k</b>   if the air mass is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">c</span>older (“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">k</span>older”) than the ground below it.</li> <li><b>w</b>   if the air mass is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">w</span>armer than the ground below it.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airmassesorigin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Airmassesorigin.png/260px-Airmassesorigin.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Airmassesorigin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Different air masses which affect North America, as well as other continents, tend to be separated by frontal boundaries. In this illustration, the Arctic front separates Arctic from Polar air masses, while the Polar front separates Polar air from warm air masses. (<b>cA</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">c</span>ontinental <span style="text-decoration: underline;">a</span>rctic; <b>cP</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">c</span>ontinental <span style="text-decoration: underline;">p</span>olar; <b>mP</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m</span>aritime <span style="text-decoration: underline;">p</span>olar; <b>cT</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">c</span>ontinental tropic; and <b>mT</b> is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">m</span>aritime <span style="text-decoration: underline;">t</span>ropic.)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_weather_analysis">Surface weather analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surface weather analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NWS_weather_fronts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NWS_weather_fronts.svg/260px-NWS_weather_fronts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NWS_weather_fronts.svg/390px-NWS_weather_fronts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NWS_weather_fronts.svg/520px-NWS_weather_fronts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><i>Weather map symbols</i>:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 7em;"> 1. cold front <br /> 2. warm front <br /> 3. stationary front <br /> 4. occluded front <br /> 5. surface trough <br /> 6. squall / shear line <br /> 7. dry line <br /> 8. tropical wave <br /> 9. trough </div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">Low-pressure area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">High-pressure area</a></div> <p>A surface weather analysis is a special type of <a href="/wiki/Weather_map" title="Weather map">weather map</a> which provides a top view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Monmonier-1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmonier-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather maps are created by detecting, plotting and tracing the values of relevant quantities such as <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">sea-level pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a> onto a <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">geographical map</a> to help find <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic scale</a> features such as weather fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, or other important information. For example, an <b>H</b> may represent a high pressure area, implying fair or clear weather. An <b>L</b> on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation and <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a>. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones and vice versa. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.<sup id="cite_ref-Monmonier-1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmonier-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types"><span id="Front_Types">Types</span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anafront" class="extiw" title="wikt:anafront">anafront</a>" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes and heavy <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. A "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/katafront" class="extiw" title="wikt:katafront">katafront</a>" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_front">Cold front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">Cold front</a></div> <p>A cold front is located along and on the bounds of the warm side of a tightly packed temperature gradient. On surface analysis charts, this temperature gradient is visible in <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isotherms</a> and can sometimes also be identified using <a href="/wiki/Isobar_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobar (meteorology)">isobars</a> since cold fronts often align with a surface <a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">trough</a>. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked by a blue line with triangles pointing in the direction where cold air travels and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold fronts often bring rain, and sometimes heavy <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> as well. Cold fronts can produce sharper and more intense changes in weather and move at a rate that is up to twice as fast as warm fronts, since cold air is more dense than warm air, lifting as well as pushing the warm air preceding the boundary. The lifting motion often creates a narrow line of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">showers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> if enough <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is present as the lifted moist warm air condenses. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is too simplistic,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the upward motion is really part of a maintenance process for <a href="/wiki/Geostrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostrophy">geostrophic</a> balance on the rotating Earth in response to <a href="/wiki/Frontogenesis" title="Frontogenesis">frontogenesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warm_front">Warm front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Warm front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">Warm front</a></div> <p>Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous advancing warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to lift from the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds appearing ahead of the warm front are mostly <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratiform</a>, and rainfall more gradually increases as the front approaches. <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may still continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction the air mass is travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occluded_front">Occluded front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occluded front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occluded_front" title="Occluded front">Occluded front</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occluded_cyclone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Occluded_cyclone.svg/220px-Occluded_cyclone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Occluded_cyclone.svg/330px-Occluded_cyclone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Occluded_cyclone.svg/440px-Occluded_cyclone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Occluded front depiction for the Northern Hemisphere</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Occluded_front" title="Occluded front">occluded front</a> is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas, including cyclones.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cold air mass receding from the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the cold air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air mass receding from the warm front and rides over the colder air while lifting the warm air.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is also associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the type of occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trowal" class="extiw" title="wikt:trowal">trowal</a></i>, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression or storm.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warm_sector">Warm sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Warm sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warm_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm sector">Warm sector</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Warm_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm sector">warm sector</a> is a near-surface <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air mass</a> in between the <a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">warm front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a>, usually found on the equatorward side of an <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a>. With its warm and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humid</a> characteristics, this air is susceptive to <a href="/wiki/Convective_instability" title="Convective instability">convective instability</a> and can sustain <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>, especially if lifted by the advancing cold front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stationary_front">Stationary front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stationary front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stationary_front" title="Stationary front">Stationary front</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Stationary_front" title="Stationary front">stationary front</a> is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, especially with parallel winds directions;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually move in waves but not persistently.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is normally a broad <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a> behind the boundary with more widely spaced <a href="/wiki/Contour_line#Temperature_and_related_subjects" title="Contour line">isotherm</a> packing. </p><p>A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if the conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing opposite to each other, indicating no significant movement. </p><p>When stationary fronts become smaller in scale and stabilizes in temperature, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stationary fronts may bring light snow or rain for a long period of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_line">Dry line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dry line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dry_line" title="Dry line">Dry line</a></div> <p>A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the <a href="/wiki/Dry_line" title="Dry line">dry line</a>, which is the boundary between air masses with significant <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> differences instead of temperature. When the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered <a href="/wiki/Barometric_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric pressure">pressure</a> will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the cooler dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">severe weather</a> is possible, especially when an occlusion or triple point is formed with a cold front.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>. When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squall_line">Squall line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Squall line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">Squall line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DangerousShelfCloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/DangerousShelfCloud.jpg/260px-DangerousShelfCloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/DangerousShelfCloud.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>A shelf cloud such as this one can be a sign that a squall is imminent</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun actively existing cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale Convective System</a> (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a <a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">haboob</a> may result.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or <b>squal line</b>, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of <b>outflow boundary</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precipitation_produced">Precipitation produced</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Precipitation produced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konvektionsregen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/220px-Konvektionsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/330px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/440px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Convective precipitation</figcaption></figure> <p>Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. <i><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convective precipitation</a></i> (showers, thundershowers, heavy rain and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> and the presence of a strong <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Roll_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll cloud">roll clouds</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the warm <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a>, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. <i><a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">Orographic precipitation</a></i> is precipitation created through the lifting action of air due to air masses moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in light rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2000-11-10_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2000-11-10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fronts are generally guided by <a href="/wiki/Winds_aloft" title="Winds aloft">winds aloft</a>, but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold or occluded front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>, which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">Anticyclonic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">Cold front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclogenesis" title="Cyclogenesis">Cyclogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cyclone_model" title="Norwegian cyclone model">Norwegian cyclone model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">Trough (meteorology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">Warm front</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miller-2000-11-10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-2000-11-10_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-2000-11-10_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Samuel_T.2000" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Samuel T. (10 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050111070558/http://www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu/~stm/AS/Teaching/STEC521/STEC521_7.html">"Clouds and precipitation"</a>. STEC 521 lecture notes. Durham, NH: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu/~stm/AS/Teaching/STEC521/STEC521_7.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clouds+and+precipitation&rft.place=Durham%2C+NH&rft.series=STEC+521+lecture+notes&rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire&rft.date=2000-11-10&rft.au=Miller%2C+Samuel+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrc.sr.unh.edu%2F~stm%2FAS%2FTeaching%2FSTEC521%2FSTEC521_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth-2013-11-21-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth-2013-11-21_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth,_David2013" class="citation report cs1">Roth, David (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/UASfcManualVersion1.pdf">Unified Surface Analysis Manual</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (vers. 1 ed.). Honolulu, HI: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometeorological Prediction Center">Hydrometeorological Prediction Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Unified+Surface+Analysis+Manual&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.edition=vers.+1&rft.pub=NOAA+%2F+Hydrometeorological+Prediction+Center+%2F+National+Hurricane+Center&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.au=Roth%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov%2Fsfc%2FUASfcManualVersion1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=airmass-classification1">"Airmass classification"</a>. Glossary of Meteorology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2008</span> – via amsglossary.allenpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airmass+classification&rft.series=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dairmass-classification1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaravanan,_K.J.2008" class="citation web cs1">Saravanan, K.J., ed. 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Cengage Learning. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-01162-0"><bdi>978-0-495-01162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorology+Today%3A+An+introduction+to+weather%2C+climate%2C+and+the+environment&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-01162-0&rft.au=Ahrens%2C+C.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpGfKb23Y9QC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monmonier-1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monmonier-1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monmonier-1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1999" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark S. (1999). <i>Air Apparent: How meteorologists learned to map, predict, and dramatize weather</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-53422-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-53422-7"><bdi>0-226-53422-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Apparent%3A+How+meteorologists+learned+to+map%2C+predict%2C+and+dramatize+weather&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-226-53422-7&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wunderground.com/maps/current-weather/mixed-surface-analysis">"Mixed surface analysis"</a>. <i>Weather Underground (wunderground.com)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span> – via amsglossary.allenpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shear+line&rft.series=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dshear%2Bline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai,_Huaqing" class="citation web cs1">Cai, Huaqing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120180130/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~caihq/pic/fig23.html">"Dryline cross section"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather (Report). <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span> – via geographic.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Glossary+of+Weather&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.au=Branick%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fclimate%2Fo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Haboob">"Haboob"</a>. Glossary. <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>. 8 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haboob&rft.series=Glossary&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.ametsoc.org%2Fwiki%2FHaboob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305192126/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=convection">"Convection"</a>. Glossary of Meteorology. <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=convection">the original</a> on 5 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span> – via amsglossary.allenpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convection&rft.series=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dconvection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014173012/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=orographic-lifting1">"Orographic lifting"</a>. Glossary of Meteorology. <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=orographic-lifting1">the original</a> on 14 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span> – via amsglossary.allenpress.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orographic+lifting&rft.series=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dorographic-lifting1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1999" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark S. (1999). <i>Air Apparent: How meteorologists learned to map, predict, and dramatize weather</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-53422-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-53422-7"><bdi>0-226-53422-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Apparent%3A+How+meteorologists+learned+to+map%2C+predict%2C+and+dramatize+weather&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-226-53422-7&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_front&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atmospheric_fronts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atmospheric fronts">Atmospheric fronts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth,_David2013" class="citation report cs1">Roth, David (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/UASfcManualVersion1.pdf">Unified Surface Analysis Manual</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (vers. 1 ed.). Honolulu, HI: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometeorological Prediction Center">Hydrometeorological Prediction Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Unified+Surface+Analysis+Manual&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.edition=vers.+1&rft.pub=NOAA+%2F+Hydrometeorological+Prediction+Center+%2F+National+Hurricane+Center&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.au=Roth%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov%2Fsfc%2FUASfcManualVersion1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/cfrnt/def.rxml">"Cold fronts"</a>. Glossary – Weather World 2010 Project. <i>Online guide</i>. Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Urbana-Champaign, IL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+guide&rft.atitle=Cold+fronts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F%28Gh%29%2Fguides%2Fmtr%2Faf%2Ffrnts%2Fcfrnt%2Fdef.rxml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/wfrnt/def.rxml">"Warm fronts"</a>. Glossary – Weather World 2010 Project. <i>Online guide</i>. Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Urbana-Champaign, IL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+guide&rft.atitle=Warm+fronts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F%28Gh%29%2Fguides%2Fmtr%2Faf%2Ffrnts%2Fwfrnt%2Fdef.rxml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+front" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/home.rxml">"Fronts: The boundaries between air masses"</a>. Glossary – Weather World 2010 Project. <i>Online guide</i>. Department of Atmospheric Sciences. 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