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<span>Acronyms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acronyms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acronyms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acronyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Expanded forms of abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_hyphenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_hyphenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>After hyphenation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_hyphenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_caps_and_small_caps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_caps_and_small_caps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>All caps and small caps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_caps_and_small_caps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Anglo-</i> and similar prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Animals, plants, and other organisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animals, plants, and other organisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Scientific names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Common names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_groups_or_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_groups_or_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Names of groups or types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_groups_or_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Calendar items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celestial_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celestial_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Celestial bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celestial_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compass_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compass_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Compass points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compass_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Geological periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headings,_headers,_and_captions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headings,_headers,_and_captions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Headings, headers, and captions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headings,_headers,_and_captions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Initial letters in sentences and list items</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial letters in sentences and list items subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Items_that_require_initial_lower_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Items_that_require_initial_lower_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Items that require initial lower case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Items_that_require_initial_lower_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Military terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_and_literary_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_and_literary_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Musical and literary genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_and_literary_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Proper names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proper names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peoples_and_their_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peoples_and_their_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Peoples and their languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peoples_and_their_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Personal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Science and mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports,_games,_and_other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports,_games,_and_other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Sports, games, and other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports,_games,_and_other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalization_of_The" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalization_of_The"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Capitalization of <i>The</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalization_of_The-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_of_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_of_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Titles of people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_of_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Titles of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Trademarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Capitalization" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Capitalization" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12126092" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia guidelines surrounding capital letters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:CAPS" redirects here. For the style guideline on capitalization in article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)</a>. For the guideline on caption construction, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Captions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Captions">Wikipedia:Captions</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CAPS"></span><span id="WP:MOSCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CAPS&redirect=no">MOS:CAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOSCAPS&redirect=no">WP:MOSCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wikipedia avoids unnecessary <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, capitalization is primarily needed for <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name (linguistics)">proper names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a>, and for the first letter of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia relies on sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized; only words and phrases that are <em>consistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, reliable sources</em> are capitalized in Wikipedia. </p><p>There are exceptions for specific cases discussed below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Do_not_use_for_emphasis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Do_not_use_for_emphasis"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Do_not_use_for_emphasis"></span>Do not use for emphasis<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Do_not_use_for_emphasis"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Do not use for emphasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:EMPHCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:SIGNIFCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:EMPHCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:EMPHCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SIGNIFCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:SIGNIFCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting</a></div> <p>Initial capitals or all capitals should not be used for emphasis. If wording alone cannot provide the required emphasis, the <code class="nowrap" style=""><em>...</em></code> HTML element (or its <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>}}</code> template wrapper) should be used: </p> <dl><dd><i>Use</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It is not only a <em>little</em> learning that is dangerous.</span></dd> <dd><i>Avoid</i>: <dl><dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It is not only a LITTLE learning that is dangerous.</span></dd> <dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It is not only a Little learning that is dangerous.</span></dd> <dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It is not only a <strong>little</strong> learning that is dangerous.</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This includes over-capitalization for <em>signification</em>, i.e. to try to impress upon the reader the importance or specialness of something in a particular context. Introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> may be wikilinked and, optionally, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">given in non-emphasis italics</a> on first occurrence. Example: use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The community of researchers in a field may produce a <em><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a></em></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">... may produce a Scientific Consensus</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Acronyms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Acronyms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Acronyms"></span>Acronyms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Acronyms"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acronyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms_and_initialisms"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CAPSACRS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CAPSACRS&redirect=no">MOS:CAPSACRS</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Acronyms</a></div> <p>On Wikipedia, most <a href="/wiki/Acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms">acronyms</a> are written in all capital letters (such as <i><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></i>). Wikipedia does not follow the practice of distinguishing between acronyms and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/initialism" class="extiw" title="wikt:initialism">initialisms</a>; unless that is their common name, do not write <a href="/wiki/Word_acronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Word acronym">word acronyms</a>, that are pronounced as if they were words, with an initial capital letter only, e.g., do not write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">UNESCO</span> as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Unesco</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">NASA</span> as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Nasa</span>. </p> <ul><li>Some acronyms (mostly trademarks like <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taser" title="Taser">Taser</a></i>) conventionally or officially use a mixture of capitals and lower-case letters, even non-letters; for any given example, use the spelling found in the majority of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%26Ms" class="mw-redirect" title="M&Ms">M&Ms</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/InBev" title="InBev">InBev</a></i>). Do not mimic trademark stylization otherwise. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a>.)</span></li> <li>Non-trademarked acronyms that have become assimilated into English as everyday words may be written as common nouns when it is conventional to do so (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a></i>, whereas <i><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a></i> and <i>bank <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a></i> are unassimilated acronyms and are capitalized as such).</li></ul> <p>Use only source-attested acronyms and initialisms; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">do not make up</a> new ones (for example, the <a href="/wiki/World_Pool-Billiard_Association" title="World Pool-Billiard Association">World Pool-Billiard Association</a> is the WPA, and it is not referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Billiard_Association" title="Women's Professional Billiard Association">WPBA</a>"). </p><p>"Also known as", when abbreviated on second or later occurrences, or in a table, should be given as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a.k.a.</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">AKA</span> (whichever reads more easily in the context). Do not use <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">aka</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">A/K/A</span>, or other unusual renderings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations-Acronyms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations-Acronyms"></span>Expanded forms of abbreviations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Expanded_forms_of_abbreviations-Acronyms"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expanded forms of abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Expanded_forms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Expanded forms</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations&action=edit#Expanded_forms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:EXPABBR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:EXPABBR&redirect=no">MOS:EXPABBR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not apply initial capitals or other forms of emphasis to common-noun phrases just because capitals are used when abbreviating them: </p> <ul><li><i>Incorrect (not a proper name)</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">uses Digital Scanning (DS) technology</span></li> <li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">uses digital scanning (DS) technology</span></li> <li><i>Correct (proper name)</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)</span></li></ul> <p>Similarly, when showing the source of an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation#Syllabic_abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">syllabic abbreviation</a>, emphasizing the letters in the expansion that make up the acronym is unnecessary and potentially distracting: </p> <ul><li><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">FOREX (FOReign EXchange)</span></li> <li><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">FOREX (<i>for</i>eign <i>ex</i>change)</span></li> <li><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">FOREX (<b>for</b>eign <b>ex</b>change)</span></li> <li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">FOREX (foreign exchange)</span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="After_hyphenation" data-mw-thread-id="h-After_hyphenation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-After_hyphenation"></span>After hyphenation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-After_hyphenation"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After hyphenation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HYPHENCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HYPHENCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:HYPHENCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In article text, do not use a capital letter after a hyphen except for terms that would ordinarily be capitalized in running prose, such as proper names (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> and brand names): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Graeco-Roman</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mediterranean-style</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Gandhi-Like</span>. Letters used as designations are treated as names for this purpose: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a size-A drill bit</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For cases involving titles of people, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Hyphenation_and_compounds" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">WP:Manual of Style/Biography § Hyphenation and compounds</a>; for titles of works, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Hyphenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">WP:Manual of Style/Titles § Hyphenation</a>.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="All_caps_and_small_caps" data-mw-thread-id="h-All_caps_and_small_caps"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-All_caps_and_small_caps"></span>All caps and small caps<span data-mw-comment-end="h-All_caps_and_small_caps"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: All caps and small caps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="All_caps"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ALLCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:SMALLCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ALLCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:ALLCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SMALLCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:SMALLCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about using all caps in articles. For the talk page guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SHOUTING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SHOUTING">WP:SHOUTING</a>. For misleading or misunderstood shortcuts, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UPPERCASE" title="Wikipedia:UPPERCASE">WP:UPPERCASE</a>.</div> <p>Avoid writing with <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a> (all capital letters), including <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a> (all caps at a reduced size), when they have only a <a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">stylistic</a> function. Reduce them to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">title case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a>, or normal case, as appropriate. </p> <ul><li>Reduce newspaper headlines and other titles from all caps to title case – or to sentence case if required by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a> established in the article. For example, replace the headline or title "WAR BEGINS TODAY" with <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"War Begins Today"</span> or, if necessary, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"War begins today"</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduce track titles on albums where all or most tracks are listed in all capitals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For which words should be capitalized, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">WP:Manual of Style/Titles § Capital letters</a>.</span></li> <li>Reduce court decisions from all caps. Write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i></span>, even though the decision as issued reads <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ROE v. WADE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduce proclamations, such as those for the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, from all capitals.</li> <li>Reduce text written in all capitals in trademarks – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a></span>.</li> <li>Reduce Latin quotations and terms from all capitals,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and put them in italics as non-English. As this is a form of transliteration, the Latin <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">V</span> should be normalized to <i>v</i> or <i>u</i>, as appropriate, per modern conventions for rendering Latin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See below for a linguistics exception. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Non-English_language_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Non-English language terms</a>.)</span></li> <li>Reduce names of companies or other trademarks from all caps to sentence case, unless they are acronyms or initialisms, even if the company normally writes them in all caps. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a>.</li> <li>Do not write with all capitals for emphasis; italics are preferred <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Do_not_use_for_emphasis">§ Do not use for emphasis</a>, above)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Typographic_conformity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">In quoted material</a>, all caps or small caps for emphasis should be replaced with italic <em>emphasis</em> or, in an already italic passage, boldface (with HTML <code class="nowrap" style=""><strong></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a>}}</code>).</li></ul> <p>Certain material may be written with all capitals or small capitals: </p> <ul><li>Acronyms and initialisms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Acronyms">§ Acronyms</a>, above)</span>; these are given in all caps, not small caps.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>There are some exceptions on Wikipedia. Acronyms that have been fully assimilated into English as words are given in lowercase (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">laser</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">scuba</span>), as are various Latinisms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">am</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pm</span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations</a> for details</span>.</li> <li>Some uses of small caps that are common in the <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house styles</a> of particular publishers are not used on Wikipedia; the most common are for Roman numerals (use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">XIV</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">XIV</span></span>) and for acronyms for eras (use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BCE</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">AD</span>, etc., not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BCE</span></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">AD</span></span>).</li></ul></li> <li>In religion, renderings of the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">YHWH</span></i>) – but not of <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a></i> – can be formatted with the templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:LORD" title="Template:LORD">LORD</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:GOD" title="Template:GOD">GOD</a>}}</code>, when the distinction is important. These employ a mixture of all caps and small caps common in many Bible editions: L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>. Do not style these or similar words in colored text.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Certain citation styles (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a></i>) require that certain parts of a citation, such as author names in alphabetical reference sections, be written in small caps. If an article has been consistently using such a citation style, it <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Variation_in_citation_methods" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">should be respected</a>, absent a consensus to change the style. For readability, this should be done with the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc1" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc1">sc1</a>}}</code>, which distinguishes the case of the input, giving uppercase full-size and lowercase in a readable small-caps size; this makes the output both more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessible</a> and accurate to copy-paste: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc1" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc1">sc1</a>|DeVoto}}</code> visually produces <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">DeVoto</span>, which copy-pastes as DeVoto. However, if such a citation style is not already established at an article, it is better avoided, as it is difficult to read and complicates the markup.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Smallcaps_Unicode"></span> The names of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> code points are conventionally given in small caps using the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unichar" title="Template:Unichar">unichar</a>}}</code> or similar. Example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the character <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+2053</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁓</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SWUNG DASH</span></span>. This is only done when presenting tables of Unicode data, and when discussing code point names as such. Otherwise prefer unstyled, plain-English character names (whether they coincide with code point names or not): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the hyphen and the en dash</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">HYPHEN-MINUS</span> and the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">EN DASH</span></span>.</li> <li>Textual excerpts, inscriptions, example words, and letterforms in classical Latin, Greek, and other <a href="/wiki/Unicase" title="Unicase">unicase</a> scripts may be given in all caps or preferably small caps (the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc2">sc2</a>}}</code> is intended for this purpose) to reflect the letterforms of that era. This should only be done when it is contextually useful, as in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> material and descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. Examples: letterforms at <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language#Orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language § Orthography</a>, and excerpts at <a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>. This usage should preserve the original orthography to the extent possible in Unicode (e.g., use of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">V</span> in Latin for both <i>v</i> and <i>u</i>). When rendered this way, such material need not be italicized as non-English.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it is not possible to render such material as text, a photograph may prove useful, if <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">a free one is available</a>.</li> <li>In linguistics and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)#In_linguistics" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossing</a> of text or speech uses small caps for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">standardized abbreviations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Functional_morpheme" title="Functional morpheme">functional morpheme</a> types (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</span></span></a></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</span></span></a></span>); this is done with the linguistics template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gcl" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Gcl">gcl</a>}}</code>, or by feeding a lowercase value to the generic template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc">sc</a>}}</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On first occurrence, use a piped link around the template: <code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[[Plural|{{sc|pl}}]]</span></code>. This style is not used for <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)#Lexical_morphology" title="Morphology (linguistics)">lexical</a> glosses of <a href="/wiki/Content_morpheme" title="Content morpheme">content morphemes</a>; these <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Double_or_single" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">go in single quotes</a> in a linear (inline) gloss (e.g., in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">perro</i></span>, 'dog'</span>), but no markup at all in an <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">interlinear gloss</a>.</li> <li>A further linguistics use of smallcaps (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc2">sc2</a>}}</code>) is representation of a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical set</a>; this markup is used in various linguistic articles and in our own reader-facing documentation that involves lexical sets, such as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes"></span><i>Anglo-</i> and similar prefixes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglo- and similar prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ANGLO-"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ANGLO-&redirect=no">MOS:ANGLO-</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Most words with prefixes such as <i>Anglo-</i>, <i>Franco-</i>, etc., are capitalized. For example, <i>Anglo-Saxon</i>, <i>Anglo-French</i> and <i>Anglo-Norman</i> are all capitalized. However, there is some variation concerning a small number of words of French origin. In French, these words are not capitalized, and this sometimes carries over to English. There are variations, and since editors often refer to only one dictionary, they may unwittingly contravene <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Varieties of English</a> by changing a usage to that which is more common in their own national dialect. The main (but not mandatory) exceptions to the capitalization rule are the following.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>anglicism</i>, <i>gallicism</i>, etc.: These words are often, but not always, capitalized. <i>Anglicism</i> is less likely to be capitalized in Canada.</li> <li><i>anglicize</i> (<i>anglicise</i>), <i>gallicize</i> (<i>gallicise</i>), etc.: <i>Anglicize</i> is often capitalized in the US, and sometimes in other countries. <i>Gallicize</i> is often capitalized in the US, and usually capitalized in other countries.</li> <li><i>anglophile</i>, <i>francophile</i>, etc.: Words in this category are usually capitalized both as nouns and adjectives, except in Canada, where they sometimes are.</li> <li><i>anglophone</i>, <i>francophone</i>, etc.: These words are often capitalized in the US as adjectives, and usually as nouns. They are usually not capitalized in other countries, whether as nouns or adjectives.</li> <li><i>anglophobe</i>, <i>francophobe</i>, etc.: Words in this category are usually capitalized in all countries except Canada, where they sometimes are. The same applies to <i>anglophobic</i>.</li></ul> <p><i>Romanize</i>, <i>Latinize</i>, and related words are often lowercased in a linguistic context in particular, but <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Romanization">otherwise</a> usually capitalized; <i>italic[s]</i>, in the typography sense, is always lowercase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"><span id="Animals.2C_plants.2C_and_other_organisms"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span>Animals, plants, and other organisms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animals, plants, and other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIOCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIOCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:BIOCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on article titles about organisms, including scientific names and common names and how and when to italicize their display: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(fauna)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scientific_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scientific_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span>Scientific names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scientific_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">Scientific names</a> including <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Infraspecific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspecific name (botany)">other infraspecific names</a>) have an initial capital letter for the genus, but not for the [sub]species (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Italic_face" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">and are always italicized</a>): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the tulip tree is <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i></span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">all modern humans are <i>Homo sapiens</i></span>. More specifically: </p> <ul><li>The names of genera are always capitalized (and italicized), even when not paired with a species name: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Allosaurus</i>, <i>Falco</i>, <i>Anas</i></span>.</li> <li>The second part of a <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial species name</a> is never capitalized, even when derived from a proper name (but is always italicized), and is always preceded by either the genus name, or a capitalized abbreviation of it if the full version has occurred previously in the same text: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Thomson's gazelle is <i>Eudorcas thomsonii</i> or <i>E. thomsonii</i></span>.</li> <li>In zoology, the same applies to the third part of a <a href="/wiki/Trinomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomial name">trinomial name</a>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the arctic wolf is <i>Canis lupus arctos</i> or <i>C. l. arctos</i></span>.</li> <li>In botany, the third part of a trinomial is preceded by an indication of rank which is not italicized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Poa secunda</i> subsp. <i>juncifolia</i>, <i>Acanthocalycium klimpelianum</i> var. <i>macranthum</i></span>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">cultivar group</a> names of plants are not italicized, and are capitalized. Cultivar names appear within single quotes: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Malus domestica</i> 'Red Delicious'</span>. Cultivar groups do not use quotation marks, but do include and capitalize the word "Group" in the name: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Cynara cardunculus</i> Scolymus Group</span>. While the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICNCP</a> has recently preferred the term "Group" (used by itself and capitalized) to refer to the cultivar group concept, please use the lower-case phrase "cultivar group" (aside from "Group" within an actual scientific name), as it is both less ambiguous and less typographically confusing to the average reader. </p><p>Orders, families and other <a href="/wiki/Rank_(zoology)#All_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (zoology)">taxonomic ranks</a> above genus level have an initial capital letter (and are not italicized): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bats belong to the order Chiroptera</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">rats and mice are members of the family Muridae and the order Rodentia</span>. However, the English form derived from the Latin name should not be capitalized or italicized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">members of the order Chiroptera are chiropterans</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">members of the family Muridae are murids and members of the order Rodentia are rodents</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span>Common names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_names-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMMONNAMES"></span><span id="MOS:COMMONNAMECAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMONNAMES&redirect=no">MOS:COMMONNAMES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMONNAMECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:COMMONNAMECAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Lower-case initial letters are used for each part of the English (common, vernacular) names of species, genera, families and all other taxonomic levels (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bacteria</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">zebra</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bottlenose dolphin</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mountain maple</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bald eagle</span>), except where they contain a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name (linguistics)">proper name</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Przewalski's horse</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Amur tiger</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Roosevelt elk</span>), or when such a name starts a sentence<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Black bears eat white suckers and blueberries</span>). If interpretation could be ambiguous, use links or rewording to make it clearer. </p><p>As of 2017,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> wikiprojects for some groups of organisms are in the process of converting to sentence case where title case was previously used. Some articles may not have been changed yet (this may still be true of some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Insects" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Insects">insect</a> articles and some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Botany">plant</a> ones, as well as a few on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Amphibians_and_Reptiles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles">amphibians and reptiles</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_groups_or_types" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names_of_groups_or_types-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names_of_groups_or_types-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span>Names of groups or types<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names_of_groups_or_types-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Names of groups or types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common name of a <i>group</i> of species or <i>type</i> of organism is always written in lower case (except where a proper name occurs): </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">New World monkeys</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">slime molds</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">rove beetles</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">great apes</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mountain dogs</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Van cats</span></li></ul> <p>This also applies to an individual creature of indeterminate species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Calendar_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Calendar_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Calendar_items"></span>Calendar items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Calendar_items"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Calendar items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Seasons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Seasons</a></div> <p>Capitalize the names of months, days, and holidays: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Monday</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Fourth of July</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Michaelmas</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Ides of March</span>. Seasons are uncapitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a hot summer</span>) except when personified: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">soon Spring will show her colors</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Old Man Winter</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Celestial_bodies" data-mw-thread-id="h-Celestial_bodies"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Celestial_bodies"></span>Celestial bodies<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Celestial_bodies"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Celestial bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CELESTIALBODIES"></span><span id="MOS:ASTRONOMICALBODIES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CELESTIALBODIES&redirect=no">MOS:CELESTIALBODIES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ASTRONOMICALBODIES&redirect=no">MOS:ASTRONOMICALBODIES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The words <i>Sun</i>, <i>Earth</i>, <i>Moon</i> and <i>Solar System</i> are capitalized (as proper names) when used to refer to a specific celestial body in an astronomical context (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Moon orbits Earth</span>). They are not capitalized when used outside an astronomical context, such as when referring to sunshine (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It was a clear day and the sun felt warm</span>), or when used in a general sense (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Io is a moon of Jupiter</span>). However, they are capitalized in personifications, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the ancient Roman sun god</span>. </p><p>Names of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, and galaxies are proper names and begin with a capital letter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The planet Mars can be seen tonight in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux</span>). The first letter of every word in such a name is capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Alpha Centauri</span> and not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Alpha centauri</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Milky Way</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Milky way</span>). In the case of compounds with generic terms such as <i>comet</i> and <i>galaxy</i> (but not <i>star</i> or <i>planet</i>), the generic is retained at the end of the name and capitalized as part of it (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Halley's Comet is the most famous of the periodic comets</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">astronomers describe the Andromeda Galaxy as a spiral galaxy</span>). However, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Milky Way galaxy</span> is a descriptive phrase, without capitalized "galaxy", and should usually be reduced to the actual name, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Milky Way</span>, because that name is not ambiguous. If it is unclear what the Milky Way is in the context, consider using something clearer, like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way</span>. Do not capitalize descriptive terms that precede the name of an astronomical object: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">comet Bradfield 1</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">galaxy HCM-6A</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Compass_points" data-mw-thread-id="h-Compass_points"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Compass_points"></span>Compass points<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Compass_points"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compass points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMPASS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMPASS&redirect=no">MOS:COMPASS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Points of the compass (<i>north</i>, <i>north-east</i>, <i>southeast</i>, etc.), and their derived forms (<i>northern</i>, <i>southeasterly</i>, etc.) are not generally capitalized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">nine miles south of Oxford</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a northern road</span>. They are capitalized only when they form part of a proper name, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Great North Road</span>. </p><p>Doubts frequently arise when referring to regions, such as <i>eastern Spain</i> and <i>Southern California</i>. If one is consistently capitalized in reliable sources (as with <i><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></i>), then the direction word in it is capitalized. Otherwise it is not, as with <i>eastern Spain</i> or <i>southwest Poland</i>. If you are not sure whether a region has attained proper-name status, assume it has not. </p><p>Follow the same convention for related forms: a person from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> is a <i>Southerner</i>. </p><p>Compound compass points are usually fully compounded in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, for example <i>northwest</i>, while in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> they are sometimes written as separate words or hyphenated, as in <i>north-west</i>. This also affects names of regions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></i>. Finer compass points take a hyphen after the first word, regardless, and never use a space: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">south-southeast</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">south-south-east</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">south-south east</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">south southeast</span>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Geological_periods" data-mw-thread-id="h-Geological_periods"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Geological_periods"></span>Geological periods<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Geological_periods"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geological periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of formally defined <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological periods</a> and the rock layers corresponding to them are capitalized. Thus the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Devonian Period</span> or the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Late Cretaceous Epoch</span> are internationally defined periods of time, whereas the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">late Cretaceous</span> is an unspecified time towards the end of the Cretaceous. Do not capitalize outside a complete formal name: thus <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Devonian is a period</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the Devonian is a Period</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Headings,_headers,_and_captions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Headings,_headers,_and_captions"><span id="Headings.2C_headers.2C_and_captions"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Headings,_headers,_and_captions"></span>Headings, headers, and captions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Headings,_headers,_and_captions"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Headings, headers, and captions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SECTIONCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:HEADCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HEADCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:HEADCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Section headings</a></div> <p>Use <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a>, in all section headings. Capitalize the first character of the first element if it is a letter, but leave the rest lower case except for proper names and other items that would ordinarily be capitalized in running text. </p> <dl><dd><i>Use</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Economic and demographic shifts after World War II</span></dd> <dd><i>Avoid</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Economic and Demographic Shifts After World War II</span></dd></dl> <p>The same applies to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Article_title_format" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">titles of articles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables#Captions_and_headers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">table headers and captions</a>, the headers of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">navigation templates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Syntax" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">image captions and alt text</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For list items, see next section.)</span> </p><p>Linking is easier if titles are in sentence case. It is easier for articles to be merged or split if headings resemble titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"></span>Initial letters in sentences and list items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Initial letters in sentences and list items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SENTENCECAPS"></span><span id="MOS:LISTCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SENTENCECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:SENTENCECAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LISTCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:LISTCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The initial letter in a sentence<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is capitalized. This does not apply if it begins with a letter which is always left uncapitalized (as in "<a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>"; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="#Items_that_require_initial_lower_case">§ Items that require initial lower case</a>, below</span>), although it is usually preferable to recast the sentence. </p><p>When an independent clause ends with a dash or semicolon, the first letter of the following word should not be capitalized, even if it begins a new independent clause that could be a grammatically separate sentence: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Cheese is a dairy product; bacon is not.</span> For guidance after colons, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Colons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Colons</a>. </p><p>In a list, if each item of the list is a complete sentence, then it should be capitalized like any other sentence. If the list items are sentence fragments, then capitalization should be consistent – sentence case should be applied to either all or none of the items. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Bulleted_and_numbered_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Bulleted and numbered lists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_that_require_initial_lower_case" data-mw-thread-id="h-Items_that_require_initial_lower_case-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Items_that_require_initial_lower_case-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"></span><span class="anchor" id="LCITEMS"></span>Items that require initial lower case<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Items_that_require_initial_lower_case-Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Items that require initial lower case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LCITEMS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LCITEMS&redirect=no">MOS:LCITEMS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In contexts where the case of symbols is significant, like those related to <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">mathematical notation</a> (for example, the mathematical constant <a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)"><i>e</i></a> is not equivalent to <i>E</i>), or the names of <a href="/wiki/SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI units">units of physical quantities</a> or their symbols, the correct case should always be retained, even in situations where normal rules would require capitalization, such as at the beginning of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Try to avoid putting such lowercase symbols (or any non-alphabetic ones) at the start of a sentence within running text. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a>.)</span> </p><p>Some individuals do not want their personal names capitalized. In such cases, Wikipedia articles may use lower-case variants of personal names if they have regular and established use in reliable third-party sources (for example, <a href="/wiki/K.d._lang" title="K.d. lang">k.d. lang</a>). When such a name is the first word in a sentence, the rule for <a href="#Initial_letters_in_sentences_and_list_items">initial letters in sentences and list items</a> should take precedence, and the first letter of the personal name should be capitalized regardless of personal preference. </p><p>For proprietary names such as <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> (written as "adidas" by the company itself) and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, see <a href="#Trademarks">§ Trademarks</a>, below. </p><p>If an article title begins with such a letter that needs to be in lower case (as in the above examples), use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Lowercase">lowercase</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template or equivalent code. Note that it is not currently possible to make <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Category">categories</a> display with an initial lowercase letter in an article's category box. Hence the link to <a href="/wiki/Category:EBay" title="Category:EBay">Category:eBay</a> at the foot of the article <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> must display as "EBay". Similarly the article title <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> will be displayed as "EBay" in the category listing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Institutions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Institutions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Institutions"></span>Institutions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Institutions"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INSTITUTIONS"></span><span id="MOS:GEOUNITS"></span><span id="MOS:POLITICALUNITS"></span><span id="MOS:THEINST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INSTITUTIONS&redirect=no">MOS:INSTITUTIONS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GEOUNITS&redirect=no">MOS:GEOUNITS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:POLITICALUNITS&redirect=no">MOS:POLITICALUNITS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:THEINST&redirect=no">MOS:THEINST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><b>Full names</b> of institutions, organizations, companies, etc. (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">United States Department of State</span>) are proper names and require capitals. Also treat as a proper name a shorter but still specific form, consistently capitalized in reliable generalist sources (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US State Department</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the State Department</span>, depending on context). <ul><li>Avoid ambiguous use of terms like "city", "state", etc. to indicate a governing body. Write clearly to indicate "the city council", the "state legislature", or "the state government".</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="THEINST"></span> The word <i>the</i> at the start of a name is uncapitalized in running text, regardless of the institution's own usage (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">members of <u>the</u> Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> <em>not</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">members of <u>The</u> Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span>).</li> <li>If you are not sure whether the English translation of a foreign name is exact or not, assume it is rough and use lower case (e.g., the French parliament).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Generic words</b> for institutions, organizations, companies, etc., and rough descriptions of them (<i>university</i>, <i>college</i>, <i>hospital</i>, <i>church</i>, <i>high school</i>) do not take capitals:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table style="background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i></td> <td><i>(generic)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The University offers programs in arts and sciences.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(generic)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The university offers programs in arts and sciences.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(proper name)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The University of Delhi offers programs in arts and sciences.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Political or geographical units</b> such as cities, towns, and countries follow the same rules: As proper names they require capitals; but as generic words and rough descriptions (sometimes best omitted for simplicity) they do not:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table style="background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i></td> <td><i>(generic)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The City has a population of 55,000.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(generic)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The city has a population of 55,000.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(name of legal entity)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The City of Smithville was incorporated in 1873.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>("city" omitted)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Smithville has a population of 55,000.</span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><i>Exception</i></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>("City" used as shortened proper<br/>name for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></i>):</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom;"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i></td> <td><i>(generic plural)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Cities of Calgary and Edmonton are in Alberta.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(generic plural)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The cities of Calgary and Edmonton are in Alberta.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(plural legal entities)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The City of Calgary and the City of Edmonton have dissimilar rent-control ordinances.</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>These principles also apply to terms for the output of institutions, companies, and other organizations (<i>act</i>, <i>bill</i>, <i>law</i>, <i>regulation</i>, <i>product</i>, <i>service</i>, <i>report</i>, <i>guideline</i>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Military_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Military_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Military_terms"></span>Military terms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Military_terms"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">WP:MARINE redirects here. You may also be looking for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Oceans" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Oceans">Wikipedia:WikiProject Oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Marine_life" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Marine life">Wikipedia:WikiProject Marine life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Seattle_Mariners" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Seattle Mariners">Wikipedia:WikiProject Seattle Mariners</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:MILTERMS"></span><span id="MOS:MILITARY"></span><span id="MOS:MARINE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MILTERMS&redirect=no">MOS:MILTERMS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MILITARY&redirect=no">MOS:MILITARY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MARINE&redirect=no">MOS:MARINE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The general rule is that wherever a military term is an accepted proper name, as indicated by consistent capitalization in sources, it should be capitalized. Where there is uncertainty as to whether a term is generally accepted, consensus should be reached on the talk page. </p> <ul><li>Military ranks follow the same capitalization guidelines as given under <a href="#Titles_of_people">§ Titles of people</a>, below. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Brigadier General John Smith</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Smith was a brigadier general</span>.</li> <li>Formal names of military units, including armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions, companies, corps, and so forth, are proper names and should be capitalized. However, the words for types of military unit (army, navy, fleet, company, etc.) do not require capitalization if they do not appear in a proper name. Thus, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the American army</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the United States Army</span>. Unofficial but well-known names should also be capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Green Berets</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">Guard</a></span>). <dl><dd><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Fifth Company; the Young Guard; the company rallied.</span></dd> <dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Company took heavy losses. The 3rd battalion retreated.</span></dd></dl></li> <li>Accepted names of wars, battles, revolts, revolutions, rebellions, mutinies, skirmishes, fronts, raids, actions, operations, and so forth are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in sources (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_of_July_8,_1716" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of July 8, 1716">Action of July 8, 1716</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>). The generic terms (war, revolution, battle) take the lowercase form when standing alone (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">France went to war</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The battle began</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The raid succeeded</span>). Words such as <i>campaign</i>, <i>offensive</i>, <i>siege</i>, <i>action</i>, <i>pocket</i>, etc., are typically not frequently capitalized in sources, so are lowercase in Wikipedia (<a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a>).</li> <li>Proper names of specific <a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">military awards and decorations</a> are capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Medal of Honor</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Victoria Cross</span>).</li> <li>Terms such as soldier, sailor, airman, marine, and coast guardsman are not capitalized when describing an individual or a group, but are when used as a rank (see above). <dl><dd><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The soldiers landed on the beach.</span></dd> <dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">John Doe is a Marine</span></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Musical_and_literary_genres" data-mw-thread-id="h-Musical_and_literary_genres"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Musical_and_literary_genres"></span>Musical and literary genres<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Musical_and_literary_genres"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Musical and literary genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GENRECAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GENRECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:GENRECAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Names of genres (such as musical or literary) are not capitalized unless they contain a proper name. For example: </p> <dl><dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Rouge Admins are a Goa Trance band.</span></dd> <dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Rouge Admins are a goa trance band.</span></dd> <dd><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Rouge Admins are a Goa trance band.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">YouTube Poop is a type of video mashup.</span></dd> <dd><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">YouTube poop is a type of video mashup.</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Incorrect</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Asimov is widely considered a master of Science Fiction.</span></dd> <dd><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Asimov is widely considered a master of science fiction.</span></dd></dl> <p>Radio formats such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">adult contemporary</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">classic rock</span> are also not capitalized. <a href="#Sports,_games,_and_other_activities">The same goes for dance</a>, including types, genres, styles, moves, and social activities (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ballets de cour</i></span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ballroom dancing</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">traditional square dance</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">rock step</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">line dancing</span>). Proper names, as always, are excepted: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">St. Louis shag</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Proper_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Proper_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Proper_names"></span>Proper names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Proper_names"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Proper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PROPER"></span><span id="MOS:PROPERNAME"></span><span id="MOS:PROPERNOUN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PROPER&redirect=no">MOS:PROPER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PROPERNAME&redirect=no">MOS:PROPERNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PROPERNOUN&redirect=no">MOS:PROPERNOUN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In English, <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper names</a>, which can be either single words or phrases, are typically capitalized. Such names are frequently a source of conflict, especially when different cultures, using different names, claim someone or something as their own. (Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">edit warring</a> or pushing a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">particular viewpoint</a>.) Wikipedia does not adjudicate such disputes, but as a general rule uses the name which is likely to be most familiar to readers of English. Alternative names often <a href="/wiki/MOS:BOLDSYN" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BOLDSYN">are also given</a>, for greater clarity and fuller information. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For information on the use of proper names as article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Use English">Wikipedia:Use English</a>.</span><br/> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For use of diacritics (accent marks), see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Spelling_and_romanization" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Spelling and romanization</a>.</span><br/> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For treatment of trademarks, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peoples_and_their_languages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peoples_and_their_languages-Proper_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peoples_and_their_languages-Proper_names"></span>Peoples and their languages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peoples_and_their_languages-Proper_names"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Peoples and their languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PEOPLANG"></span><span id="WP:RACECAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PEOPLANG&redirect=no">MOS:PEOPLANG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RACECAPS&redirect=no">WP:RACECAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(languages)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)</a></div> <p>Names for peoples and cultures, languages and dialects, nationalities, ethnic and religious groups, demonyms, and the like are capitalized, including in adjectival forms (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Japanese cuisine</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Cumbrian dialect</span></a>). Cultural terms may lose their capitalization when their connection to the original culture has been lost (or there never really was one). Some fairly conventionalized examples are <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">french fries</span></a>, typographical <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">romanization</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#english" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">english</span></a> (cue-ball spin) in pool playing, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#scotch_doubles" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">scotch-doubles tournament</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bone china</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">gum arabic</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/byzantine" class="extiw" title="wikt:byzantine"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">byzantine</span></a> ('overly complex'). Some are more transitional and can be written either way: <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">latinization</span></a> of names, <a href="/wiki/Going_Dutch" title="Going Dutch"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">dutch date</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Roulette" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Roulette"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">russian roulette</span></a>. Always capitalized: <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">French cuisine</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cultural Romanization</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/English_billiards" title="English billiards"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">English billiards</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Scotch whisky</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Arabic coffee</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latinisation" title="Liturgical Latinisation"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">liturgical Latinization</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Byzantine Empire</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dutch oven</span></a>. Avoid over-capitalizing adjectival forms of such terms in other languages, most of which do not capitalize as much as English does. E.g., the book title <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_biogr%C3%A1fico_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Diccionario biográfico español"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Diccionario biográfico español</i></span></span></a> ('Spanish Biographical Dictionary') <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Capitalization_in_foreign-language_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">does not capitalize</a> the <i>e</i> of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">español</i></span>. If in doubt, check how multiple high-quality reliable sources in English treat the name or phrase. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="antisemitism"></span><span class="anchor" id="anti-Semitism"></span><span class="anchor" id="unamerican"></span><span class="anchor" id="un-American"></span><span class="anchor" id="panamerican"></span><span class="anchor" id="pan-American"></span><span class="anchor" id="panafrican"></span><span class="anchor" id="pan-African"></span> Combining forms are also generally capitalized where the proper name occurs: (<a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pan-Celticism</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Austro-Hungarian</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Un-American" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Un-American"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">un-American</span></a>). Some may be fully fused and decapitalized if the name is mid-word; e.g., <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">unamerican</span>, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">panamerican</span>, <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic" class="mw-disambig" title="Transatlantic"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">transatlantic</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">antisemitism</span></a> are well-attested. There is no consensus on Wikipedia for or against either form. However, prefer <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">anti-Semitism</span> in proximity to other such terms (<a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Tatarophobia</span></a>, etc.), else the lower-casing of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_studies" title="Semitic studies">Semitic</a> may appear pointed and insulting. Similarly, for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Consistency_within_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">consistency within the article</a>, prefer <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">un-American</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pan-American</span> in an article that also uses <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">anti-American</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pan-African</span>, and similar compounds. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#US_and_U.S." title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § US and U.S.</a>, for consistency between country abbreviations.)</span> </p><p>Where a common name in English encompasses both a people and their language, that term is preferred, as in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Swahili people</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Swahili language</span></a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Waswahili" class="mw-redirect" title="Waswahili"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Waswahili</i></span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiswahili"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Kiswahili</i></span></a>. </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="Race"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:RACECAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RACECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:RACECAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Race_and_ethnicity" title="Wikipedia:Race and ethnicity">Ethno-racial</a> "<a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">color labels</a>" may be given capitalized (<a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Black</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people"><span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">White</span></a>) or lower-case (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">black</span> and <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">white</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capitalized form will be more appropriate in the company of other upper-case terms of this sort (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Asian–Pacific, Black, Hispanic, Native American, Indigenous,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and White demographic categories</span>). <a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Brown</span></a> should not be used in Wikipedia's own voice, as it is ambiguous, and in the currently popular sense is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">informal</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Opportunities_for_commonality" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Americanism</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Neologisms_and_new_compounds" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">neologistic usage</a> which conflicts with prior more specific senses. The old epithets <a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Red</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Yellow</span></a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Colored</span></a> (in the American sense) and <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Negro</span></a>, are generally taken to be offensive, and should only be used in quotations. When used in the context of direct quotations, titles of works, and organization names ("... Dr. <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a>, the yellow peril incarnate in one man"; E. R. Baierlein's <i>In the Wilderness with the Red Indians</i>; <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>; <a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Principle_of_minimal_change" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">follow the original's spelling</a>. The term <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Coloured</span></a> in reference to a specific ethnic group of Southern Africa is not a slur, and is capitalized; <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">person</span>/<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">people of colo[u]r</span></a> is not offensive, and not capitalized. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For eponyms more broadly, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Eponyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Eponyms</a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Personal_names-Proper_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Personal_names-Proper_names"></span>Personal names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Personal_names-Proper_names"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PERSONAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PERSONAL&redirect=no">MOS:PERSONAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Names</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthroponymy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy">Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy</a></div> <p><b>Personal names</b> are the names given to people, but can be used as well for some animals (like race horses) and natural or man-made inanimate objects (like ships and geological formations). As proper nouns, these names are almost always first-letter capitalized. An exception is made when the lowercase variant has received regular and established use in reliable independent sources. In these cases, the name is still capitalized when at the beginning of a sentence, per the normal rules of English. Minor elements in certain names are not capitalized, but this can vary by individual: <a href="/wiki/Marie_van_Zandt" title="Marie van Zandt"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Marie van Zandt</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Zandt" title="John Van Zandt"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Van Zandt</span></a>. Use the style that dominates for that person in reliable sources; for a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">living subject</a>, prefer the spelling consistently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF">used in the subject's own publications</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Place_names-Proper_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Place_names-Proper_names"></span>Place names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Place_names-Proper_names"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Geographical_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Geographical items</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)</a></div> <p><b>Geographical</b> or <b>place names</b> are the nouns used to refer to specific places and geographic features. These are treated like other proper names and take an initial capital letter on all major elements: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Japan</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mount Everest</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Gulf of Tonkin</span>. Terms for types of places and features do not take capitals: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the town hall</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the capital city</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an ocean</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the savannah</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">karst topography</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents" data-mw-thread-id="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents"><span id="Religions.2C_deities.2C_philosophies.2C_doctrines.2C_and_their_adherents"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents"></span>Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Religions"></span><span class="anchor" id="Religion"></span><span class="anchor" id="God"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gods"></span><span class="anchor" id="Deity"></span><span class="anchor" id="Deities"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ISMCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:GOD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ISMCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:ISMCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GOD&redirect=no">MOS:GOD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Religious texts</a></div> <p>Names of organized religions (as well as officially recognized sects), whether as a noun or an adjective, and their adherents start with a capital letter. Unofficial movements, ideologies or philosophies within religions are generally not capitalized unless derived from a proper name. For example, <i>Islam</i>, <i>Christianity</i>, <i>Catholic</i>, <i>Pentecostal</i>, and <i>Calvinist</i> are capitalized, while <i>evangelicalism</i> and <i>fundamentalism</i> are not. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name (linguistics)">Proper names</a> and conventional titles referencing deities are capitalized: <i>God</i>, <i>Allah</i>, <i>Freyja</i>, <i>the Lord</i>, <i>the Supreme Being</i>, <i>the Messiah</i>. The same is true when referring to important religious figures, such as Muhammad, by terms such as <i>the Prophet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">Common nouns</a> not used as titles should not be capitalized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Norse gods</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">personal god</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">comparison of supreme beings in four indigenous religions</span>. In biblical and related contexts, <i>God</i> is capitalized only when it is a title for the deity of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, and <i>prophet</i> is generally not capitalized. <i>Heaven</i> and <i>Hell</i> are capitalized when referring to a specific place (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Christians believe Jesus ascended to Heaven</span>) but lowercase in other circumstances (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the heavens opened up with rain; the ice cream was heavenly; reading this book was hell for him</span>). </p><p>Transcendent ideas in the Platonic sense may also begin with a capital letter: <i>Good</i> and <i>Truth</i>. However, this can often seem stilted, biased, or even sarcastic, so it is best avoided when possible (e.g., confined to directly quoted material, or used in a philosophical context in which the usage is conventional); use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an inquest seeking justice for the victims</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Justice</span>. Nouns (other than names) referring to any material or abstract representation of any deity, human or otherwise, are not capitalized: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an avatar of Shiva</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an ikon of Saint John</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Gabriel, a messenger of God</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the crow as a manifestation of the Irish goddess Morrígan</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Avatar</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Ikon</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Messenger</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Crow</span>, or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Manifestation</span>). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="deity-pronouns"></span>Except in direct quotation, <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> for deities and figures of veneration are not capitalized, even if they are capitalized in scripture or according to a religious convention: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jesus addressed his followers</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jesus addressed His followers</span>. </p><p>The names of major works of scripture, such as the Bible, the Quran, the Talmud, and the Vedas, should be capitalized (but are often not italicized). The adjective <i>biblical</i> should not be capitalized. <i>Quranic</i> is normally capitalized, but usage varies for <i>talmudic</i>, <i>vedic</i>, etc. Be consistent within an article. </p><p>Do not capitalize terms denoting types of religious or mythical beings, such as <i>angel</i>, <i>fairy</i>, or <i>deva</i>. The personal names of individual beings are capitalized as normal (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the archangel Gabriel</span>). An exception to the general rule is made when such terms are used to denote races and the like in <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, in which case they are capitalized if the work capitalizes them (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Elves of Tolkien's Middle-earth</span>). </p><p>Spiritual or religious events are capitalized only when referring to proper names of specific incidents or periods (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Great Flood</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Exodus</span>; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ancient Egyptian myths about the Nile's annual flooding</span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an exodus of refugees from Soviet religious persecution</span>). </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="Doctrine"></span><span class="anchor" id="Doctrines"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ideology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Philosophies"></span><span class="anchor" id="Philosophy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Movements"></span><span class="anchor" id="Movement"></span><span class="anchor" id="Fields"></span><span class="anchor" id="Field"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:MOVEMENT"></span><span id="MOS:MVT"></span><span id="MOS:DOCTCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:IDEOLOGY"></span><span id="MOS:FIELD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MOVEMENT&redirect=no">MOS:MOVEMENT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MVT&redirect=no">MOS:MVT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOCTCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:DOCTCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:IDEOLOGY&redirect=no">MOS:IDEOLOGY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FIELD&redirect=no">MOS:FIELD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Doctrines, ideologies, philosophies, theologies, theories, movements, methods, processes, systems or schools of thought and practice, and fields of academic study or professional practice are <em>not</em> capitalized, unless the name derives from a proper name. E.g., lowercase <i>republican</i> refers to a general system of political thought (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">republican sentiment in Ireland</span>); uppercase <i>Republican</i> is used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">specific political parties</a> with this word in their names (each being a proper-noun phrase) in various countries (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a Democratic versus Republican Party stalemate in the US Senate</span>). Nevertheless, watch for idiom, especially a usage that has become disconnected from the original doctrinal/systemic referent and is often lower-cased in sources (in which case, do not capitalize): <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Platonic idealism</span></a> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">platonic</a> relationship</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <a href="/wiki/Draconian_constitution" title="Draconian constitution">Draconian constitution</a> of Athens</span> but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">complained of draconian policies at her workplace</span>. Doctrinal topics, canonical religious ideas, and procedural systems that may be traditionally capitalized within a faith or field are given in lower case in Wikipedia, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a virgin birth</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">original sin</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">transubstantiation</span>, and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">method acting</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Science_and_mathematics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Science_and_mathematics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Science_and_mathematics"></span>Science and mathematics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Science_and_mathematics"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Science and mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SCIMATH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SCIMATH&redirect=no">MOS:SCIMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In the names of scientific and mathematical concepts, only proper names (or words derived from them) should be capitalized: <i><a href="/wiki/Hermitian_matrix" title="Hermitian matrix">Hermitian matrix</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a></i>. However, some conventionalized exceptions exist, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Abelian_group" title="Abelian group">abelian group</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory</i>. In some specialized fields, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CHEMPREFIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CHEMPREFIX">character other than the first</a> is considered the "first letter" for sentence- and title-case capitalization purposes. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For more guideline material relating to mathematics and sciences, see: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sports,_games,_and_other_activities" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sports,_games,_and_other_activities"><span id="Sports.2C_games.2C_and_other_activities"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sports,_games,_and_other_activities"></span>Sports, games, and other activities<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sports,_games,_and_other_activities"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports, games, and other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SPORTCAPS"></span><span id="MOS:GAMECAPS"></span><span id="MOS:ACTCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPORTCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:SPORTCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GAMECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:GAMECAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ACTCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:ACTCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Trademarked sports and games are capitalized <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">like any other trademarks</a>. Those that are published works (board games, roleplaying games, video games) are italicized like titles of other major works: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Scrabble</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Dungeons & Dragons</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind</i></span>. Non-stand-alone add-on publications, such as RPG modules and <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">DLCs</a> are minor works and take quotation marks. Sport and game rule books and rule sets are also capitalized, italicized works; named chapters within them take quotation marks, and may be given in sentence case or title case as appropriate for the context, as with chapters of other works. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For more information on titles of works, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">WP:Manual of Style/Titles</a>.)</span> </p><p>Terms relating to trademarked sports, games, and activities are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in the context of this activity: <a href="/wiki/Ability_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Ability score">ability scores</a> in <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i>, card names in <i>Magic: The Gathering</i>, etc. However, generic terms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">hit point</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">victory point</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">player character</span> are not capitalized. </p><p>Sports, games, and other activities that are not trademarked or copyrighted are not capitalized (except where one contains a proper name or acronym, or begins a sentence). This includes groups of sports or games (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">winter sports</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">carom billiards</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">trick-taking card games</span>), traditional sports including modern ones (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">field hockey</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">triathlon</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BASE jumping</span>), traditional games (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Texas hold 'em poker</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">chess</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">spin-the-bottle</span>), folk and social dances and dance styles (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">kołomyjka</i></span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Viennese waltz</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">line dancing</span>), and other such group and solo activities (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">flash mob</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">hackathon</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">birthday party</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">workout</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">biology class</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">political rally</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">binge-watch</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">speed dating</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">tweeting</span>). </p><p>Likewise, venue types, sports equipment, game pieces, rules, moves, techniques, jargon, and other terms relating to sports, games, and activities are given in lower case and without special stylization such as italics (with the standard exceptions; e.g., capitalize proper names, italicize non-English words): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">football pitch</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pool cue</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">queen of diamonds</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">infield fly rule</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lutz_jump" title="Lutz jump"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">triple Lutz</span></a>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">semi-<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">massé</i></span></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">spear tackle</span>). </p><p>There are occasional, conventionalized variances, e.g.: </p> <ul><li>The names of standard <a href="/wiki/Chess_openings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess openings">chess openings</a> are capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Queen's Gambit</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Neo-Grünfeld Defence</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The name of the game <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> is capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/McTwist" class="mw-redirect" title="McTwist"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">McTwist</span></a>, an aerial skateboarding move, is named for its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Mike_McGill" title="Mike McGill">Mike McGill</a>, and would be confusing as "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">mctwist</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Olympic[s]</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Paralympic[s]</span></a> are capitalized, including when used as adjectives.</li></ul> <p>Specific competition titles and events (or series thereof) are capitalized if they are usually capitalized in independent sources: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">WPA World Nine-ball Championship</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Tour de France</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Americas Cup</span>. Generic usage is not: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a three-time world champion</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">international tournaments</span>. None take italics or other special markup. </p><p>The above rules of thumb should also be applied to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">glossary entries</a>; they are collectively an exception to the general practice of starting all list items with a capital letter, since upper-casing them all confuses readers as to which are proper names. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For our most-developed example of a glossary article, see <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms" title="Glossary of cue sports terms">Glossary of cue sports terms</a>.)</span> </p><p>There are also three related naming-conventions guidelines: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sports_teams)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sports teams)">WP:Naming conventions (sports teams)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sportspeople)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sportspeople)">WP:Naming conventions (sportspeople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(video_games)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (video games)">WP:Naming conventions (video games)</a></li></ul> </div></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Directory/Culture/Games" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory/Culture/Games">games-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Directory/Culture/Sports" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory/Culture/Sports">sports-related wikiprojects</a> also provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROJPAGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROJPAGE">advice essays</a> that often include topical style, naming, and layout tips. (However, many aren't well-maintained, and may conflict with some current guideline and policy wording; remember that they are essays.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Capitalization_of_The" data-mw-thread-id="h-Capitalization_of_The"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Capitalization_of_The"></span>Capitalization of <i>The</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Capitalization_of_The"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Capitalization of The"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:THECAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:THECAPS&redirect=no">MOS:THECAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(definite_or_indefinite_article_at_beginning_of_name)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)</a></div> <p>Do not ordinarily capitalize the definite article after the first word of a sentence;<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some idiomatic expressions, including the titles of artistic and academic works, should be quoted exactly, according to common usage. </p> <dl><dd><table style="background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(generic)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an article about the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">an article about <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">The United Kingdom</a></span> (a redirect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(title)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">J. R. R. Tolkien wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">J. R. R. Tolkien wrote <i>the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Rings">Lord of the Rings</a></i>.</span> (a redirect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(title)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Homer wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Homer wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i>.</span> (a redirect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(exception)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">public transport in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">public transport in the <a href="/wiki/Hague" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague">Hague</a></span> (a redirect) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">weather in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">weather in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Correct</i></td> <td><i>(exception)</i>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">competed in <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a></span> (a specific golf tournament conventionally styled this way) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Incorrect</i>:</td> <td></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">competed in <a href="/wiki/The_British_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Open">The British Open</a></span> (a redirect from a description not a name) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>This also applies to indefinite articles (<i>a</i>, <i>an</i>): <a href="/wiki/System_of_a_Down" title="System of a Down"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">System of a Down</span></a> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">System of A Down</span>. Other than titles of works, proper names starting with a required indefinite article that would be exceptions, like <a href="/wiki/A_Split-Second" title="A Split-Second"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A Split-Second</span></a>, are very rare. </p><p>There are special considerations for: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Names_(definite_article)" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">band names</a> · <a href="/wiki/MOS:THEINST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:THEINST">institution names</a> · <a href="/wiki/MOS:NICKNAMETHE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NICKNAMETHE">nicknames</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Indefinite_and_definite_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">titles of works</a> · <a href="/wiki/MOS:TMTHE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TMTHE">trademarks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Titles_of_people" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_of_people"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_of_people"></span>Titles of people<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_of_people"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Titles of people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Titles_of_people" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Titles of people</a></div> <ul><li><b>In generic use</b>, apply lower case to words such as <i>president</i>, <i>king</i>, and <i>emperor</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">De Gaulle was a French president</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was a French king</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Three prime ministers attended the conference</span>).</li> <li><b>Directly juxtaposed with the person's name</b>, such words begin with a capital letter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">President Obama</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">president Obama</span>). Standard or commonly used names of an office are treated as proper names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Hirohito was Emperor of Japan</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was King of France</span>). Royal styles are capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her Majesty</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">His Highness</span>); exceptions may apply for particular offices.</li> <li>For fuller details, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Titles_of_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies § Titles of people</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Titles_of_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_of_works"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_of_works"></span>Titles of works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_of_works"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Titles of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Composition_titles"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works#Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works § Capital letters</a></div> <p>In English-language titles, every word is capitalized, except for <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, short coordinating conjunctions, and short prepositions. The first and last words within a title (and within a subtitle) are capitalized regardless of their grammatical role. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a>. Capitalization of non-English titles varies by language. </p><p>This is not applied to Wikipedia's own articles, which are given in <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capitalize the first letter, and proper names (e.g., <a href="/wiki/List_of_cohomology_theories" title="List of cohomology theories">List of cohomology theories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Trademarks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Trademarks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Trademarks"></span>Trademarks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Trademarks"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trademarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="TMCAPS"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TMCAPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TMCAPS&redirect=no">MOS:TMCAPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For trademarks, editors should choose among styles already in common use (not invent new ones) and, among those, use the style that most closely resembles standard English text formatting and capitalization rules. For trademarks that are given in mixed or non-capitalization by their owners (such as <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">adidas</span></a>), follow the formatting and capitalization used by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">independent</a> reliable sources. When sources are mixed, follow the standard formatting and capitalization used for <a href="/wiki/Proper_name_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name (linguistics)">proper names</a> (in this case, as in most, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Adidas</span>). The mixed or non-capitalized formatting should be mentioned in the article lead, or illustrated with a graphical logo. </p><p>Trademarks beginning with a one-letter lowercase prefix pronounced as a separate letter, followed by a capitalized second letter, such as <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, are written in that form if this has become normal English usage for that name. For considerations relating to such items, see <a href="#Items_that_require_initial_lower_case">§ Items that require initial lower case</a> above and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks#Trademarks_that_begin_with_a_lowercase_letter" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks § Trademarks that begin with a lowercase letter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sentence_case-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia uses <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a> for sentences, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">article titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">section titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">table headers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">image captions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">list entries</a> (in most cases), and entries in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Infobox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Infobox">infoboxes</a> and similar templates, among other things. Any instructions in MoS about the start of a sentence apply to items using sentence case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g.: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0910.html">"Troops Use Machine Gun on Boston Mob: 5,000 Guarding City as Riots Continue – City Acclaims Parade of Fighting First"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 10, 1919<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Troops+Use+Machine+Gun+on+Boston+Mob%3A+5%2C000+Guarding+City+as+Riots+Continue+%E2%80%93+City+Acclaims+Parade+of+Fighting+First&rft.date=1919-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FCapital+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The alphabet in which Latin and related languages were originally written had no lower case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While some (primarily <a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">news</a>) publishers prefer small caps over all caps for acronyms and initialisms, this is not the majority usage. As a more practical concern, Wikipedia has tens of millions of acronyms in its articles, and marking up all of them in small caps would be a nearly endless drain on editorial productivity, while complicating the wikicode for no clear reader or editor benefit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various Bible editions put "Lord", "God", "Jesus", and even all words attributed to Jesus in red or otherwise highlighted text. This is not done on Wikipedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As with non-Latin-based scripts like Cyrillic and Chinese being automatically distinct from English, the presentation of ancient Latin, Gaulish, etc., in small caps makes italicizing it as non-English a superfluous over-stylization, and may even be misinterpreted to imply that the original inscription was slanted, defeating the attempt at fairly faithful reproduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc">sc</a>}}</code> reduces input to all lowercase (when copy-pasted), but displayed as smallcaps: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sc" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sc">sc</a>|AbCdEF}}</code> produces <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ABCDEF</span></span>, copy-pastes as <samp>abcdef</samp>. The actual rule in linguistics has been expressed as "Put glosses of grammatical morphemes into a font which contrasts some way with the font used for glosses which translate lexical morphemes."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While small caps is often recommended,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not forcing these abbreviations to uppercase permits <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">reusers of our content</a> to use whatever styling suits their purposes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters/Archive_32#Proposed_update_to_MOSCAPS_regarding_racial_terms" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Capital letters/Archive 32">June–December 2020 proposal</a> to capitalize "Black" (only) concluded against that idea, and also considered "Black and White", and "black and white", with no consensus to implement a rule requiring either or against mixed use where editors at a particular article believe it's appropriate. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">status quo</i></span> practice had been that either style was permissible, and this proposal did not overturn that. The somewhat unclear proposal closure was <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&oldid=1015816705#Discussion_about_capitalisation_of_Black_(people)">refined January–April 2021</a> and implemented, after <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&oldid=1015816705#Overhauling_MOS:CAPS#Peoples_and_their_languages">a February–March 2021 overhaul of the rest of this section</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on Native American, First Nations and Indigenous naming conventions see <a href="/wiki/MOS:CITIZEN" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CITIZEN">MOS:CITIZEN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TRIBE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TRIBE">WP:TRIBE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chess openings are usually capitalized even in non-specialist works such as newspapers and novels, and near-universally in chess-specific ones, so this meets the Wikipedia "consistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, reliable sources" standard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reliable sources conventionally capitalize <i>Go</i> because of readability issues given the common English verb <i>go</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">McTwist</span> is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">camel case</a> treatment of similar words derived from <i>Mc-</i> names, e.g., <a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">McJob</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">McMansion</span></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The capitalized <i>The</i> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> is an exception because virtually all reliable sources consistently make this exception, and it is listed in major off-Wikipedia style guides and dictionaries as conventionally spelled this way.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_410" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 410">410</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/410/113/">113</a> (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay2006" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Monica Ann (2006). <i>Surviving Linguistics: A Guide for Graduate Students</i>. Cascadilla Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57473-028-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57473-028-2"><bdi>1-57473-028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Linguistics%3A+A+Guide+for+Graduate+Students&rft.pub=Cascadilla+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57473-028-2&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Monica+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FCapital+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckGerdts2017" class="citation web cs1">Beck, David; Gerdts, Donna, eds. (24 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanlinguistics.org/wp-content/uploads/IJAL-interlinear.pdf">"Style for the formatting of interlinearized linguistic examples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Style+for+the+formatting+of+interlinearized+linguistic+examples&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanlinguistics.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FIJAL-interlinear.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FCapital+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_ComrieMartin_HaspelmathBalthasar_Bickel2015" class="citation web cs1">Bernard Comrie; Martin Haspelmath; Balthasar Bickel (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Rules.pdf">"The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Leipzig+Glossing+Rules%3A+Conventions+for+interlinear+morpheme-by-morpheme+glosses&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.au=Bernard+Comrie&rft.au=Martin+Haspelmath&rft.au=Balthasar+Bickel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Flingua%2Fpdf%2FGlossing-Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FCapital+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources have been consulted for the US, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, but not for Ireland or South Africa. Sources: US: <i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i>, 10th ed., <i>The New Oxford American Dictionary</i>. Canada: <i>The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i>, <i>Gage Canadian Dictionary</i>. UK: <i>The Oxford Dictionary of English</i> (2nd ed., revised), <i>The Concise Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary</i> (English–French). Australia: <i>The Australian Oxford Dictionary</i>. New Zealand: <i>The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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(formatting)">Formatting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">By topic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles 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