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Wertpapierabwicklungssysteme</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/ssslinks/html/index.de.html">Zugelassene Verbindungen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/triparty/html/index.de.html">Zugelassene Triparty Agents</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/html/index.de.html">Risikominderung</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Risikominderung"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/ecaf/html/index.de.html">ECAF</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/riskcontrol/html/index.de.html">Risikokontrolle</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/liquidity/html/index.de.html">Haircut-Kategorien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/valuation/html/index.de.html">Bewertung</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/html/index.de.html">Initiative zur Erfassung von Einzelkreditdaten</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Initiative zur Erfassung von Einzelkreditdaten"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/transmission/html/index.de.html">Schema für die Meldung von Daten</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/implementation/html/index.de.html">Zulassungskriterien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/faq/html/index.de.html">Häufig gestellte Fragen</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/contacts/html/index.de.html">Kontaktdaten</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/eaec/html/index.de.html">Wirtschaftsstruktur im Euroraum</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Wirtschaftsstruktur im Euroraum"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/ecopolicy/html/index.de.html">Wirtschaftspolitik</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/fiscal/html/index.de.html">Finanzpolitik</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a 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href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/mmcg/html/index.de.html">Money Market Contact Group (MMCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/dimcg/html/index.de.html">Debt Issuance Market Contact Group (DIMCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/omg/html/index.de.html">Operations Managers Group der EZB (ECB OMG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/fxcg/html/index.de.html">Foreign Exchange Contact Group (FXCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/iid/html/index.de.html">Institutional Investor Dialogue (IID)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages -section" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/paym/html/index.de.html">Zahlungsverkehr und Finanzstabilität</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Zahlungsverkehr und Finanzstabilität"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Zahlungsverkehr und Finanzstabilität</div> <p>Einblicke in unsere Arbeit in den Bereichen Finanzstabilität sowie Zahlungsverkehr- und Marktinfrastrukturen</p><a href="/paym/html/index.en.html">Zahlungsverkehr und Finanzstabilität – ein Überblick</a><hr> <div class="nav-title">Direktzugriff</div> <ul> <li><a href="/euro/digital_euro/html/index.en.html">Der digitale Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/press/intro/html/index.en.html">Nachrichten und Veranstaltungen zum Zahlungsverkehr</a></li> <li><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/html/index.en.html">TARGET für professionelle Nutzer – Dokumente und Links</a></li> </ul> </div><a href="/pub/financial-stability/fsr/html/index.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/paym/financial-stability/html/index/fsr_1000x750.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"><div class="image-caption">Aktueller Finanzstabilitätsbericht</div> <div class="image-date">16. Mai 2024</div></a></div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><span>Zahlungsverkehr</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/html/index.de.html">TARGET-Dienste</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TARGET-Dienste"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/coco/html/index.de.html">Gemeinsame Funktionsmerkmale</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/t2/html/index.de.html">T2</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for T2"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2/facts/html/index.de.html">Facts and figures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2/governance/html/index.de.html">Governance</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/html/index.de.html">T2S</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for T2S"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/governance/html/index.de.html">Governance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/facts/html/index.de.html">Zahlen und Fakten</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/pricing/html/index.de.html">Preisgestaltung</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/tips/html/index.de.html">TIPS</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TIPS"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/crossborder/html/index.de.html">Cross-border payments</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/governance/html/index.de.html">Governance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/facts/html/index.de.html">Zahlen und Fakten</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/onboarding/html/index.de.html">Onboarding</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/ecms/html/index.de.html">ECMS</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/html/index.de.html">TARGET für professionelle Nutzer – Dokumente und Links</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TARGET für professionelle Nutzer – Dokumente und Links"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/coco/html/index.de.html">Professionelle Nutzer</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/t2/html/index.de.html">T2 – Dokumente und Links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/t2s/html/index.de.html">Professionelle Nutzung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/tips/html/index.de.html">Professionelle Nutzung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/ecms/html/index.de.html">Professionelle Nutzung</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages -section"><a href="/paym/integration/html/index.de.html">Integration und Innovation</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Integration und Innovation"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages -current"><a href="/paym/integration/distributed/html/index.de.html">Distributed-Ledger-Technologien</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Distributed-Ledger-Technologien"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/distributed/exploratory/html/index.de.html">Sondierungsarbeiten</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/html/index.de.html">Massenzahlungen</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Massenzahlungen"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/retail_payments_strategy/html/index.de.html">Strategie für Massenzahlungen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/ecb/html/index.de.html">Katalysatorfunktion der EZB</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/sepa/html/index.de.html">SEPA</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/instant_payments/html/index.de.html">Sofortzahlungen</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/html/index.de.html">Harmonisierung des Sicherheitenmanagements</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Harmonisierung des Sicherheitenmanagements"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/implementation/html/index.de.html">Umsetzung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/faq/html/index.de.html">Häufig gestellte Fragen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/html/index.de.html">Cyberresilienz</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Cyberresilienz"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/fmi/html/index.de.html">Finanzmarktinfrastrukturen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/tiber-eu/html/index.de.html">TIBER-EU</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/pol/html/index.de.html">Überwachung</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Überwachung"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/systems/html/index.de.html">Zahlungssysteme</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/target2-securities/html/index.de.html">TARGET2-Securities</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/instr/html/index.de.html">Elektronische Zahlungen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/clearing/html/index.de.html">Wertpapierabwicklungssysteme und zentrale Gegenparteien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/critical/html/index.de.html">Kritische Dienstleister</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/correspondent-and-custodian-banks/html/index.de.html">Korrespondenz- und Depotbanken</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/forum/html/index.de.html">SecuRe Pay-Forum</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/erms/html/index.de.html">Währungsreservenverwaltung</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Währungsreservenverwaltung"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/erms/aspects/html/index.de.html">Wesentliche Aspekte</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/erms/service/html/index.de.html">Leistungsspektrum</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cashprof/html/index.de.html">Personen, die mit Bargeld arbeiten</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Personen, die mit Bargeld arbeiten"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/html/index.de.html">Bargeldbearbeitung</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Bargeldbearbeitung"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/devices/html/index.de.html">Geräte zur Echtheitsprüfung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/recycling/html/index.de.html">Wiederausgabe von Euro-Banknoten</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cdispec/html/index.de.html">CDI-Spezifikationen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/accreditation/html/index.de.html">Zulassung von Banknotenherstellern</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/groups/html/index.de.html">Kontaktgruppen Zahlungsverkehr</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Kontaktgruppen Zahlungsverkehr"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/ami/html/index.de.html">Beratergruppen zu Marktinfrastrukturen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/euro-cyber-board/html/index.de.html">Euro Cyber Resilience Board</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/erpb/html/index.de.html">Euro Retail Payments Board (ERPB)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/efip/html/index.de.html">European Forum for Innovation in Payments (EFIP)</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Finanzstabilität</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/financial-stability/html/index.de.html">Finanzstabilität – Einleitung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/macroprudential-measures/html/index.de.html">Makroprudenzielle Maßnahmen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/financial_stability_contact_groups/html/index.de.html">Kontaktgruppen Finanzstabilität</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/stats/html/index.de.html">Statistik</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Statistik"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Statistiken</div> <p>Zugang zu allen Statistiken der EZB und Hintergrundinformationen</p><a href="/stats/html/index.en.html">Statistiken bei der EZB – ein Überblick</a><hr> <div class="nav-title">Direktzugriff</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://data.ecb.europa.eu/main-figures">Wichtige Zahlen</a></li> <li><a href="https://data.ecb.europa.eu/">Data Portal der EZB</a></li> <li><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/accessing-our-data/html/index.en.html">Alle Datendienste</a></li> </ul> </div><a href="/press/blog/date/2024/html/ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/press/blog/date/2024/html//ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850/ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"><div class="image-caption">DER EZB-BLOG – Bessere Daten: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Banken</div> <div class="image-date">18. April 2024</div></a></div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><span>Häufiger Zugriff</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-exchange-rates/html/index.de.html">Euro-Wechselkurse</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/key-ecb-interest-rates/html/index.de.html">EZB-Leitzinsen</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/html/index.de.html">Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR)</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR)"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/interest_rate_benchmarks/html/index.de.html">Referenzzinssätze</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Referenzzinssätze"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/interest_rate_benchmarks/WG_euro_risk-free_rates/html/index.de.html">Arbeitsgruppe zu risikofreien Zinssätzen im Euroraum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/inflation/html/index.de.html">Inflation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-area-yield-curves/html/index.de.html">Zinsstrukturkurven des Euroraums</a></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Alle Statistiken und Hintergrund</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/all-key-statistics/html/index.de.html">Alle wichtigen Statistiken</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/accessing-our-data/html/index.de.html">Zugang zu unseren Daten</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/html/index.de.html">Wesentliche Merkmale</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Wesentliche Merkmale"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/governance_and_quality_framework/html/index.de.html">Governance und Qualitätsrahmen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/co-operation_and_standards/html/index.de.html">Zusammenarbeit und Standards</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/reporting/html/index.de.html">Datenmeldungen der Banken</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/anacredit/html/index.de.html">AnaCredit</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for AnaCredit"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/anacredit/questions/html/index.de.html">AnaCredit: Fragen und Antworten</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/consultations/html/index.de.html">Öffentliche Konsultationen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/dialogue/html/index.de.html">Banking Industry Dialogue zu ESZB-Statistiken und integrierter Berichterstattung</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/sdmx/html/index.de.html">SDMX – Modell zum Austausch statistischer Daten</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/inexda/html/index.de.html">INEXDA – Netzwerk granularer Daten</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/euro/html/index.de.html">Der Euro</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Der Euro"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Der Euro</div> <p>Das Wichtigste über unsere gemeinsame Währung</p><a href="/euro/html/index.en.html">Der Euro – ein Überblick</a><hr> <div class="nav-title">Direktlinks</div> <ul> <li><a href="/paym/cashprof/html/index.en.html">Personen, die mit Bargeld arbeiten</a></li> <li><a href="/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/banknotes+coins/html/index.en.html">Statistiken zu Banknoten und Münzen</a></li> <li><a href="/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html">Euro-Wechselkurse</a></li> </ul> </div><a href="/stats/ecb_surveys/space/html/ecb.space2024~19d46f0f17.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/euro/shared/img/cover.png" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"><div class="image-caption">Studie zum Zahlungsverhalten der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher im Euroraum für 2024 (SPACE)</div> <div class="image-date">19. Dezember 2024</div></a></div></div><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/html/index.de.html">Digitaler Euro</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Digitaler Euro"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/features/html/index.de.html">Merkmale</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Merkmale"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/features/privacy/html/index.de.html">Digital euro and privacy</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/how-it-works/html/index.de.html">Wie ein digitaler Euro funktioniert</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/why-we-need-it/html/index.de.html">Warum wir einen digitalen Euro brauchen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/progress/html/index.de.html">Zeitplan und Fortschritte</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/html/index.de.html">Ausführliche Informationen</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Ausführliche Informationen"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/stakeholder/html/index.de.html">Governance und Einbindung von Akteuren</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/profuse/html/index.de.html">Technische Dokumentation und Forschungsarbeit</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/rulebook/html/index.de.html">Regelwerk für das System</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/faqs/html/index.de.html">Häufig gestellte Fragen</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Bargeld</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/html/index.de.html">Bargeldstrategie des Eurosystems</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Bargeldstrategie des Eurosystems"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/cash_role/html/index.de.html">Rolle des Bargelds</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/issuance/html/index.de.html">Ausgabe und Umlauf</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/acceptance-cash/html/index.de.html">Zugang zu Bargeld und seine Akzeptanz</a></li><li 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href="/euro/changeover/estonia/html/index.de.html">Estland (2011)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/slovakia/html/index.de.html">Slowakei (2009)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/cyprus/html/index.de.html">Zypern (2008)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/malta/html/index.de.html">Malta (2008)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/slovenia/html/index.de.html">Slowenien (2007)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/2002/html/index.de.html">Erste Euro-Bargeldumstellung (2002)</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/exchange/html/index.de.html">Umtausch von nationalem Bargeld</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Umtausch von nationalem Bargeld"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/au/html/index.de.html">Österreich</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/be/html/index.de.html">Belgien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/hr/html/index.de.html">Kroatien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/cy/html/index.de.html">Zypern</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/et/html/index.de.html">Estland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/fi/html/index.de.html">Finnland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/fr/html/index.de.html">Frankreich</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/de/html/index.de.html">Deutschland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/gr/html/index.de.html">Griechenland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/ir/html/index.de.html">Irland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/it/html/index.de.html">Italien</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/lv/html/index.de.html">Lettland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/lt/html/index.de.html">Litauen</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a 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Deutsch verfügbar.</div> <div class="title"> <h1>Innovations based on distributed ledger technologies</h1> </div> <div class="section"> <div class="info-box"> <p>Payments and market infrastructures have benefited in recent years from various technical innovations and new technologies. For example, ever-increasing computing power and network access have encouraged the wide adoption of instant payments, and the ubiquity of smartphones, combined with biometric authentication, is revolutionising electronic payments. Artificial intelligence is also being used to combat fraud by detecting anomalies and flagging scams in real-time. The ECB has taken these technological developments into consideration when shaping its <a href="/paym/integration/retail/retail_payments_strategy/html/index.en.html" data-label="Englisch">retail payments strategy</a>.</p><p>In this section we will take a closer look at distributed ledger technologies, crypto-assets and stablecoins.</p> </div> <h2>Distributed ledger technology</h2> <p>Payments and securities settlement systems are generally based on centralised infrastructures where market participants connect to a central database to settle transactions. Distributed ledger technology is a new technological development where a database is shared across a network and its data is accessible to the network’s members. There are different types of assets that can be transferred using distributed ledger technology.<br><br></p> <h3><strong>What is distributed ledger technology?</strong></h3> <p>A <a href="/press/intro/mip-online/2016/html/mip_qr_1_article_3_distributed_ledger_tech.de.html" data-label="Englisch">distributed ledger</a> is a record of information, or database, that is shared across a network. </p> <p>The best-known type of distributed ledger is a blockchain, so named because it stores individual transactions in groups, or blocks, attached to each other in chronological order to form a chain.</p> <p>Distributed ledger technology has been used to transfer different types of assets between buyer and seller. These include new types of assets, such as crypto-assets and stablecoins, as well as long-established financial assets, such as securities.</p> <p>The ECB is currently exploring the potential of these emerging technologies, monitoring market developments in this area and analysing the possible interactions between its own infrastructures – <a href="/paym/target/html/index.en.html" data-label="Englisch">TARGET Services</a> – and market distributed ledger technology platforms.</p> <a href="/paym/integration/distributed/exploratory/html/index.en.html" data-label="Englisch">Eurosystem exploratory work on new technologies for wholesale central bank money settlement</a> <p>Different types of assets have emerged alongside the new technologies and are being researched, monitored and assessed at the European and international level. </p> <h3>Crypto-assets and stablecoins</h3> <p>In recent years, we have seen many new types of assets popping up that are recorded on blockchains or other distributed ledgers. This started with bitcoin and similar crypto-assets. Later, stablecoins were introduced in an attempt to address the high volatility of other crypto-assets.<br><br></p> <h3>What are crypto-assets?</h3> <p>Crypto-assets are recorded in digital form, enabled by the use of cryptography and distributed ledger technology. They are also known as cryptocurrencies, though this name is misleading, as they don’t fulfil the three functions of money: a reliable medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of account.</p> <p>Unlike euro banknotes or money held on a payment account, crypto-assets typically do not represent a financial claim on, or a liability towards, any identifiable entity.</p> <p>Moreover, crypto-assets are typically not backed or managed by any central institution. You have no guarantee that you will be able to exchange them for money when you need to. The specific risk profile and high volatility of crypto-assets results from this absence of any underlying fundamental value.</p> <h3>What is bitcoin?</h3> <p>Bitcoin is one of the many private crypto-assets available on the market. Essentially, it is a digital token that can be exchanged electronically and that does not exist in a physical form.</p> <h3>What are stablecoins?</h3> <p>Like bitcoin and similar crypto-assets, stablecoins are recorded on a distributed ledger. Stablecoins are designed to try to maintain a stable value by being pegged to a reference asset. Stablecoins that are backed by a reserve in an official currency are called e-money tokens: electronic money recorded on a distributed ledger. Stablecoins that are backed by other assets, such as gold, are called asset-referenced tokens. There are also crypto-assets that rely on algorithms to minimise fluctuations in their prices, called algorithmic stablecoins, but these have proven to be unsuccessful in maintaining a stable value.</p> <h3>What is being done at the international and European levels?</h3> <p>A significant amount of work on distributed ledger technology and crypto-assets has been undertaken in Europe and at the international level.</p> <p>A uniform legal framework for the crypto-asset market in Europe has been adopted. <a href="https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-54-2022-INIT/en/pdf">Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) </a>covers crypto-assets that are not regulated by existing financial services legislation. Key provisions for those issuing and trading crypto-assets (including asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens) cover the transparency, disclosure, authorisation and supervision of transactions. The new legal framework supports market integrity and financial stability by regulating public offers of crypto-assets. </p> <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/05/16/digital-finance-council-adopts-new-rules-on-markets-in-crypto-assets-mica/">Press release: Digital finance: Council adopts new rules on markets in crypto-assets (MiCA)</a> <h3>International initiatives</h3> <p>Standard-setting bodies and international institutions are undertaking analytical and policy work on crypto-assets, stablecoins and decentralised finance in the areas of their respective mandates. </p> <p>The Bank for International Settlement’s <a href="https://www.bis.org/cpmi/about/overview.htm">Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI)</a> is conducting work on the applications of distributed ledger technology and is also analysing and monitoring other payment innovations. </p> <h3>Other initiatives</h3> <p>The CPMI and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) are assessing the application of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures to different stablecoin arrangements. In addition, the CPMI are studying how stablecoin arrangements could potentially improve cross-border payments. </p> <a href="https://www.bis.org/cpmi/cross_border/bb18.htm">Building block 18: Fostering the soundness of global stablecoin arrangements for cross-border payments</a> <h3>BIS Innovation Hub</h3> <p>The Bank for International Settlements and the central banks of the euro area are working together at the <a href="https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/locations/eurosystem.htm">BIS Innovation Hub Eurosystem Centre</a> to develop <a href="https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/suptech_regtech/atlas.htm">Project Atlas</a>. This project will create an open-source data platform that can shed light on the macroeconomic relevance of crypto-asset markets, combining different data sources to offer regulators and policymakers reliable insights. In the first phase, Project Atlas will visualise cross-border flows by mapping the geographic locations of blockchain transactions between crypto exchanges.</p> <h3>Publications on crypto-assets and stablecoins </h3> <ul><li><a href="/press/blog/date/2024/html/ecb.blog20240222~0929f86e23.en.html" data-label="Englisch">ECB blog: ETF approval for bitcoin – the naked emperor’s new clothes</a></li><li><a href="/press/blog/date/2022/html/ecb.blog221130~5301eecd19.en.html" data-label="Englisch">ECB blog: Bitcoin’s last stand</a></li><li><a href="/pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op247~fe3df92991.en.pdf" data-label="Englisch">Occasional Paper Series: Stablecoins: Implications for monetary policy, financial stability, market infrastructure and payments, and banking supervision in the euro area</a></li><li><a href="/pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op223~3ce14e986c.en.pdf?a31360223fb32f0e50a82ce649a8b7fc" data-label="Englisch">Occasional paper series: Crypto-Assets: Implications for financial stability, monetary policy, and payments and market infrastructures</a></li></ul> <a href="/press/pubbydate/html/index.de.html?topic=Crypto-assets">Explore additional publications on crypto-assets and stablecoins</a> </div> <div class="in-this-section" id="pages-in-section-holder"> <h3>Alle Seiten in diesem Abschnitt</h3> <div class="content-box"> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div id="feedback" class="hidden"> <div class="content-box"> <div class="initial"> <div class="title">Gefällt Ihnen diese Seite?</div><a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-yes">Ja</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-no">Nein</a></div> <div class="second hidden"> <div class="title">Was gefällt Ihnen nicht?</div><a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-broken">Seite funktioniert nicht</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-content">Informationen nicht hilfreich</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-design">Design nicht ansprechend</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" 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