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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenging_traditional_sculptural_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Challenging traditional sculptural forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenging_traditional_sculptural_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_public_and_urban_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_public_and_urban_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Entering public and urban spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_public_and_urban_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecoart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Considering_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Considering_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Considering environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Considering_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_awareness,_Eco-art,_and_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_awareness,_Eco-art,_and_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecological awareness, Eco-art, and transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_awareness,_Eco-art,_and_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Renewable energy sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" title="Environment – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Environment" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="فن بيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن بيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_ambiental" title="Arte ambiental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte ambiental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_ambiental" title="Art ambiental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art ambiental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" title="Environment – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Environment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" title="Environment – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Environment" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_ambiental" title="Arte ambiental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte ambiental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingurumen-arte" title="Ingurumen-arte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingurumen-arte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="هنر بوم‌شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر بوم‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_environnemental" title="Art environnemental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art environnemental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0" title="환경예술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환경예술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF)" title="Էնվայրոնմենթ (արվեստ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնվայրոնմենթ (արվեստ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_ambientale" title="Arte ambientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte ambientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמנות סביבתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות סביבתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_oecologica" title="Ars oecologica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars oecologica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Environmental art" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" title="Environment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Environment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="環境アート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環境アート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" title="Environment – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Environment" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Энвайронмент (искусство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энвайронмент (искусство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Environmental art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еколошка уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еколошка уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejza%C5%BEna_umetnost" title="Pejzažna umetnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pejzažna umetnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6taide" title="Ympäristötaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ympäristötaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="சூழல்சார் கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழல்சார் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Енвайронмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енвайронмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nghệ thuật môi trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật môi trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg/290px-Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg/435px-Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg/580px-Sandworm_by_Marco_Casagrande_%40_Wenduine%2C_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Casagrande" title="Marco Casagrande">Marco Casagrande</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sandworm_(installation)" title="Sandworm (installation)">Sandworm</a></i>, Beaufort04 Triennial of Contemporary Art, Wenduine, Belgium, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Environmental art</b> is a range of artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works.<sup id="cite_ref-Profusion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profusion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WEAD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEAD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental art has evolved away from formal concerns, for example monumental earthworks using earth as a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptural material</a>, towards a deeper relationship to systems, processes and phenomena in relationship to social concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrated social and ecological approaches developed as an ethical, restorative stance emerged in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past ten years environmental art has become a focal point of exhibitions around the world as the social and cultural aspects of climate change come to the forefront. </p><p>The term "environmental art" often encompasses "ecological" concerns but is not specific to them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It primarily celebrates an artist's connection with nature using natural materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Profusion_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profusion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WEAD_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEAD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is best understood in relationship to historic <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">earth/Land art</a> and the evolving field of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_art" title="Ecological art">ecological art</a>. The field is interdisciplinary in the fact that environmental artists embrace ideas from science and philosophy. The practice encompasses traditional media, new media and critical social forms of production. The work embraces a full range of landscape/environmental conditions from the rural, to the suburban and urban as well as urban/rural industrial. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History:_landscape_painting_and_representation">History: landscape painting and representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History: landscape painting and representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg/220px-Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg/330px-Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg/440px-Claude_Monet_-_Waterloo_Bridge%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <i>Waterloo Bridge, London</i></figcaption></figure> <p>It can be argued that environmental art began with the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> of our ancestors. While no landscapes have (yet) been found, the cave paintings represented other aspects of nature important to early humans such as animals and human figures. "They are prehistoric observations of nature. In one-way or another, nature for centuries remained the preferential theme of creative art."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More modern examples of environmental art stem from landscape painting and representation. When artists painted onsite they developed a deep connection with the surrounding environment and its weather and brought these close observations into their canvases. <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable's</a> sky paintings "most closely represent the sky in nature".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monet's <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_series_(Monet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament series (Monet)">London Series</a> also exemplifies the artist's connection with the environment. "For me, a landscape does not exist in its own right, since its appearance changes at every moment; but the surrounding atmosphere brings it to life, the air and the light, which vary continually for me, it is only the surrounding atmosphere that gives subjects their true value."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg/220px-Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg/330px-Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg/440px-Diane_Burko_Waters_Glacier_and_Bucks_2013_Sensing_Change.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Burko" title="Diane Burko">Diane Burko</a>, <i>Waters Glacier and Bucks</i>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Diane_Burko" title="Diane Burko">Diane Burko</a> represent natural phenomena—and its change over time—to convey ecological issues, drawing attention to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Rockman" title="Alexis Rockman">Alexis Rockman</a>'s landscapes depict a sardonic view of climate change and humankind's interventions with other species by way of genetic engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenging_traditional_sculptural_forms">Challenging traditional sculptural forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Challenging traditional sculptural forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG/220px-Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG/330px-Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG/440px-Observatorium_Robert_Morris_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(artist)" title="Robert Morris (artist)">Robert Morris</a>, <i>Observatorium</i>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The growth of environmental art as a "movement" began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In its early phases it was most associated with sculpture—especially <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arte_povera" class="mw-redirect" title="Arte povera">Arte povera</a>—having arisen out of mounting criticism of traditional sculptural forms and practices that were increasingly seen as outmoded and potentially out of harmony with the natural environment. </p><p>In October 1968, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a> organized an exhibition at Dwan Gallery in New York titled “Earthworks.” The works in the show posed an explicit challenge to conventional notions of exhibition and sales, in that they were either too large or too unwieldy to be collected; most were represented only by photographs, further emphasizing their resistance to acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these artists escaping the confines of the gallery and modernist theory was achieved by leaving the cities and going out into the desert. </p><p>”They were not depicting the landscape, but engaging it; their art was not simply of the landscape, but in it as well.”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift in the late 1960s and 1970s represents an avant garde notion of sculpture, the landscape and our relationship with it. The work challenged the conventional means to create sculpture, but also defied more elite modes of art dissemination and exhibition, such as the Dwan Gallery show mentioned earlier. This shift opened up a new space and in doing so expanded the ways in which work was documented and conceptualized.<sup id="cite_ref-Overlay_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overlay-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entering_public_and_urban_spaces">Entering public and urban spaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entering public and urban spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG/220px-Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG/330px-Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG/440px-Wilma_Theatre_2013_Particle_Falls_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Andrea Polli, <i>Particle Falls</i>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jftoxicleft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jftoxicleft.jpg/220px-Jftoxicleft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jftoxicleft.jpg/330px-Jftoxicleft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jftoxicleft.jpg/440px-Jftoxicleft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Fekner" title="John Fekner">John Fekner</a>, <i>Toxic,</i> Long Island Expressway, Maspeth, Queens, NY 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as the earthworks in the deserts of the west grew out of notions of landscape painting, the growth of public art stimulated artists to engage the urban landscape as another environment and also as a platform to engage ideas and concepts about the environment to a larger audience. While this earlier work was mostly created in the deserts of the American west, the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s saw works moving into the public landscape. Artists like Robert Morris began engaging county departments and public arts commissions to create works in public spaces such as an abandoned gravel pit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert Bayer used a similar approach and was selected to create his <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_Canyon_Earthworks" title="Mill Creek Canyon Earthworks">Mill Creek Canyon Earthworks</a> in 1982. The project served functions such as erosion control, a place to serve as a reservoir during high rain periods, and a 2.5 acre park during dry seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lippard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Lippard">Lucy Lippard</a>'s groundbreaking book, on the parallel between contemporary land art and prehistoric sites, examined the ways in which these prehistoric cultures, forms and images have "overlaid" onto the work of contemporary artists working with the land and natural systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Overlay_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overlay-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sonfist" title="Alan Sonfist">Alan Sonfist</a> introduced a key environmentalist idea of bringing nature back into the urban environment with his first historical <a href="/wiki/Time_Landscape" title="Time Landscape">Time Landscape</a> sculpture, proposed to New York City in 1965 and revealed to the public in 1978 in a mature, grown state. Time Landscape remains visible to this day at the corner of Houston and LaGuardia in New York City's Greenwich Village. The work resulted in a "slowly developing forest that represents the Manhattan landscape inhabited by Native Americans and encountered by Dutch settlers in the early 17th century."<sup id="cite_ref-NYCP_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental art also encompasses the scope of the urban landscape. Pioneering environmental artist, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Miss" title="Mary Miss">Mary Miss</a> began creating art in the urban environment with her 1969 installation, <i>Ropes/Shore,</i> and continues to develop projects involving extended communities through City as a Living Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Denes" title="Agnes Denes">Agnes Denes</a> created a work in downtown Manhattan <i>Wheatfield - A Confrontation</i> (1982) in which she planted a field of wheat on the two-acre site of a landfill covered with urban detritus and rubble. The site is now Battery Park City and the World Financial Center, a transformation from ecologic power to economic power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Sherk" title="Bonnie Sherk">Bonnie Sherk</a> created <a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(San_Francisco)" title="The Farm (San Francisco)">The Farm</a> in San Francisco, a 7-acre urban garden in underused spaces below freeway overpasses. The farm, until 1980, also served as a community center and art space that provided internships, childhood ecoart education for children, and served as a public park during its six-year existence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-sherk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-sherk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Polli" title="Andrea Polli">Andrea Polli's</a> installation <i>Particle Falls</i> made particulate matter in the air visible in a way that passersby could see.<sup id="cite_ref-Particle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Particle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <i>HighWaterLine</i> <a href="/wiki/Eve_Mosher" title="Eve Mosher">Eve Mosher</a> and others walked through neighborhoods in at-risk cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, marking the projected flood damage which could occur as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and talking with residents about what they were doing.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolbert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolbert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 2010s "guerilla gardener" <a href="/wiki/Ron_Finley" title="Ron Finley">Ron Finley</a> began planting edible gardens in the urban neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/South-central_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South-central Los Angeles">South Central Los Angeles</a> along narrow strips of dirt between the curb and sidewalk. His motivation was to address the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food apartheid</a> in certain neighborhoods including his own, and to encourage healthy eating habits, especially among children.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grist-aug2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grist-aug2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecoart">Ecoart</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecoart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_art" title="Ecological art">Ecological art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg/220px-NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg/330px-NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg/440px-NIDOS_1995_Milton_Becerra_Environmental_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Becerra" title="Milton Becerra">Milton Becerra</a>, NIDOS, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira_River" title="Táchira River">Táchira River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In general use, the term 'Eco-art' or 'Environmental art' refers loosely to a range of artistic practices and works "that explore and respond to issues related to the environment, climate change, and ecological sustainability."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more technical and academic contexts, however, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_art" title="Ecological art">Ecological art</a>, also known as ecoart, tends to refer more precisely to an artistic practice or discipline proposing paradigms sustainable with the life forms and resources of our planet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is composed of artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who are devoted to the practices of ecological art.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical precedents include Earthworks, Land Art, and landscape painting/photography. Ecoart is distinguished by a focus on systems and interrelationships within our environment: the ecological, geographic, political, biological and cultural.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecoart creates awareness, stimulates dialogue, changes human behavior towards other species, and encourages the long-term respect for the natural systems we coexist with. It manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art. Ecological artist, <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Rahmani" title="Aviva Rahmani">Aviva Rahmani</a> believes that "Ecological art is an art practice, often in collaboration with scientists, city planners, architects and others, that results in direct intervention in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Often, the artist is the lead agent in that practice."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous approaches to ecoart including but not limited to: representational artworks that address the environment through images and objects; remediation projects that restore polluted environments;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> activist projects that engage others and activate change of behaviors and/or public policy;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> time-based social sculptures that involve communities in monitoring their landscapes and taking a participatory role in sustainable practices; ecopoetic projects that initiate a re-envisioning and re-enchantment with the natural world, inspiring healing and co-existence with other species; direct-encounter artworks that involve natural phenomena such as water, weather, sunlight, or plants;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pedagogical artworks that share information about environmental injustice and ecological problems such as water and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">soil pollution</a> and health hazards; relational aesthetics that involve sustainable, off-the-grid, <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> existences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is discussion and debate among ecoartists regarding whether ecological art should be considered a discrete discipline within the arts, distinct from environmental art. A current definition of ecological art, drafted collectively by the EcoArtNetwork is "Ecological art is an art practice that embraces an ethic of social justice in both its content and form/materials. Ecoart is created to inspire caring and respect, stimulate dialogue, and encourage the long-term flourishing of the social and natural environments in which we live. It commonly manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global community <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atnc.persona.co">ArtTech NatureCulture</a>, which convenes over 400 creative practitioners engaged in ecological art forms across disciplines, states: "In precarious times, how can we build new ways forward that challenge and transform the many inequalities of the status quo? Our ways of addressing this are as diverse as our backgrounds, but we are united by a shared interest in using creative practices across disciplines (from arts, design, culture and hacking to science, technology and activism) to explore alternative futures that rethink, rebuild and heal."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-founder Kit Braybrooke has described the reason for ArtTech NatureCulture as "alone, we face climate grief and instability, but together, we rebuild."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists who work in this field generally subscribe to one or more of the following principles: focus on the web of interrelationships in our environment—on the physical, biological, cultural, political, and historical aspects of ecological systems; create works that employ natural materials or engage with environmental forces such as wind, water, or sunlight; reclaim, restore, and remediate damaged environments; inform the public about ecological dynamics and the environmental problems we face; revise ecological relationships, creatively proposing new possibilities for coexistence, sustainability, and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contributions by women in the area of EcoArt are significant. Many are cataloged in WEAD, <a href="/wiki/Women_Environmental_Artists_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Environmental Artists Directory">Women Environmental Artists Directory</a> founded in 1995 by Jo Hanson, Susan Leibovitz Steinman and Estelle Akamine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of ecofeminist writers inspired early male and female practitioners to address their concerns about a more horizontal relationship to environmental issues in their own practices. The feminist art writer <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lippard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Lippard">Lucy Lippard</a>, writing for the <i>Weather Report Show</i> she curated in 2007 at the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art, which included many environmental, ecological and <a href="/wiki/Ecofeminist_art" title="Ecofeminist art">ecofeminist artists</a>, commented on how many of those artists were women.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippard_Weather_Report_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippard_Weather_Report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Considering_environmental_impact">Considering environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Considering environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/220px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/330px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/440px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a>, <i>Spiral Jetty</i>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leibfriedscher_Garten,_091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg/220px-Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg/330px-Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg/440px-Leibfriedscher_Garten%2C_091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Herman_de_Vries" title="Herman de Vries">herman de vries</a>, <i>Sanctuarium</i>, Leibfriedschen Garten, Stuttgart, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Within environmental art, a crucial distinction can be made between environmental artists who do not consider the possible damage to the environment that their artwork may incur, and those whose intent is to cause no harm to nature. For example, despite its aesthetic merits, the American artist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a>'s celebrated sculpture <i><a href="/wiki/Spiral_Jetty" title="Spiral Jetty">Spiral Jetty</a></i> (1969) inflicted permanent damage upon the landscape he worked with, using a bulldozer to scrape and cut the land, with the spiral itself impinging upon the lake. Similarly, criticism was raised against the European sculptor <a href="/wiki/Christo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christo">Christo</a> when he temporarily wrapped the coastline at Little Bay, south of Sydney, Australia, in 1969. Conservationists' comments attracted international attention in environmental circles and led contemporary artists in the region to rethink the inclinations of land art and site-specific art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a> is produced with consideration for the wider impact of the work and its reception in relationship to its environments (social, economic, biophysical, historical, and cultural). Some artists choose to minimize their potential impact, while other works involve restoring the immediate landscape to a natural state.<sup id="cite_ref-WEAD_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEAD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British sculptor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a> has for several decades made temporary outdoor sculptural work by rearranging natural materials found on site, such as rocks, mud and branches, which will therefore have no lingering detrimental effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Drury_(artist)" title="Chris Drury (artist)">Chris Drury</a> instituted a work entitled "<a href="/wiki/Medicine_Wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Wheel">Medicine Wheel</a>" which was the fruit and result of a daily meditative walk, once a day, for a calendar year. The deliverable of this work was a mandala of mosaicked found objects: nature art as <a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">process art</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Leading environmental artists such as British artist and poet, <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Fulton" title="Hamish Fulton">Hamish Fulton</a>, Dutch sculptor <a href="/wiki/Herman_de_Vries" title="Herman de Vries">Herman de Vries</a>, the Australian sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sculptor)" title="John Davis (sculptor)">John Davis</a> and the British sculptor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Goldsworthy" title="Andy Goldsworthy">Andy Goldsworthy</a> similarly leave the landscape they have worked with unharmed; in some cases they have revegetated damaged land with appropriate indigenous flora in the process of making their work. In this way the work of art arises out of a sensitivity towards habitat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most celebrated instance of environmental art in the late 20th century was <i><a href="/wiki/7000_Oaks" title="7000 Oaks">7000 Oaks</a></i>, an ecological action staged at Documenta during 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>, in which the artist and his assistants highlighted the condition of the local environment by planting 7000 oak trees throughout and around the city of <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_awareness,_Eco-art,_and_transformation"><span id="Ecological_awareness.2C_Eco-art.2C_and_transformation"></span>Ecological awareness, Eco-art, and transformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecological awareness, Eco-art, and transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential role of art/eco-art in engendering socio-environmental transformation is becoming more widely discussed, as are the systemic obstacles to that transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In considering how society might be inspired, via its artworks, to respond positively to eco-crisis and change itself accordingly, some eco-artists reflect on our human engagement with the natural world, and create ecologically informed art that focuses on (or helps us to visualise) eco-friendly transformation or reclamation. For instance, eco-art writer and theoretician <a href="/wiki/Linda_Weintraub" title="Linda Weintraub">Linda Weintraub</a> (who coined the term "cycle-logical" to describe the correlation between recycling and psychology) reminds us that the 21st-century notion of artists' mindful engagement with their materials harkens back to paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> piles of discarded pottery and metals from ancient civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weintraub cites the work of MacArthur Fellow <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Sze" title="Sarah Sze">Sarah Sze</a> who recycles, reuses, and refurbishes detritus from the waste stream into elegant sprawling installations: this self-reflective work draws our attention to (and thereby initiates a critique of) our own cluttered lives and connection to consumer culture.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are now countless other examples of eco-art globally that raise eco-awareness and establish new, precursor perceptual platforms that might contribute to societal or psychological change. <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Hitschler" title="Brigitte Hitschler">Brigitte Hitschler</a>'s <i>Energy field</i>, for instance, drew power for 400 red diodes from the to-be-reclaimed potash slag heap upon which they were installed, using art and science to reveal hidden <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HYLE_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HYLE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="primary source (July 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ecological artist and activist, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Naidus" title="Beverly Naidus">Beverly Naidus</a>, creates installations that address environmental crises, nuclear legacy issues, and creates works on paper that envision transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her community-based permaculture project, <i>Eden Reframed</i> remediates degraded soil using phytoremediation and mushrooms resulting in a public place to grow and harvest medicinal plants and edible plants. Naidus is an educator having taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Tacoma" title="University of Washington Tacoma">University of Washington, Tacoma</a> for over ten years, where she created the Interdisciplinary Studio <i>Arts in Community</i> curriculum merging art with <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and socially engaged practices.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naidus's book, <i>Arts for Change: Teaching Outside the Frame</i> is a resource for teachers, activists and artists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculptor and installation artist <a href="/wiki/Erika_Wanenmacher" title="Erika Wanenmacher">Erika Wanenmacher</a> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Price_(artist)" title="Tony Price (artist)">Tony Price</a> in her development of works addressing creativity, mythology, and New Mexico's nuclear presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oregon based artist and arborist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reames" title="Richard Reames">Richard Reames</a> uses grafting techniques to produce his works of arborsculpture and arbortecture. He uses time-based processes of multiple plantings of trees that are then shaped by bending, pruning, grafting, in ways that are similar to <a href="/wiki/Pleaching" title="Pleaching">pleaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espalier" title="Espalier">espalier</a>. These works have ecological advantages including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide sequestration">carbon dioxide sequestration</a>, habitat creation and climate change mitigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Reames_=_Cabinet_Mag_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reames_=_Cabinet_Mag-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewable_energy_sculpture">Renewable energy sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renewable energy sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg/220px-Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg/330px-Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg/440px-Worldsavingmachine_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Sander" title="Ralf Sander">Ralf Sander</a>, <i>World Saving Machine III</i>, MoA Museum of Art, Seoul, South Korea</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_sculpture" title="Renewable energy sculpture">Renewable energy sculpture</a> is another recent development in environmental art. In response to the growing concern about global climate change, artists are designing explicit interventions at a functional level, merging aesthetical responses with the functional properties of energy generation or saving. Practitioners of this emerging area often work according to ecologically informed ethical and practical codes that conform to <a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a> criteria. Andrea Polli <i>Queensbridge Wind Power Project</i> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_architecture" title="Experimental architecture">experimental architecture</a>, incorporating wind turbines into a bridge's structure to recreate aspects of the original design as well as lighting the bridge and neighbouring areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Queensbridge_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queensbridge-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Sander" title="Ralf Sander">Ralf Sander's</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sculpture">public sculpture</a>, the World Saving Machine, used solar energy to create snow and ice outside the Seoul Museum of Art in the hot Korean summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Inhabitat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inhabitat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioArt" title="BioArt">BioArt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_art" title="Crop art">Crop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminist_art" title="Ecofeminist art">Ecofeminist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_art" title="Ecological art">Ecological art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovention" title="Ecovention">Ecovention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Profusion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Profusion_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profusion_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBower2010" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Beverly+Naidus%27s+Feminist+Activist+Art+Pedagogy%3A+Unleashed+and+Engaged&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-155&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4317235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144592114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Naidus&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnwsa%2Fsummary%2Fv019%2F19.1naidus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2005" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Malcolm (2005). <i>Outside the Frame: Teaching Socially Engaged Art, New Practices - New Pedagogies</i>. New York/London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134225156" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134225156"><bdi>978-1134225156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outside+the+Frame%3A+Teaching+Socially+Engaged+Art%2C+New+Practices+-+New+Pedagogies&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1134225156&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutherford-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rutherford_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2004" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416105848/http://tonypriceatomicartist.com/atomicart6.html"><i>Tony Price, atomic art</i></a>. Albuquerque, NM: Lithexcel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0967510675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0967510675"><bdi>978-0967510675</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonypriceatomicartist.com/atomicart6.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tony+Price%2C+atomic+art&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+NM&rft.pub=Lithexcel&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0967510675&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftonypriceatomicartist.com%2Fatomicart6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reames_=_Cabinet_Mag-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reames_=_Cabinet_Mag_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Foer, Joshua (Winter 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/foer_reames.php">"How to Grow a Chair: An Interview with Richard Reames - the roots of arborsculpture"</a>. <i>Cabinet Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+to+Grow+a+Chair%3A+An+Interview+with+Richard+Reames+-+the+roots+of+arborsculpture&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F20%2Ffoer_reames.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queensbridge-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queensbridge_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolli" class="citation web cs1">Polli, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525064426/http://www.andreapolli.com/queensbridge/">"The Queensbridge Wind Power Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andreapolli.com/queensbridge/">the original</a> on 25 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queensbridge+Wind+Power+Project&rft.aulast=Polli&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andreapolli.com%2Fqueensbridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inhabitat-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inhabitat_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrist2013" class="citation web cs1">Obrist, Volker (2013-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204555/https://inhabitat.com/ralf-sanders-world-saving-machine-uses-solar-energy-to-create-ice/">"Ralf Sander's World Saving Machine Uses Solar Energy to Create Ice!"</a>. Inhabitat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inhabitat.com/ralf-sanders-world-saving-machine-uses-solar-energy-to-create-ice/">the original</a> on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralf+Sander%27s+World+Saving+Machine+Uses+Solar+Energy+to+Create+Ice%21&rft.pub=Inhabitat&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.aulast=Obrist&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finhabitat.com%2Fralf-sanders-world-saving-machine-uses-solar-energy-to-create-ice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Beardsley, John (1998). <i>Earthworks and Beyond: Contemporary Art in the Landscape</i>. New York: Abbeville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-963-5"><bdi>978-0-89659-963-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthworks+and+Beyond%3A+Contemporary+Art+in+the+Landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89659-963-5&rft.aulast=Beardsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooding2002" class="citation book cs1">Gooding, Mel (2002). <i>Song of the Earth: European Artists and the Landscape</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 167p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51016-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51016-2"><bdi>978-0-500-51016-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+the+Earth%3A+European+Artists+and+the+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167p&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51016-2&rft.aulast=Gooding&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan2011" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Sacha (2011). <i>Art and Sustainability: Connecting Patterns for a Culture of Complexity</i>. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1803-7"><bdi>978-3-8376-1803-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Sustainability%3A+Connecting+Patterns+for+a+Culture+of+Complexity&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-1803-7&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Sacha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonfist2004" class="citation book cs1">Sonfist, Alan (2004). <i>Nature: The End of Art</i>. Florence, Italy: Gli Ori,Dist. Thames & Hudson. p. 280p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-12533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-12533-6"><bdi>978-0-615-12533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%3A+The+End+of+Art&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.pages=280p&rft.pub=Gli+Ori%2CDist.+Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-615-12533-6&rft.aulast=Sonfist&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoartnetwork.org">ecoartnetwork</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoartspace.org/">ecoartspace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psy.in/Kalos-PROJECT/Sacred-Seeds-LIVE-to-wear-to-live/">Botanical Jewelry</a> - examples of wearable items, made from untreated seeds of plants, known in ancient cultures as "Sacred".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img 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title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Environmental interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environmental journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">Outdoor education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">museums</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">Popular science</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomuseum" title="Ecomuseum">Ecomuseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_trail" title="Educational trail">Educational trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_assessment" title="Landscape assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_planning" title="Landscape planning">planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themed_walk" title="Themed walk">Themed walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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