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Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 забон</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Systematik (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظاميات – арабӣ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظاميات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A1tica" title="Sistemática – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistemática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloji_t%C9%99snifat" title="Bioloji təsnifat – озарбойҷонӣ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bioloji təsnifat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="озарбойҷонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بیولوژی تصنیفاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیولوژی تصنیفاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биологик систематика – бошқирдӣ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биологик систематика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="бошқирдӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Systematik (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Біялагічная сістэматыка – белорусӣ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялагічная сістэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosistematika" title="Biosistematika – босниягӣ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biosistematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Биологиин бүлэглэн хубаарилга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Биологиин бүлэглэн хубаарилга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A0tica" title="Sistemàtica – каталонӣ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistemàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биологин систематика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологин систематика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_systematika" title="Biologická systematika – чехӣ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologická systematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биологилле систематика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биологилле систематика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi) – даниягӣ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Systematik (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="даниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie) – немисӣ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Systematik (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Συστηματική – юнонӣ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συστηματική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="юнонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics – Англисӣ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Systematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Англисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematiko" title="Sistematiko – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sistematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A1tica" title="Sistemática – испанӣ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistemática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – баскӣ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سازگان‌شناسی – форсӣ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازگان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="форсӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematiikka" title="Systematiikka – финӣ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Systematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9matique" title="Systématique – франсузӣ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Systématique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франсузӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rasa%C3%ADocht" title="Córasaíocht – ирландӣ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Córasaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A1tica" title="Sistemática – галисиягӣ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistemática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисиягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סיסטמטיקה – ибронӣ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיסטמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ибронӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կարգաբանություն – арманӣ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարգաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арманӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կարգաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարգաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – индонезӣ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биологе систематика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологе систематика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematiko" title="Sistematiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sistematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematica" title="Sistematica – италиявӣ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиявӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="体系学 – японӣ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="体系学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სისტემატიკა – гурҷӣ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისტემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гурҷӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnagrawt" title="Tinnagrawt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinnagrawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Биологиэ систематикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Биологиэ систематикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="계통분류학 – кореягӣ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통분류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="кореягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematica" title="Systematica – лотинӣ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лотинӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie) – люксембургӣ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Systematik (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – литвонӣ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C4%81tika" title="Sistemātika – латишӣ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sistemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латишӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Систематика – мақдунӣ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Систематика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="мақдунӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സിസ്റ്റമാറ്റിക്സ് – малаяламӣ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിസ്റ്റമാറ്റിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаяламӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematik" title="Sistematik – малайӣ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သိပ္ပံနည်းကျအမျိုးအစားခွဲခြားခြင်း – бирманӣ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိပ္ပံနည်းကျအမျိုးအစားခွဲခြားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemateca" title="Sistemateca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sistemateca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Systematik (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie) – голландӣ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Systematiek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk systematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biologisk systematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematica" title="Sistematica – окситанӣ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistematica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów – лаҳистонӣ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Systematyka organizmów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="лаҳистонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A0tica" title="Sistemàtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sistemàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A1tica" title="Sistemática – португалӣ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistemática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Биологическая систематика – русӣ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологическая систематика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біолоґічна класіфікація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біолоґічна класіфікація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ගීකරණය – сингалӣ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ගීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингалӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Systematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematika_(veda)" title="Systematika (veda) – словакӣ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systematika (veda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – словенӣ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – албанӣ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Систематика – сербӣ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Систематика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik" title="Systematik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Systematik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi) – шведӣ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Systematik (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systymatyka_%C3%B4rganizm%C5%8Dw" title="Systymatyka ôrganizmōw – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Systymatyka ôrganizmōw" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="உயிரியல் அமைப்புமுறை – тамилӣ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல் அமைப்புமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การจำแนกชั้นทางวิทยาศาสตร์ – тайӣ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจำแนกชั้นทางวิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematik" title="Sistematik – туркӣ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistematik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="туркӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Систематика (біологія) – украинӣ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Систематика (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظامیات – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظامیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – ӯзбекӣ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ӯзбекӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%A0tega" title="Sistemàtega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sistemàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_h%C3%B3a_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Hệ thống hóa (sinh học) – ветнамӣ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống hóa (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ветнамӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistematika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="系统分类学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="系统分类学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tg" dir="ltr"><div class="tright" style="border-color: #F8FCFF;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:158px;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="The various levels of the scientific classification system."><img alt="The various levels of the scientific classification system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_11e034d897a63a43" /></a><map name="ImageMap_11e034d897a63a43"><area href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" shape="rect" coords="63,9,141,36" alt="Биота" title="Биота" /><area href="/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,49,141,75" alt="ҳавза" title="ҳавза" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,89,141,115" alt="фармонрав" title="фармонрав" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,128,141,154" alt="шоха" title="шоха" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,168,141,194" alt="рада" title="рада" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,208,141,234" alt="роста" title="роста" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,247,141,273" alt="хонавода" title="хонавода" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,287,141,313" alt="сарда" title="сарда" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" shape="rect" coords="63,326,141,353" alt="гуна" title="гуна" /></map><figcaption>The various levels of the scientific classification system.</figcaption></figure> <hr /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Силсиламаротиби <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Табақаи орояшинохтӣ (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">ҳашттабақаи орояшинохтии</a> аслӣ дар <a class="mw-selflink selflink">табақабанди зистӣ</a> </p> --> Табақаҳои миёнии ҷузъитар нишон дода нашудаанд.</div></div></div> <p><b>Система́тика</b> — дар <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Биология">биология</a> илмест, ки гуногунии ҳамаи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Организм">организмҳои</a> мавҷуда ва мунқариз, муносибати байни ҳамдигарӣ ва алоқаи хешии байни гурӯҳҳои (таксонҳои) гуногуни онҳо — популятсия, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Намуд (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">намуд</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҷинс (биология) (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">ҷинс</a> (авлод), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Оила (биология)">оила</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Қатор (биология)">қатор</a> (барои рустаниҳо <i>тартиб</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Синф (биология) (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">синф</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Тип (биология)">тип</a> (барои рустаниҳо <i>шуъба</i>) ва ғайраро тавсиф менамояд. Дар баъзе ҳолатҳо гурӯҳҳои таксономии иловагӣ: зероила, зерқатор, зерсинф, зертип, рӯиолам (забаролам), зеролам ва истифода бурда мешаванд. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Таксонҳо </th> <th colspan="7">Организмҳои ҳуҷайрагӣ </th></tr> <tr> <td>Рӯиолам </td> <td colspan="2">Тоядроӣ </td> <td colspan="5">Ядрогӣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Олам </td> <td colspan="2">Дробянкаҳо </td> <td>Занбӯруғҳо </td> <td colspan="2">Рустаниҳо </td> <td colspan="2">Ҳайвонот </td></tr> <tr> <td>Зеролам </td> <td>Бактерияҳо </td> <td>Обзабзҳои <p>кабуду сабз </p><p>оксифото- </p><p>бактерияҳо </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Дараҷаи <p>паст </p> </td> <td>Дараҷаи <p>олӣ </p> </td> <td>Якҳуҷайрагиҳо </td> <td>Бисёрҳуҷайрагиҳо </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Мақсад_ва_принсипҳои_систематика"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D2.9B.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.B4_.D0.B2.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BF.D2.B3.D0.BE.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Мақсад ва принсипҳои систематика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Вироиши қисмат: Мақсад ва принсипҳои систематика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Мақсад ва принсипҳои систематика"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Мақсади асосии систематика бо роҳи муқоиса муайян карданиҷиҳатҳои хоси ҳар як намуд ва ҳар як таксони дарафаи нисбатан баланд ва ошкор намудани ҷиҳатҳои муштараки онҳо мебошад. Систематика ҳангоми бунёд намудани (таснифоти) пурраи олами органикӣ ба принсипҳои эволютсионӣ ва маълумоти ҳамаи илмҳои биологӣ такя мекунад. Систематика аҳамияти калони илмӣ ва амалӣ дорад. Вай баробари дар системаи олами органикӣ муайян кардани ҷойи ҳар як организм имон медиҳад, ки кас ба гуногунии мавҷудоти зинда шинос шавад. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эзоҳ"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B7.D0.BE.D2.B3"></span>Эзоҳ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Вироиши қисмат: Эзоҳ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Эзоҳ"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Адабиёт"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.91.D1.82"></span>Адабиёт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Вироиши қисмат: Адабиёт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Адабиёт"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFШипунов1999"><i>Шипунов А. Б.</i> Основы теории систематики: Учебное пособие. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Открытый лицей ВЗМШ, Диалог-МГУ, 1999. — 56 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Wheeler W.C.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zmmu.msu.ru/files/Библиотека%20Павлинова/wheeler-2012_systematics.pdf">Systematics. A Cours of Lectures</a>. — Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. — 426 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D2%B3%D0%BE/9780470671696" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780470671696</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Пайвандҳо"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D2.B3.D0.BE"></span>Пайвандҳо</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Вироиши қисмат: Пайвандҳо" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Пайвандҳо"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Introduction to Taxonomy">Введение в таксономию</a> в английском Викиверситете<span title="ба забони англисӣ" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; margin-left:0.2em; color:#888;">(англ.)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomy.elgeran.ru/Основы_систематики">Основы систематики</a><span title="{{{2}}}" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; margin-left:0.2em; color:#888;">(пайванди дастнорас)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mr-1.ru/HT/system_description.htm">Систематика органического мира</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сарчашма"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.88.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Сарчашма</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Вироиши қисмат: Сарчашма" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Сарчашма"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFЭСТ"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Энциклопедияи Советии Тоҷик">Энциклопедияи Советии Тоҷик</a> : <span class="nowrap">[<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232970">.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}@media(hover:none){.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText:not(.rt-commentedText){border-bottom:0;cursor:auto}}</style>дар 8 ҷ.]</span> / сармуҳаррир <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Атахон Сайфуллоев">А. С. Сайфуллоев</a></span>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Душанбе">Д</span>. : <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Сарредакцияи илмии Энциклопедияи Советии Тоҷик">СИЭСТ</a>, 1978—1988.</span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Рутбаҳои_таксономӣ" data-name="Таксономия"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="colgroup" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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