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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্যবস্থাপনা বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থাপনা বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementlehre" title="Managementlehre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Managementlehre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_de_administraci%C3%B3n_y_gesti%C3%B3n" title="Ciencias de administración y gestión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencias de administración y gestión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administradoscienco" title="Administradoscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Administradoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="دانش مدیریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانش مدیریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_de_gestion" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestione" title="Gestione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dazineiba" title="Rādazineiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Rādazineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementwetenschappen" title="Managementwetenschappen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Managementwetenschappen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/Management_Science_(journal)" title="Management Science (journal)"><i>Management Science</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <p><b>Management science</b> (or <b>managerial science</b>) is a wide and interdisciplinary study of solving complex problems and making strategic decisions as it pertains to institutions, corporations, governments and other types of organizational entities. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">management consulting</a>, and other fields. It uses various scientific <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles">principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategies">strategies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Analytical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical method">analytical methods</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical algorithm">numerical algorithms</a> and aims to improve an organization's ability to enact rational and accurate management decisions by arriving at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex decision problems.<sup id="cite_ref-mgt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p><p>Management science looks to help businesses achieve goals using a number of scientific methods. The field was initially an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a>, where early challenges were problems relating to the <a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a> of systems which could be modeled linearly, i.e., determining the optima (<a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima and minima">maximum</a> value of <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>, assembly line performance, <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a>, bandwidth, etc. or minimum of loss, risk, costs, etc.) of some objective function. Today, the discipline of management science may encompass a diverse range of managerial and organizational activity as it regards to a problem which is structured in mathematical or other quantitative form in order to derive managerially relevant insights and solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Management science is concerned with a number of areas of study: </p> <ul><li>Developing and applying <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> that may prove useful in helping to illuminate <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> issues and solve managerial problems. The models used can often be represented mathematically, but sometimes computer-based, <a href="/wiki/Visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual">visual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">verbal</a> representations are used as well or instead.<sup id="cite_ref-LS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Designing and developing new and better models of organizational excellence.</li> <li>Helping to improve, stabilize or otherwise manage <a href="/wiki/Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">profit margins</a> in enterprises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Management science research can be done on three levels:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The fundamental level lies in three mathematical disciplines: <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">optimization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems_theory" title="Dynamical systems theory">dynamical systems theory</a>.</li> <li>The modeling level is about building models, analyzing them mathematically, gathering and analyzing data, implementing models on computers, solving them, experimenting with them—all this is part of management science research on the modeling level. This level is mainly instrumental, and driven mainly by <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>.</li> <li>The application level, just as in any other <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> disciplines, strives to make a practical impact and be a driver for change in the real world.</li></ul> <p>The management scientist's mandate is to use rational, systematic and science-based techniques to inform and improve decisions of all kinds. The techniques of management science are not restricted to business applications but may be applied to <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, medical, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, charitable groups, political groups or community groups. The norm for scholars in management science is to focus their work in a certain area or subfield of management like public administration, <a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">information</a> and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although management science as it exists now covers a myriad of topics having to do with coming up with solutions that increase the efficiency of a business, it was not even a field of study in the not too distant past. There are a number of businessmen and management specialists who can receive credit for the creation of the idea of management science. Most commonly, however, the founder of the field is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> in the early 20th century. Likewise, administration expert <a href="/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a> and management expert <a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a> both had an impact on the development of management science in the 1930s and 1940s. Drucker is quoted as having said that, "the purpose of the corporation is to be economically efficient." This thought process is foundational to management science. Even before the influence of these men, there was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> who became known as "the people's lawyer". In 1910, Brandeis was the creator of a new business approach which he coined as "scientific management", a term that is often falsely attributed to the aforementioned Frederick Winslow Taylor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These men represent some of the earliest ideas of management science at its conception. After the idea was born, it was further explored around the time of World War II. It was at this time that management science became more than an idea and was put into practice. This sort of experimentation was essential to the development of the field as it is known today.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of management science can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, which became influential during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the Allied forces recruited scientists of various disciplines to assist with military operations. In these early applications, the scientists used simple mathematical models to make efficient use of limited technologies and resources. The application of these models to the corporate sector became known as management science.<sup id="cite_ref-UTK_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967 <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> characterized the field of management science as "the business use of operations research".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the fields that management science involves include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_analysis" title="Decision analysis">Decision analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">Mathematical modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">Operational research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a> models</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Management_science" title="Special:EditPage/Management science">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Management science's applications are diverse allowing the use of it in many fields.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are examples of the applications of management science. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, management science is instrumental in portfolio optimization, <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>, and investment strategies. By employing mathematical models, analysts can assess market trends, optimize asset allocation, and mitigate <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risks</a>, contributing to more informed and strategic decision-making. </p><p>In healthcare, management science plays a crucial role in optimizing resource allocation, patient scheduling, and <a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">facility management</a>. Mathematical models aid healthcare professionals in streamlining operations, reducing waiting times, and improving overall efficiency in the delivery of care. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a> benefit significantly from management science applications. Optimization algorithms assist in route planning, <a href="/wiki/Inventory_management_software" title="Inventory management software">inventory management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demand_forecasting" title="Demand forecasting">demand forecasting</a>, enhancing the efficiency of the entire <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>. </p><p>In manufacturing, management science supports process optimization, <a href="/wiki/Production_planning" title="Production planning">production planning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>. Mathematical models help identify bottlenecks, reduce production costs, and enhance overall productivity. </p><p>Furthermore, management science contributes to strategic decision-making in <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>. By leveraging quantitative techniques, organizations can make data-driven decisions, allocate resources effectively, and enhance overall performance across diverse functional areas. </p><p>In summary, the applications of management science are far-reaching, providing valuable insights and solutions across a spectrum of industries, ultimately fostering more efficient and effective decision-making processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Management_science" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Management science">Management science</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fayolism" title="Fayolism">Fayolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences" title="Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences">Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" title="John von Neumann Theory Prize">John von Neumann Theory Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Management engineering">Management engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_studies" title="Organization studies">Organization studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0A9EDwAAQBAJ&dq=management+science&pg=PP1"><i>An Introduction to Management Science: Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making</i></a> (15 ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning, Inc. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-337-40652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-337-40652-9"><bdi>978-1-337-40652-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Management+Science%3A+Quantitative+Approaches+to+Decision+Making&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning%2C+Inc&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-337-40652-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0A9EDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmanagement%2Bscience%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600969">"Tools for Thinking — Modelling in Management Science"</a>. Taylor & Francis Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Science&rft.atitle=Management+Models+and+Industrial+Applications+of+Linear+Programming&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-91&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.4.1.38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubsonline.informs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.4.1.38%3FjournalCode%3Dmnsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/departments/ManSci/DeptProfile/WhatisManSci/">What is Management Science?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725065138/http://www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/departments/ManSci/DeptProfile/WhatisManSci/">Archived</a> 2009-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lancaster University, 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mphil_mgtscience/mgtresearch.html">What is Management Science Research?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104031808/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mphil_mgtscience/mgtresearch.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Cambridge 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejournals.eu/pliki/art/11481/">"Sub-disciplines in Management Sciences: Review of Classifications in Polish and Worldwide Research Practice"</a>. <i>International Journal of Contemporary Management</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 137–156. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F24498939IJCM.18.008.8387">10.4467/24498939IJCM.18.008.8387</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Contemporary+Management&rft.atitle=Sub-disciplines+in+Management+Sciences%3A+Review+of+Classifications+in+Polish+and+Worldwide+Research+Practice&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-156&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F24498939IJCM.18.008.8387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejournals.eu%2Fpliki%2Fart%2F11481%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgman2021" class="citation web cs1">Bridgman, Stephen Cummings and Todd (2021-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-progressive-roots-of-management-science/">"The Progressive Roots of Management Science"</a>. <i>MIT Sloan Management Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Sloan+Management+Review&rft.atitle=The+Progressive+Roots+of+Management+Science&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Bridgman&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Cummings+and+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsloanreview.mit.edu%2Farticle%2Fthe-progressive-roots-of-management-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/management-science#:~:text=with%20management%20science.-,HISTORY,developed%20during%20World%20War%20II.">"Management Science | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Management+Science+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Feconomics-business-and-labor%2Fbusinesses-and-occupations%2Fmanagement-science%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dwith%2520management%2520science.-%2CHISTORY%2Cdeveloped%2520during%2520World%2520War%2520II.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UTK-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UTK_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bus.utk.edu/soms/information/whatis_msci.html">What is Management Science?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207155115/http://bus.utk.edu/soms/information/whatis_msci.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The University of Tennessee, 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> (1967). <i>Management Science: The Business Use of Operations Research</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIII" class="citation book cs1">III, B.W.T (2018). <i>Introduction to Management Science</i> (13th ed.). US: Pearson Education (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780134731315" title="Special:BookSources/9780134731315"><bdi>9780134731315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Management+Science&rft.place=US&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+%28US%29.&rft.isbn=9780134731315&rft.aulast=III&rft.aufirst=B.W.T+%282018%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManagement+science" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kenneth R. Baker, Dean H. Kropp (1985). <i>Management Science: An Introduction to the Use of Decision Models</i></li> <li>David Charles Heinze (1982). <i>Management Science: Introductory Concepts and Applications</i></li> <li>Lee J. Krajewski, Howard E. Thompson (1981). "Management Science: Quantitative Methods in Context"</li> <li>Thomas W. Knowles (1989). <i>Management science: Building and Using Models</i></li> <li>Kamlesh Mathur, Daniel Solow (1994). <i>Management Science: The Art of Decision Making</i></li> <li>Laurence J. Moore, Sang M. Lee, Bernard W. Taylor (1993). <i>Management Science</i></li> <li>William Thomas Morris (1968). <i>Management Science: A Bayesian Introduction</i>.</li> <li>William E. Pinney, Donald B. McWilliams (1987). <i>Management Science: An Introduction to Quantitative Analysis for Management</i></li> <li>Gerald E. Thompson (1982). <i>Management Science: An Introduction to Modern Quantitative Analysis and Decision Making. 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