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class="mw-page-title-main">David Hartley (philosopher)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81)" title="ديفيد هارتلي (فيلسوف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد هارتلي (فيلسوف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Дэвід Гартлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэвід Гартлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(philosophe)" title="David Hartley (philosophe) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Hartley (philosophe)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%98%ED%8B%80%EB%A6%AC" title="데이비드 하틀리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 하틀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Դավիթ Հարթլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավիթ Հարթլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дэвид Гартли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дэвид Гартли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дэвид Гартли – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дэвид Гартли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дејвид Хартли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дејвид Хартли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89)" title="ديفيد هارتلى (دكتور من مملكه بريطانيا العظمى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد هارتلى (دكتور من مملكه بريطانيا العظمى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="デイヴィッド・ハートリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デイヴィッド・ハートリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(filosof)" title="David Hartley (filosof) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Hartley (filosof)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гартли, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гартли, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(filozof)" title="David Hartley (filozof) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Hartley (filozof)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley" title="David Hartley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Hartley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9" title="大卫·哈特利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫·哈特利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English philosopher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Hartley</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_D._Hartley,_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_D._Hartley%2C_17thC_Wellcome_L0002618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="5066" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Engraving by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> in the 1791 edition of Hartley's <i>Observations on Man</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Baptized 21 June 1705 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1757<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1757-08-29</span>)</span> (aged 52)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>British <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theopathy (page does not exist)">theopathy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">Associationist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></li><li>doctrine of vibrations</li><li>doctrine of associations</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Hartley_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/David_Hartley_signature.svg/250px-David_Hartley_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/David_Hartley_signature.svg/330px-David_Hartley_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Hartley</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; baptized 21 June<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 1705 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>; died 28 August 1757) was an English <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">Associationist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family_history">Early life and family history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Hartley was born in 1705 in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. His mother died three months after his birth. His father, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> clergyman, died when David was fifteen. Hartley was educated at <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Grammar_School" title="Bradford Grammar School">Bradford Grammar School</a> and in 1722 was admitted as a <a href="/wiki/Sizar" title="Sizar">Sizar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a>, where he was a <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Rustat" title="Tobias Rustat">Rustat scholar</a>. He received his BA in 1726 and MA in 1729.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1730 he became the first layperson to be Master of Magnus Grammar School (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Church_of_England_Academy" title="Magnus Church of England Academy">Magnus Church of England Academy</a>), Newark, and it was there that he began to practise medicine. On 21 April 1730, Hartley married Alice Rowley (1705–31). The couple moved to <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, and Alice died there giving birth to their son <a href="/wiki/David_Hartley_(the_Younger)" title="David Hartley (the Younger)">David Hartley (the Younger)</a> (1731–1813). While in Bury, Hartley met his second wife, Elizabeth Packer (1713–78), the fifth child and only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Packer_(died_1731)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Packer (died 1731)">Robert Packer (died 1731)</a> and Mary Winchcombe, a wealthy and influential family with estates in Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and Berkshire, including <a href="/wiki/Donnington_Castle" title="Donnington Castle">Donnington Castle</a> House, <a href="/wiki/Shellingford" title="Shellingford">Shellingford</a> Manor and <a href="/wiki/Bucklebury" title="Bucklebury">Bucklebury</a> House, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berks</a>. (Mary Winchcombe was the daughter of Sir Henry Winchcombe, Bart., and the sister of Frances, wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>.) Despite the opposition of Elizabeth's family, David and Elizabeth wed on 25 August 1735, after agreeing to a severe set of restrictions that kept the £5,000 Elizabeth received upon her marriage completely out of the hands of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first child, Mary (1736–1803), was born eleven months later. In 1736 the family moved to London, and then in 1742 to <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. When Elizabeth's last surviving elder brother died without issue in 1746, their son <a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_Henry_Hartley" title="Winchcombe Henry Hartley">Winchcombe Henry</a> (1740–94) inherited the family estates, making the family (though not Hartley himself) the possessors of significant wealth. Hartley died in Bath on 28 August 1757. He was buried at St John the Baptist Church, <a href="/wiki/Old_Sodbury" title="Old Sodbury">Old Sodbury</a>, Gloucestershire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_professional_career">Education and professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Cambridge, Hartley studied with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Saunderson" title="Nicholas Saunderson">Nicholas Saunderson</a>, who, though blind since infancy, became the fourth <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics</a>. Hartley was later instrumental in raising the subscription for the posthumous publication of Saunderson's <i>Elements of Algebra</i> (1740). Upon graduation, Hartley declined to sign the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a>, a requirement for ordination in the Church of England. Although one point at issue may have been the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, Hartley's main dissent from Anglican orthodoxy was his assent to <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a>. Writing to his friend Joseph Lister in 1736, Hartley stated he believed "[t]hat Universal Happiness is the Fundamental Doctrine both of Reason & Scripture", adding that "nothing is so irreconcilable [with] Reason as eternal Punishment, nothing so contrary to all the Intimations God has given us in his Works. Have you read Sr. Is. Newton’s Commt. upon Danl. & the Apocalypse?"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Hartley, on the gates of hell there could be no locks. </p><p>In the same letter to Lister, Hartley writes that "a Man who disregards himself, who entirely abandons Self-Interest & devotes his Labours to the Service of Mankind, or in that beautiful and expressive phrase of the Scriptures, <i>who loves his neighbor as himself</i> is sure to meet with private Happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conviction became a guiding principle in Hartley's life, and it led him to devote himself to a various philanthropic projects. These include the publication of Saunderson's <i>Elements of Algebra</i> and the promotion of the shorthand system of his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Byrom" title="John Byrom">John Byrom</a> (a system that Hartley believed could be a "universal character" and step toward the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">philosophical language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after turning to medicine, Hartley became an advocate of variola inoculation for smallpox. <a href="/wiki/Variolation" title="Variolation">Variolation</a> confers personal immunity, and if widespread would be a "service to mankind" by furthering <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a>. However, deliberate infection with the smallpox virus ran the risk of disfigurement or death. (<a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Queen Caroline</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, was an advocate and had three of their children variolated, but <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> died from it in 1758.) The public good, then, could appear to be at odds with private interest. In his first publication, <i>Some Reasons why the Practice of Inoculation ought to be Introduced into the Town of Bury at Present</i> (1733), Hartley developed a statistical argument to show that the conflict is only apparent, that being inoculated furthers both the public good and a person's self-interest. </p><p>By the time of his move to London in 1736, Hartley was known by other campaigners of variolation, such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Jurin" title="James Jurin">James Jurin</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. He also had the support of important Whig families in Suffolk, notably of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a> ('Turnip' Townshend). Hartley's daughter Mary wrote that "the old Lord Townshend (then Secretary of State) treated him with as much kindness as he had had been an additional son, and all the sons and daughters as an additional brother".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was inducted into the Royal Society, and he also became a physician to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, and his wife. In 1736 he offered to "recommend" John Byrom to George II.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1740, Hartley was known to every physician in London and to other medical men throughout Europe. He had thrown himself into a controversial attempt to harmonize private interest and public good. Hartley had started to experience symptoms of "the stone" (<a href="/wiki/Bladder_stone" title="Bladder stone">bladder stone</a>) in early 1736. A bladder stone, sometimes as large as an egg, could function as a ball-cock on a toilet tank, causing an inability to urinate, excruciating pain, and sometimes death. (<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a sufferer, sometimes had to stand on his head to relieve himself.)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment by surgical removal (lithotomy) was a procedure many failed to survive. </p><p>Hartley thought a herbalist called <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Stephens" title="Joanna Stephens">Joanna Stephens</a> had developed a lithontriptic, an oral medicine that would dissolve a stone <i>in situ</i>. He published <i>Ten Cases of Persons who have Taken Mrs. Stephens’s Medicines for the Stone</i> (1738), which includes an unsparing account of his own agonies. To make a proprietary medicine freely available to the public, Hartley convinced Parliament to pay Stephens £5,000 for her "secret".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Stephens's recipe in hand, Hartley set to work with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a>, along with two colleagues in France, to locate the medicine's chemically active ingredients. These were slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and Alicant soap (predominantly potassium oleate, like other soaps an alkaline salt of a fatty acid). Hales had shown that some bladder stones rapidly dissolved in boiled soap-lye (caustic potash, potassium hydroxide). What was needed, then, was a safely ingestible preparation that would turn a person's urine alkaline; and this, they concluded, is what the slaked lime and soap combination did. In 1739 Hales won the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> for his work, and the following year Hartley published their results in a Latin volume, <i>De Lithontriptico</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, the latter being home at the time to the foremost medical school in Europe. </p><p>In 1742 Hartley and his family moved to Bath, Somerset. He continued to practise medicine, and he devoted himself to writing his major work, <i>Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations</i>, published in 1749 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a>. </p><p>He was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations_on_Man:_"A_New_and_Most_Extensive_Science""><span id="Observations_on_Man:_.22A_New_and_Most_Extensive_Science.22"></span>Observations on Man: "A New and Most Extensive Science"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Observations on Man: "A New and Most Extensive Science""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Observations_on_Man" title="Observations on Man">Observations on Man</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HartleyObservations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HartleyObservations.png/220px-HartleyObservations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HartleyObservations.png/330px-HartleyObservations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HartleyObservations.png/440px-HartleyObservations.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the first edition of the <i>Observations</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, "Observations" appears in the titles of scientific works – compare <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s <i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>'s <i>Experiments and Observations of Different Kinds of Air</i> (1774). Priestley, Hartley's champion, would declare that Hartley's work "contains a new and most extensive <i>science. …</i> [T]he study of it will be like entering upon a <i>new world. …</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The science is the science of "man", and the "new world" is the one embodied in the human "frame" itself. </p><p>The result, on the one hand, is a "vast haystack of a book".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one would expect from a physician with an inquiring mind and active medical practice, Hartley draws together a wide range of observations – to name a few, on phantom limbs, savant syndrome, and the experiences and mental development of the blind and the deaf (<i>OM</i> 1, props. 34, 69, 78, 80, and 93).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, just as <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics, Hartley proposed a single "law" — "association" — to account for any and all observations of "man". Hartley's many observations are meant to be illustrations of the law. </p><p>Moreover, "association" has explanatory power. For example, in the section "The Affections by which we rejoice at the Misery of Others" (<i>OM</i> 1.1.4.97–98), Hartley presents a detailed analysis of the process by which an abused, bullied child becomes an abusive, bullying adult.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traces out how the child's automatic gesture of raising an arm to ward off a blow becomes, through a series of associative substitutions, the fist the adult raises to strike a child. An initial defensive gesture becomes a general aggressive stance, and thus the source of the insulting words and threatening actions by which the adult "goes on multiplying perpetually … the occasions of anger and the expressions of it". </p><p>Nonetheless, Hartley believed that it was no-one's destiny to be permanently trapped in such a hell. He was, rather, a religious visionary, and his fundamental belief breathtakingly optimistic: that association "has a tendency to reduce the state of those who have eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, back again to a paradisiacal one" (OM 1.1.2.14, Cor. 9). From this vantage point, Hartley's <i>Observations on Man</i> is a psychological epic, a story of "paradise regained" — but an epic describing, ultimately, the life of each human being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, he asserted that, prior to sensation, the human mind is a <a href="/wiki/Blank_slate" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank slate">blank slate</a>. By a growth from simple sensations, those states of consciousness which appear most remote from sensation come into being. And the one law of growth of which Hartley took account was the law of contiguity, synchronous and successive. By this law he sought to explain, not only the phenomena of memory, which others had similarly explained before him, but also the phenomena of emotion, of reasoning, and of voluntary and involuntary action (see <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Ideas">Association of Ideas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A friend, associate, and one of his chief advocates, was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1733–1804), the discoverer of oxygen. Priestley was one of the foremost scientists of his age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine_of_vibrations">Doctrine of vibrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Doctrine of vibrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hartley's physical theory gave birth to the modern study of the intimate connection of physiological and psychical facts. He believed that sensation is the result of a vibration of the minute particles of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medullary</a> substance of the nerves, to account for which he postulated, with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>, a subtle elastic <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">ether</a>, rare in the interstices of solid bodies and in their close neighbourhood, and denser as it recedes from them. Pleasure is the result of moderate vibrations, pain of vibrations so violent as to break the continuity of the nerves. These vibrations leave behind them in the brain a tendency to fainter vibrations or "vibratiuncles" of a similar kind, which correspond to "ideas of sensation." This accounts for memory.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine_of_associations">Doctrine of associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Doctrine of associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The course of reminiscence and of the thoughts generally, when not immediately dependent upon external sensation, is accounted for by the idea that there are always vibrations in the brain on account of its heat and the pulsation of its arteries. The nature of these vibrations is determined by each man's past experience, and by the circumstances of the moment, which causes one or another tendency to prevail over the rest. Sensations which are often associated together become each associated with the ideas corresponding to the others; and the ideas corresponding to the associated sensations become associated together, sometimes so intimately that they form what appears to be a new simple idea, not without careful analysis resolvable into its component parts.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will">Free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from a detailed account of the phenomena of the senses, Hartley tried to show how, by the above laws, all the emotions, which he analyses with considerable skill, may be explained. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>'s phrase "association of ideas" is employed throughout, "idea" being taken as including every mental state but sensation. He emphatically asserts the existence of pure disinterested sentiment, while declaring it to be a growth from the self-regarding feelings. Voluntary action is explained as the result of a firm connexion between a motion and a sensation or "idea," and, on the physical side, between an "ideal" and a motory vibration. Therefore, in the Freewill controversy Hartley took his place as a determinist. It was only with reluctance, and when his speculations were nearly complete, that he came to a conclusion on this subject in accordance with his theory.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_major_works">List of major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Conjecturae quaedam de sensu, motu, et idearum generatione</i>, Appendix to <i>De Lithontriptico a Joanna Stephens nuper invento Dissertatio Epistolaris</i> (Bath, 1746); repr. in Samuel Parr (ed.), <i>Metaphysical Tracts by English Philosophers</i> (1837); trans. Robert E.A. Palmer</li> <li><i>Various Conjectures on the Perception, Motion, and Generation of Ideas</i>, with an Introduction and notes by Martin Kallich (<a href="/wiki/Augustan_Reprint_Society" title="Augustan Reprint Society">Augustan Reprint Society</a>, Publication no. 77–8, Los Angeles, 1959).</li> <li><i>Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations</i>. In Two Parts (1749; 2nd edn, trans. from the German, with <i>A Sketch of the Life and Character of David Hartley</i> by his son David Hartley, 1791; 1st edn repr. with an Introduction by Theodore L. Huguelet, Delmar, New York, 1976).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi5WAAAAcAAJ">Prayers and Religious Meditations</a></i> (Bath, 1810; R. Cruthwell, 1814).</li></ul> <p>David Hartley also published numerous medical works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allen, Richard C. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12494">"Hartley, David (bap. 1705, d. 1757), philosopher and physician"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12494">10.1093/ref:odnb/12494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hartley%2C+David+%28bap.+1705%2C+d.+1757%29%2C+philosopher+and+physician&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12494&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-12494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1999, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartley to Lister, 13 March 1736, quoted in Allen 1999<i>,</i> p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Allen 1999, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1999, 231–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Allen 1999, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1999, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelzer1974" class="citation book cs1">Selzer, Richard (1974). <i>Mortal Lessons: Lessons on the Art of Surgery</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster, Touchstone Books. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortal+Lessons%3A+Lessons+on+the+Art+of+Surgery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster%2C+Touchstone+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Selzer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1999, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreece2009" class="citation book cs1">Preece, Rod (2009). <i>Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought</i>. University of British Columbia Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sins+of+the+Flesh%3A+A+History+of+Ethical+Vegetarian+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1774" class="citation book cs1">Priestley, Joseph (1774). <i>An Examination of Dr. Reid's "Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense," Dr. Beattie's "Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth," and Dr. Oswald's "Appeal to Common Sense on Behalf of Religion"</i>. London: J. Johnson. pp. xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Examination+of+Dr.+Reid%27s+%22Inquiry+into+the+Human+Mind+on+the+Principles+of+Common+Sense%2C%22+Dr.+Beattie%27s+%22Essay+on+the+Nature+and+Immutability+of+Truth%2C%22+and+Dr.+Oswald%27s+%22Appeal+to+Common+Sense+on+Behalf+of+Religion%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=J.+Johnson&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb1998" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, Robert K. (1998). "Perspectives on David Hartley". <i>Enlightenment and Dissent</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>47, at 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enlightenment+and+Dissent&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+David+Hartley&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E47%2C+at+28&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because the text of the <i>Observations</i> is unchanged throughout the editions, citation is to part, chapter, section, and proposition. The 1791 folio edition numbers all the propositions consecutively, so that prop. 1 of part 2 is given as proposition 100, prop. 2 as 101, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Allen 1999, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hartley,_David" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartley, David">Hartley, David</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hartley%2C+David&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Richard C. (1999). <i>David Hartley on Human Nature</i>. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4233-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4233-0">0-7914-4233-0</a></li> <li>James, William, <i>The Principles of Psychology</i> (New York, 1890).</li> <li>Rousseau, George S. (2004). <i>Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility.</i> Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-3454-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-3454-1">1-4039-3454-1</a> (Paperback) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-3453-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-3453-3">1-4039-3453-3</a> (Hardcover)</li> <li>Walls, Joan. (1982). "The Philosophy of David Hartley and the Root Metaphor of Mechanism: A Study in the History of Psychology,<i>" Journal of Mind and Behavior</i> 3: 259–74.</li> <li>Walsh, Richard T. G. (2017). "David Hartley’s Enlightenment Psychology: From Association to Sympathy, Theopathy, and Moral Sensibility", <i>Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</i> 37, no. 1: 48–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000047">https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000047</a>.</li> <li>Webb, Robert K. (1998). "Perspectives on David Hartley," <i>Enlightenment and Dissent</i> 17: 17–47.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartley, David"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hartley,_David">"Hartley, David" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hartley%2C+David&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hartley+%28philosopher%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hartley_(philosopher)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Allen, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/hartley-david-1705-1757/v-2">"Hartley, David (1705-1757)," by Richard C. Allen, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoemmes.com/encyclopedia/hartley.htm">David Hartley by Victor L. 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