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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-原則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>原則</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-原則-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去原則細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-原則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-極權主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#極權主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>極權主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-極權主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>經濟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-直接行動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接行動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>直接行動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接行動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-年齡同性別角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年齡同性別角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>年齡同性別角色</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年齡同性別角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-再生同現代主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#再生同現代主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>再生同現代主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-再生同現代主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>法律問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>歷史發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="內容一覽" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">法西斯主義</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有151種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Афашизм – 阿布哈茲文" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афашизм" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D" title="ፋሺዝም – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፋሺዝም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faixismo" title="Faixismo – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Faixismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmr%C7%A3d" title="Gilmrǣd – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gilmrǣd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फ़ासीवाद – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ़ासीवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فاشية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فاشيه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Faşizm – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Faşizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاشیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1%C4%97zmos" title="Fašėzmos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fašėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашызм – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Фашизъм – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фашизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ফ্যাসিবাদ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্যাসিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་ཤི་སིའི་རིང་ལུགས། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་ཤི་སིའི་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskouriezh" title="Faskouriezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Faskouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feixisme" title="Feixisme – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feixisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascis_Ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA" title="Fascis Ciō-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Fascis Ciō-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشیزم – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاشیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1ismus" title="Fašismus – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fašismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffasgaeth" title="Ffasgaeth – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffasgaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φασισμός – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φασισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas%C3%AC%C5%9Bum" title="Fasìśum – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fasìśum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Dismo" title="Faŝismo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1ism" title="Fašism – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fašism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxismo" title="Faxismo – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فاشیسم – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismi" title="Fasismi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassism" title="Fassism – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fassism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassisim" title="Fassisim – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fassisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksisme" title="Faksisme – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Faksisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisisteachas" title="Faisisteachas – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faisisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasism" title="Fasism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fasism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisisteachas" title="Faisisteachas – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Faisisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פשיזם – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फ़ासीवाद – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ासीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasizmus" title="Fasizmus – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fasizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ֆաշիզմ – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆաշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pasismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashismo" title="Fashismo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fashismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismi" title="Fasismi – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fasismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ファシズム – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizim" title="Fashizim – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fashizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/viltrusi%27o" title="viltrusi'o – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="viltrusi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფაშიზმი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფაშიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizm" title="Fashizm – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fashizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%B1a%C9%A3_kewiya%C9%A3" title="Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="파시즘 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9F%C3%AEzm" title="Faşîzm – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Faşîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskorieth" title="Faskorieth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Faskorieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismus" title="Fascismus – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fascismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxisme" title="Faxisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Faxisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassism" title="Fassism – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fassism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izmas" title="Fašizmas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fašizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1isms" title="Fašisms – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fašisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Фашизмась – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фашизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisma" title="Fasisma – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fasisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фашизам – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фашизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഫാസിസം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാസിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE" title="फॅसिझम – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॅसिझम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ဖက်ဆစ်ဝါဒ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်ဆစ်ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فاشیسم – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فاشیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faissisme" title="Faissisme – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Faissisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismo" title="Fasismo – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fasismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachime" title="Fachime – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fachime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faszyzm" title="Faszyzm – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faszyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassism" title="Fassism – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fassism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فاشزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشېزم – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاشېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschissem" title="Faschissem – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Faschissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашізм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фашізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="فسطائيت – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فسطائيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆැසිස්ට්වාදය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆැසිස්ට්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izmus" title="Fašizmus – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fašizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izem" title="Fašizem – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fašizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fashizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фашизам – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фашизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufashisti" title="Ufashisti – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufashisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாசிசம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="ఫాసిజం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫాసిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ลัทธิฟาสซิสต์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิฟาสซิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pasismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Faşizm – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Faşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Faşizm – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Faşizm" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA" title="فاشىسىت – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فاشىسىت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="فسطائیت – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فسطائیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizm" title="Fashizm – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fashizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismo" title="Fasismo – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fasismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_ph%C3%A1t_x%C3%ADt" title="Chủ nghĩa phát xít – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa phát xít" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法西斯主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფაშიზმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფაშიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פאשיזם – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאשיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法西斯主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%92%E5%96%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="棒喝主義 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="棒喝主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Fasci-chú-gī – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fasci-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上載" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&oldid=2231868" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&id=2231868&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2596%25AF%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B3%2595%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2596%25AF%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fascism" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6223" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  「法西斯」跳轉到呢度。想搵邇個字本身嘅含意，請睇「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E6%A3%92" title="束棒">束棒</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>法西斯主義</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<b>Fascism</b>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文">意大利文</a>：<b><span lang="it" title="意大利文文字">fascismo</span></b>），最先由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="墨索里尼">墨索里尼</a>提出嘅一種將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%B0%88%E6%94%BF" title="一黨專政">一黨專政</a>化嘅政權<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>運動，理論上只係一種極<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="右派">右派</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守主義">保守主義</a>，必然包括對外侵略嘅戰爭主義，不過歷史上好多法西斯政權都參戰，甚至發起戰爭。 </p><p>法西斯主義通常結合咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社團主義 (無呢版)">社團主義</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工團主義 (無呢版)">工團主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="國家主義">國家主義</a>、泛<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>、中央集權形式嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會主義">社會主義</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>、反<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="無政府主義">無政府主義</a>、反<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義">資本主義</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反共產主義">反共產主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="極權主義">極權主義</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="威權主義">威權主義</a>、反<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>同反<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="民主主義">民主主義</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="政治哲學">政治哲學</a>。法西斯主義可以視為係極端形式嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="集體主義">集體主義</a>，反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="個人主義">個人主義</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">大英百科全書</a>》對法西斯主義一詞嘅定義係：「個人嘅地位被壓制到集體—例如某個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="種族">種族</a>、或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">社會階級</a>之下嘅社會組織。」 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原則"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.89.87"></span>原則</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 原則"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_O._Paxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert O. Paxton (無呢版)">Robert O. Paxton</a> 指出，雖然法西斯主義「維持住現有嘅財產同社會階層制度」，但佢唔可以被視為「只係一個更強硬嘅保守主義」，因為「掌權嘅法西斯主義確實推行咗足以稱為『革命性』嘅深刻變革。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢啲變革「經常令法西斯分子同根植於家庭、教會、社會階級同財產嘅保守派產生衝突。」 Paxton 論證道： </p> <blockquote> <p>法西斯主義重新劃定咗私領域同公領域之間嘅界線，急速削弱咗曾經不可觸碰嘅私人範圍。佢改變咗公民身份嘅實踐——由享有憲法賦予嘅權利同義務，轉變成參與大規模肯定同從眾嘅儀式。佢重構咗個體同集體之間嘅關係，令個人喺社區利益之外無任何權利。佢擴大咗行政機構——無論係政黨定國家——嘅權力，企圖達到全面控制。最尾，佢釋放出以前喺歐洲只喺戰爭或社會革命期間先曾見過嘅侵略性情緒。 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義"><span id=".E5.B8.B6.E6.88.96.E5.94.94.E5.B8.B6.E6.93.B4.E5.BC.B5.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E5.98.85.E6.B0.91.E6.97.8F.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 帶或唔帶擴張主義嘅民族主義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nationalism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar (無呢版)">Template:Nationalism sidebar</a> 超民族主義，加上民族重生嘅神話，係法西斯主義嘅重要基石。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Paxton 認為，「充滿激情嘅民族主義」係法西斯主義嘅根基，加上「一種充滿陰謀論同二元對立嘅歷史觀」，認為「被揀選嘅民族因政黨、社會階級、無法同化嘅少數族群、被寵壞嘅地租收入者同理性主義者而變得虛弱。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Griffin 認為法西斯主義嘅核心係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palingenetic_ultranationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism (無呢版)">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義眼中嘅民族，係一個以血緣連結嘅有機整體，自然地將人民凝聚喺一齊。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義試圖以實現一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Millenarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millenarianism (無呢版)">千禧式</a>嘅民族重生，來解決經濟、政治同社會問題，並將民族或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race (biology) (無呢版)">種族</a>置於一切之上，推崇團結、力量同純潔嘅崇拜。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%B9%E6%93%9A" title="Wikipedia:根據"><span title="喺October 2021發現引用爾個出處，一定要寫清楚究竟係邊頁有咁講。">未記頁數</span></a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 歐洲嘅法西斯運動通常宣揚一種種族主義觀念，認為非歐洲人低於歐洲人。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 除此之外，歐洲法西斯分子喺種族觀點上並冇統一共識。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 歷史上，大部分法西斯分子都推動帝國主義，儘管亦有部分法西斯運動對追求新嘅帝國野心唔感興趣。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 例如，納粹主義同意大利法西斯主義都係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansionist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expansionist (無呢版)">expansionist</a>（擴張主義）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irredentist (無呢版)">irredentist</a>（要求領土回歸主義）。西班牙嘅法朗格主義（Falangism）構想全球講西班牙語嘅民族統一（<span lang="es" title="西班牙文文字"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanidad (無呢版)">Hispanidad</a></span>）。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Fascism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Fascism (無呢版)">British Fascism</a> 則係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-interventionist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-interventionist (無呢版)">non-interventionist</a>（不干涉主義），雖然佢亦擁護大英帝國。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="極權主義"><span id=".E6.A5.B5.E6.AC.8A.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>極權主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 極權主義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法西斯主義提倡建立一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totalitarian (無呢版)">totalitarian</a>（極權）國家。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢反對自由民主，拒絕多黨制，並可能支持<a href="/w/index.php?title=One-party_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One-party state (無呢版)">one-party state</a>（一黨制），以便實現同民族嘅融合。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 墨索里尼嘅《法西斯主義學說》（1932年），部分係由哲學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Gentile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Gentile (無呢版)">Giovanni Gentile</a>（幽靈作家）代筆，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 墨索里尼曾稱Gentile為「法西斯主義嘅哲學家」，並喺該書中寫道：「法西斯主義對國家嘅構想係包羅萬象；喺佢之外，冇任何人文或精神價值可以存在，更遑論具備價值。咁樣理解，法西斯主義就係極權主義，而法西斯國家——一個包含所有價值嘅統一綜合體——詮釋、發展並強化咗一個民族嘅整個生命。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺《極權國家嘅法律根基》中，納粹政治理論家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Schmitt (無呢版)">Carl Schmitt</a> 描述咗納粹建立一個「能夠保證超越一切多樣性之政治統一嘅強大國家」嘅意圖，以避免「災難性嘅多元主義將德國人民撕裂」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯國家透過教育同媒體推行<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoctrination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoctrination (無呢版)">indoctrination</a>（思想灌輸）政策，同時管控教育同媒體材料嘅生產。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sfnmp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sfnmp (無呢版)">Template:Sfnmp</a> 教育係為咗美化法西斯運動，令學生了解其對民族歷史同政治嘅重要性，同時清除與法西斯信念不符嘅思想，教導學生對國家絕對服從。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經濟"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"></span>經濟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 經濟"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economics_of_fascism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economics of fascism (無呢版)">Economics of fascism</a></div> <p>歷史學家同其他學者對於究竟可唔可以認為存在一種專屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fascist (無呢版)">fascist</a>（法西斯）嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic policy (無呢版)">economic policy</a>（經濟政策）存在分歧。David Baker 指出，法西斯主義中有一個明顯嘅經濟系統，與其他意識形態推崇嘅系統截然不同，具備法西斯國家共有嘅基本特徵。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley G. Payne (無呢版)">Payne</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Paxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Paxton (無呢版)">Paxton</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeev_Sternhell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeev Sternhell (無呢版)">Sternhell</a> 等人主張，雖然法西斯經濟體系有某啲相似之處，但冇一種獨特嘅法西斯經濟組織形式。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Feldman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Feldman (無呢版)">Gerald Feldman</a> 同 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Mason (無呢版)">Timothy Mason</a> 主張，法西斯主義嘅特色在於缺乏連貫嘅經濟意識形態同認真嘅經濟思考；佢哋認為法西斯領袖所作出嘅決策，無法喺一個合乎邏輯嘅經濟框架內解釋。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯分子將佢哋嘅觀點呈現為國際<a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism (無呢版)">socialism</a>（社會主義）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-market_capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free-market capitalism (無呢版)">free-market capitalism</a>（自由市場資本主義）之外嘅替代方案。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 儘管法西斯主義反對主流社會主義，但法西斯分子有時會將自己嘅運動視作一種民族「社會主義」，以凸顯佢哋對<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalism (無呢版)">nationalism</a>（民族主義）嘅堅守，稱之為民族<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidarity (無呢版)">solidarity</a>（團結）同統一。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義同<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>（資本主義）之間嘅關係非常複雜，喺唔同時期同唔同國家，佢哋既支持亦反對資本主義嘅不同面向。一般而言，法西斯分子對資本主義持一種工具性觀點，視之為一種視乎情況而定嘅工具。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯分子反對國際自由市場資本主義，但支持一種富有生產力嘅資本主義。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 經濟自給自足，即<a href="/w/index.php?title=Autarky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autarky (無呢版)">autarky</a>，係大部分法西斯政府嘅主要目標。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯政府主張解決國內<a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Class conflict (無呢版)">class conflict</a>（階級衝突），以確保民族團結。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個目標會透過國家作為各階級之間嘅調節者來實現（同受到<a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_liberalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical liberalism (無呢版)">Classical liberalism</a>啟發嘅資本家嘅觀點相反）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 儘管法西斯主義反對國內階級衝突，但佢認為資產階級同無產階級之間嘅衝突主要存在於國際上，即<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proletarian_nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proletarian nations (無呢版)">proletarian nations</a>（無產階級國家）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourgeois_nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourgeois nations (無呢版)">bourgeois nations</a>（資產階級國家）之間。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義譴責佢所認為普遍存在嘅、與典型資產階級心態相關嘅性格特徵，例如：物質主義、粗鄙、懦弱同無法理解法西斯「戰士」嘅英雄理想；以及與自由主義、個人主義同議會制度相關聯嘅特點。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1918年，墨索里尼定義咗佢眼中嘅無產階級特質，認為無產階級即係生產者，採取<a href="/w/index.php?title=Productivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productivism (無呢版)">Productivism</a>（生產主義）觀點，將所有被認為有生產力嘅人，包括企業家、技術人員、工人同士兵，都視為無產階級。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/220px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/330px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/440px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>「人民汽車」（德文原名<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkswagen (無呢版)">Volkswagen</a>）嘅概念同功能目標係由<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>提出嘅</figcaption></figure> <p>由於<a href="/w/index.php?title=Productivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productivism (無呢版)">productivism</a>對建立一個強大嘅民族國家至關重要，所以佢批判國際主義同馬克思主義社會主義，轉而主張一種民族性嘅生產主義社會主義。儘管佢譴責寄生性資本主義，但只要能支持民族目標，法西斯主義亦能容納生產主義資本主義。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 生產主義嘅角色源自<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_de_Saint_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri de Saint Simon (無呢版)">Henri de Saint Simon</a>，佢嘅思想啟發咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopian_socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utopian socialism (無呢版)">utopian socialism</a>（烏托邦式社會主義）嘅創立，並影響咗其他主義，強調團結而非階級鬥爭，其對經濟中生產性人口嘅定義，包涵咗既有生產工人又有生產型上司，藉此挑戰貴族同無生產力嘅金融投機者嘅影響。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Simon 嘅觀念結合咗傳統右翼對法國大革命嘅批判同左翼對生產性人口協作必要性嘅信念。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相對於馬克思主義將資本主義譴責為一種剝削性嘅財產關係體系，法西斯主義則認為當代資本主義體系中對信貸同金錢嘅控制本質上係濫用。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同馬克思主義唔同，法西斯主義唔認為馬克思定義下嘅無產階級同資產階級之間嘅階級衝突係必然存在或係歷史唯物主義嘅動力。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相反，佢認為工人同有生產力嘅資本家係同一陣線，共同對抗社會中寄生嘅元素，包括腐敗嘅政黨、腐敗嘅金融資本同軟弱嘅人。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯領袖，例如墨索里尼同希特勒，都曾提出需要建立一個由工程師同工業巨頭領導嘅新管理精英，但要擺脫產業中寄生嘅領導階層。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 希特勒曾表示，納粹黨支持 <span lang="de" title="德文文字">bodenständigen Kapitalismus</span>（「生產型資本主義」），即係根據自身勞動所得利潤嘅資本主義，但譴責非生產性資本主義或貸款資本主義，後者係從投機中攞利潤。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯經濟支持一個由國家控制嘅經濟，接受<a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Private ownership (無呢版)">private ownership</a>（私人產權）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public ownership (無呢版)">public ownership</a>（公有產權）相結合嘅生產資料所有制。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_planning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic planning (無呢版)">Economic planning</a>（經濟計劃）被應用喺公共同私人部門，而私人企業嘅繁榮取決於其是否願意與國家經濟目標同步。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯經濟意識形態支持<a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_motive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profit motive (無呢版)">profit motive</a>（盈利動機），但強調各行業必須將國家利益置於私人利潤之上。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 雖然法西斯主義接受物質財富同權力嘅重要性，但佢譴責存在喺共產主義同<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>（資本主義）中嘅物質主義，並批評物質主義忽略咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalism (無呢版)">Vitalism</a>（生命力／精神）的角色。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 尤其，法西斯分子批評資本主義，並唔係因為佢嘅競爭性或對私人產權嘅支持（反而法西斯支持私人產權），而係因為其物質主義、個人主義、所謂嘅資產階級頹廢同對民族漠不關心。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義抨擊馬克思主義提倡嘅物質主義國際性階級認同，認為呢一點係對民族情感同精神紐帶嘅攻擊，亦係對真正民族團結實現嘅威脅。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 討論法西斯主義喺意大利之外嘅擴散時，歷史學家 Philip Morgan 表示： </p> <blockquote> <p>由於經濟大蕭條係放任自由資本主義同其政治對應——議會民主——嘅危機，法西斯主義可以作為資本主義同布爾什維克主義之間嘅「第三條道路」，成為新歐洲「文明」嘅模式。正如墨索里尼喺1934年初常講，「自1929年起……法西斯主義已成為一個普遍現象……19世紀嘅主導力量——民主、社會主義同自由主義——已經枯竭……20世紀嘅新政治同經濟形式就係法西斯式嘅。」 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>法西斯分子批評平等主義係保護弱者，反而推崇社會達爾文主義嘅觀點同政策。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋原則上反對<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_welfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social welfare (無呢版)">social welfare</a>（社會福利）嘅概念，認為呢啲政策「鼓勵保留衰敗同軟弱嘅人。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 納粹黨譴責魏瑪共和國嘅福利制度，同時亦批評私人慈善同公益事業，因為佢哋支持嘅人被視為種族上低劣同軟弱，應該喺自然選擇過程中淘汰。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 然而，面對經濟大蕭條引致嘅大規模失業同貧困，納粹為咗保持民眾支持，不得不設立慈善機構，幫助所謂種族純正嘅德國人，並主張呢種做法係「種族自助」，而唔係盲目嘅慈善或普遍嘅社會福利。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 因此，納粹嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winterhilfswerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winterhilfswerk (無呢版)">Winterhilfswerk</a>（德國人民冬季救濟）同更廣泛嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalsozialistische_Volkswohlfahrt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (無呢版)">Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt</a>（國家社會主義人民福利，簡稱 NSV）等計劃，都被組織成類私人機構，表面上依賴德國人嘅私人捐款幫助同族人士——但實際上，拒絕捐款者可能面臨嚴重後果。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同魏瑪共和國同基督教慈善機構嘅社會福利制度唔同，NSV 單以明確嘅種族標準分配援助。佢只提供支援畀「種族純正、能夠並且願意工作、政治可靠、以及願意同有能力繁衍下一代」嘅人；非雅利安人、以及被視為「懶惰」、「反社會」同「世襲病弱」嘅人均被排除在外。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺呢種情況下，到1939年，超過1700萬德國人已從 NSV 獲得援助，而該機構為「那些被認為因非自身過錯而陷入困境嘅人」樹立咗一個充滿關懷同支援嘅強大形象。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 然而，呢個組織「喺社會最窮苦嘅群體中備受恐懼同厭惡」，因為佢採取咗侵入性嘅詢問同監控，嚟判斷邊個值得得到支援。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接行動"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E8.A1.8C.E5.8B.95"></span>直接行動</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 直接行動"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法西斯主義強調<a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct action (無呢版)">direct action</a>（直接行動），包括支持政治暴力嘅合法性，作為其政治核心之一。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sfnmp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sfnmp (無呢版)">Template:Sfnmp</a> 法西斯認為，暴力行動係政治上不可或缺嘅一部分，係一場「無休止嘅鬥爭」；<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 正因為重視政治暴力，多數法西斯黨亦創建咗自己嘅私人<a href="/w/index.php?title=Militias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militias (無呢版)">militias</a>（例如納粹黨嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_shirts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown shirts (無呢版)">Brown shirts</a> 同法西斯意大利嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Milizia_Volontaria_per_la_Sicurezza_Nazionale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (無呢版)">Blackshirts</a>）。法西斯支持政治暴力嘅根源，同社會達爾文主義息息相關。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯運動通常持有社會達爾文主義嘅觀點，認為民族、種族同社會必須清除社會同生物上虛弱或<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_degeneration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social degeneration (無呢版)">衰敗</a>嘅人，同時促進強者嘅產生，以便喺一個充滿永久性民族同種族衝突嘅世界中生存。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年齡同性別角色"><span id=".E5.B9.B4.E9.BD.A1.E5.90.8C.E6.80.A7.E5.88.A5.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>年齡同性別角色</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 年齡同性別角色"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccole_Italiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/220px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/330px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/440px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4020" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>意大利全國法西斯黨內嘅少女組織 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piccole_Italiane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piccole Italiane (無呢版)">Piccole Italiane</a> 成員</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A,_Potsdam,_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>德國納粹黨內少女組織 <a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_German_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="League of German Girls (無呢版)">League of German Girls</a> 成員</figcaption></figure> <p>法西斯主義非常重視<a href="/wiki/Youth" class="mw-disambig" title="Youth">youth</a>（青年），無論係從年齡上嘅體現，定係從充滿活力同行動承諾嘅精神層面。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 意大利法西斯分子嘅政治頌歌就叫做《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovinezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovinezza (無呢版)">Giovinezza</a>》（「青春」）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯認為青年時期係對未來社會產生影響嘅人嘅道德成長關鍵時段。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199647_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199647-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Laqueur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Laqueur (無呢版)">Walter Laqueur</a> 指出：「戰爭同身體危險崇拜嘅必然產物，就係殘暴、力量同性慾嘅崇拜……[法西斯主義]係一個真正嘅反文明體系：佢拒絕舊歐洲嗰套精緻嘅理性主義人文主義，而以野蠻人嘅原始本能同原始情感作為理想。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 意大利法西斯追求所謂嘅「青年道德衛生」，尤其係關於<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_sexuality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human sexuality (無呢版)">性行為</a>方面。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯意大利推崇佢認為正常嘅青年性行為，同時譴責佢認為係偏離常軌嘅性行為。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋譴責<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pornography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pornography (無呢版)">pornography</a>（色情）、大部分嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth control (無呢版)">birth control</a>（避孕方法）同避孕器具（除咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condom (無呢版)">condom</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=Homosexuality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homosexuality (無呢版)">homosexuality</a>（同性戀）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostitution (無呢版)">prostitution</a>（賣淫），視之為偏差嘅性行為；儘管對相關法律嘅執行時有時不一，當局往往選擇視而不見。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯意大利認為，推動男仔喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puberty (無呢版)">puberty</a>前嘅性激發會導致男青年犯罪，並將同性戀定性為一種社會疾病，同時展開激進行動以減少青少女嘅賣淫。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 墨索里尼認為女性主要嘅角色就係生育，而男性則係戰士；佢曾話：「戰爭對男人就好似生育對女人咁重要。」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 為咗提高生育率，意大利法西斯政府向生育多子嘅女性提供經濟獎勵，並推行減少女性就業嘅政策。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 意大利法西斯主義呼籲尊崇女性作為「民族嘅繁衍者」，政府亦舉行儀式性活動，表彰女性喺意大利民族中嘅角色。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2004101_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004101-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1934年，墨索里尼宣稱女性就業係「失業難題中一個主要嘅棘手問題」，並指出女性工作同生育係不相容嘅；佢進一步話，解決男性失業嘅方法就係「令女性退出勞動力市場」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham199815_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham199815-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 德國納粹政府極力鼓勵女性留喺家中，專注於生育同家務。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢項政策亦透過頒發<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Honor_of_the_German_Mother&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross of Honor of the German Mother (無呢版)">Cross of Honor of the German Mother</a>（德國母親榮譽十字勳章）予生育四個或以上子女嘅女性而加以強化。失業率大幅下降，主要得益於軍火生產同將女性送返家中，以便男性接替佢哋嘅工作。納粹宣傳有時會推崇婚前同婚外性行為、非婚生育同離婚，但喺其他時候，納粹又反對呢啲行為。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 納粹解除了對於胎兒若存在遺傳缺陷或屬於政府不認同嘅種族而進行墮胎嘅刑事懲罰，但對於健康純正嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan_race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aryan race (無呢版)">雅利安</a>胎兒嘅墮胎則嚴格禁止。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 對非雅利安人而言，墮胎往往係強制性嘅。佢哋嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenics (無呢版)">eugenics</a>（優生學）計劃亦源自於<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weimar_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weimar Germany (無呢版)">Weimar Germany</a>（魏瑪德國）嘅「進步生物醫學模式」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1935年，納粹德國通過修訂<a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (無呢版)">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a>（防止遺傳病後代法），擴大咗墮胎嘅合法性，以促使患有遺傳疾病嘅女性進行墮胎。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 該法律允許女性在同意之下、且胎兒尚未達到可存活程度時進行墮胎，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC_241]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC_241]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並以所謂嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_hygiene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racial hygiene (無呢版)">racial hygiene</a>（種族衛生）為目的。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C_589]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C_589]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 納粹聲稱同性戀係衰敗、娘娘腔、變態，並且破壞男子氣概，因為佢唔能生育後代。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋認為同性戀可以透過治療得到痊癒，並引用現代<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientism (無呢版)">scientism</a>（科學主義）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexology (無呢版)">sexology</a>（性學）嘅研究。公開嘅同性戀者則會被關押喺納粹集中營中。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="再生同現代主義"><span id=".E5.86.8D.E7.94.9F.E5.90.8C.E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>再生同現代主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 再生同現代主義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactionary_modernism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactionary modernism (無呢版)">Reactionary modernism</a></div> <p>法西斯主義強調再生（民族重生或再創造）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernism (無呢版)">modernism</a>（現代主義）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 尤其，法西斯民族主義常被認為具有再生特質，亦即<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palingenetic_ultranationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism (無呢版)">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義主張民族嘅再生，並徹底清除其衰敗。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢接受被認為有助於民族再生嘅現代主義形式，同時拒絕那些被視為與民族再生背道而馳嘅現代主義形式。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯主義亦將現代科技及其同速度、力量同暴力嘅聯繫進行美學化。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢欣賞20世紀初經濟上嘅進步，尤其係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fordism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fordism (無呢版)">Fordism</a>（福特主義）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific management (無呢版)">scientific management</a>（科學管理）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 法西斯現代主義被認為係由多位人物啟發或發展出嚟，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (無呢版)">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_J%C3%BCnger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Jünger (無呢版)">Ernst Jünger</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Benn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Benn (無呢版)">Gottfried Benn</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline (無呢版)">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Knut_Hamsun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knut Hamsun (無呢版)">Knut Hamsun</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Pound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Pound (無呢版)">Ezra Pound</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyndham Lewis (無呢版)">Wyndham Lewis</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺意大利，呢種現代主義影響嘅代表人物係Marinetti，佢主張一個再生型現代主義社會，譴責自由資產階級傳統同心理學價值，並推崇一種以科技同軍事為基礎嘅民族更新宗教，強調好戰嘅民族主義。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺德國，則由Jünger代表，佢受一戰期間科技戰爭嘅影響，宣稱創造出一個新社會階層，稱之為「戰士工人」；<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同Marinetti一樣，Jünger 強調科技嘅革命潛力，佢主張人同機械之間應有一種「有機構建」，視之為一種能夠解放同再生嘅力量，挑戰自由民主、個人自主、資產階級虛無主義同頹廢。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢構想一個以「全面動員」為基礎嘅極權社會，由紀律嚴明嘅戰士工人主導。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律問題"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>法律問題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 法律問題"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>好多國家政府都唔畀人嚮往法西斯，立法封殺佢。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%B0%88%E6%94%BF" title="一黨專政">一黨專政</a>國家（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="共產主義">共產主義</a>國家），自稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>嘅西方國家，都<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" title="立法">立法</a>禁止人民繼承法西斯體系一切主張，包括：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9" title="納粹">納粹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史發展"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>歷史發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 歷史發展"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1922年至1943年間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="國家法西斯黨">國家法西斯黨</a>政權統治咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>並同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>加入軍事同盟，後嚟做咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" title="軸心國">軸心國</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E9%BB%A8" title="納粹黨">納粹黨</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>期間影響整個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%93%A5" title="佛朗哥">佛朗哥</a>法西斯政府，搞好<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="工業">工業</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>同國家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="外交">外交</a>，但就冇幫手打二戰。 </p><p>1940年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大日本帝國">大日本帝國</a>前首相<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A1%9B%E6%96%87%E9%BA%BF" title="近衛文麿">近衛文麿</a>成立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E7%BF%BC%E8%B4%8A%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大政翼贊會 (無呢版)">大政翼贊會</a>，係日本第一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%B0%88%E6%94%BF" title="一黨專政">一黨專政</a>嘅法西斯黨。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="管理">管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="政治學">政治學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反猶太主義">反猶太主義</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"collectivism." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Jan. 2007 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024764">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024764</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin B. Hoover, <i>The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World</i>, The American Economic Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. (Mar., 1935), pp. 13-20; Philip Morgan, <i>Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York Tayolor & Francis 2003, p. 168</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>， p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006b">Blamires (2006b)</a>， pp. 451–453，"Nationalism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>， p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1991">Griffin (1991)</a>， p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer2003">Zimmer (2003)</a>， pp. 80–107，ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1997">Laqueur (1997)</a>， p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''">Encyclopedia Britannica <i>Fascism</i> ()</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_11-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne (1995)</a>， p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2013">Griffin (2013)</a>， pp. 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussolini2002">Mussolini (2002)</a>， p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyttelton1973">Lyttelton (1973)</a>， p. 13:「文章前半部係由 Giovanni Gentile 所寫；只有後半部係墨索里尼本人才作，但全文均以佢嘅名義發表。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussolini1935">Mussolini (1935)</a>， p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1995">Schmitt (1995)</a>， p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPauley2003">Pauley (2003)</a>， pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" <i>New Political Economy</i> <b>11</b> (2): 227–250. <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13563460600655581">10.1080/13563460600655581</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. <i>The Birth of Fascist Ideology</i>. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780691044866" title="Special:書本來源/9780691044866">9780691044866</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). <i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780299148744" title="Special:書本來源/9780299148744">9780299148744</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Paxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Paxton (無呢版)">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Anatomy_of_Fascism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Anatomy of Fascism (無呢版)">The Anatomy of Fascism</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781400040940" title="Special:書本來源/9781400040940">9781400040940</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodley, Daniel (2009). <i>Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology</i>. London: Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781135248802" title="Special:書本來源/9781135248802">9781135248802</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBastowMartin2003">Bastow & Martin (2003)</a>， p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html">"Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)"</a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html">歸檔</a>喺31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benito+Mussolini%2C+Doctrine+of+Fascism+%281932%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguide.org%2Feurope%2Fduce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p=357. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-03642-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-520-03642-0">978-0-520-03642-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p=1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-820290-5">978-0-19-820290-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laqueur, Walter (1978). <i>Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography</i>. University of California Press. p=357. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-03642-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-520-03642-0">978-0-520-03642-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard (1994). <i>War and Economy in the Third Reich</i>. Oxford University Press. p=1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-820290-5">978-0-19-820290-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Grand1995">De Grand (1995)</a>， pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1991">Griffin (1991)</a>， pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoover1935">Hoover (1935)</a>， pp. 13–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>， pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-1">35.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-2">35.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-3">35.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_35-4">35.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpektorowskiIreni-Saban2013">Spektorowski & Ireni-Saban (2013)</a>， p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_36-0">36.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_36-1">36.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman2011">Friedman (2011)</a>， p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>， p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189_39-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189_39-1">39.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaviesLynch2002">Davies & Lynch (2002)</a>， p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaxton2005">Paxton (2005)</a>， p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreuilly1994">Breuilly (1994)</a>， p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2003">Morgan (2003)</a>， p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004">Griffin & Feldman (2004)</a>， p. 353:「當1917年俄國革命發生，而第一次世界大戰後『民主』革命亦相繼蔓延時，反<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshevism (無呢版)">bolshevism</a>同反平等主義就喺歐洲掀起咗強烈嘅『復興運動』；然而，到咗本世紀轉折時，冇人能預測法西斯主義會成為如此具體嘅政治反應……。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkins1997">Hawkins (1997)</a>， p. 285:「事實上，衝突係所有社會生物，甚至所有生物嘅基本法則；社會係透過衝突形成、壯大同推進；其中最健康、最有活力嘅社會，會喺衝突中對抗最弱同適應能力較低者；民族同種族嘅自然進化亦係透過衝突實現。」 Alfredo Rocco，意大利法西斯分子.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， pp. 483–484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， pp. 484–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， pp. 486–487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_50-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_50-1">50.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， pp. 489–490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_52-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_52-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodley2010">Woodley (2010)</a>， p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1995">Griffin (1995)</a>， p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_54-0">54.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_54-1">54.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntliff2007">Antliff (2007)</a>， p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199647-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199647_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuine1996">Quine (1996)</a>， p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1978">Laqueur (1978)</a>， p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-1">57.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-2">57.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_57-3">57.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuine1996">Quine (1996)</a>， pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBollas1993">Bollas (1993)</a>， p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1999">McDonald (1999)</a>， p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004101-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2004101_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2004">Mann (2004)</a>， p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham199815-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham199815_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurham1998">Durham (1998)</a>， p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHeineman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Heineman, Elizabeth D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704551">"Sexuality and Nazism: The Doubly Unspeakable?"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>11</b> (1/2): 22–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2002.0006">10.1353/sex.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4070">1043-4070</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (無呢版)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3704551">3704551</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142085835">142085835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Sexuality+and+Nazism%3A+The+Doubly+Unspeakable%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=22-66&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1043-4070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142085835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2002.0006&rft.aulast=Heineman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_64-0">64.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_64-1">64.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1995">Friedlander (1995)</a>， p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLaren1999">McLaren (1999)</a>， p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProctor1989">Proctor (1989)</a>， p. 366:「呢項修正只允許女性在同意同胎兒未足夠大到能夠在子宮外生存嘅情況下墮胎。至於呢兩個條件是否被執行，目前尚不清楚。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC_241]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC_241]_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnotUsborne1999">Arnot & Usborne (1999)</a>， p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC">241</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProctor1989">Proctor (1989)</a>， pp. 122–123:「換句話講，只有當符合種族衛生嘅利益時，墮胎才可以被允許……納粹確實允許（有時甚至要求）對被認定為種族低劣嘅女性進行墮胎……1938年11月10日，呂讷堡法庭宣佈猶太女性可以合法墮胎。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C_589]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney1999[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C_589]_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTierney1999">Tierney (1999)</a>， p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C">589</a>:「1939年，有消息宣布猶太女性可以申請墮胎，但非猶太女性則不行。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>， p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (無呢版)">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005261">"Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"</a>. Ushmm.org. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006104442/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005261">歸檔</a>喺6 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persecution+of+Homosexuals+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_72-0">72.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_72-1">72.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， p. 451–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>， pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>， p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>， p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>， p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>， p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-0">79.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-1">79.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_79-2">79.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>， p. 553.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="font-size: small;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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