Protect | PSL

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || [];_mtm.push({"mtm.startTime": (new Date().getTime()), "event": "mtm.Start"});var d = document, g = d.createElement("script"), s = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type = "text/javascript";g.async = true;g.src="https://matomo.psl.eu/js/container_hiK0OYeY.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);</script> <meta name="description" content="Universit茅 PSL's commercialization experts can help you identify and protect your results, inventions or valuable knowledge." /> <meta name="keywords" content="PSL, Paris Sciences & Lettres" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #ebedef} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #000000;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #000000;}</style> <link rel="icon" href="//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://psl.eu/innovation/innover-et-transferer/proteger" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://psl.eu/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://psl.eu/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://psl.eu/en/node/71" /> <title>Protect | PSL</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_GwVPyxR8RWbyutDQBJcDXCMc2f1-a02ARBSqXbElJJo.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=custom_theme&include=eJx1kG0KAjEMRC9U2iOVbDvbDaYfbFLE21tFEFH_ZOBlII9oT0wSKzJTFG4XDfqFvB2ocHpTQw0bKVyaar3G5yKo3VavfEJKCaqpt52Lw4yp9wtjRR3C1BLCLxgzdppi7opt72cNr_SP8QUh61Izn2HEsjx7KYK_tbqEqMANOqmcNA4N-ZyDxL-Jn23MTVgPZPd6hfLSQ9imWW96B_P7eSM" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha256-bZLfwXAP04zRMK2BjiO8iu9pf4FbLqX6zitd+tIvLhE=" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@unicorn-fail/drupal-bootstrap-styles@0.0.1/dist/3.4.0/8.x-3.x/drupal-bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha512-oBCQwfTD4N6GNd7e5abU5e6i4wDNDQ23bPUxXJDfzH0QazxmngDQEWoQ6Zz51pQN49uw9WNDhkbc4euTx1RZMA==" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_t6q5yYYfkNMCjxS_jSGpxtIIdjGQZvYSnZGV9E3Bbkk.css?delta=4&language=en&theme=custom_theme&include=eJx1kG0KAjEMRC9U2iOVbDvbDaYfbFLE21tFEFH_ZOBlII9oT0wSKzJTFG4XDfqFvB2ocHpTQw0bKVyaar3G5yKo3VavfEJKCaqpt52Lw4yp9wtjRR3C1BLCLxgzdppi7opt72cNr_SP8QUh61Izn2HEsjx7KYK_tbqEqMANOqmcNA4N-ZyDxL-Jn23MTVgPZPd6hfLSQ9imWW96B_P7eSM" /> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-page has-glyphicons"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="loader"> <div class="loader__figure"></div> </div> <div class="header_menu"> <div class="main_menu_title"></div> </div> <div class="main_menu"> <div class="btn_close"></div> <div class="region region-responsive"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menuprincipal-4-menu" id="block-menuprincipal-4"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menuprincipal-4-menu">Menu Principal</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/604">University</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/sapere-aude" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">About us</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/sapere-aude" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">Sapere Aude</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/psl-quick-facts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/674">PSL Quick facts</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/excellence-and-equal-opportunity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Excellence and Equal Opportunity</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/collections-and-heritage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/759">Collections and Heritage</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/psl-z" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/342">PSL from A to Z</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/10-years-universite-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3998">10 years of Universit茅 PSL</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/schools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Schools</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/schools#universite" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Universit茅 PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/schools#partenaires" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Partners</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/psl-international-rankings" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1849">International rankings</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/organization" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Organization</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization#instances" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Governance</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization#sms" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Services</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization/psl-bylaws-and-regulatory-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3910">PSL bylaws and regulatory documents</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="actualites">News</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/parisante-campus-la-ou-grandit-le-sante" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3638">PariSant茅 Campus</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/investments-future-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1037">Investments for the Future Program</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/media-relations-and-communications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Media Relations and Communications</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://recrutement.psl.eu">Join us</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="https://psl.eu/fondation-psl">The PSL Foundation</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/support-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1753">Support PSL</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/609">Education</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/610">Find your curriculum</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/bachelors-degree" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/569">Bachelor's degree</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/masters-degrees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/776">Master's degree</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/node/5691" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5691">Doctoral programs</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/en/education/find-your-curriculum/psl-phd-tracks" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3631">PhD Track</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/become-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/84">Become an entrepreneur</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/life-long-learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/571">Life long learning</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2434">Graduate Programs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5797">Admissions</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/admissions/undergraduate-admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5799">Undergraduate admissions</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/admissions/graduate-admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5800">Graduate admissions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6359">PSL voices : by students, for students</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices/blog" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6016">PSL student blog </a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices-students-students/student-stories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2491">Student stories</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices-students-students/get-touch-our-students-and-staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3399">Get in touch with our students</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3540">International students</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/node/5464" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5464">Nos instituts</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/node/6386" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6386">Personnalisez vos cursus</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/node/6790" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6790">Mineures certifiantes</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/keys-academic-success/urop-internships-research-experience-undergraduate-level" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5179">UROP internships - Research experience from undergraduate level</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/language-resource-center" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5084">Language resource centre</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/keys-academic-success" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/582">Keys to academic success</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://innovation-pedagogique.psl.eu/">Centre d鈥檌nnovation p茅dagogique</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/node/5024" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5024">Egalit茅 des chances et aide 脿 la r茅ussite</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/602">Research</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Research at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl/hrs4r" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2646">HRS4R</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl/scientific-integrity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4568">Scientific integrity</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/en/signature-policy-on-scientific-publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2939">Signature policy on scientific publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2434">Graduate programs</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://psl.eu/les-grands-programmes-de-recherche-de-luniversite-psl">Grands Programmes de Recherche</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/research-institutes-and-labs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2968">Research institutes and labs</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/support-researchers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2970">Support for researchers</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/support-researchers/psl-calls-proposals" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Call for Proposals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/65">Doctoral studies and Postdoctoral Fellowships</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/college-doctoral-de-luniversite-psl">Doctorat</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships/psl-postdoctoral-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Postdoctoral fellows</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships/welcome-desk-researchers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6618">Welcome Desk</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/life-sciences-ds" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5828">Doctoral school</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/documentation-and-outreach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Documentation and knowledge dissemination</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/ressources-et-savoirs-psl/bibliotheques-musees">Libraries and museums</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://catalogue.explore.psl.eu/primo-explore/search?vid=33PSL_V1&lang=en_US">PSL catalog</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://bibnum.explore.psl.eu/s/psl/page/accueil">Digital collections</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/se-former/tutoriels">Tutorials</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/chercher/bases-de-donnees">Databases</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/node/5385" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5385">Science & Soci茅t茅</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent active niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation-entrepreneurship" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/601">Innovation</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent active niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Innovate and transfer</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="active niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71" class="is-active" aria-current="page">Protect your innovation</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/enhancing-and-transferring" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Transfer your technology</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/financing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Find your funding</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/psls-innovation-labs-coworking-spaces" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Innovation lab & coworking spaces</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Entrepreneurship at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/researcher-and-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82">Researcher entrepreneurs</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/laboratory-start-ups" data-drupal-link-system-path="startup-des-laboratoires">Research lab start-ups</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/become-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/84">Enterpreneurship Education</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/node/1930" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1930">PSL Innovation Fund</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-tech-seed" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3514">PSL Tech Seed</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-iteams" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2121">PSL-iTeams</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-tech-acceleration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3513">PSL Tech Acceleration</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/company-relations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/85">Corporate relations</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/corporate-relations/psl-technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/86">PSL Technology</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/corporate-relations/psls-administrative-supervision-supports-and-partners" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3498">Our supports and partners</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/enterprise-innovation-psl-people" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/88">Enterprise & Innovation - People</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/campus-lifepsl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/603">Life@PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90">Get involved</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/vie-de-campus/vie-associative/union-psl-le-bde-de-luniversite" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3460">"Union PSL" PSL Student Organization</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/psl-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/697">PSL Alumni</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="http://unionpsl.psl.eu/annuaire.html">Student organizations</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/funding-student-organizations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/93">Funding for clubs & organizations</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/orchestra-choir" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95">Orchestra & Choir</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/vie-de-campus/services-etudiants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3551">Student services</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/psl-housing-service" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3314">PSL Housing</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/helpline-against-harassment-and-violences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3318">Helpline against harassment and violences</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/student-services/student-health-service" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5374">Student health service</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/student-services/psl-welcome-desk" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4565">PSL Welcome Desk</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/vie-de-campus/paris-est-notre-campus/se-restaurer/centre-mazet-de-la-vie-etudiante">Centre Mazet de la vie 茅tudiante</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/99">Campus life in Paris</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/financial-aids" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/583">Financial Aid</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/dining" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/100">Dining</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/ressources-et-savoirs-psl/bibliotheques-musees">Biblioth猫ques & mus茅es</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/campus-maps-directions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/103">Campus maps & directions</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/athletics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/98">Athletics</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/see-explore-go-out" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/675">See, Explore, Go Out</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/international" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5255">International</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/international/study-abroad" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/584">Study abroad</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/international/study-teach-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5251">Study / teach at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/international/study-teach-psl/psl-global-strategy-and-international-partnerships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5294">PSL Global: strategy and international partnerships</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3540">International students: your application at PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/recherche/doctorat-et-post-doctorat/welcome-desk-chercheuse-chercheur">Welcome Desk - Researchers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/international/eelisa-european-engineering-learning-innovation-science-alliance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3330">European University - EELISA</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menusecondaire-2-menu" id="block-menusecondaire-2"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menusecondaire-2-menu">Menu secondaire</h2> <div class="menu_secondaire"> <div class="btn_sec">You are...</div> <div class="close_btn"></div> <ul class="menu"> <li><a href="/en/education/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5797">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/en/student" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/487">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/en/company" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/491">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/en/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492">Alumni</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <section id="block-faireundonheader" class="block block-block-content block-block-content1c4543bc-4ae2-445e-ba0b-f417874fec31 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="https://www.ledonenligne.fr/associations/psluniv">Support PSL</a></p> <p class="responsive"><a href="https://www.ledonenligne.fr/associations/psluniv">Support PSL</a></p> </div> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-programmesgradues-2-menu" id="block-programmesgradues-2"> <h2 id="block-programmesgradues-2-menu">Programmes gradu茅s</h2> <ul class="menu menu--programmes-gradues nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-programs-astrophysics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3401">Astrophysics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-arts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3397">Arts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-chemistry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3402">Chemistry</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3404">Law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-economics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3409">Economics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-finance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3410">Finance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-computer-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3396">Computer Science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-engineering-isai" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3434">Engineering</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-management" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3435">Management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/mathematics-and-applications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3436">Mathematics and Applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3437">Physics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-earth-science-and-biodiversity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3438">Earth Science and Biodiversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-religious-studies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3377">Religious Studies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-life-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3383">Life Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-historical-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3422">Historical Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/social-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3423">Social Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-cognitive-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3424">Cognitive Sciences</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/translitterae-graduate-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3425">Translitter忙</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" id="block-selecteurdelangue-3" role="navigation"> <ul class="lang"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">en<span>▼</span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu"><a href="/innovation/innover-et-transferer/proteger" class="link_bottom_line" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">fr</a><a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" class="link_bottom_line is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71" aria-current="page">en</a></div> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="nom_liste"> <div class="title">Schools</div> </div> <div class="search_bouton"></div> </div> <div class="main_menu_bg"></div> <div class="etablisssement"> <div class="region region-navigation"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-etablissementsmembres-menu" id="block-etablissementsmembres"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-etablissementsmembres-menu">脡tablissements - Membres</h2> <ul class="menu menu--etablissements nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/ecole-nationale-superieure-de-chimie-de-paris-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/147">Chimie ParisTech - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/associes/conservatoire-national-superieur-dart-dramatique">Conservatoire National Sup茅rieur d鈥橝rt Dramatique - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/universite/nos-etablissements/luniversite-psl/universite-paris-dauphine">Dauphine - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/membres/ecole-nationale-des-chartes">脡cole nationale des chartes - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/membres/ecole-normale-superieure">脡cole normale sup茅rieure - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/membres/ecole-pratique-des-hautes-etudes">脡cole Pratique des Hautes 脡tudes - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/membres/espci-paris">ESPCI Paris - PSL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/university/schools/mines-paris-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24">MINES Paris - PSL</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/ecoles-et-instituts/membres/observatoire-de-paris">Observatoire de Paris - PSL</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div role="main" class="main-container container js-quickedit-main-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="header_block col-sm-12" role="heading"> <div class="region region-header"> <section id="block-faireundon" class="block block-block-content block-block-content1c4543bc-4ae2-445e-ba0b-f417874fec31 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="https://www.ledonenligne.fr/associations/psluniv">Support PSL</a></p> <p class="responsive"><a href="https://www.ledonenligne.fr/associations/psluniv">Support PSL</a></p> </div> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menusecondaire-menu" id="block-menusecondaire"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menusecondaire-menu">Menu secondaire</h2> <div class="menu_secondaire"> <div class="btn_sec">You are...</div> <div class="close_btn"></div> <ul class="menu"> <li><a href="/en/education/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5797">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/en/student" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/487">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/en/company" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/491">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/en/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/492">Alumni</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <section id="block-clear-2" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentf6807730-7e78-4f5b-b7bd-f76f4652f48d clearfix"> </section> <a class="logo navbar-btn pull-left" href="/en" title="Home" rel="home"> <img src="//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/LOGO-PSL.png" alt="Home" /> </a> <section id="block-accessconfig" class="block block-custom-front block-accessconfig-block clearfix"> <div class="access_block"> <div id="accessconfig" class='accessconfig' data-accessconfig-buttonname="" data-accessconfig-params='{ "Prefix" : "a42-ac", "ContainerClass" : "","ModalCloseButton" : "","ModalTitle" : "","FormFieldset" : "","FormFieldsetLegend" : "","FormRadio" : "", "ImageReplacement": false}'></div> </div> </section> <section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" id="block-selecteurdelangue" role="navigation"> <ul class="lang"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">en<span>▼</span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu"><a href="/innovation/innover-et-transferer/proteger" class="link_bottom_line" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">fr</a><a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" class="link_bottom_line is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71" aria-current="page">en</a></div> </ul> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-programmesgradues-menu" id="block-programmesgradues"> <h2 id="block-programmesgradues-menu"><a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs">Graduate Programs</a></h2> </a> <ul class="menu menu--programmes-gradues nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-programs-astrophysics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3401">Astrophysics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-arts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3397">Arts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-chemistry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3402">Chemistry</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3404">Law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-economics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3409">Economics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-finance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3410">Finance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-computer-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3396">Computer Science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-engineering-isai" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3434">Engineering</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-management" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3435">Management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/mathematics-and-applications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3436">Mathematics and Applications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3437">Physics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-earth-science-and-biodiversity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3438">Earth Science and Biodiversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-religious-studies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3377">Religious Studies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-life-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3383">Life Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-historical-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3422">Historical Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/social-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3423">Social Sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/graduate-program-cognitive-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3424">Cognitive Sciences</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/en/graduate-programs/translitterae-graduate-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3425">Translitter忙</a> </li> </ul> </nav><div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-custom-theme-search" role="search"> <div class="close_btn"></div> <form action="/en/search/result" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Search</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Search" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> Search</button></span></div> </div> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-advanced-form" type="hidden" name="advanced-form" value="1" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-f-0" type="hidden" name="f[0]" value="language:en" /><div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div><section id="block-clear" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentf6807730-7e78-4f5b-b7bd-f76f4652f48d clearfix"> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menuprincipal-menu" id="block-menuprincipal"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menuprincipal-menu">Menu Principal</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/604">University</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/sapere-aude" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">About us</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/sapere-aude" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">Sapere Aude</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/psl-quick-facts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/674">PSL Quick facts</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/excellence-and-equal-opportunity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Excellence and Equal Opportunity</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/collections-and-heritage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/759">Collections and Heritage</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/psl-z" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/342">PSL from A to Z</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/about-us/10-years-universite-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3998">10 years of Universit茅 PSL</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/schools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Schools</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/schools#universite" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Universit茅 PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/schools#partenaires" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Partners</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/psl-international-rankings" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1849">International rankings</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university/organization" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Organization</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization#instances" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Governance</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization#sms" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Services</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/university/organization/psl-bylaws-and-regulatory-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3910">PSL bylaws and regulatory documents</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="actualites">News</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/parisante-campus-la-ou-grandit-le-sante" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3638">PariSant茅 Campus</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/investments-future-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1037">Investments for the Future Program</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/media-relations-and-communications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Media Relations and Communications</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://recrutement.psl.eu">Join us</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="https://psl.eu/fondation-psl">The PSL Foundation</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/support-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1753">Support PSL</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/609">Education</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/610">Find your curriculum</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/bachelors-degree" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/569">Bachelor's degree</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/masters-degrees" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/776">Master's degree</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/node/5691" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5691">Doctoral programs</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/en/education/find-your-curriculum/psl-phd-tracks" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3631">PhD Track</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/become-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/84">Become an entrepreneur</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/life-long-learning" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/571">Life long learning</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2434">Graduate Programs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5797">Admissions</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/admissions/undergraduate-admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5799">Undergraduate admissions</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/admissions/graduate-admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5800">Graduate admissions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6359">PSL voices : by students, for students</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices/blog" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6016">PSL student blog </a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices-students-students/student-stories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2491">Student stories</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices-students-students/get-touch-our-students-and-staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3399">Get in touch with our students</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3540">International students</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/keys-academic-success" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/582">Keys to academic success</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/602">Research</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Research at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl/hrs4r" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2646">HRS4R</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl/scientific-integrity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4568">Scientific integrity</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/en/signature-policy-on-scientific-publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2939">Signature policy on scientific publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2434">Graduate programs</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/research-institutes-and-labs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2968">Research institutes and labs</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/support-researchers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2970">Support for researchers</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/support-researchers/psl-calls-proposals" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Call for Proposals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/65">Doctoral studies and Postdoctoral Fellowships</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships/psl-postdoctoral-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Postdoctoral fellows</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships/welcome-desk-researchers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6618">Welcome Desk</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/life-sciences-ds" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5828">Doctoral school</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research/documentation-and-outreach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Documentation and knowledge dissemination</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/ressources-et-savoirs-psl/bibliotheques-musees">Libraries and museums</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://catalogue.explore.psl.eu/primo-explore/search?vid=33PSL_V1&lang=en_US">PSL catalog</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://bibnum.explore.psl.eu/s/psl/page/accueil">Digital collections</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/se-former/tutoriels">Tutorials</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr/chercher/bases-de-donnees">Databases</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent active niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation-entrepreneurship" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/601">Innovation</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent active niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Innovate and transfer</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="active niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71" class="is-active" aria-current="page">Protect your innovation</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/enhancing-and-transferring" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Transfer your technology</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/financing" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Find your funding</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/psls-innovation-labs-coworking-spaces" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Innovation lab & coworking spaces</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Entrepreneurship at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/researcher-and-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/82">Researcher entrepreneurs</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/laboratory-start-ups" data-drupal-link-system-path="startup-des-laboratoires">Research lab start-ups</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum/become-entrepreneur" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/84">Enterpreneurship Education</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/node/1930" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1930">PSL Innovation Fund</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-tech-seed" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3514">PSL Tech Seed</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-iteams" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2121">PSL-iTeams</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl/psl-tech-acceleration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3513">PSL Tech Acceleration</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation/company-relations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/85">Corporate relations</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/corporate-relations/psl-technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/86">PSL Technology</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/innovation/corporate-relations/psls-administrative-supervision-supports-and-partners" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3498">Our supports and partners</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/enterprise-innovation-psl-people" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/88">Enterprise & Innovation - People</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/campus-lifepsl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/603">Life@PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90">Get involved</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/vie-de-campus/vie-associative/union-psl-le-bde-de-luniversite" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3460">"Union PSL" PSL Student Organization</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/psl-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/697">PSL Alumni</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="http://unionpsl.psl.eu/annuaire.html">Student organizations</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/funding-student-organizations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/93">Funding for clubs & organizations</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved/orchestra-choir" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/95">Orchestra & Choir</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/vie-de-campus/services-etudiants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3551">Student services</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/psl-housing-service" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3314">PSL Housing</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/helpline-against-harassment-and-violences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3318">Helpline against harassment and violences</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/student-services/student-health-service" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5374">Student health service</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/student-services/psl-welcome-desk" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4565">PSL Welcome Desk</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/99">Campus life in Paris</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/financial-aids" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/583">Financial Aid</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/dining" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/100">Dining</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/campus-maps-directions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/103">Campus maps & directions</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/athletics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/98">Athletics</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/see-explore-go-out" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/675">See, Explore, Go Out</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/international" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5255">International</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/international/study-abroad" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/584">Study abroad</a> </li> <li class="parent niv-1"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/international/study-teach-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5251">Study / teach at PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/international/study-teach-psl/psl-global-strategy-and-international-partnerships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5294">PSL Global: strategy and international partnerships</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="/en/education/international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3540">International students: your application at PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-2"> <a href="https://psl.eu/recherche/doctorat-et-post-doctorat/welcome-desk-chercheuse-chercheur">Welcome Desk - Researchers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/international/eelisa-european-engineering-learning-innovation-science-alliance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3330">European University - EELISA</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="search_bouton"></div> <div class="nom_liste"> <a href="https://www.psl.eu/universite/nos-etablissements">Schools</a> </div> </div> <section class="main_section"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="head_visuel" style="height:410px;background:url('//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/2017-07/header_chercheuse-dans-son-laboratoire-a-ENS_0.jpg')"></div> <div class="simple_content"> <h1> <span property="schema:name">Protect</span> </h1> <div class="share_block"> <div class="share_btn">Share :</div> <div class="social-buttons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?url=https%3A//psl.eu/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect&text=Protect" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//psl.eu/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Facebook</span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A//psl.eu/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect&title=Protect" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Linked in</span></a> <a href="" title="Print" data-popup-open="false" onClick="window.print();"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Print</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-paragraphe-type-1 field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph image_literale paragraph--type--image paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--chapo paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="chapo_block"> <p>Universit茅 PSL's commercialization experts can help you identify and protect your results, inventions or valuable knowledge.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-simple paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-text-simple field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"><h2>Detecting innovation</h2> <p><strong>Think you have an innovation?</strong></p> <p>Don't hesitate to contact the <a href="/innovation-et-entrepreneuriat/les-acteurs-de-linnovation-psl">PSL-Valorisation team</a> or your institution's technology transfer department, who will guide and support you in the transfer of technology and knowledge.</p> <p>You will be asked to complete an invention declaration describing the results to be protected and promoted, by logging on to the <em><a href="https://univ-psl.orbit.com">Orbit Invention</a></em> platform, using the login and password provided by the PSL Valorisation team.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Protecting innovation</h2> <p>Would you like to file a patent application for an invention resulting from your research?</p> <p>We'll work with you to devise the best strategy for protecting your results and transferring them to the socio-economic world, either by setting up a new company or transferring them to an existing one.</p> <p>For an invention to be patentable, it must meet three criteria:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Novelty</strong>: the invention must not have been communicated, disclosed or made accessible to the public before the patent application was filed; and</li> <li><strong>Inventive step</strong>: the invention must not be obvious from the state of the art; and</li> <li><strong>Industrial application</strong>: the invention must be reproducible and likely to have at least one concrete industrial application.</li> </ul> <p>A patent does not preclude publication, but the patent application must be filed before any publication or disclosure.</p> <p>A patent is a title of ownership that grants a territorial operating monopoly for 20 years.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="btn_paragraph_block"> <a class="boutton_paragraph type_2" href="/innovation-et-entrepreneuriat/relations-entreprises/nos-offres-technologiques" > <div class="cl-effect"> See our technology offers </div> </a> </div></div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text-simple paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-text-simple field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"><h3>Adding value is an adventure</h3> <div alt="Nathalie Rouach et Elena Dossi" data-embed-button="file_browser" data-entity-embed-display="image:image" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"image_style":"","image_link":""}" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="ec2d5df9-e791-4b63-8ef4-e00550dc2c3d" title="Nathalie Rouach et Elena Dossi" data-langcode="en" class="embedded-entity"> <img loading="lazy" src="//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/n.rouach-et-e.dossi_.jpg" alt="Nathalie Rouach et Elena Dossi" title="Nathalie Rouach et Elena Dossi" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> <p> </p> <h4>Nathalie Rouach and Elena Dossi, neurobiologists at the Coll猫ge de France, talk about their collaboration with PSL-Valorisation</h4> <p> </p> <p><br> "When we realized the importance of valorizing our recent research work, we contacted PSL Valorisation. Available and attentive, they listened and understood our needs, and encouraged us to go further. They guided us towards declaring our invention and filing a patent. What's more, by following our desire to develop the translational potential of our research, PSL Valorisation put us on the right track for the creation of our future start-up.</p> <p>They supported us not only with their advice, but also financially, as we won PSL's call for pre-maturation projects. This funding enabled us to launch the first phase of the work that will underpin our future start-up. It's really exciting to be able to put our research to good use! It's a new and rich adventure, and we encourage our colleagues and students to go for it!"</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--en-savoir-plus paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="savoir_plus_block"> <h3>Other forms of protection</h3> <p>While only technical innovations are patented, there are other ways of protecting different types of intellectual property:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Trademarks</strong> enable you to distinguish your product or service from those of your competitors.It can protect your logo, name, slogan, etc.</li> <li><strong>Software</strong> is protected by copyright; it can also be registered with the <a href="https://www.app.asso.fr/">Agence pour la Protection des Programmes</a>.</li> <li><strong>Designs</strong> provide protection for your aesthetic and/or visual innovations.</li> <li><strong>Know-how</strong> is protected by secrecy, and can be transferred to an industrial partner</li> <li><strong>The Soleau envelope</strong> enables you to date your invention or model with certainty, and to identify yourself as the author.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cont940"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <footer class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-newsletter" class="block-webform-submission-newsletter block block-webform block-webform-block clearfix"> <form class="webform-submission-form webform-submission-add-form webform-submission-newsletter-form webform-submission-newsletter-add-form webform-submission-newsletter-node-71-form webform-submission-newsletter-node-71-add-form js-webform-details-toggle webform-details-toggle" data-drupal-selector="webform-submission-newsletter-node-71-add-form" action="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer/protect" method="post" id="webform-submission-newsletter-node-71-add-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-email js-form-type-email form-item-email js-form-item-email form-group"> <label for="edit-email" class="control-label">Notre newsletter : <strong>pour rester en contact avec PSL</strong></label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-email" class="form-email form-control" type="email" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" size="60" maxlength="254" placeholder="Entrer votre email" /><span class="icon"></span> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions webform-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"> <button class="webform-button--submit button button--primary js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions-submit" type="submit" id="edit-actions-submit" name="op" value="OK">OK</button> </div> <input data-drupal-selector="form-r-k56j3jpq0ccawp9isdvvibvmvjooxqs87e-zhkmum" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-R_k56j3jPQ0Ccawp9isDvVIbVmVjOoXqS87e-ZhkmuM" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-webform-submission-newsletter-node-71-add-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="webform_submission_newsletter_node_71_add_form" /> </form> </section> <section id="block-mentionrgdpnewsletter" class="block block-block-content block-block-content6e836901-45d0-44bc-8ae7-fed312a94cd9 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Your e-mail address will only be used to send you the PSL newsletter. You can unsubscribe at any time using the unsubscribe link in the newsletter. For more information on the use of your personal data, please consult our <a href="https://www.psl.eu/politique-de-confidentialite" title="Politique de confidentialit茅">Privacy Policy</a>.</p> </div> </section> <section id="block-footerleftpart" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentf4473119-9332-4bc6-8903-514ce718b6c9 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><img alt="logo-psl-footer_2017.png" data-entity-type data-entity-uuid height="75" src="/sites/default/files/logo-psl-footer_2017.png" width="179" loading="lazy"></p> <ul> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/psl_univ"> </a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/PSLuniv"> </a></li> <li class="linkedin"><a href="https://lu.linkedin.com/edu/psl-research-university-175004"> </a></li> <li class="instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/psl_univ/"> </a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJeinKLg1dOGIOvS9m07vcg"> </a></li> <li class="rss"><a href="/"> </a></li> </ul> <p><a href="/investissements-davenir-0"><img alt data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="eb46393d-a807-40f1-a0b8-a827329bd88d" height="73" src="//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/Logotype-blanc.png" width="74" loading="lazy"></a><a href="https://eelisa.eu/"><img alt="EELISA European University" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="8c137d2b-a745-461e-9885-9406d7bf9274" height="73" src="//static.psl.eu/sites/default/files/inline-images/EELISA%20European%20University-logo_0.png" width="74" loading="lazy"></a></p> </div> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menuprincipal-3-menu" id="block-menuprincipal-3"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menuprincipal-3-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/university" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/604">University</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/sapere-aude" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">About us</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/schools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/608">Schools</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/psl-international-rankings" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1849">International rankings</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/organization" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2585">Organization</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="actualites">News</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/parisante-campus-la-ou-grandit-le-sante" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3638">PariSant茅 Campus</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/investments-future-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1037">Investments for the Future Program</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/university/media-relations-and-communications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Media Relations and Communications</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://recrutement.psl.eu">Join us</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="https://psl.eu/fondation-psl">The PSL Foundation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/609">Education</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/find-your-curriculum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/610">Find your curriculum</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5797">Admissions</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/psl-voices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6359">PSL voices : by students, for students</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/international-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3540">International students</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/keys-academic-success" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/582">Keys to academic success</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/602">Research</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/research-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Research at PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/education/psls-graduate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2434">Graduate programs</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/research-institutes-and-labs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2968">Research institutes and labs</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/support-researchers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2970">Support for researchers</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/doctoral-studies-and-postdoctoral-fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/65">Doctoral studies and Postdoctoral Fellowships</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/life-sciences-ds" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5828">Doctoral school</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/research/documentation-and-outreach" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Documentation and knowledge dissemination</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent active niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/innovation-entrepreneurship" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/601">Innovation</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="active niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/innovate-and-transfer" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Innovate and transfer</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/psls-innovation-labs-coworking-spaces" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Innovation lab & coworking spaces</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/entrepreneurship-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Entrepreneurship at PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/company-relations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/85">Corporate relations</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/innovation/enterprise-innovation-psl-people" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/88">Enterprise & Innovation - People</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/campus-lifepsl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/603">Life@PSL</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/get-involved" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90">Get involved</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/vie-de-campus/services-etudiants" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3551">Student services</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/99">Campus life in Paris</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="parent niv-0"> <div style="position:relative"> <a href="/en/international" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5255">International</a> <span class="flash"></span> </div> <ul class="menu"> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/international/study-abroad" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/584">Study abroad</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/international/study-teach-psl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5251">Study / teach at PSL</a> </li> <li class="niv-1"> <a href="/en/universite/international/eelisa-european-engineering-learning-innovation-science-alliance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3330">European University - EELISA</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-menurapide-menu" id="block-menurapide"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-menurapide-menu">Menu rapide</h2> <ul class="menu_rapide"> <li><a href="/en/node/600" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/600">PSL Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/en/lifepsl/campus-life-paris/athletics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/98">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="actualites">News</a></li> <li><a href="/en/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="agenda">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://explore.psl.eu/fr">PSL-Explore</a></li> <li><a href="/en/node/477" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/477">PSL Glossary</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-pieddepage-menu" id="block-pieddepage"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-pieddepage-menu">Pied de page</h2> <ul class="menu menu--footer nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/form/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="webform/contact">Contact</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/node/581" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/581">March茅s publics</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.univ-psl.fr/rss.xml">Flux RSS</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/terms-and-conditions-use-psleu-website" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/696">CGU</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/privacy-policy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/669">Politique de confidentialit茅</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/en/sitemap" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Sitemap</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"en\/","currentPath":"node\/71","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"cookieDomain":".psl.eu","eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EGestion des cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv role=\u0022alertdialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022 aria-modal=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EVos param\u00e8tres de cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVous naviguez sur le site de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 PSL. L\u2019Universit\u00e9 PSL, responsable de traitement, utilise des cookies pour la r\u00e9alisation de statistiques ainsi que pour l\u2019optimisation du site. Vous pouvez accepter ou refuser l\u2019utilisation de cookies, ainsi que personnaliser vos pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences. Nous conservons votre choix pendant 3 mois. Vous pouvez changer d\u2019avis \u00e0 tout moment en cliquant sur l\u2019ic\u00f4ne \u00ab Gestion des cookies \u00bb en bas \u00e0 gauche sur toutes les pages de notre site internet.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n \u003Ca href=\u0022\/en\/privacy-policy\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022 title=\u0022Learn more about our cookie management\u0022\u003EPlus d\u0026#039;informations\u003C\/a\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-required\u0022\n value=\u0022required\u0022\n checked disabled \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-required\u0022\u003ECookies obligatoire (session Drupal)\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cp class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003ECes cookies sont strictement obligatoires au bon fonctionnent du site.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-video\u0022\n value=\u0022video\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-video\u0022\u003ECookies vid\u00e9os\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cp class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003EIls permettent la visualisation des vid\u00e9os sur notre site. (Youtube) \u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button hidden eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button save-button\u0022 data-cookie-trigger data-cookies-save\u003E\n Enregistrer mes choix\n \u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022 title=\u0022Accepter tous les cookies\u0022\u003ETout accepter\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookies__btn btn-primary show-pref-button\u0022 aria-label=\u0022Param\u00e8tres des cookies\u0022 aria-expanded=\u0022false\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 data-cookie-trigger=\u0022\u0022 data-original-text=\u0022Param\u00e9trer\u0022\u003EParam\u00e9trer\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookies__btn refuse-button\u0022\u003ETout refuser\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EGestion des cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv role=\u0022alertdialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022 aria-modal=\u0022true\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003Ca href=\u0022\/en\/privacy-policy\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022 title=\u0022Learn more about our cookie management\u0022\u003EPlus d\u0026#039;informations\u003C\/a\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-required\u0022\n value=\u0022required\u0022\n checked disabled \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-required\u0022\u003ECookies obligatoire (session Drupal)\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cp class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003ECes cookies sont strictement obligatoires au bon fonctionnent du site.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-video\u0022\n value=\u0022video\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-video\u0022\u003ECookies vid\u00e9os\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cp class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003EIls permettent la visualisation des vid\u00e9os sur notre site. (Youtube) \u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button hidden eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button save-button\u0022 data-cookie-trigger data-cookies-save\u003E\n Enregistrer mes choix\n \u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022 title=\u0022Accepter tous les cookies\u0022\u003ETout accepter\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookies__btn btn-primary show-pref-button\u0022 aria-label=\u0022Param\u00e8tres des cookies\u0022 aria-expanded=\u0022false\u0022 aria-controls=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 data-cookie-trigger=\u0022\u0022 data-original-text=\u0022Param\u00e9trer\u0022\u003EParam\u00e9trer\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookies__btn refuse-button\u0022\u003ETout refuser\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":200,"popup_link":"https:\/\/www.psl.eu\/politique-de-confidentialite","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":true,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"categories","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"other:cookie1\r\nstats:__cfduid\r\nstats:_ga\r\nstats:_gid\r\nstats:_gat\r\nstats:uvc\r\nstats:NID\r\nstats:CONSENT\r\nstats:ANID\r\nstats:1P_JAR\r\nstats:_pk_id\r\nvideo:APISID\r\nvideo:HSID\r\nvideo:LOGIN_INFO\r\nvideo:PREF\r\nvideo:SAPISID\r\nvideo:SID\r\nvideo:SIDCC\r\nvideo:SSID\r\nvideo:VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE\r\nvideo:YSC\r\nvideo:OTZ\r\nvideo:1P_JAR\r\nvideo:UID\r\nvideo:UIDR\r\nvideo:client_token\r\nvideo:damd\r\nvideo:dmvk\r\nvideo:ts\r\nvideo:v1st","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EGestion des cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003E\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":true,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":true,"cookie_categories":["required","video"],"cookie_categories_details":{"required":{"uuid":"5dd3c638-6ae3-4eee-aa09-25feb861d3d6","langcode":"fr","status":true,"dependencies":[],"id":"required","label":"Cookies obligatoire (session Drupal)","description":"Ces cookies sont strictement obligatoires au bon fonctionnent du site.","checkbox_default_state":"required","weight":-10},"video":{"uuid":"7294ba58-c616-4a5a-b768-e58eb40ff280","langcode":"fr","status":true,"dependencies":[],"id":"video","label":"Cookies vid\u00e9os","description":"Ils permettent la visualisation des vid\u00e9os sur notre site. (Youtube) ","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":-8}},"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":true,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1,"modal_animation":1,"modal_backdrop":"true","modal_focus_input":1,"modal_keyboard":1,"modal_select_text":1,"modal_show":1,"modal_size":"","popover_enabled":1,"popover_animation":1,"popover_auto_close":1,"popover_container":"body","popover_content":"","popover_delay":"0","popover_html":0,"popover_placement":"right","popover_selector":"","popover_title":"","popover_trigger":"click","tooltip_enabled":1,"tooltip_animation":1,"tooltip_container":"body","tooltip_delay":"0","tooltip_html":0,"tooltip_placement":"auto left","tooltip_selector":"","tooltip_trigger":"hover"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/en\/search\/result":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"7330b25061b6d016bab60d9bafdb6d0f847f34df7fc68a86827eb5c26061cb95"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_otoaYjrLJ2gysopvLP-H-oCoEJJ22ejaOj2Eps0duDw.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=custom_theme&include=eJyFj0EKwzAMBD9k4icFRVVcUdlrIiWlv68LPQTa0ssuDHPY5d0DdY6rVMkeD9NWEp8hMYs7o61akuwzAzeVUbWbUmPJ32BagPDYqOeOjkO2EwnAQnu6y7Jiq_nd0ys-oNhY0WK6SJCaT06H_JUCpdhvrY5HVCQ5WMlm1zFb8rJHoPkT3BVskA"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.3.1" defer></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-nuL8/2cJ5NDSSwnKD8VqreErSWHtnEP9E7AySL+1ev4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_8Vtz-eBbJMTTbiun7K0QpZtNDw0cRQvFR_Dms5o0DWE.js?scope=footer&delta=3&language=en&theme=custom_theme&include=eJyFj0EKwzAMBD9k4icFRVVcUdlrIiWlv68LPQTa0ssuDHPY5d0DdY6rVMkeD9NWEp8hMYs7o61akuwzAzeVUbWbUmPJ32BagPDYqOeOjkO2EwnAQnu6y7Jiq_nd0ys-oNhY0WK6SJCaT06H_JUCpdhvrY5HVCQ5WMlm1zFb8rJHoPkT3BVskA"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Protect | PSL