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Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guerre de réforme</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li 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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Mexico.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/68px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/90px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a>.</strong></p> <p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Accueil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>La <b>guerre de réforme</b> ou <i>guerre des trois années</i> a été une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_civile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre civile">guerre civile</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> qui oppose, entre 1857 et 1861, les libéraux à l'Église <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholique</a>, soutenue et encouragée par le pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pie_IX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pie IX">Pie IX</a>, cette dernière étant très influente dans les affaires de l'État mexicain<sup id="cite_ref-kirkwood109_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kirkwood109-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirkwood100_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kirkwood100-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_internationaliser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-globe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/45px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/68px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/90px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et nécessite une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Internationalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Internationalisation">internationalisation</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06" data-sort-value="2019-06">juin 2019</time>).</small></p> <p>Merci de l'<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGuerre_de_r%25C3%25A9forme%26action%3Dedit">améliorer</a> ou d'en discuter sur sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Discussion:Guerre_de_r%C3%A9forme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Discussion:Guerre de réforme (page inexistante)">page de discussion</a> ! Vous pouvez préciser les sections à internationaliser en utilisant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Section_%C3%A0_internationaliser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle:Section à internationaliser">{{section à internationaliser}}</a>.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/220px-Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Benito_Ju%25C3%25A1rez.jpg/330px-Benito_Ju%25C3%25A1rez.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Benito_Ju%25C3%25A1rez.jpg/440px-Benito_Ju%25C3%25A1rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1072"></a> <figcaption> Le libéral <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Garcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Juárez Garcia">Benito Juárez Garcia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css general" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour des articles plus généraux, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intervention_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervention française au Mexique">Intervention française au Mexique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Empire_mexicain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Empire mexicain">Second Empire mexicain</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Garcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Juárez Garcia">Benito Juárez Garcia</a>, d'origine indigène, accède à la présidence en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a>, mais ne parvient pas à maîtriser la dette extérieure du pays. Une crise politique éclate et divise les classes dirigeantes. De retour au pouvoir en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861</a>, le président mexicain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> suspend les paiements aux créanciers européens de l'État mexicain et harcèle les étrangers qui y résident. Au vu de cette instabilité, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> décèle l'occasion de mettre en place outre-Atlantique un régime politique qui soit favorable aux intérêts de l'empire français et du catholicisme. Cela éviterait que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis d'Amérique</a> étendent leur mainmise sur l'isthme de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panama">Panama</a>, ce qu'ils avaient fait plusieurs fois déjà depuis 1846 (signature du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_Mallarino-Bidlack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité Mallarino-Bidlack">traité Mallarino-Bidlack</a> avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colombie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colombie">Colombie</a>), ou qu'à la suite de la ruée vers l'or californien ils s'intéressent aux gisements d'argent du nord-ouest du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a>.</p> <p>L'empereur escompte que grâce à un rapprochement avec ce pays « nous aurons rétabli notre influence bienfaisante au centre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique">Amérique</a>, et cette influence, en créant des débouchés immenses à notre commerce, nous procurera les matières indispensables pour notre industrie ». Le modèle qu'offrirait aux précaires républiques d'Amérique latine une monarchie catholique prospère établie au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> les gagnerait bientôt par contagion, créant ainsi un contrepoids à la sphère protestante. Les opposants au régime de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> réfugiés en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> ont en effet donné à croire au chef de l'État que le peuple <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">mexicain</a> abhorre le régime républicain et appelle un souverain de ses vœux. « Il est contraire à mes intérêts, à mon origine et à mes principes d'imposer un gouvernement quelconque au peuple mexicain, qu'il choisisse en toute liberté la forme qui lui convient, je ne lui demande que la sincérité dans ses relations extérieures, je ne désire qu'une chose, c'est le bonheur et l'indépendance de ce beau pays sous un gouvernement stable et régulier »<sup id="cite_ref-kirkwood107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kirkwood107-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirkwood100_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kirkwood100-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guerre_de_r%C3%A9forme&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood109-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kirkwood109_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kirkwood2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burton_Kirkwood2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Burton <span class="nom_auteur">Kirkwood</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">History of Mexico.</cite>, Westport, CT, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 245 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4039-6258-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4039-6258-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4039-6258-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-kXGt1QTkuoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 109<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico.&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=109&rft.tpages=245&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6258-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGuerre+de+r%C3%A9forme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood100-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kirkwood100_2-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kirkwood100_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kirkwood2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burton_Kirkwood2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Burton <span class="nom_auteur">Kirkwood</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">History of Mexico.</cite>, Westport, CT, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 245 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4039-6258-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4039-6258-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4039-6258-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-kXGt1QTkuoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 100<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico.&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=100&rft.tpages=245&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6258-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGuerre+de+r%C3%A9forme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-kirkwood107_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kirkwood2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burton_Kirkwood2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Burton <span class="nom_auteur">Kirkwood</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">History of Mexico.</cite>, Westport, CT, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 245 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4039-6258-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4039-6258-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4039-6258-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-kXGt1QTkuoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 107<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico.&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=107&rft.tpages=245&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6258-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGuerre+de+r%C3%A9forme"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guerre_de_r%C3%A9forme&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guerre_de_r%C3%A9forme&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : espagnol">(es)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi_prodigios/cerro-campanas/campanas.htm">ILCE: RedEscolar - Portal Educativo</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : espagnol">(es)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.los-poetas.com/l/riva1.htm">Poemas de Riva Palacio</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : espagnol">(es)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iih.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc12/153.html">UNAM: Université nationale autonome du Mexique</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la politique"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/48px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervormingsoorlog" title="Hervormingsoorlog – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hervormingsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD" title="حرب الإصلاح – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الإصلاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Reforma" title="Guerra de Reforma – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Reforma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Reform War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_Milito" title="Reforma Milito – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reforma Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Reforma" title="Guerra de Reforma – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Reforma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%259E%25E6%2588%25A6%25E4%25BA%2589" title="レフォルマ戦争 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レフォルマ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598" title="რეფორმის ომი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეფორმის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlapapatiliztli_y%25C4%2581%25C5%258Dy%25C5%258Dtl" title="Tlapapatiliztli yāōyōtl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapapatiliztli yāōyōtl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervormingsoorlog" title="Hervormingsoorlog – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hervormingsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformkrigen" title="Reformkrigen – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reformkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588_%25D8%25AC%25DA%25AB%25DA%2593%25D9%2587" title="د اصلاحاتو جګړه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اصلاحاتو جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_Reforma" title="Guerra da Reforma – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra da Reforma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C4%2583zboiul_Reformei" title="Războiul Reformei – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Reformei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Война за Реформу – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за Реформу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformkriget" title="Reformkriget – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reformkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Sava%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1" title="Reform Savaşı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reform Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Війна за реформу – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна за реформу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2594%25B9%25E9%259D%25A9%25E6%2588%2598%25E4%25BA%2589" title="改革战争 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="改革战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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