CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Homeschooling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"31a3529e-a178-41bf-a5e7-a02fb3abcb21","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Homeschooling","wgTitle":"Homeschooling","wgCurRevisionId":1276118647,"wgRevisionId":1276118647,"wgArticleId":13603,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2024","United States-centric","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017","Commons category link from Wikidata","Homeschooling"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Homeschooling","wgRelevantArticleId":13603,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q83602","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/1200px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1023"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/800px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="682"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/640px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="545"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Homeschooling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Homeschooling rootpage-Homeschooling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homeschooling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homeschooling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homeschooling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homeschooling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motivations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_methods,_forms_and_philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_methods,_forms_and_philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teaching methods, forms and philosophies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teaching_methods,_forms_and_philosophies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teaching methods, forms and philosophies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teaching_methods,_forms_and_philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structured_versus_unstructured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structured_versus_unstructured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structured versus unstructured</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structured_versus_unstructured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unschooling_and_natural_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unschooling_and_natural_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unschooling and natural learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unschooling_and_natural_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informal_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Informal learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Unit studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Autonomous learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_homeschooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_homeschooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hybrid homeschooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_homeschooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeschool_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeschool_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Homeschool cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeschool_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research on outcomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_on_outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research on outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_on_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parental_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Parental class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unschooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unschooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Unschooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unschooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Math_gap"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Math_gap""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>"Math gap"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Math_gap"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_abuse_and_neglect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_abuse_and_neglect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Child abuse and neglect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_abuse_and_neglect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_and_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_and_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legality and prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_and_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_towards_homeschooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_towards_homeschooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Attitudes towards homeschooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_towards_homeschooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeschooling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81ml%C7%A3rung" title="Hāmlǣrung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hāmlǣrung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تعليم منزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعليم منزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evd%C9%99_t%C9%99hsil" title="Evdə təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evdə təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хатняе навучаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хатняе навучаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Домашно образование – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Домашно образование" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skol_er_g%C3%AAr" title="Skol er gêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skol er gêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escolaritzaci%C3%B3_a_casa" title="Escolarització a casa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escolarització a casa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_vzd%C4%9Bl%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Domácí vzdělávání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domácí vzdělávání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addysg_gartref" title="Addysg gartref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Addysg gartref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjemmeundervisning" title="Hjemmeundervisning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjemmeundervisning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausunterricht" title="Hausunterricht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hausunterricht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodu%C3%B5pe" title="Koduõpe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koduõpe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οικοδιδασκαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοδιδασκαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_en_el_hogar" title="Educación en el hogar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación en el hogar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejminstruo" title="Hejminstruo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hejminstruo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxeko_eskolatze" title="Etxeko eskolatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etxeko eskolatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="مدرسه در منزل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه در منزل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_%C3%A0_domicile" title="Instruction à domicile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Instruction à domicile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%ED%83%9D%ED%95%99%EC%8A%B5" title="재택학습 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재택학습" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%87no_obrazovanje" title="Kućno obrazovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kućno obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_rumah" title="Sekolah rumah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah rumah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istruzione_domiciliare" title="Istruzione domiciliare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istruzione domiciliare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="חינוך ביתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חינוך ביתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibistana_mal%C3%AA" title="Dibistana malê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dibistana malê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otthonoktat%C3%A1s" title="Otthonoktatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otthonoktatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गृहशिक्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गृहशिक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekolahan_di_rumah" title="Persekolahan di rumah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persekolahan di rumah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Гэрийн хүмүүжил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрийн хүмүүжил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuisonderwijs" title="Thuisonderwijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thuisonderwijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ホームスクーリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホームスクーリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjemmeundervisning" title="Hjemmeundervisning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjemmeundervisning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukacja_domowa" title="Edukacja domowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edukacja domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensino_dom%C3%A9stico" title="Ensino doméstico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ensino doméstico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98colirea_acas%C4%83" title="Școlirea acasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Școlirea acasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Домашнее обучение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашнее обучение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsimi_sht%C3%ABpiak" title="Arsimi shtëpiak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arsimi shtëpiak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_education" title="Home education – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Home education" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1ce_vzdel%C3%A1vanie" title="Domáce vzdelávanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domáce vzdelávanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Образовање код куће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Образовање код куће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%87no_obrazovanje" title="Kućno obrazovanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kućno obrazovanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotikoulu" title="Kotikoulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kotikoulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemundervisning" title="Hemundervisning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hemundervisning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-aaral_sa_tahanan" title="Pag-aaral sa tahanan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-aaral sa tahanan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="வீட்டுக்கல்வி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டுக்கல்வி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="บ้านเรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บ้านเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evokulluluk" title="Evokulluluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evokulluluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%94_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Домашнє навчання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домашнє навчання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="گھریلو درس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھریلو درس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c_t%E1%BA%A1i_gia" title="Giáo dục tại gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dục tại gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotonkoolitus" title="Kotonkoolitus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kotonkoolitus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-aaram_ha_panimalay" title="Pag-aaram ha panimalay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pag-aaram ha panimalay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E8%87%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="在家自學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="在家自學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Homeschooling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Homeschooling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Homeschooling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&oldid=1276118647" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Homeschooling&id=1276118647&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomeschooling"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomeschooling"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Homeschooling&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Homeschooling" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Homeschooling" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83602" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Education of children outside of a school</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">Independent school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out-of-school_learning" title="Out-of-school learning">Out-of-school learning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Homeschool", "Homeschooled", and "Home School" redirect here. For the EP, see <a href="/wiki/Homeschool_(EP)" title="Homeschool (EP)">Homeschool (EP)</a>. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Home_School_(novel)" title="Home School (novel)">Home School (novel)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Representation,_Punch_Denmark,_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/220px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/330px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg/440px-Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="3228" /></a><figcaption>Educating children at home</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Homeschooling</b> or <b>home schooling</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), also known as <b>home education</b> or <b>elective home education</b> (<b>EHE</b>) (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a>. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or online teacher, many homeschool families use <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">less formal</a>, more personalized and individualized methods of learning that are not always found in schools. The actual practice of homeschooling varies considerably. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms such as <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>, which is a lesson- and <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>-free implementation of homeschooling. Some families who initially attended a school go through a <a href="/wiki/Deschooling" title="Deschooling">deschool</a> phase to break away from school habits and prepare for homeschooling. While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used in North America, "home education" is primarily used in Europe and many <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>. Homeschooling should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, which generally refers to the arrangement where the student is educated by and conforms to the requirements of an <a href="/wiki/Online_school" title="Online school">online school</a>, rather than being educated independently and unrestrictedly by their parents or by themselves. </p><p>Before the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_school_attendance" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory school attendance">compulsory school attendance</a> laws, most childhood education was done by families and local communities. By the early 19th century, attending a school became the most common means of education in the developed world. In the mid to late 20th century, more people began questioning the practice of school learning, which again led to an increase in the number of homeschoolers, especially in the Americas and some European countries. In the 21st century, homeschooling is a relatively widespread form of education and a legal alternative to public and <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> in many countries, which many people believe is due to the rise of the Internet, which enables people to obtain information very quickly. The regulation and legality of homeschooling <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">varies by jurisdiction</a>. </p><p>There are many different reasons for homeschooling, ranging from personal interests to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_schooling" title="Criticism of schooling">dissatisfaction with the school system</a>. Homeschooling is also an option for families living in remote rural areas, those temporarily abroad, those who travel frequently and therefore face the physical impossibility or difficulty of getting their children into school, and those who want to spend more time with their children. Health reasons and <a href="/wiki/Special_needs_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Special needs education">special needs</a> can also play a role in why children cannot attend a school regularly and are at least partially homeschooled. </p><p>Critics of homeschooling argue that children may lack adequate <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> and therefore have poorer <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">social skills</a>. Some are also concerned that parents may be unqualified to guide and advise their children, or that abusive parents may use homeschool to isolate their children. Critics also say that a child might not encounter people of other cultures, worldviews, and socioeconomic groups if they are not enrolled in a school. Therefore, these critics believe that homeschooling cannot guarantee a comprehensive and neutral education if educational standards are not prescribed. Studies on homeschooled students typically rely on <a href="/wiki/Convenience_sampling" title="Convenience sampling">convenience sampling</a>, which may disproportionately sample the highest-achieving homeschoolers.<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> Researchers have identified a need for more representative samples in studying homeschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While "homeschooling" is the term commonly used <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">in the United States</a> and other nations in North America, "home education" is primarily used <a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a>, elsewhere in Europe and many <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History of education</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Homeschooling" title="Talk:Homeschooling">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg/220px-Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg/330px-Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg/440px-Fireside_Education_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece to <i>Fireside Education</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Griswold_Goodrich" title="Samuel Griswold Goodrich">Samuel Griswold (Goodrich)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of history, home education was common.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cultures, home education often consisted of literacy training centered around religious texts, as well as basic math skills needed in everyday life. Reading aloud, reciting, and memorizing passages from <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">the Bible</a> and other Christian writing were central to this practice, as well as workplace-based education such as <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a>. Enlisting professional tutors was an option available only to the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> Home education declined in the 19th and 20th centuries with the enactment of compulsory school attendance laws. However, it continued to be practised in isolated communities. The practice of what we now call homeschooling began in the 1960s and 1970s with educational reformists dissatisfied with industrialized education.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Home education and apprenticeship continued to remain the main form of education until the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Alternative_Education_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Alternative_Education-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 19th century, formal classroom schooling became the most common means of schooling throughout the developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As laws enforcing public school attendance proliferated, movements to resist such laws began to form.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 16–17">: 16–17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resistance to laws mandating school attendance emerged as early as the end of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Catholic groups in particular resisted the enforcement of Protestant ideals in public schools, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots" title="Philadelphia nativist riots">1844 Philadelphia nativist riots</a>. The Philadelphia Roman Catholic bishop requested that Catholic schoolchildren be permitted to read the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Douay_bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douay bible">Douay bible</a> in school rather than the Protestant <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, which was granted. This decision fanned anti-Catholic sentiment, sparking a rumor that Catholics were attempting to remove the Bible from schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a> Reverend Patrick Francis Quigley was put on trial in 1891 for resisting the requirement to report the names of students at his school, which he was principal of; he argued unsuccessfully that "the state has no right to control the education of the child."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Resistance to mandatory schooling was sporadic throughout the 19th century as the state undertook more responsibility in protecting the rights of children. </p><p>In 1913 the US <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Education">Bureau of Education</a> established the Home Education Division, an organization which worked with the National Council of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations to provide home curriculum materials, although these were meant to supplement, not substitute, for public schooling. In the early 20th century, the headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calvert_School" title="Calvert School">Calvert School</a>, Virgil Hillyer, recognized that various students at his school were unable to attend due to ill health, and began to send out lesson plans to those students' parents. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvert_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvert method (page does not exist)">Calvert method</a> became a popular early home curriculum. Its advertising in periodicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</a></i> admonished parents that the curriculum was necessary to provide a proper education.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> This form of homeschooling was targeted primarily at those who needed to educate their children at home due to ill health, and many of their materials were dispatched to hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> 1940 brought the advent of remote education by telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Rousas_John_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas John Rushdoony">Rousas John Rushdoony</a> began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> nature of the <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government-funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government-funded)">public school</a> system in the United States. He vigorously attacked <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/School_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="School reform">school reformers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: <i>Intellectual Schizophrenia</i>, <i>The Messianic Character of American Education</i>, and <i>The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum</i>. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the <a href="/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association" title="Home School Legal Defense Association">Home School Legal Defense Association</a> (HSLDA) in court cases. He frequently advocated the use of private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HSLDA, founded in 1983, was highly successful in influencing the legal status of homeschooling in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, homeschooling was illegal throughout much of the United States for parents who were not themselves trained educators. Today, the United States enjoys some of the most lax laws around homeschool in the world, with most states requiring little to no oversight for homeschooling and no educational requirements for parents.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Christian parents were increasingly dissatisfied with the public school system and were the main demographic that organized to promote home education in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Evangelical pastor and activist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a> expressed horror that <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and lessons on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> had replaced <a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">prayer and Bible study in schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> This movement embraced research conducted by other religious parents that advocated for homeschooling such as Raymond and Dorothy Moore.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influential figure associated with the rise of the homeschooling movement was <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a>. Holt believed that informal education was better than compulsory education and expressed these views in his books <i>How Children Fail</i> and <i>How Children Learn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt advocated for <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>, where children learn without any formalized curriculum or expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As homeschooling caught on in the Evangelical movement, the number of children being homeschooled increased massively, with some estimates suggesting the number went from under twenty thousand in the 1970s, to nearly 500,000 by the end of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homeschooling is heavily restricted in Germany. The history of public schooling dates back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who called on the government to provide schooling to both boys and girls in <i>To the Councilmen of all Cities in Germany</i> (<i>An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes</i>), so that they might read the Bible for themselves. Today, compulsory education at school is strictly enforced in Germany, and is only permitted in rare cases, such as that of serious illness. However, parents interested in alternative schooling may choose to send their children to a private, independent school.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homeschooling in France is permitted only in specific circumstances: for the health of the child, for intensive artistic or sports training, for itinerant families, and for those who live too far from a school. To be granted the right to homeschool, parents must have a <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a> or equivalent to prove they are qualified to teach. These restrictions were introduced in September 2022, known as <i>loi contre le séparatisme</i>: a law designed to reduce "<a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>" and enforce <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A meta-analysis of studies on homeschooling in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> found that the majority of homeschoolers cited religion as their reason for homeschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <p>Because schools were <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">widely shut down</a> during the early part of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, many schools implemented <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> and online learning. This is not considered homeschooling, since students' education was directed by public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the onset of the pandemic triggered a massive increase in the prevalence of homeschooling. An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> estimated that the United States saw an increase of homeschooled children from 1.5 million to between 1.9 and 2.7 million, a number comparable to the number of students in <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a>. This increase was far-reaching across every measured demographic category and region. This increase has led to a rise in critical interest about the impacts of homeschooling, both positive and negative.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motivations_for_unschooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivations for unschooling">Motivations for unschooling</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Homeschooling" title="Talk:Homeschooling">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HomeschoolSurvey2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bar chart showing the most common reasons for homeschooling. The most commonly chosen reasons as important are concern about school environment, to provide moral instruction, and to emphasize family life together. The most commonly chosen reasons as most important are concern about school environment, dissatisfaction with academics at other schools, and to provide religious instruction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HomeschoolSurvey2023.png/400px-HomeschoolSurvey2023.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HomeschoolSurvey2023.png/600px-HomeschoolSurvey2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HomeschoolSurvey2023.png/800px-HomeschoolSurvey2023.png 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Families have a wide variety of reasons for choosing homeschooling. This bar chart shows the most common motivations for <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">homeschooling in the United States</a> as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-ies2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ies2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many reasons why parents and children choose to homeschool, whether by necessity or by choice. </p><p>Homeschool may be a necessity for a variety of reasons. For those who are in isolated rural locations that are too far from a conventional school, living abroad, or travel frequently, homeschool provides more consistency and convenience, eliminating the issues of distance or cultural barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many young athletes, actors, and musicians are taught at home to accommodate their travel and practice schedules more conveniently. Mental and physical health issues are also a reason parents may homeschool or take <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parents commonly cite two main motivations for voluntarily homeschooling their children: dissatisfaction with the local schools and the interest in increased involvement with their children's learning and development. Parental dissatisfaction with available schools typically includes concerns about the school environment, the quality of academic instruction, the curriculum, bullying, the risk of <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">school shootings</a>, racism, and lack of faith in the school's ability to cater to their children's <a href="/wiki/Special_needs_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Special needs education">special needs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parents homeschool in order to have greater control over what and how their children are taught, to cater more adequately to an individual child's aptitudes and abilities, to provide instruction from a specific <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> or and <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> position, and to take advantage of the efficiency of one-to-one instruction and thus allow the child to spend more time on childhood activities, socializing, and non-academic learning.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 survey of homeschooling parents in the United States found concerns about school environment, moral instruction, dissatisfaction with academics, concern about <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">school shootings</a>, and bullying to be the most common reasons for homeschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance learning</a> during the COVID-19 pandemic caused many parents to consider homeschooling where they might not have before.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns about school environment - the most commonly cited reason for homeschooling - may comprise a number of issues with conventional schooling, such as protection against <a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">bullying</a>, social exclusion, drugs, stress, sexualization, social pressures, excessive performance thoughts,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> social groups or role models with negative influences, and degrading treatment<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in school.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children may also learn more efficiently at home because they are not distracted by other students or typical school scheduling.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parents are of the opinion that certain temperaments are promoted in school, while others are inhibited which may also be a reason to homeschool their children.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many parents also homeschool their children and return their child into the school system later on, for example because they think that their child is too young or not yet ready to start school.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some parents have objections to the secular nature of public schools and homeschool in order to give their children a religious education. Use of a religious curriculum such as <a href="/wiki/Abeka" title="Abeka">Abeka</a> is common among these families. In the United States, conservative Christians drove the movement to homeschool and made up the vast majority of homeschoolers until recent years. However, the percent of people who cited religion as the primary reason for homeschooling has declined drastically. In 2012, almost 2 of 3 homeschool parents did, while by 2023, the proportion dropped to just over 1 in 3.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a survey of adults homeschooled in Christian households, over half of respondents characterized their family as fundamentalist, and over 80% reported being taught <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> as part of their science education.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeschooling parents tend, in general, to lean more <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Asia, the majority of homeschoolers cited religion - <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> - as their primary reason for homeschooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some African-American families choose to homeschool as a way of increasing their children's understanding of African-American history – such as the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that resulted in African Americans being prevented from reading and writing – and to limit the harm caused by the unintentional and sometimes subtle <a href="/wiki/Systemic_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic racism">systemic racism</a> that affects most American schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase of homeschooling post-COVID-19 pandemic saw the greatest increases among Black, Latino, and Asian American households. Many families cited concerns that their children, particularly boys, were perceived as threatening or violent at school due to racism, as well as the issue of school quality and funding.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, some groups promote homeschooling to enforce <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> ideals. An exposé of a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> homeschooling network in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> with over two thousand members led to no consequences or restrictions on the group due to lax regulatory requirements in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_methods,_forms_and_philosophies"><span id="Teaching_methods.2C_forms_and_philosophies"></span>Teaching methods, forms and philosophies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Teaching methods, forms and philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></div> <p>Homeschooling is usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an online teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the concrete practice can vary widely. The spectrum ranges from highly structured forms based on traditional school lessons to more open, free forms like <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>-free implementation of homeschooling that involves teaching children based on their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homeschool families can utilize a wide variety of educational methods and materials with a wide range of educational paradigms.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the concepts homeschoolers can incorporate include <a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">classical education</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mason" title="Charlotte Mason">Charlotte Mason</a> education, <a href="/wiki/Montessori_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori method">Montessori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences" title="Theory of multiple intelligences">theory of multiple intelligences</a>, unschooling, <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf</a>, school-at-home (curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers), and <a href="/wiki/A_Thomas_Jefferson_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="A Thomas Jefferson Education">A Thomas Jefferson Education</a>. Homeschool educations may incorporate pre-made curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, distance learning (both online and correspondence), dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others. </p><p>A student's education may be customized to support his or her learning level, style, and interests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not uncommon for a student to experience more than one approach as the family discovers what works best for their student. Some companies offer all-in-one homeschooling curricula. Purchased as a grade-level package or separately by subject, the package may contain all of the needed books, materials, tests, answer keys, and extensive teacher guides.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many families use an eclectic approach, picking and choosing from various suppliers. For sources of <a href="/wiki/Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a> and books, a study found that 78 percent utilized "a public library"; 77 percent used "a homeschooling catalogue, publisher, or individual specialist"; 68 percent used "retail bookstore or another store"; 60 percent used "an education publisher that was not affiliated with homeschooling." "Approximately half" used curriculum from "a homeschooling organization", 37 percent from a "church, synagogue or other religious institution" and 23 percent from "their local public school or district." In 2003, 41 percent utilized some sort of <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a>, approximately 20 percent by "television, video or radio"; 19 percent via "The Internet, e-mail, or the World Wide Web"; and 15 percent taking a "correspondence course by mail designed specifically for homeschoolers."<sup id="cite_ref-NCES_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCES-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="difficult to read list of statistics (August 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Individual governmental units, e.g. states and local districts, vary in official curriculum and attendance requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-HSLDA_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSLDA-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structured_versus_unstructured">Structured versus unstructured</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Structured versus unstructured"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approaches to homeschooling fall under two categories: structured and unstructured. Structured homeschooling includes any method or style of home education that follows a basic curriculum with articulated goals and outcomes. This style attempts to imitate the structure of a traditional school setting while personalizing the curriculum. Unstructured homeschooling, also known as unschooling, is any form of home education where parents do not construct a curriculum at all. This method attempts to teach through the child's daily experiences and focuses more on self-directed learning by the child, free of textbooks, teachers, and any formal assessment of success or failure.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unschooling_and_natural_learning">Unschooling and natural learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unschooling and natural learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></div> <p>The term <b>unschooling</b>, coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a>, describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's interests, leaving them free to explore and learn.<sup id="cite_ref-kwmzdt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwmzdt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCES_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCES-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Natural learning</b> refers to a type of learning-on-demand where children pursue knowledge based on their interests and parents take an active part in facilitating activities and experiences conducive to learning but do not rely heavily on textbooks or spend much time "teaching", looking instead for "learning moments" throughout their daily activities. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent proponent of unschooling is <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Gatto" title="John Taylor Gatto">John Taylor Gatto</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_Us_Down" title="Dumbing Us Down">Dumbing Us Down</a></i>, <i>The Exhausted School</i>, <i>A Different Kind of Teacher</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_Mass_Instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of Mass Instruction">Weapons of Mass Instruction</a></i>. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of "state-controlled consciousness" and serves as a prime illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a> — a social system which impels obedience to the state and quells free-thinking or dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Informal_learning">Informal learning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Informal learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Informal_learning" title="Informal learning">Informal learning</a></div> <p><b>Informal learning</b> refers to the component of homeschooling which happens outside of the classroom. Informal learning is an everyday form of learning through participation and creation, in contrast with the traditional view of teacher-centered learning. The term is usually used synonymously with "non-formal learning" and "self-directed learning." Informal learning differs from traditional learning as there are no expected objectives or outcomes. From the learner's standpoint, the knowledge that they receive is not intentional. Activities such as planting a garden, baking a cake or even talking to a technician at work about the installation of new software can be considered informal learning: the individual is completing a task with different intentions but ends up learning skills in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children watching their tomato plants grow will not generate questions about photosynthesis but they will learn that their plants are growing with water and sunlight. This leads them to have a base understanding of complex scientific concepts without any background studying.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the part of the world, informal learning can take on many different identities and has differing cultural importances. Many ways of organizing homeschooling draw on the model of apprenticeships and <a href="/wiki/Learning_through_play" title="Learning through play">play-based learning</a>. In some <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">South American indigenous cultures</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chillihuani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillihuani">Chillihuani</a> community in Peru, children learn irrigation and farming technique through play, advancing them not only in their own village and society but also in their knowledge of realistic techniques that they will need to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western culture, children use informal learning in two main ways: through hands-on experience with new material, and by asking questions to someone who has more experience (i.e. parents, elders). The concept of informal learning depends on the inquisitiveness and interests of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unit_studies">Unit studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unit studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <b>unit study</b> approach, multiple subjects such as math, science, history, art, and geography, are studied in relation to a single topic. Unit studies are useful for teaching multiple grades simultaneously as the difficulty level can be adjusted for each student. An extended form of unit studies, Integrated Thematic Instruction utilizes one central theme integrated throughout the curriculum so that students finish a school year with a deep understanding of a certain broad subject or idea.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomous_learning">Autonomous learning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Autonomous learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Autonomous learning</b> is a school of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> which sees learners as individuals who can and should be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomous</a>; i.e., be responsible for their own learning climate. </p><p>Autonomous education helps students develop their self-consciousness, vision, practicality, and freedom of discussion. These attributes serve to aid the student in his/her independent learning. However, a student must not start their autonomous learning completely on their own. It is said that first having interaction with someone who has more knowledge in a subject will speed up the student's learning and allow them to learn more independently.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some degree of autonomous learning is popular with those who home educate their children. In true autonomous learning, the child usually gets to decide what projects they wish to tackle or what interests to pursue. In-home education, this can be instead of or in addition to regular subjects like doing math or English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_homeschooling">Hybrid homeschooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hybrid homeschooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Hybrid homeschooling</b> or <b>flex-school</b><sup id="cite_ref-:9_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of homeschooling in which children split their time between homeschool and a more traditional schooling environment like a <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of students who participated in hybrid homeschooling increased during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commonly cited reason for choosing this model is that parents are not sure whether they can provide their children a comprehensive and neutral education at home or cannot devote themselves to homeschooling full-time due to time constraints or excessive stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some families also want their children to socialize with other children and find that schools are better suited for this purpose because social exchange does not only take place occasionally, but is an everyday experience there.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeschool_cooperatives">Homeschool cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Homeschool cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A homeschool cooperative is a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> of families who homeschool their children. It provides an opportunity for children to learn from other parents who are more specialized in certain areas or subjects. Co-ops also provide social interaction. They may take lessons together or go on field trips. Some co-ops also offer events such as <a href="/wiki/Prom" title="Prom">prom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation</a> for homeschoolers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homeschoolers are beginning to utilize <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> as a way to simulate homeschool cooperatives online. With <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a>, homeschoolers can chat, discuss threads in forums, share information and tips, and even participate in online classes via <a href="/wiki/Learning_management_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning management systems">learning management systems</a> similar to those used by colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_outcomes">Research on outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Research on outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Homeschooling" title="Talk:Homeschooling">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Research on homeschooling faces a number of challenges and limitations. The documentation and regulation of homeschooling in the United States is highly variable among states, with a minority of states administering any rigorous testing or record-keeping of homeschooled children; in eleven states, no record of homeschooled students is kept at all.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, virtually all research on homeschooling used <a href="/wiki/Convenience_sampling" title="Convenience sampling">convenience sampling</a>, leading to issues with selection bias. Homeschoolers as a demographic tend towards distrust of surveillance and institutions, making eliminating survey bias a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common methodological problems commonly included the presence of <a href="/wiki/Confounding_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounding factor">confounding factors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> and parental involvement, over-reliance on parental testimony, and taking into account the timing and duration of homeschooling (many homeschoolers only do so for a few years).<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeschooling research is often conducted on homeschooled children or their parents; surveys of adults who have been homeschooled are extremely limited.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of homeschool research in the United States is done with the support of the homeschool advocacy group, the <a href="/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association" title="Home School Legal Defense Association">Home School Legal Defense Association</a> (HSLDA). A review of studies performed by prominent HSLDA-affiliated researcher Dr. Brian D. Ray found severe design limitations<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demographic bias; nearly all subjects in his studies were <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, and from households with two <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married</a> parents who were more educated than average. Meanwhile, a 2016 federal survey of US homeschoolers found that over 40 percent of homeschoolers were not White, a majority had parents with less than a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, and over one in five lived in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, the government has noted that no figures are available on educational attainment for children educated at home: "This means no assessment can be made of the impact on educational attainment of being home schooled".<sup id="cite_ref-HoC_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claims by homeschooling proponents that homeschoolers fare better than traditionally schooled children are insufficiently supported by data.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the studies available, a 2022 review found it was unable to offer firm conclusions because of these issues, but did not find systematic evidence of poor educational or social outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-valiente2022_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another survey of studies related to homeschooling found that, controlling for demographic bias, homeschoolers were generally on par with non-homeschoolers, with a slight advantage in reading and writing, and a slight disadvantage in math.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parental_class">Parental class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parental class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study conducted by Ray in 2010 indicates that the higher the level of parents' income, the more likely the homeschooled child is able to achieve academic success, which is in alignment with the correlation between income and achievement for students at conventional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study of families with parents who had an average of 13 years of schooling, homeschooling was correlated with lower test scores, which was attributed to the relatively lower educational status of the parents in the sample group; meanwhile, in studies with highly educated parents, homeschooling for longer periods of time, on average, had no effect, positive or negative.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study which collected all homeschooling outcomes in Alaska (a state where homeschooling is extremely popular due to government financial incentives and support) found that low income students, students of color, and students with disabilities gained the most advantages when being homeschooled, while those from white, well-off families scored overall worse than their public school peers, and suffered the greatest disadvantage in math. This is notable as being the only study of homeschooling outcomes with a complete data set of all known homeschool children in a given population, which does not rely on volunteered information. However, the existence of a financial incentive to homeschool in Alaska does raise questions about the applicability of the results to other areas which do not have these programs in place.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unschooling">Unschooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Unschooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unschooled children tend to score significantly below traditionally educated children, and higher parental involvement and the use of a structured curriculum is strongly positively correlated with homeschooling outcomes, as with conventionally schooled students.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin-Chang_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-Chang-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Math_gap""><span id=".22Math_gap.22"></span>"Math gap"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: "Math gap""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A survey of educational outcomes for homeschool students found that homeschoolers consistently scored below the average in math, but with mixed or average results in reading and writing. The exact cause of this is not known, but researchers speculated that this was due to the nature of curricula, which often consisted of being read to or self-directed reading, and a lack of parental training in math.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeschooled children have been found to be less self-motivated when studying math than reading or writing. This gap in competency has also been suggested as a reason why homeschoolers are less likely to pursue higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Looking beyond high school, a study by the 1990 National Home Education Research Institute (as cited by Wichers, 2001) found that at least 33% of homeschooled students attended a four-year college, and 17% attended a two-year college<sup id="cite_ref-:13_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with the national average being 40% and 20%, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same study examined the students after one year, finding that 17% pursued higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> Office Of Education Accountability found that homeschooled students attended college or university within Kentucky at less than half the rate of other Kentucky high school graduates, with the academic outcomes of other homeschooled students being unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although educational outcomes of homeschoolers are difficult to track, especially where homeschooled students are not required to be registered, home-schoolers tend to take standardized college admission tests such as the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> at a disproportionately low rate, suggesting they may be underrepresented in higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some homeschoolers averaged higher scores on college entrance tests in South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scores (1999 data) showed mixed results, for example showing higher levels for homeschoolers in English (homeschooled 23.4 vs national average 20.5) and reading (homeschooled 24.4 vs national average 21.4) on the ACT, but mixed scores in math (homeschooled 20.4 vs national average 20.7 on the ACT as opposed to homeschooled 535 vs national average 511 on the 1999 SAT math).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For those homeschoolers who do pursue higher education, their GPA tends to be higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cogan (2010) found that homeschooled students at a doctoral program had higher high school GPAs (3.74) and transfer GPAs (3.65) than conventional students.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snyder (2013) provided corroborating evidence that homeschoolers at a Catholic university were outperforming their peers in the areas of standardized tests and overall GPAs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limited amount of data exists that homeschoolers in college were much less likely than their peers to pursue degrees in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> topics, and more likely to pursue creative degrees, which may be attributed to the "math gap" discussed above.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence from 2009 that home-educated children in the UK are more likely to be <a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">NEET</a>, Not in Employment, Education or Training, at age 16 to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-HoC_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its qualitative nature and reliance on parental or self-assessment, the social outcomes of homeschooling are challenging to determine, despite being a major criticism of homeschooling as a phenomenon, and the quality of existing studies on this topic is poor, due to subject-typical problems with demographic bias.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>Homeschooled children have been found to score higher than average in <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a>, a metric correlated to positive social outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NHERI researcher Richard G. Medlin found that homeschooled children sampled from Christian homeschool co-ops self-reported higher in cooperation, assertiveness, empathy, and self-control than a random sample of children attending public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the social connections of homeschooled children found that homeschoolers had an equal number of social connections as their peers, but that those connections had a larger range of ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of studies on the topic found that while homeschoolers were slightly more likely to report feelings of social isolation and be less peer-oriented, this may have fostered a greater sense of independence and self-determination as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homeschooled youth are less likely to use illicit substances and are more likely to disapprove of using alcohol and marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a large proportion of parents cited religion as their primary reason for homeschooling, a 2008 survey found that homeschooling had no effect on the religious behavior or affiliation of children, with parents holding the same degree of influence over their children regardless of their schooling method.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homeschooled students are more likely to vote than average, and homeschooled families were found to be more politically involved than those who did not homeschool.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_abuse_and_neglect">Child abuse and neglect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Child abuse and neglect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some studies suggest homeschooled children are less likely to experience <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> than children in public schools, while others find no or mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death by abuse of homeschooled <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autistic</a> teen Matthew Tirado, a Connecticut study was done to investigate the prevalence of neglect and abuse among homeschooled families. It found that 38% of children withdrawn from school to be homeschooled lived in families with one or more reports of abuse or neglect to the Department of Children and Families.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, homeschool lobbyists defeated a proposed <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> law which would have required parents to be run against a <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">child abuse registry</a> before being allowed to homeschool their children.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, only two states, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, prevent convicted child abusers and sex offenders from homeschooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research on the long-term outcomes of homeschooled adults is severely lacking. An HSLDA survey, distributed by <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical christian">Evangelical Christian</a> homeschooling networks, found extremely positive outcomes for homeschooled adults. A random survey of religious young adults found that those who were homeschooled got married younger, had fewer children, and divorced more frequently other religious adults, controlled for background variables. The homeschool cohort reported lower SAT scores, less time in college, and higher rates of feeling helplessness about life and lack of direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a survey of homeschooled adults, the majority of respondents reported satisfaction with their homeschool experience, although some factors were strongly correlated with lower satisfaction in various areas. For instance, those who were offered fewer opportunities to socialize with peers reported significantly lower preparedness for adult life, and those who reported their parents as <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalists</a> reported higher rates of abuse and lower quality of academic instruction. The prevalence of mental health problems was roughly on par with the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_and_prevalence">Legality and prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legality and prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">Homeschooling international status and statistics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_towards_homeschooling">Attitudes towards homeschooling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards homeschooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organizations of teachers and school districts resist homeschooling. The <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Association" title="National Education Association">National Education Association</a>, a United States <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">teachers' union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a>, has asserted that teachers should be licensed and that state-approved curricula should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bartholet" title="Elizabeth Bartholet">Elizabeth Bartholet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> professor of law and faculty director of the Law School's Child Advocacy Program, recommended a ban on home education in 2019, calling it a risky practice.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallup polls of American voters showed a significant change in attitude from 1985 to 2001, with respondents going from 73% opposed to homeschooling to 54% opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, when asked whether parents should have a right to choose homeschooling, 53 percent thought that they should, as revealed by another poll.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bartholet" title="Elizabeth Bartholet">Elizabeth Bartholet</a> stated that homeschooling reduces a child's exposure to <a href="/wiki/Mandated_reporter" title="Mandated reporter">mandated reporters</a> such as teachers, making children more susceptible to sustained, unreported abuse, and recommended that homeschooling be presumptively banned.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is not enough data to determine exact rates of abuse in homeschooling there is, however, strong evidence to suggest that parents who engage in maltreatment and educational neglect are more likely to use homeschooling as a guise.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reich" title="Rob Reich">Rob Reich</a> speculated in <i>The Civic Perils of Homeschooling</i> (2002) that homeschooling could threaten to "insulate students from exposure to diverse ideas and people."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">Homeschooling international status and statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">Home education in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association" title="Home School Legal Defense Association">Home School Legal Defense Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_alternative_education_in_India" title="Homeschooling and alternative education in India">Homeschooling and alternative education in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_distance_education_in_Australia" title="Homeschooling and distance education in Australia">Homeschooling and distance education in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">Homeschooling in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_New_Zealand" title="Homeschooling in New Zealand">Homeschooling in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_South_Africa" title="Homeschooling in South Africa">Homeschooling in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">Homeschooling in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_learning" title="Informal learning">Informal learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homeschooling_programmes" title="List of homeschooling programmes">List of homeschooling programmes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112855/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf">"Elective home education—Guidelines for local authorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. gov.uk. Section 1.2, page 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288135/guidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elective+home+education%E2%80%94Guidelines+for+local+authorities&rft.pages=Section+1.2%2C+page+3&rft.pub=gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F288135%2Fguidelines_for_las_on_elective_home_educationsecondrevisev2_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valiente2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valiente2022_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValienteSpinradRayEisenberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Valiente, Carlos; Spinrad, Tracy L.; Ray, Brian D.; Eisenberg, Nancy; Ruof, Ariana (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdep.12441">"Homeschooling: What do we know and what do we need to learn?"</a>. <i>Child Development Perspectives</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcdep.12441">10.1111/cdep.12441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-8592">1750-8592</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Homeschooling%3A+What+do+we+know+and+what+do+we+need+to+learn%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcdep.12441&rft.issn=1750-8592&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Spinrad%2C+Tracy+L.&rft.au=Ray%2C+Brian+D.&rft.au=Eisenberg%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Ruof%2C+Ariana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fcdep.12441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothermel2015" class="citation book cs1">Rothermel, Paula (20 March 2015). <i>International perspectives on home education : do we still need schools?</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137446848" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137446848"><bdi>978-1137446848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+perspectives+on+home+education+%3A+do+we+still+need+schools%3F&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1137446848&rft.aulast=Rothermel&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhopal_&_Myers2018" class="citation book cs1">Bhopal & Myers, Kalwant, Martin (2018-05-02). <i>Home schooling and home education : race, class and inequality</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138651340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138651340"><bdi>978-1138651340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+schooling+and+home+education+%3A+race%2C+class+and+inequality&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1138651340&rft.aulast=Bhopal+%26+Myers&rft.aufirst=Kalwant%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoDL-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoDL_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoDL_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Distefano, K. E. Rudestam, R. J. Silverman (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC">Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNPSlDHFxcC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2016-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p221) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-2451-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-2451-5">0-7619-2451-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyerPeters2019" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, James G.; Peters, Shawn F. (2019). <i>Homeschooling: The History and Philosophy of a Controversial Practice</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226627250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226627250"><bdi>978-0226627250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeschooling%3A+The+History+and+Philosophy+of+a+Controversial+Practice&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0226627250&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Shawn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Alternative_Education-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Alternative_Education_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm">"History of Alternative Education in the United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031714/http://www.quaqua.org/utah.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Alternative+Education+in+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaqua.org%2Futah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelton1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welton, James (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Education"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Education">"Education" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">951–</span>989, see page 959, fourth para, last line. <q>But the total results were not great; the mass of the people in every European country remained without schooling throughout the 18th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E989%2C+see+page+959%2C+fourth+para%2C+last+line&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Welton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCvrcekZajicek2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cvrcek, Tomas; Zajicek, Miroslav (2019-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-018-0180-6">"The rise of public schooling in nineteenth-century Imperial Austria: Who gained and who paid?"</a>. <i>Cliometrica</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-018-0180-6">10.1007/s11698-018-0180-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1863-2513">1863-2513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cliometrica&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+public+schooling+in+nineteenth-century+Imperial+Austria%3A+Who+gained+and+who+paid%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11698-018-0180-6&rft.issn=1863-2513&rft.aulast=Cvrcek&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft.au=Zajicek%2C+Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11698-018-0180-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2007" class="citation web cs1">Edgar, William (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404033004/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony">"The Passing of R. J. Rushdoony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/the-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony">the original</a> on April 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+R.+J.+Rushdoony&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2Fthe-passing-of-r-j-rushdoony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonGibsonKoenigsMaurer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Jean; Gibson, Ian; Koenigs, Andrew; Maurer, Michael; Whitterhouse, Gladys; Stockton, Charles; Taylor, Mary Jo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jthought.42.3-4.71">"Resisting Bureaucracy: A Case Study of Home Schooling"</a>. <i>Journal of Thought</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jthought.42.3-4.71">jthought.42.3-4.71</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thought&rft.atitle=Resisting+Bureaucracy%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Home+Schooling&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjthought.42.3-4.71%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Koenigs%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Whitterhouse%2C+Gladys&rft.au=Stockton%2C+Charles&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjthought.42.3-4.71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonMeckler2023" class="citation news cs1">Jamison, Peter; Meckler, Laura (2023-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/28/homeschooling-regulation-esa-school-choice/">"Home-schoolers dismantled state oversight. Now they fear pushback"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Home-schoolers+dismantled+state+oversight.+Now+they+fear+pushback.&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Meckler%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2023%2F12%2F28%2Fhomeschooling-regulation-esa-school-choice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Talbot, Margaret (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/11/the-new-counterculture/302341/">"The New Counterculture"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+New+Counterculture&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2001%2F11%2Fthe-new-counterculture%2F302341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Riley, Gina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/intesociscierevi.90.2.02">"Differences in Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness between Home Educated and Traditionally Educated Young Adults"</a>. <i>International Social Science Review</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Differences+in+Competence%2C+Autonomy%2C+and+Relatedness+between+Home+Educated+and+Traditionally+Educated+Young+Adults&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fintesociscierevi.90.2.02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaither2024" class="citation web cs1">Gaither, Milton (8 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Holt">"John Holt"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+Holt&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft.aulast=Gaither&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanes" class="citation magazine cs1">Hanes, Stephanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2016/0214/Free-range-education-Why-the-unschooling-movement-is-growing">"Free-range education: Why the unschooling movement is growing"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Free-range+education%3A+Why+the+unschooling+movement+is+growing&rft.aulast=Hanes&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FEducation%2F2016%2F0214%2FFree-range-education-Why-the-unschooling-movement-is-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStock2023" class="citation web cs1">Stock, Wolfgang (2023-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cne.news/article/3843-column-from-germany-why-homeschooling-is-unnecessary-in-germany">"Column from Germany: Why homeschooling is unnecessary in Germany"</a>. <i>Christian Network Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Network+Europe&rft.atitle=Column+from+Germany%3A+Why+homeschooling+is+unnecessary+in+Germany&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcne.news%2Farticle%2F3843-column-from-germany-why-homeschooling-is-unnecessary-in-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks2022" class="citation web cs1">Hanks, Jane (2022-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connexionfrance.com/practical/how-does-private-education-and-home-schooling-work-in-france/167766">"How does private education and home-schooling work in France?"</a>. <i>www.connexionfrance.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.connexionfrance.com&rft.atitle=How+does+private+education+and+home-schooling+work+in+France%3F&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connexionfrance.com%2Fpractical%2Fhow-does-private-education-and-home-schooling-work-in-france%2F167766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cne.news/article/3627-france-restricts-rights-of-homeschooling-children">"France restricts rights of homeschooling children"</a>. <i>Christian Network Europe</i>. 2023-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Network+Europe&rft.atitle=France+restricts+rights+of+homeschooling+children&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcne.news%2Farticle%2F3627-france-restricts-rights-of-homeschooling-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeo2022" class="citation cs2">Seo, Deokhee (2022), Lee, Wing On; Brown, Phillip; Goodwin, A. Lin; Green, Andy (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_4-1">"Homeschooling in Asian Countries in Terms of Law, Tradition, and Habitus"</a>, <i>International Handbook on Education Development in Asia-Pacific</i>, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-2327-1_4-1">10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_4-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2327-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2327-1"><bdi>978-981-16-2327-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Handbook+on+Education+Development+in+Asia-Pacific&rft.atitle=Homeschooling+in+Asian+Countries+in+Terms+of+Law%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Habitus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-2327-1_4-1&rft.isbn=978-981-16-2327-1&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=Deokhee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-2327-1_4-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonMecklerGordyMorse" class="citation news cs1">Jamison, Peter; Meckler, Laura; Gordy, Prayag; Morse, Clara Ence; Alcantara, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/interactive/2023/homeschooling-growth-data-by-district/">"Home schooling's rise from fringe to fastest-growing form of education"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Home+schooling%27s+rise+from+fringe+to+fastest-growing+form+of+education&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Meckler%2C+Laura&rft.au=Gordy%2C+Prayag&rft.au=Morse%2C+Clara+Ence&rft.au=Alcantara%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2Finteractive%2F2023%2Fhomeschooling-growth-data-by-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ies2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ies2007_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2024/2024113.pdf">Parent and Family Involvement in Education: 2023</a> National Household Education Surveys Program, U.S. Department of Education. September 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110834/https://modernhomeschoolfamily.com/2016/05/31/why-the-homeschool-movement-is-growing/">"Why The Homeschool Movement Is Growing"</a>. <i>Modern Homeschool Family</i>. 2016-05-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernhomeschoolfamily.com/2016/05/31/why-the-homeschool-movement-is-growing/">the original</a> on 2020-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Homeschool+Family&rft.atitle=Why+The+Homeschool+Movement+Is+Growing&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernhomeschoolfamily.com%2F2016%2F05%2F31%2Fwhy-the-homeschool-movement-is-growing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reasons_Parents_Homeschool_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504234438/http://www.responsiblehomeschooling.org/homeschooling-101/reasons-parents-homeschool/">"Reasons Parents Homeschool"</a>. <i>Coalition for Responsible Home Education</i>. 2013-09-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.responsiblehomeschooling.org/homeschooling-101/reasons-parents-homeschool/">the original</a> on 2016-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Home+Education&rft.atitle=Reasons+Parents+Homeschool&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.responsiblehomeschooling.org%2Fhomeschooling-101%2Freasons-parents-homeschool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setonmagazine.com/latest-articles/no-regrets-homeschooling-for-medical-reasons">"No Regrets: Homeschooling for Medical Reasons"</a>. 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Regrets%3A+Homeschooling+for+Medical+Reasons&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setonmagazine.com%2Flatest-articles%2Fno-regrets-homeschooling-for-medical-reasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/record-numbers-of-children-are-now-homeschooled-but-whos-keeping-an-eye-on-the-parents-88449">"Record numbers of children are now homeschooled, but who's keeping an eye on the parents?"</a>. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032834/http://theconversation.com/record-numbers-of-children-are-now-homeschooled-but-whos-keeping-an-eye-on-the-parents-88449">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+numbers+of+children+are+now+homeschooled%2C+but+who%27s+keeping+an+eye+on+the+parents%3F&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frecord-numbers-of-children-are-now-homeschooled-but-whos-keeping-an-eye-on-the-parents-88449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/sep/10/10-good-reasons-to-home-school-your-child">"10 good reasons to home school your child"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2016-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=10+good+reasons+to+home+school+your+child&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fsep%2F10%2F10-good-reasons-to-home-school-your-child&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecklerJamisonGuskinClement2023" class="citation news cs1">Meckler, Laura; Jamison, Peter; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (2023-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230929164533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/09/26/home-schooling-vs-public-school-poll/">"Home schooling today is less religious and more diverse, poll finds"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/09/26/home-schooling-vs-public-school-poll/">the original</a> on 2023-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Home+schooling+today+is+less+religious+and+more+diverse%2C+poll+finds&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Jamison%2C+Peter&rft.au=Guskin%2C+Emily&rft.au=Clement%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2023%2F09%2F26%2Fhome-schooling-vs-public-school-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2021/02/22/covid-19-has-persuaded-some-parents-that-home-schooling-is-better">"Covid-19 has persuaded some parents that home-schooling is better"</a>. <i>the Economist</i>. 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Economist&rft.atitle=Covid-19+has+persuaded+some+parents+that+home-schooling+is+better&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2021%2F02%2F22%2Fcovid-19-has-persuaded-some-parents-that-home-schooling-is-better&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trendyone.de/news/homeschooling-co-als-alternative">"Homeschooling & Co. als Alternative?"</a>. <i>www.trendyone.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trendyone.de&rft.atitle=Homeschooling+%26+Co.+als+Alternative%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trendyone.de%2Fnews%2Fhomeschooling-co-als-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrummenacher2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krummenacher, Jörg (2019-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/immer-mehr-eltern-unterrichten-ihre-kinder-privat-ld.1508446">"Aus Misstrauen gegenüber dem Staat: Immer mehr Eltern unterrichten ihre Kinder privat"</a>. <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Aus+Misstrauen+gegen%C3%BCber+dem+Staat%3A+Immer+mehr+Eltern+unterrichten+ihre+Kinder+privat&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft.aulast=Krummenacher&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fschweiz%2Fimmer-mehr-eltern-unterrichten-ihre-kinder-privat-ld.1508446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWELT2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WELT (2016-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/karriere/article160311421/Lernen-ohne-Schule-ohne-Noten-ohne-Lehrer.html">"Unschooling: Lernen ohne Schule, ohne Noten, ohne Lehrer"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Unschooling%3A+Lernen+ohne+Schule%2C+ohne+Noten%2C+ohne+Lehrer&rft.date=2016-11-13&rft.au=WELT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fkarriere%2Farticle160311421%2FLernen-ohne-Schule-ohne-Noten-ohne-Lehrer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller2018" class="citation web cs1">Weller, Chris (2018-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/reasons-homeschooling-is-the-smartest-way-to-teach-kids-today-2018-1">"Homeschooling could be the smartest way to teach kids in the 21st century — here are 5 reasons why"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Homeschooling+could+be+the+smartest+way+to+teach+kids+in+the+21st+century+%E2%80%94+here+are+5+reasons+why&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Freasons-homeschooling-is-the-smartest-way-to-teach-kids-today-2018-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calverteducation.com/should-i-homeschool/top-5-reasons-parents-homeschool-kids">"Top 5 Reasons Why Parents Homeschool Their Kids"</a>. <i>Calvert Education</i>. 2016-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calvert+Education&rft.atitle=Top+5+Reasons+Why+Parents+Homeschool+Their+Kids&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calverteducation.com%2Fshould-i-homeschool%2Ftop-5-reasons-parents-homeschool-kids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/homeschooled-students-wel_n_1562425">"Why Homeschooled Teens Are Ahead of the Game for College"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. 2012-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Why+Homeschooled+Teens+Are+Ahead+of+the+Game+for+College&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fhomeschooled-students-wel_n_1562425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setonmagazine.com/latest-articles/where-did-this-kid-come-from-homeschooling-by-the-temperaments">"Where Did This Kid Come From? Homeschooling by the Temperaments - Seton Magazine"</a>. 2020-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Did+This+Kid+Come+From%3F+Homeschooling+by+the+Temperaments+-+Seton+Magazine&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setonmagazine.com%2Flatest-articles%2Fwhere-did-this-kid-come-from-homeschooling-by-the-temperaments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblehomeschooling.org/haro-survey-installment-5/">"HARO Survey, Installment 5"</a>. <i>Coalition for Responsible Home Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Home+Education&rft.atitle=HARO+Survey%2C+Installment+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresponsiblehomeschooling.org%2Fharo-survey-installment-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Melinda D. (2018-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/05/black-homeschooling/560636/">"The Radical Self-Reliance of Black Homeschooling"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064414/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/05/black-homeschooling/560636/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Self-Reliance+of+Black+Homeschooling&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Melinda+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2018%2F05%2Fblack-homeschooling%2F560636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalingitRabinowitz2021" class="citation news cs1">Balingit, Moriah; Rabinowitz, Kate (2021-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/07/27/pandemic-homeschool-black-asian-hispanic-families/">"Home schooling exploded among Black, Asian and Latino students. But it wasn't just the pandemic"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Home+schooling+exploded+among+Black%2C+Asian+and+Latino+students.+But+it+wasn%27t+just+the+pandemic.&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Balingit&rft.aufirst=Moriah&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2021%2F07%2F27%2Fpandemic-homeschool-black-asian-hispanic-families%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeckler2023" class="citation news cs1">Meckler, Laura (2023-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/02/02/ohio-officials-are-investigating-pro-nazi-home-schoolers/">"Ohio officials are investigating pro-Nazi home-schoolers"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ohio+officials+are+investigating+pro-Nazi+home-schoolers&rft.date=2023-02-04&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fohio-officials-are-investigating-pro-nazi-home-schoolers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Homeschool." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2015. Web. 3 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool">Dictionary.reference.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302144400/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homeschool">Archived</a> 2016-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Tyler (2014-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noodle.com/articles/how-is-unschooling-different-from-homeschooling">"How Is Unschooling Different From Homeschooling?"</a>. <i>www.noodle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.noodle.com&rft.atitle=How+Is+Unschooling+Different+From+Homeschooling%3F&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noodle.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-is-unschooling-different-from-homeschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/">"What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education"</a>. <i>Parents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parents&rft.atitle=What+Is+Unschooling%3F+A+Parents+Guide+to+Child-Led+Home+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parents.com%2Fkids%2Feducation%2Fhome-schooling%2Fwhat-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061217/https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474">"Unschooling - letting children grow up without school or teachers"</a>. <i>dpa International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474">the original</a> on 2022-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dpa+International&rft.atitle=Unschooling+-+letting+children+grow+up+without+school+or+teachers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpa-international.com%2Ftopic%2Funschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%253Anewsml%253Adpa.com%253A20090101%253A161024-99-923474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224021627/https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html">"What is Unschooling?"</a>. <i>www.educationcorner.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educationcorner.com/what-is-unschooling.html">the original</a> on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.educationcorner.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Unschooling%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationcorner.com%2Fwhat-is-unschooling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infed.org/informal-learning-home-education-and-homeschooling-home-schooling/">"Informal learning, home education and homeschooling (home schooling)"</a>. YMCA George Williams College. 2013-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informal+learning%2C+home+education+and+homeschooling+%28home+schooling%29&rft.pub=YMCA+George+Williams+College&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfed.org%2Finformal-learning-home-education-and-homeschooling-home-schooling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerhomeschool.org/articles/top-reasons-for-homeschooling/">"Top Reasons Parents Switch to Homeschool"</a>. powerhomeschool.org. 2023-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Reasons+Parents+Switch+to+Homeschool&rft.pub=powerhomeschool.org&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerhomeschool.org%2Farticles%2Ftop-reasons-for-homeschooling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707155717/https://www.homeschool.com/Approaches/SchoolAtHome.asp">"Homeschooling Approaches - School-at-Home"</a>. <i>www.homeschool.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeschool.com/Approaches/SchoolAtHome.asp">the original</a> on 2017-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.homeschool.com&rft.atitle=Homeschooling+Approaches+-+School-at-Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeschool.com%2FApproaches%2FSchoolAtHome.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCES-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCES_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCES_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/homeschool/index.asp">"Homeschooling in the United States: 2003 - Executive Summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200100/http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/homeschool/index.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeschooling+in+the+United+States%3A+2003+-+Executive+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fpubs2006%2Fhomeschool%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSLDA-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSLDA_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422230903/http://www.hslda.org/hs/state/default.asp">"HSLDA - Home Schooling-State"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hslda.org/hs/state/default.asp">the original</a> on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HSLDA+-+Home+Schooling-State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hslda.org%2Fhs%2Fstate%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-ChangGould&_Meuse2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martin-Chang, S.; Gould, O. N.; & Meuse, R. E. (2011). "The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from homeschooled and traditionally schooled students". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Behavioural_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science">Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0022697">10.1037/a0022697</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/878227015">878227015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Behavioural+Science&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+schooling+on+academic+achievement%3A+Evidence+from+homeschooled+and+traditionally+schooled+students&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0022697&rft.aulast=Martin-Chang&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Gould%2C+O.+N.&rft.au=%26+Meuse%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kwmzdt-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kwmzdt_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920222451/http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html">"A Conversation with John Holt - The Natural Child Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/marlene_bumgarner.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Conversation+with+John+Holt+-+The+Natural+Child+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalchild.org%2Fguest%2Fmarlene_bumgarner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gray, Peter (April 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919061756/http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80">"Self-Directed Education—Unschooling and Democratic Schooling"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264093.013.80">10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190264093" title="Special:BookSources/9780190264093"><bdi>9780190264093</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-80">the original</a> on September 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self-Directed+Education%E2%80%94Unschooling+and+Democratic+Schooling&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Education&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264093.013.80&rft.isbn=9780190264093&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.oxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264093.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190264093-e-80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Taylor Gatto, <i>Weapons of Mass Instruction</i> (Odysseus Group, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2006" class="citation journal cs1">Livingstone, D. W. (2006). "Informal Learning: Conceptual Distinctions and Preliminary Findings". <i>Counterpoints</i>. <b>249</b>: <span class="nowrap">203–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42979596">42979596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Counterpoints&rft.atitle=Informal+Learning%3A+Conceptual+Distinctions+and+Preliminary+Findings&rft.volume=249&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42979596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordHeatonHeslopKixmiller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth Outlaw; Heaton, Emily T.; Heslop, Karen; Kixmiller, Kassandra (2009). "Science Learning at Home Involving Families". <i>YC Young Children</i>. <b>64</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731048">42731048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YC+Young+Children&rft.atitle=Science+Learning+at+Home+Involving+Families&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42731048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Outlaw&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Emily+T.&rft.au=Heslop%2C+Karen&rft.au=Kixmiller%2C+Kassandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bolin, Inge (November 2006). "Growing up in a Culture of Respect: Child Rearing in Highland Peru". <i>Journal of Latin American Anthropology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjlca.2006.11.2.430">10.1525/jlca.2006.11.2.430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-7052">1085-7052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Growing+up+in+a+Culture+of+Respect%3A+Child+Rearing+in+Highland+Peru&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjlca.2006.11.2.430&rft.issn=1085-7052&rft.aulast=Bolin&rft.aufirst=Inge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegareSobelCallanan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Legare, Cristine H.; Sobel, David M.; Callanan, Maureen (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10409598">"Causal learning is collaborative: Examining explanation and exploration in social contexts"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>24</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1548–</span>1554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-017-1351-3">10.3758/s13423-017-1351-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-5320">1531-5320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10409598">10409598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744768">28744768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Causal+learning+is+collaborative%3A+Examining+explanation+and+exploration+in+social+contexts&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1548-%3C%2Fspan%3E1554&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10409598%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1531-5320&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28744768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fs13423-017-1351-3&rft.aulast=Legare&rft.aufirst=Cristine+H.&rft.au=Sobel%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Callanan%2C+Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10409598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandle1997" class="citation journal cs1">Randle, Inga (1997). "The measure of success: Integrated Thematic Instruction". <i>The Clearing House</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00098659709599331">10.1080/00098659709599331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Clearing+House&rft.atitle=The+measure+of+success%3A+Integrated+Thematic+Instruction&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00098659709599331&rft.aulast=Randle&rft.aufirst=Inga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._W._Chiu2012" class="citation journal cs1">L. W. Chiu, Hazel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144127/https://sisaljournal.org/archives/sep12/chiu/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=f5309b4960">"Supporting the development of autonomous learning skills in reading and writing in an independent language learning centre"</a>. <i>Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>272. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sisaljournal.org/archives/sep12/chiu/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=f5309b4960">the original</a> on 2016-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Self-Access+Learning+Journal&rft.atitle=Supporting+the+development+of+autonomous+learning+skills+in+reading+and+writing+in+an+independent+language+learning+centre.&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=L.+W.+Chiu&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsisaljournal.org%2Farchives%2Fsep12%2Fchiu%2F%3Flike%3D1%26source%3Dpost_flair%26_wpnonce%3Df5309b4960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edchoice.org/engage/can-hybrid-home-schooling-cross-the-chasm/">"Can Hybrid Home Schooling "Cross the Chasm?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>EdChoice</i>. 2019-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EdChoice&rft.atitle=Can+Hybrid+Home+Schooling+%22Cross+the+Chasm%3F%22&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edchoice.org%2Fengage%2Fcan-hybrid-home-schooling-cross-the-chasm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusaddiqStrangeBacher-HicksGoodman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Musaddiq, Tareena; Strange, Kevin; Bacher-Hicks, Andrew; Goodman, Joshua (2022). "The Pandemic's Effect on Demand for Public Schools, Homeschooling, and Private Schools". <i>The Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>212</b>: 104710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2022.104710">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104710</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F245479">10419/245479</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Pandemic%27s+Effect+on+Demand+for+Public+Schools%2C+Homeschooling%2C+and+Private+Schools&rft.volume=212&rft.pages=104710&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F245479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2022.104710&rft.aulast=Musaddiq&rft.aufirst=Tareena&rft.au=Strange%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Bacher-Hicks%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz2020" class="citation news cs1">Lenz, Lyz (2020-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/parenting/homeschool-siblings.html">"A Family Looks Back on Their Hybrid Home-School Experience"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Family+Looks+Back+on+Their+Hybrid+Home-School+Experience&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Lyz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Fparenting%2Fhomeschool-siblings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001004459/http://californiahomeschool.net/howTo/highSchool.htm">"CHN - Homeschool FAQ"</a>. <i>californiahomeschool.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://californiahomeschool.net/howTo/highSchool.htm">the original</a> on 2016-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=californiahomeschool.net&rft.atitle=CHN+-+Homeschool+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniahomeschool.net%2FhowTo%2FhighSchool.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nheri.org/homeschool-technology-and-online-communication/">"Homeschool Technology and Online Communication - National Home Education Research Institute"</a>. <i>National Home Education Research Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Home+Education+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Homeschool+Technology+and+Online+Communication+-+National+Home+Education+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nheri.org%2Fhomeschool-technology-and-online-communication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzmanGaither2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kunzman, Robert; Gaither, Milton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133705/http://giftedhomeschoolers.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/10-219-1-PB.pdf">"Homeschooling: A Comprehensive Survey of the Research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Educational Alternatives</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giftedhomeschoolers.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/10-219-1-PB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Educational+Alternatives&rft.atitle=Homeschooling%3A+A+Comprehensive+Survey+of+the+Research&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kunzman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gaither%2C+Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiftedhomeschoolers.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2F10-219-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeckler2023" class="citation news cs1">Meckler, Laura (11 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240924210925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/11/brian-ray-homeschool-student-outcomes/">"How a true believer's flawed research helped legitimize home schooling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/11/brian-ray-homeschool-student-outcomes/">the original</a> on 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+a+true+believer%27s+flawed+research+helped+legitimize+home+schooling&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2023%2F12%2F11%2Fbrian-ray-homeschool-student-outcomes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoC-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoC_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoC_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongDanechi2022" class="citation web cs1">Long, Robert; Danechi, Shadi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05108/SN05108.pdf">"Home education in England: Research Briefing 05108"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. House of Commons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+education+in+England%3A+Research+Briefing+05108&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Danechi%2C+Shadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FSN05108%2FSN05108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, Brian. (2010). Academic achievement and demographic traits of homeschool students: a nationwide study. <i>Academic Leadership Live: The Online Journal</i>, 8(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCRHE2020" class="citation web cs1">CRHE (2020-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblehomeschooling.org/advocacy-group-releases-groundbreaking-study-on-homeschooling-outcomes/">"Advocacy Group Releases Groundbreaking Study on Homeschooling Outcomes"</a>. <i>Coalition for Responsible Home Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Home+Education&rft.atitle=Advocacy+Group+Releases+Groundbreaking+Study+on+Homeschooling+Outcomes&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft.au=CRHE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresponsiblehomeschooling.org%2Fadvocacy-group-releases-groundbreaking-study-on-homeschooling-outcomes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-Chang-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin-Chang_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-ChangGould,_O.N.Meuse,_R.E.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Martin-Chang, Sandra; Gould, O.N.; Meuse, R.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212220421/http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html">"The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0022697">10.1037/a0022697</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdh.concordia.ca/researchers/Sandra_Martin-Chang.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Behavioural+Science&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+schooling+on+academic+achievement%3A+Evidence+from+home-schooled+and+traditionally-schooled+students&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0022697&rft.aulast=Martin-Chang&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Gould%2C+O.N.&rft.au=Meuse%2C+R.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrdh.concordia.ca%2Fresearchers%2FSandra_Martin-Chang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_72-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2014" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Rachel (2014-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblehomeschooling.org/the-homeschool-math-gap/">"The Homeschool Math Gap: The Data"</a>. <i>Coalition for Responsible Home Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Home+Education&rft.atitle=The+Homeschool+Math+Gap%3A+The+Data&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresponsiblehomeschooling.org%2Fthe-homeschool-math-gap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wichers, M. (2001). Homeschooling: adventitious or detrimental for proficiency in higher education. <i>Education</i>, 122, 145–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentucky_Office_of_Education_Accountability" class="citation web cs1">Kentucky Office of Education Accountability. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/lrc/publications/ResearchReports/RR454.pdf">"Homeschooling in Kentucky"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeschooling+in+Kentucky&rft.au=Kentucky+Office+of+Education+Accountability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.legislature.ky.gov%2Flrc%2Fpublications%2FResearchReports%2FRR454.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homeschool Legal Defense Association. "Academic Statistics on Homeschooling." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp">Hslda.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409185326/http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp">Archived</a> 2005-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Golden2000" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Golden (11 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118013315/http://www.oakmeadow.com/resources/articles/WSJArticle.htm">"Home-Schooled Kids Defy Stereotypes, Ace SAT Test"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oakmeadow.com/resources/articles/WSJArticle.htm">the original</a> on January 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Home-Schooled+Kids+Defy+Stereotypes%2C+Ace+SAT+Test&rft.date=2000-02-11&rft.au=Daniel+Golden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oakmeadow.com%2Fresources%2Farticles%2FWSJArticle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogan, F. (2010). Exploring academic outcomes of homeschooled students. <i>Journal of College Admission</i>, 208, 18–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, Marc. (2013). An evaluative study of the academic achievement of homeschooled students versus traditionally schooled students attending a Catholic university. <i>Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice March</i>, 16, 288–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/726/">Self-Concept in home-schooling children</a>, John Wesley Taylor V, Ph.D., Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Medlin, Richard G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED573486.pdf">"Homeschooled Children's Social Skills"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Home School Researcher</i>. <b>17</b> (1). National Home Education Research Institute: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8 – via ERIC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Home+School+Researcher&rft.atitle=Homeschooled+Children%27s+Social+Skills&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Medlin&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED573486.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughnSalas-WrightKremerMaynard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughn, Michael G.; Salas-Wright, Christopher P.; Kremer, Kristen P.; Maynard, Brandy R.; Roberts, Greg; Vaughn, Sharon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4652803">"Are homeschooled adolescents less likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs?"</a>. <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>. <b>155</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.08.010">10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4652803">4652803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26338482">26338482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+and+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.atitle=Are+homeschooled+adolescents+less+likely+to+use+alcohol%2C+tobacco%2C+and+other+drugs%3F&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4652803%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26338482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugalcdep.2015.08.010&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft.au=Salas-Wright%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Kristen+P.&rft.au=Maynard%2C+Brandy+R.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Greg&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4652803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nheri.org/child-abuse-and-neglect-fatalities-not-correlated-with-homeschooling/">"Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities Not Correlated with Homeschooling"</a>. <i>National Home Education Research Institute</i>. 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Home+Education+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect+Fatalities+Not+Correlated+with+Homeschooling&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nheri.org%2Fchild-abuse-and-neglect-fatalities-not-correlated-with-homeschooling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Child_Advocate_of_the_State_of_Connecticut2018" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Child Advocate of the State of Connecticut (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/oca/ocamemohomeschooling4252018pdf.pdf">"Examining Connecticut's Safety Net for Children Withdrawn from School for the Purpose of Homeschooling—Supplemental Investigation To OCA's December 12 2017 Report Regarding the Death of Matthew Tirado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>State of Connecticut</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+Connecticut&rft.atitle=Examining+Connecticut%27s+Safety+Net+for+Children+Withdrawn+from+School+for+the+Purpose+of+Homeschooling%E2%80%94Supplemental+Investigation+To+OCA%27s+December+12+2017+Report+Regarding+the+Death+of+Matthew+Tirado&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.au=Office+of+the+Child+Advocate+of+the+State+of+Connecticut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2Foca%2Focamemohomeschooling4252018pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2013" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Michelle (2013-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-sinister-side-of-homeschooling">"The Sinister Side of Homeschooling"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Sinister+Side+of+Homeschooling&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-sinister-side-of-homeschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblehomeschooling.org/research-old/haro-survey/">"The HARO Survey of Homeschool Alumni"</a>. <i>Coalition for Responsible Home Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalition+for+Responsible+Home+Education&rft.atitle=The+HARO+Survey+of+Homeschool+Alumni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresponsiblehomeschooling.org%2Fresearch-old%2Fharo-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLines" class="citation web cs1">Lines, Patricia M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025239/http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource/content2/homeschooling.k12.3.html">"Homeschooling"</a>. Kidsource. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeschooling&rft.pub=Kidsource&rft.aulast=Lines&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kidsource.com%2Fkidsource%2Fcontent2%2Fhomeschooling.k12.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsFeinberg2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Lips, Dan; Feinberg, Evan (2008-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806091432/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/homeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education">"Homeschooling: A Growing Option in American Education"</a>. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeschooling%3A+A+Growing+Option+in+American+Education&rft.pub=Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Lips&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Feinberg%2C+Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2008%2F04%2Fhomeschooling-a-growing-option-in-american-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2020" class="citation news cs1">O'Donnell, Erin (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2020/05/right-now-risks-homeschooling">"The Risks of Homeschooling"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Risks+of+Homeschooling&rft.date=2020-05&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fright-now-risks-homeschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114144844/http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html">"ERIC/CEM - School Choice Discussion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/home_schooling.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ERIC%2FCEM+-+School+Choice+Discussion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feric.uoregon.edu%2Ftrends_issues%2Fchoice%2Fhome_schooling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseAlec_M._GallupStanley_M._Elam1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Lowell C.; Alec M. Gallup; Stanley M. Elam (1997). "The 29th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools". <i>Phi Delta Kappan</i>. 1. <b>79</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=The+29th+Annual+Phi+Delta+Kappa%2FGallup+Poll+of+the+Public%27s+Attitudes+Toward+the+Public+Schools&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lowell+C.&rft.au=Alec+M.+Gallup&rft.au=Stanley+M.+Elam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallupElam_M._Stanley1988" class="citation journal cs1">Gallup, Alec M.; Elam M. Stanley (1988). "The 20th Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools". <i>Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=The+20th+Annual+Gallup+Poll+of+the+Public%27s+Attitudes+Toward+the+Public+Schools&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=Alec+M.&rft.au=Elam+M.+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2013" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Rebecca (2013-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/source/2013/oralpresentations/137">"The Relationship Between Homeschooling and Child Abuse"</a>. <i>Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposium+of+University+Research+and+Creative+Expression+%28SOURCE%29&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+Homeschooling+and+Child+Abuse&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.cwu.edu%2Fsource%2F2013%2Foralpresentations%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reich, Rob. (2002). <i>The Civic Perils of Homeschooling</i>. Educational Leadership. 59(7). p 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascd.org/el/articles/the-civic-perils-of-homeschooling">"The Civic Perils of Homeschooling"</a>. <i>ASCD</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASCD&rft.atitle=The+Civic+Perils+of+Homeschooling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascd.org%2Fel%2Farticles%2Fthe-civic-perils-of-homeschooling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt, John</a> (2004) [1976]. <i>Instead of Education: Ways to Help People Do Things Better</i>. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59181-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59181-009-4"><bdi>978-1-59181-009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instead+of+Education%3A+Ways+to+Help+People+Do+Things+Better&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Sentient+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59181-009-4&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeschooling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/homeschooling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/homeschooling">homeschooling</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homeschooling" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homeschooling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Homeschooling" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-294.html">A history of the modern homeschool movement</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nheri.org/">National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI)</a>. NHERI produces research about homeschooling and sponsors the peer-reviewed academic journal Homeschool Researcher.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/homeschooling">"Homeschooling"</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Farenga" title="Pat Farenga">Pat Farenga</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education" title="Template:Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education" title="Template talk:Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloom%27s_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw" title="n:Portal:Education">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br />→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br /> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br />→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br /> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Education" title="Category:Education">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Education" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Education">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homeschooling270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homeschooling" title="Template:Homeschooling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homeschooling" title="Template talk:Homeschooling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homeschooling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homeschooling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homeschooling270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeschooling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deschooling" title="Deschooling">Deschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#All-in-one_curricula">All-in-one curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschool_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschool cooperative">Homeschool cooperative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Unit_studies">Unit studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Gatto" title="John Taylor Gatto">John Taylor Gatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">John Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Llewellyn" title="Grace Llewellyn">Grace Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Priesnitz" title="Wendy Priesnitz">Wendy Priesnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousas_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas Rushdoony">Rousas Rushdoony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Farenga" title="Pat Farenga">Pat Farenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kowalke" title="Peter Kowalke">Peter Kowalke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics" title="Homeschooling international status and statistics">International status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_distance_education_in_Australia" title="Homeschooling and distance education in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_and_alternative_education_in_India" title="Homeschooling and alternative education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_New_Zealand" title="Homeschooling in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_South_Africa" title="Homeschooling in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Otherwise" title="Education Otherwise">Education Otherwise</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association" title="Home School Legal Defense Association">Home School Legal Defense Association</a> (US)</li> <li>Umbrella school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Home_Education_Exchange" title="Global Home Education Exchange">Global Home Education Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homeschooling_programmes" title="List of homeschooling programmes">List of homeschooling programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-parent_homeschooling" title="Single-parent homeschooling">Single-parent homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and<br />social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1879" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1879" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83602#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Home schooling"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/959374/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hausunterricht"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4121517-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Home schooling"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88002564">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14447510m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14447510m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565169">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="domácí vzdělávání"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119559&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531048">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539262405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077067312">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&oldid=1276118647">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&oldid=1276118647</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homeschooling" title="Category:Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2018">Articles with dead external links from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2024">Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 00:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeschooling&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeschooling</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>52 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-z2pvq","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.452","walltime":"1.709","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35890,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":474002,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20157,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":363916,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1430.035 1 -total"," 37.04% 529.715 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.83% 412.318 1 Template:Education"," 28.66% 409.855 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 18.45% 263.888 8 Template:Navbox"," 15.12% 216.177 40 Template:Cite_web"," 13.68% 195.606 103 Template:Iso2country"," 9.58% 136.998 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 7.04% 100.618 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.55% 93.691 1 Template:Europe_topic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.702","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9588205,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-55c98588c7-878hv","timestamp":"20250217213043","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Homeschooling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homeschooling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83602","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83602","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T07:45:47Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T00:05:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Representation%2C_Punch_Denmark%2C_1889.jpg","headline":"form of education in the home"}</script> </body> </html>