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href="#Other_uses_by_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other uses by language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_by_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritic_underneath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritic_underneath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computer usage</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_ChromeOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Google ChromeOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_ChromeOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Microsoft Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_/_X_Window_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_/_X_Window_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Linux / X Window System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_/_X_Window_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_keys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_keys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Dedicated keys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_keys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Other scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-screen_keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-screen_keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>On-screen keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-screen_keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TeX_and_LaTeX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TeX_and_LaTeX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>TeX and LaTeX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TeX_and_LaTeX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Two dots (diacritic)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema" title="Trema – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trema" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema" title="Trema – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trema" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_puntos_(diacr%C3%ADtico)" title="Dos puntos (diacrítico) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dos puntos (diacrítico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritic that consists of two dots placed over a letter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tréma" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trema_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trema (disambiguation)">Trema</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̈ ◌̤</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Two dots</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̈</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING DIAERESIS</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0324</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̤</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW</span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+07F3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">߳</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script#Non-native_sounds_and_letters" title="N'Ko script">NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.</b> For the meaning of how <span class="nowrap"><code>⟨ ⟩</code>, <code>| |</code>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><code>/ /</code>, and <code>[ ]</code></span> <span class="nowrap">are used here,</span> see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">this page</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">Diacritical marks</a> of <b>two dots</b> <b><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¨</span></b>, placed side-by-side over or under a letter, are used in several languages for several different purposes. The most familiar to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> speakers are the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, though there are numerous others. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ë</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. Such diacritics are also sometimes used for stylistic reasons (as in the family name <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë</a> or the band name <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>). </p><p>In modern computer systems using <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the two-dot diacritics are almost always <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encoded</a> identically, having the same <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00F6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ö</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS</span> represents both <i>o-umlaut</i> and <i>o-diaeresis</i>. Their appearance in print or on screen may vary between <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> but rarely within the same typeface. </p><p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trema" class="extiw" title="wikt:trema">trema</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">tréma</i>), used in linguistics and also <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical scholarship</a>, describes the form of both the umlaut diacritic and the diaeresis rather than their function and is used in those contexts to refer to either. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaeresis">Diaeresis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diaeresis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Diaeresis (diacritic)</a></div> <p>As the "diaeresis" diacritic, it is used to mark the separation of two distinct vowels in adjacent syllables when an instance of <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">diaeresis (or hiatus)</a> occurs, so as to distinguish from a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>. For example, in the obsolete spelling "coöperate", the diaeresis reminded the reader that the word has four syllables <i>co-op-er-ate</i>, not three. It is used in several languages of western and southern Europe, though rarely now in English.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One well-known usage is in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> - the diaeresis is used in naïve, which is commonly spelled in English without the diaeresis. It is, however, obligatory in French, to show that it is pronounced [na.iv] rather than [nev]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umlaut">Umlaut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Umlaut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">Umlaut (diacritic)</a></div> <p>As the "umlaut" diacritic, it indicates a <a href="/wiki/Sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound shift">sound shift</a>  –  also known as <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a> –  in which a <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a> becomes a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a>. It is a specific feature of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and other Germanic languages, affecting the graphemes <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span>, which are modified to <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨äu⟩</span>. </p><p>It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sutterlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutterlin">Sutterlin</a> script, formerly used widely in German handwriting, in which the letter <i>e</i> is formed as two short parallel vertical lines very close together (see under <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin#Characteristics" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin#Characteristics</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stylistic_use">Stylistic use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stylistic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two dot diacritic is also sometimes used for purely stylistic reasons. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë family</a>, whose surname was derived from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Gaelic</a> and had been <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> as "Prunty", or "Brunty": At some point, the father of the sisters, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB" title="Patrick Brontë">Patrick Brontë</a> (born Brunty), decided on the alternative spelling with a diaeresis diacritic over the terminal <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> to indicate that the name had two syllables. </p><p>Similarly the "<a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">metal umlaut</a>" is a diacritic that is sometimes used gratuitously or decoratively over letters in the names of <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> bands – for example, those of <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, and of parody bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Spinal_Tap_(band)" title="Spinal Tap (band)">Spın̈al Tap</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_by_language">Other uses by language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses by language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A double dot is also used as a diacritic in cases where it functions as neither a diaeresis nor an umlaut. In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), a double dot above a letter is used for a <a href="/wiki/Centralization_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization (phonetics)">centralized vowel</a>, a situation more similar to umlaut than to diaeresis. In other languages it is used for vowel length, nasalization, tone, and various other uses where diaeresis or umlaut was available typographically. The IPA uses a double dot below a letter to indicate <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy (murmured) voice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPA_below_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA_below-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> [ə].</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, a double dot is used on <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ï⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> for <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>.</li> <li>In the Basque dialect of Soule, <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span></li> <li>In the DMG romanization of <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ṏ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ṻ⟩</span> represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ̃]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y:]</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a> official orthography, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> is used to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, a diaeresis (e.g. <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">wähine</i></span>) was often used on computers in the past instead of the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> to indicate long vowels, as the diaeresis was relatively easy to produce on many systems, and the macron difficult or impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-macrons_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macrons-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> are <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, though <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, as in German umlaut.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a> (Vanuatu), <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> encode respectively <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a> script, a double dot is used as one of several tone marks.</li> <li>The double dot was used in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a>, which was used to write <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a> alphabets include the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ё⟩</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">yo</a></i>), although replacing it with the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a>⟩</span> without the diacritic is allowed in Russian.</li> <li>Since the 1870s, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ї⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ї⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic letter <i>yi</i></a>) has been used in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a> for <a href="/wiki/Iotated" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated">iotated</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ji]</span>; plain <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a> is not iotated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӥ">ӥ</a> is used for uniotated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, with <a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a> for iotated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ji]</span>.</li> <li>The form <span class="nowrap">⟨ÿ⟩</span> is common in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> handwriting and also occasionally used in printed text – but is a form of <a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">the digraph "ij"</a> rather than a modification of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> use <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="O with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӧ</a>⟩</span> (a Cyrillic O with two dots) for <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span></a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> languages use <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a>⟩</span> to represent <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span></a></li> <li>In the languages of <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Middle-Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-Earth">Middle-Earth</a></i> novels, a diaeresis is used to separate vowels belonging to different syllables (e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a></i>) and on final e to mark it as <i>not</i> a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/Manw%C3%AB_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manwë (Middle-earth)">Manwë</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aul%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulë">Aulë</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orom%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromë">Oromë</a></i>, etc.). (There is no schwa in these languages but Tolkien wanted to make sure that readers wouldn't mistakenly pronounce one when speaking the names aloud.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacaltec" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacaltec">Jacaltec</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> language) and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> are among the very few languages with a double dot on the letter "n"; in both, <a href="/wiki/N%CC%88" title="N̈">n̈</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>, a double dot is also used with the consonant letters <a href="/wiki/%D3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӝ">ӝ</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> (from ж <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>), <a href="/wiki/%D3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӟ">ӟ</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑ]</span> (from з <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʑ]</span>) and <a href="/wiki/%D3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӵ">ӵ</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> (from ч <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span>). </p><p>When distinction is important, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḧ">Ḧ</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẍ">ẍ</a> are used for representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> in the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmanji alphabet">Kurmanji alphabet</a> (which are otherwise represented by "h" and "x"). These sounds are borrowed from Arabic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẅ">Ẅ</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%B8" title="Ÿ">ÿ</a>: <i>Ÿ</i> is generally a vowel, but it is used as the (semi-vowel) consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ]</span> (a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> without the use of the lips) in <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a>. This sound is also found in <a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Tsimshian">Coast Tsimshian</a>, where it is written <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẅ">ẅ</a>. </p><p>A number of languages in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> use double dots on consonants, to represent <a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">linguolabial</a> (or "apicolabial") phonemes in their orthography. Thus <a href="/wiki/Araki_language#Consonants" title="Araki language">Araki</a> contrasts bilabial <i>p</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> with linguolabial <i>p̈</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̼]</span>; bilabial <i>m</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> with linguolabial <i>m̈</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̼]</span>; and bilabial <i>v</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> with linguolabial <i>v̈</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð̼]</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a> uses <span class="nowrap">⟨s̈⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> the letter <a href="/wiki/T%CC%88" title="T̈">ẗ</a> is used in the <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> transliteration for the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81%CA%BE_marb%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāʾ marbūṭah">tāʾ marbūṭah</a> [ة], used to mark feminine gender in nouns and adjectives. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> uses a two dots above a letter, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyame (page does not exist)">Siyame</a>, to indicate that the word should be understood as plural. For instance, <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܒܝܬܐ</span></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">bayta</i></span>) means "house", while <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܒܝ̈ܬܐ</span></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">bayte</i></span>) means "houses". The sign is used especially when no vowel marks are present, which could differentiate between the two forms. Although the origin of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyame (page does not exist)">Siyame</a> is different from that of the diaeresis sign, in modern computer systems both are represented by the same Unicode character. This, however, often leads to wrong rendering of the Syriac text. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a>, used to write the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mandé languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> uses a two-dot diacritic (among others) to represent non-native sounds. The dots are slightly larger than those used for diaeresis or umlaut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diacritic_underneath">Diacritic underneath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diacritic underneath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div> <p>The IPA specifies a "subscript umlaut", for example Hindi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊm̤ar]</span> "potter";<sup id="cite_ref-IPA_below_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPA_below-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a> system provides for its use and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian#Main_romanization_schemes" title="Romanization of Persian">main schemes to romanize Persian</a> (for example, rendering <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>⟩</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨z̤⟩</span>). The notation was used to write some Asian languages in Latin script, for example <a href="/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen</a>. </p><p>The double-dot underneath a vowel is still used in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0ng-u%C3%A2-c%C3%AA" title="Bàng-uâ-cê">Fuzhou romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> to indicate a modified vowel sound; placing the modifier diacritic underneath the vowel letter makes it easier to combine it with tonal diacritics above the letter, as in the word Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ ("Eastern Min language"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Side_dots">Side dots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Side dots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diacritics <b> 〮</b> and <b>〯</b> , known as Bangjeom (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">방점; 傍點</span></span>), were used to mark pitch accents in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a>. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encodings">Computer encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a> generally treats the umlaut and the diaeresis as the same diacritic mark. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> refers to both as diaereses without making any distinction, although the term itself <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaeresis" class="extiw" title="wikt:diaeresis">has a more precise literary meaning</a>. For example, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00F6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ö</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS</span> represents both <i>o-umlaut</i> and <i>o-diaeresis</i>, while similar codes are used to represent all such cases. </p><p>Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with a two dots diacritic" as <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> and these are displayed below. (Unicode uses the term "Diaeresis" for all two-dot diacritics, irrespective of the actual term used for the language in question.) In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining character</a> facility, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̈</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING DIAERESIS</a></span>, that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and are not shown in the table. </p> <div class="nounderlines" style="font-size:160%; padding:.3em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #fafafa); clear:both; color:var(--color-base, black);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Diaeresis <big><span style="font-family: serif">◌̈ ◌̤ </span></big><span class="nowrap">   </span><br /><b>Latin</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä ä</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ǟ ǟ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C%CC%88" title="C̈">C̈ c̈</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ë ë</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï ï</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Ḯ ḯ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J%CC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="J̈">J̈ j̈</a></li><li>K̈ k̈</li><li>L̈ l̈</li><li>M̈ m̈</li><li><a href="/wiki/N-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="N-diaeresis">N̈ n̈</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö ö</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Ȫ ȫ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ǫ̈ ǫ</a>̈</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ṏ ṏ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S%CC%88" title="S̈">S̈ s̈</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/T-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="T-diaeresis">T̈ ẗ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü ü</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ǖ ǖ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ǘ ǘ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ǚ ǚ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ǜ ǜ</a></li><li>Ṳ ṳ</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ṻ ṻ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">ᴞ</a> <br /><b>Greek</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Ϊ ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Ϋ ϋ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">ῢ ΰ ῧ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">ϔ</a><br /><b>Cyrillic</b>:<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/A_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="A with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӓ ӓ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(Cyrillic)" title="Yo (Cyrillic)">Ё ё</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Schwa_with_diaeresis" title="Schwa with diaeresis">Ӛ ӛ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_with_diaeresis" title="Zhe with diaeresis">Ӝ ӝ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ze_with_diaeresis" title="Ze with diaeresis">Ӟ ӟ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="I with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӥ ӥ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Cyrillic)" title="Yi (Cyrillic)">Ї ї</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="O with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӧ ӧ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oe_with_diaeresis" title="Oe with diaeresis">Ӫ ӫ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/U_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="U with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӱ ӱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Che_with_diaeresis" title="Che with diaeresis">Ӵ ӵ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yer%C3%BD_with_diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerý with diaeresis">Ӹ ӹ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/E_with_diaeresis_(Cyrillic)" title="E with diaeresis (Cyrillic)">Ӭ ӭ</a></li></ul></div></div> <p>Both the combining character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> and the pre-composed codepoints may be regarded as an umlaut or a diaeresis according to context. Compound diacritics are possible, for example <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01DA</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǚ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND CARON</span>, used as a <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C#Tonal_marks_for_Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Ü">tonal marks for Hanyu Pinyin</a>, which uses both a two dots diacritic with a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> diacritic. Conversely, when the letter to be accented is an <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, the diacritic replaces the <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">tittle</a>, thus: <span class="nowrap">⟨ï⟩</span>. </p><p>Sometimes, there's a need to distinguish between the umlaut sign and the diaeresis sign. For instance, either may <a href="/wiki/German_orthography#Umlaut_diacritic_usage" title="German orthography">appear in a German name</a>. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 recommends the following for these cases:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To represent the <b>umlaut</b> use the Combining Diaeresis (U+0308)</li> <li>To represent the <b>diaeresis</b> use <a href="/wiki/Combining_Grapheme_Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining Grapheme Joiner">Combining Grapheme Joiner</a> (CGJ, U+034F) + Combining Diaeresis (U+0308)</li></ul> <p>The same advice can be found in the official Unicode FAQ.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since version 3.2.0, Unicode also provides <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0364</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌ͤ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER E</span> which can produce the older umlaut typography. </p><p>Unicode provides a combining double dot below as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0324</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̤</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW</span>. </p><p>Finally, for use with the <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a>, there is <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+07F3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌߳</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Unicode">Pre-Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets (computing)</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, a seven-bit code with just 95 "printable" characters, has no provision for any kind of dot diacritic. Subsequent standardisation treated ASCII as the US national variant of <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>: the French, German and other national variants <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646#Variant_comparison_chart" title="ISO/IEC 646">reassigned a few code points</a> to specific vowels with diacritics, as precomposed characters. Some of these variants also defined the sequence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">e</span>,backspace,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">"</span> as producing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ë</span> but few terminals supported this. </p><p>The subsequent (eight bit) <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a> character encoding includes the letters <i>ä</i>, <i>ë</i>, <i>ï</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, and their respective <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">capital</a> forms, as well as <i>ÿ</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a> only, with <i>Ÿ</i> added in the revised edition <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-15" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-15">ISO 8859-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_usage">Computer usage <span class="anchor" id="Computer_usage"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Letters_with_diacritic"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Letters_with_the_two-dot_diacritic"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Computer usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a> generally treats the umlaut and the diaeresis as the same diacritic mark. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> refers to both as diaereses without making any distinction, although the term itself <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaeresis" class="extiw" title="wikt:diaeresis">has a more precise literary meaning</a>. For example, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00F6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ö</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS</span> represents both <i>o-umlaut</i> and <i>o-diaeresis</i>, while similar codes are used to represent all such cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_input">Keyboard input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Keyboard input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg/220px-Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg/330px-Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg/440px-Tastatur-Umlaute-deutsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Letters with umlaut on a <a href="/wiki/German_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="German keyboard">German computer keyboard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with diacritics, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols. If letters with double dots are not present on the keyboard, there are a number of ways to input them into a computer system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apple_MacOS,_iOS"><span id="Apple_MacOS.2C_iOS"></span>Apple MacOS, iOS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Apple MacOS, iOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>iOS provides accented letters through press-and-hold on most European Latin-script keyboards, including English. Some keyboard layouts feature combining-accent keys that can add accents to any appropriate letter. A letter with double dots can be produced by pressing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd>, then the letter. This works on English and other keyboards and is documented further in the supplied manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Google_ChromeOS">Google ChromeOS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Google ChromeOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> with <a href="/wiki/US-International" class="mw-redirect" title="US-International">US-International</a> keyboard setting, the combination is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">"</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">(letter)</kbd>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For ChromeOS with <a href="/wiki/UK_extended" class="mw-redirect" title="UK extended">UK extended</a> setting, use <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd>, release, then the letter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alternatively, the Unicode codepoint may be entered directly, using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">u</kbd>, release, then the four-digit code, then <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Space</kbd>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> and <a href="/wiki/QZERTY" class="mw-redirect" title="QZERTY">QZERTY</a> keyboards (as used in much of Europe) include <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> (accented letters) as standard and these are fully supported by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, typically accessed using the <a href="/wiki/AltGr" class="mw-redirect" title="AltGr">AltGr</a> key. </p><p>For users with a <a href="/wiki/QWERTY#United_States" title="QWERTY">US keyboard layout</a>, Windows includes a setting <a href="/wiki/QWERTY#US-International" title="QWERTY">"US International"</a>, which supports creation of accented letters by changing the function of some keys into <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead keys</a>. If the user enters ", nothing will appear on screen, until the user types another character, after which the characters will be merged if possible, or added independently at once if not. Alternatively, the desired character may be generated using <a href="/wiki/Alt_code" title="Alt code">Alt codes</a>. </p><p>For users in the United Kingdom and Ireland with <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboards, Windows has an "<a href="/wiki/QWERTY#Windows" title="QWERTY">Extended</a>" setting such that an accented letter can be created using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd> then the base letter. </p><p>When using <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> for Windows or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a>, a letter with double dots can be produced by pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">:</kbd> and then the letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux_/_X_Window_System"><span id="Linux_.2F_X_Window_System"></span>Linux / X Window System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Linux / X Window System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X-based systems</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose</a></kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">a</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">"</kbd> produces ä, and similarly for many other letters including capital letters. </p><p>In addition any Unicode code point can be entered, for instance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">U</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">F</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">6</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Space</kbd> produces U+00F6 which is ö. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dedicated_keys">Dedicated keys</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dedicated keys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German keyboard has dedicated keys for <i>ü ö ä</i>. Scandinavian and Turkish keyboards have dedicated keys for their respective language-specific letters, including <i>ö</i> for Swedish, Finnish, and Icelandic, and both <i>ö</i> and <i>ü</i> for Turkish. French and Belgian <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> keyboards have a <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> which adds a circumflex (if without Shift) or a diaeresis/umlaut (if with Shift) to the letter key immediately following (for instance Shift-^ followed by e gives ë). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_scripts">Other scripts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For non-Latin scripts, Greek and Russian use press-and-hold for double-dot diacritics on only a few characters. The Greek keyboard has dialytica and dialytica–tonos variants for upsilon and iota (ϋ ΰ ϊ ΐ), but not for ε ο α η ω, following modern monotonic usage. Russian keyboards feature separate keys for е and ё. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-screen_keyboards">On-screen keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On-screen keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 21st century has seen noticeable growth in stylus- and touch-operated interfaces, making the use of on-screen keyboards operated by pointing devices (mouse, stylus, or finger) more important. These "soft" keyboards may replicate the modifier keys found on hardware keyboards, but they may also employ other means of selecting options from a base key, such as right-click or press-and-hold. Soft keyboards may also have multiple contexts, such as letter, numeric, and symbol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: HTML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, vowels with double dots can be entered with an entity reference of the form <code>&?uml;</code>, where <code>?</code> can be any of <code>a</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>y</code> or their <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> counterparts. For instance <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&Auml;</code> produces Ä. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TeX_and_LaTeX">TeX and LaTeX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: TeX and LaTeX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> (and its derivatives, most notably <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>) also allows double dots to be placed over letters. The standard way is to use the control sequence <code>\"</code> followed by the relevant letter, e.g. <code>\"u</code>. It is good practice to set the sequence off with curly braces: <code>{\"u}</code> or <code>\"{u}</code>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>'s "German" package can be used: it adds the <code>"</code> control sequence (without the backslash) to produce the Umlaut. However, this can cause conflicts if the main language of the document is not German. Since the integration of Unicode through the development of <a href="/wiki/XeTeX" title="XeTeX">XeTeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/XeLaTeX" class="mw-redirect" title="XeLaTeX">XeLaTeX</a>, it is also possible to input the Unicode character directly into the document, using one of the recognized methods such as <a href="/wiki/Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose key</a> or direct <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>'s traditional control sequences can still be used and will produce the same output (in very early versions of <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> these sequences would produce double dots that were too far above the letter's body). </p><p>All these methods can be used with all available font variations (underlined, strikethrough etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Dot (diacritic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Two dots (disambiguation)">Two dots (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diacritic is referred to in Unicode as a diaeresis, without distinction, although the term has a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaeresis" class="extiw" title="wikt:diaeresis">more precise literary meaning</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>IPA Handbook</i> calls the mark "subscript umlaut", in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>'s choice of "diaeresis below".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Unicode5.0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode5.0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Unicode Standard v 5.0</i>. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. 2006. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0"><bdi>0-321-48091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+v+5.0&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-321-48091-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2010" class="citation web cs1">Baum, Dan (16 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216160024/http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">"The New Yorker's odd mark — the diaeresis"</a>. <i>Dscriber</i>. Trade Secrets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">the original</a> on 16 December 2010. <q>Among the many mysteries of The New Yorker is that funny little umlaut over words like coöperate and reëlect. The New Yorker seems to be the only publication on the planet that uses it, and I always found it a little pretentious until I did some research. Turns out, it's not an umlaut. It's a diaeresis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dscriber&rft.atitle=The+New+Yorker%27s+odd+mark+%E2%80%94+the+diaeresis&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdscriber.com%2Fnews%2F121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPA_below-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_below_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPA_below_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association2021" class="citation book cs1">International Phonetic Association (2021). <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521652360" title="Special:BookSources/9780521652360"><bdi>9780521652360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association+%3A+a+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780521652360&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macrons-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macrons_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906110915/http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/pub_e/conventions3.shtml#Part_One_">"Māori Orthographic Conventions"</a>. Māori Language Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz/english/pub_e/conventions3.shtml#Part_One_">the original</a> on 2009-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%81ori+Orthographic+Conventions&rft.pub=M%C4%81ori+Language+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetaurawhiri.govt.nz%2Fenglish%2Fpub_e%2Fconventions3.shtml%23Part_One_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/matauranga-hangarau-information-technology/3">"Māori language on the internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+language+on+the+internet&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmatauranga-hangarau-information-technology%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2006" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Michael S (4 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.miloush.net/michkap/archive/2006/09/04/738263.html">"Every character has a story #24: U+0308 (COMBINING DIAERESIS)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Every+character+has+a+story+%2324%3A+U%2B0308+%28COMBINING+DIAERESIS%29&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Michael+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.miloush.net%2Fmichkap%2Farchive%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2F738263.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/faq/char_combmark.html#18">"Characters and Combining Marks | Q: Unicode doesn't seem to distinguish between tréma and umlaut, but I need to distinguish. What shall I do?"</a>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characters+and+Combining+Marks+%7C+Q%3A+Unicode+doesn%27t+seem+to+distinguish+between+tr%C3%A9ma+and+umlaut%2C+but+I+need+to+distinguish.+What+shall+I+do%3F&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Ffaq%2Fchar_combmark.html%2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/enter-characters-with-accent-marks-on-mac-mh27474/11.0/mac/11.0">"Enter characters with accent marks on Mac"</a>. <i>apple.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apple.com&rft.atitle=Enter+characters+with+accent+marks+on+Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fguide%2Fmac-help%2Fenter-characters-with-accent-marks-on-mac-mh27474%2F11.0%2Fmac%2F11.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2014" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Angela (February 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/write-foreign-character-accents-using-chromebook/">"How to Write Foreign Character Accents Using Your Chromebook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+Foreign+Character+Accents+Using+Your+Chromebook&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makeuseof.com%2Ftag%2Fwrite-foreign-character-accents-using-chromebook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2018" class="citation web cs1">Busch, Jack (April 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groovypost.com/howto/type-special-characters-chromebook-accents-symbols-em-dashes">"Type Special Characters with a Chromebook (Accents, Symbols, Em Dashes)"</a>. <i>groovypost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groovypost.com&rft.atitle=Type+Special+Characters+with+a+Chromebook+%28Accents%2C+Symbols%2C+Em+Dashes%29&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groovypost.com%2Fhowto%2Ftype-special-characters-chromebook-accents-symbols-em-dashes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo+dots+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_dots_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut or diaeresis</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̈, ◌̤ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ää </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/C%CC%88" title="C̈">C̈c̈</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ëë </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḧ">Ḧḧ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï ï </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/N-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="N-diaeresis">N̈n̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Öö </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/S%CC%88" title="S̈">S̈s̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T%CC%88" title="T̈">T̈ẗ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Üü </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṳ">Ṳṳ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẅ">Ẅẅ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẍ">Ẍẍ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B8" title="Ÿ">Ÿÿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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