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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In the East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 In the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maxentius'_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maxentius'_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Maxentius' rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maxentius'_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maximian's_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximian's_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Maximian's rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximian's_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Civil wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_against_Maxentius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Maxentius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 War against Maxentius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Maxentius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_adopts_the_Greek_letters_Chi_Rho_for_Christ's_initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_adopts_the_Greek_letters_Chi_Rho_for_Christ's_initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Constantine adopts the Greek letters Chi Rho for Christ's initials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_adopts_the_Greek_letters_Chi_Rho_for_Christ's_initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 In Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_against_Licinius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_against_Licinius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Wars against Licinius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_against_Licinius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Later rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Foundation of Constantinople </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Religious policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Administrative reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Monetary reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monetary_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executions_of_Crispus_and_Fausta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executions_of_Crispus_and_Fausta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Executions of Crispus and Fausta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executions_of_Crispus_and_Fausta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.6 Later campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.7 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Assessment and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donation_of_Constantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donation_of_Constantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Donation of Constantine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donation_of_Constantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth's_Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoffrey_of_Monmouth's_Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoffrey_of_Monmouth's_Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Ancient sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Modern sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Constantine the Great</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" > 131 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_die_Grote" title="Konstantyn die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konstantyn die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Konstantin der Große – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konstantin der Große" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A2%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ቆስጠንጢኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆስጠንጢኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="قسطنطين العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قسطنطين العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_I" title="Constantín I – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constantín I" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մեծն Կոստանդին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեծն Կոստանդին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_I" title="Constantín I – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constantín I" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontant%C3%ADno_I" title="Kontantíno I – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kontantíno I" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Konstantin" title="I Konstantin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Konstantin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بیرینجی کونستانتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی کونستانتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মহান কনস্টান্টিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহান কনস্টান্টিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_1-s%C3%A8" title="Constantinus 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Constantinus 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_I" title="Бөйөк Константин I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Константин I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_I_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Канстанцін I Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстанцін I Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_I_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Канстантын I Вялікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канстантын I Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_I" title="Константин I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Константин I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Veliki" title="Konstantin Veliki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konstantin Veliki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustentin_Ia%C3%B1_(impalaer_roman)" title="Kustentin Iañ (impalaer roman) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kustentin Iañ (impalaer roman)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="I Константин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="I Константин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%AD_I_el_Gran" title="Constantí I el Gran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constantí I el Gran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%91_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_I" title="Аслӑ Константин I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслӑ Константин I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_ang_Bantogan" title="Constantino ang Bantogan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Constantino ang Bantogan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I._Velik%C3%BD" title="Konstantin I. Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstantin I. Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystennin_I" title="Cystennin I – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystennin I" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_den_Store" title="Konstantin den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstantin den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Konstantin der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstantin der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_Suur" title="Constantinus Suur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Constantinus Suur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μέγας Κωνσταντίνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέγας Κωνσταντίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_I" title="Constantino I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constantino I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanteno_la_Granda" title="Konstanteno la Granda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstanteno la Granda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_I.a_Handia" title="Konstantino I.a Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantino I.a Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کنستانتین بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانتین بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" title="Constantine I (emperor) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Constantine I (emperor)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_de_Grutte" title="Konstantyn de Grutte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konstantyn de Grutte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constaint%C3%ADn_M%C3%B3r_(Impire_na_R%C3%B3imhe)" title="Constaintín Mór (Impire na Róimhe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Constaintín Mór (Impire na Róimhe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2iseam_M%C3%B2r" title="Còiseam Mòr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còiseam Mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_I_o_Grande" title="Constantino I o Grande – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constantino I o Grande" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_1-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Constantinus 1-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Constantinus 1-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="콘스탄티누스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티누스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE" title="Կոստանդիանոս Ա Մեծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդիանոս Ա Մեծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="कोन्स्टान्टिन प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोन्स्टान्टिन प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstantin I. Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_la_1ma" title="Konstantinus la 1ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konstantinus la 1ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_ti_Natan-ok" title="Konstantino ti Natan-ok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Konstantino ti Natan-ok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_Agung" title="Konstantinus Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstantinus Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_I" title="Constantino I – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Constantino I" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstant%C3%ADnus_mikli" title="Konstantínus mikli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konstantínus mikli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantino_I" title="Costantino I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costantino I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קונסטנטינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסטנטינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I" title="Konstantin I – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Konstantin I" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_I_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კონსტანტინე I დიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანტინე I დიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ұлы Константин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Константин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostentin_I_a_Rom" title="Kostentin I a Rom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kostentin I a Rom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_Mkuu" title="Konstantino Mkuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konstantino Mkuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_I%C3%A9_(ampr%C3%B2_romen)" title="Constantin Ié (amprò romen) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Constantin Ié (amprò romen)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstant%C3%AEn%C3%AA_Mezin" title="Konstantînê Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konstantînê Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_I" title="Constantinus I – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinus I" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstant%C4%ABns_I" title="Konstantīns I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konstantīns I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_de_Groussen" title="Konstantin de Groussen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konstantin de Groussen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinas_I" title="Konstantinas I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstantinas I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantien_de_Groete" title="Constantien de Groete – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Constantien de Groete" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_la_Grande" title="Constantino la Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Constantino la Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantin_I" title="Costantin I – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Costantin I" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Constantinus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="I. Constantinus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Constantinus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Константин Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Константин Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nstantino_I" title="Kônstantino I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônstantino I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="കോൺസ്റ്റന്റൈൻ ഒന്നാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺസ്റ്റന്റൈൻ ഒന്നാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉन्स्टन्टाइन पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉन्स्टन्टाइन पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კონსტანტინე დიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონსტანტინე დიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="قنسطنطين الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قنسطنطين الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I" title="Konstantin I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konstantin I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custantino_I" title="Custantino I – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Custantino I" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="I Константин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Константин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မဟာကွန်စတန်တိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာကွန်စတန်တိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_de_Grote" title="Constantijn de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constantijn de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96" title="コンスタンティヌス1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティヌス1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_I" title="Сийлахь-воккха Константин I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь-воккха Константин I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantiin_de_Grat" title="Konstantiin de Grat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konstantiin de Grat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_den_store" title="Konstantin den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstantin den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_den_store" title="Konstantin den store – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konstantin den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_I_lo_Grand" title="Constantin I lo Grand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constantin I lo Grand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I" title="Konstantin I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konstantin I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੋਂਸਤਾਂਤੀਨ ਮਹਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਂਸਤਾਂਤੀਨ ਮਹਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86_I" title="قسطنطین I – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قسطنطین I" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لوی قسطنطین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی قسطنطین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantin" title="Costantin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Costantin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_de_Grote" title="Konstantin de Grote – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Konstantin de Grote" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_I_Wielki" title="Konstantyn I Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstantyn I Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino" title="Constantino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_cel_Mare" title="Constantin cel Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constantin cel Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_I" title="Constantinus I – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Constantinus I" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_I" title="Конштантін I – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конштантін I" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Константин I Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Константин I Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Улуу Константин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Константин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinsetantintatin" title="Cinsetantintatin – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cinsetantintatin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A7" title="कान्स्टण्टैन १ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कान्स्टण्टैन १" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antine_su_Mannu" title="Antine su Mannu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antine su Mannu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constantine the Great" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostandini_i_Madh" title="Kostandini i Madh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kostandini i Madh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custantinu_I" title="Custantinu I – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Custantinu I" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constantine the Great" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADn_I._(cis%C3%A1r)" title="Konštantín I. (cisár) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konštantín I. (cisár)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konstantin I. Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8A_%D0%92%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%EA%99%91%D0%B8" title="Кѡнстантїнъ Вєликꙑи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кѡнстантїнъ Вєликꙑи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="کۆنستانتینی مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنستانتینی مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Константин Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константин Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Veliki" title="Konstantin Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstantin Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinus_Suuri" title="Konstantinus Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstantinus Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_den_store" title="Konstantin den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstantin den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakilang_Constantino" title="Dakilang Constantino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dakilang Constantino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் கான்ஸ்டன்டைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் கான்ஸ்டன்டைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бөек Константин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Константин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కాన్‌స్టాంటిన్ ద గ్రేట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాన్‌స్టాంటిన్ ద గ్రేట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="จักรพรรดิคอนสแตนตินมหาราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิคอนสแตนตินมหาราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Konstantin" title="I. Konstantin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Konstantin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Костянтин Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Костянтин Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="قسطنطین اعظم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قسطنطین اعظم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_I_Sur%27" title="Konstantin I Sur' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Konstantin I Sur'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF" title="Constantinus Đại đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Constantinus Đại đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦丁一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="君士坦丁一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_nga_Harangdon" title="Constantino nga Harangdon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Constantino nga Harangdon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="君士坦丁大帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קאנסטאנטין דער גרויסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuonstant%C4%97ns_I" title="Kuonstantėns I – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuonstantėns I" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="君士坦丁大帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Agung" title="Konstantin Agung – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Konstantin Agung" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Constantine I" redirects here. For the third king of the modern Greek state, see <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I of Greece</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Constantine I (disambiguation)">Constantine I (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantine the Great</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head statue of Constantine the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/220px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/330px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/440px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="5422" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Head of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 306 – 22 May 337 (alone from 19 September 324)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a> (in the West)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> (306–311)<a href="#cite_note-east-1">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a> (306–307)<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> (306–312)<a href="#cite_note-unrec-3">[c]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> (306–308, 310)<a href="#cite_note-unrec-3">[c]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> (308–324)<a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus II</a> (310–313)<a href="#cite_note-east-1">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valens</a> (316–317)<a href="#cite_note-neow-5">[e]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a> (324)<a href="#cite_note-neow-5">[e]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Flavius Constantinus 27 February <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 272<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-6">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a>, Roman Empire<a href="#cite_note-7">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 337 (aged 65) Achyron, <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Originally the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, Constantinople, but <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> had the body moved</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[f]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Illness_and_death">Detail</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Flavius Valerius Constantinus</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data">Κωνσταντῖνος</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (mother of Constantine)">Helena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a> (until 312)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a> (from 312)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Constantine I<a href="#cite_note-9">[g]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Flavius Valerius Constantinus; 27 February <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[h]</a> He played a <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">pivotal role</a> in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">decriminalizing Christian practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">ceasing Christian persecution</a> in a period referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[4]</a> This initiated the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization of the Roman Empire</a>. Constantine is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">religiopolitical</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>, which epitomizes the unity of church and state. He founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium. Born in Naissus, in <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> within <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, Serbia), Constantine was the son of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Flavius Constantius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> officer of <a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Illyrian</a> origin who had been one of the four rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> woman of low birth, probably from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Later canonised as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, she is traditionally credited for the conversion of her son. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>. He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a>) before being recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>. After his father's death in 306, Constantine was proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> (emperor) by his army at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England). He eventually emerged victorious in <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">the civil wars</a> against emperors <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> to become the sole ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> by 324. Upon his ascension, Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">restructured</a> the government, separating <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">military</a> authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a> that became the standard for <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> was reorganised to consist of mobile units (<a href="/wiki/Comitatenses" title="Comitatenses">comitatenses</a>), often around the Emperor, to serve on campaigns against external enemies or Roman rebels, and frontier-garrison troops (<a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">limitanei</a>) which were capable of countering barbarian raids, but less and less capable, over time, of countering full-scale <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">barbarian invasions</a>. Constantine pursued <a href="/wiki/German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine" title="German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine">successful campaigns</a> against the tribes on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Roman frontiers</a>—such as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>—and resettled territories abandoned by his predecessors during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> with citizens of Roman culture. Although Constantine lived much of his life as a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> and later as a <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumen</a>, he began to favour Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> bishop, although the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> maintain that he was baptised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a>. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313, which declared <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Christianity_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Religion in ancient Rome">tolerance for Christianity</a> in the Roman Empire. He convoked the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> was built on his orders at the claimed site of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Jesus' tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and was deemed the holiest place in all of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. The papal claim to <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">temporal power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> was based on the fabricated <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a>. He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor", but while he did favour the Christian Church, some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-15">[i]</a> Nevertheless, he is venerated as a saint in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, and he did much to push Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. He built a new imperial residence in the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and renamed it <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a>, later adopting the name <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> after himself, where it was located in modern <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire often being referred to in English as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, a term never used by the Empire, invented by German historian <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf" title="Hieronymus Wolf">Hieronymus Wolf</a>. His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the de facto principle of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">dynastic succession</a> by leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a>. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> legitimacy and identity. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, there were more critical appraisals of his reign with the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Constantine was a ruler of major importance and has always been a controversial figure.<a href="#cite_note-16">[7]</a> The fluctuations in his reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. These are abundant and detailed,<a href="#cite_note-17">[8]</a> but they have been strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period<a href="#cite_note-18">[9]</a> and are often one-sided;<a href="#cite_note-19">[10]</a> no contemporaneous histories or biographies dealing with his life and rule have survived.<a href="#cite_note-20">[11]</a> The nearest replacement is <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Vita Constantini</a>—a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[12]</a> written between 335 and circa 339<a href="#cite_note-22">[13]</a>—that extols Constantine's moral and religious virtues.<a href="#cite_note-23">[14]</a> The Vita creates a contentiously positive image of Constantine,<a href="#cite_note-24">[15]</a> and modern historians have frequently challenged its reliability.<a href="#cite_note-25">[16]</a> The fullest secular life of Constantine is the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Origo Constantini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[17]</a> a work of uncertain date<a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a> which focuses on military and political events to the neglect of cultural and religious matters.<a href="#cite_note-28">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>' <a href="/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum" title="De mortibus persecutorum">De mortibus persecutorum</a>, a political Christian pamphlet on the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>, provides valuable but tendentious detail on Constantine's predecessors and early life.<a href="#cite_note-29">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> histories of <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign.<a href="#cite_note-30">[21]</a> Written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (r. 402–450), a century after Constantine's reign, these ecclesiastical historians obscure the events and theologies of the Constantinian period through misdirection, misrepresentation, and deliberate obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-31">[22]</a> The contemporary writings of the orthodox Christian <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> and the ecclesiastical history of the Arian <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a> also survive, though their biases are no less firm.<a href="#cite_note-32">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> (De Caesaribus), <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a> (Breviarium), <a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Festus</a> (Breviarium), and the anonymous author of the <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a> offer compressed secular political and military histories of the period. Although not Christian, the epitomes paint a favourable image of Constantine but omit reference to Constantine's religious policies.<a href="#cite_note-33">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a> from the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, provides valuable information on the politics and ideology of the tetrarchic period and the early life of Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-34">[25]</a> Contemporary architecture—such as the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> in Rome and palaces in <a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Gamzigrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[26]</a>—<a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> remains, and the <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> of the era complement the literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg/280px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg/420px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg/560px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the luxurious residence palace of <a href="/wiki/Mediana" title="Mediana">Mediana</a>, erected by Constantine I near his birth town of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Naissus</a></figcaption></figure> Constantine was born on 27 February, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 272 in the city of Naissus, a time where the unity of the Empire was threatened by the breakaway wars of the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[29]</a> The city—which is modern day <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>—was located in <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> within <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[30]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Flavius Constantius</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[j]</a> an Illyrian who was born in the same region,<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991524–525-40">[31]</a> and a native of the province of Moesia.<a href="#cite_note-CTCR-46">[36]</a> His original full name, as well as that of his father, is not known.<a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[38]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> is variously given as <a href="/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)" title="Lucius (praenomen)">Lucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)" title="Gaius (praenomen)">Gaius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[38]</a> Whatever the case, praenomina had already disappeared from most public records by this time.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> He also adopted the name "Valerius", the <a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a> of emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, following his father's ascension as <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[37]</a> Constantine probably spent little time with his father<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> who was an officer in the Roman army, part of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>'s imperial bodyguard. Being described as a tolerant and politically skilled man,<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> from Emperor Diocletian, another of Aurelian's companions from <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a>, in 284 or 285.<a href="#cite_note-CTCR-46">[36]</a> Constantine's mother was <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> woman of low social standing from <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a> It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">concubine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> His main language was <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and during his public speeches he needed Greek translators.<a href="#cite_note-columbia-58">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:403px;max-width:403px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_(284-305_d.C.)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Diocleziano_%28284-305_d.C.%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="788" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Head from a statue of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg/293px-MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-MSR_-_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27empreur_Maximien_Hercule_-_Inv_34_b_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, Diocletian's co-emperor</div></div></div></div></div> In April 286, Diocletian declared <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, another colleague from Illyricum, his co-emperor. Each emperor would have his own court, his own military and administrative faculties, and each would rule with a separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> as chief lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> Maximian ruled in the West, from his capitals at <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy) or Augusta Treverorum (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany), while Diocletian ruled in the East, from <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>, Turkey). The division was merely pragmatic: the empire was called "indivisible" in official panegyric,<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> and both emperors could move freely throughout the empire.<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> In 288, Maximian appointed Constantius to serve as his praetorian prefect in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>. Constantius left Helena to marry Maximian's stepdaughter <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a> in 288 or 289.<a href="#cite_note-marriage-62">[52]</a> Diocletian divided the empire again in 293, appointing two caesars to rule over further subdivisions of East and West. Each would be subordinate to his respective <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> but would act with supreme authority in his assigned lands. This system would later be called the Tetrarchy. Diocletian's first appointee for the office of Caesar was <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a>; his second was <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Felix Romuliana</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, Galerius was a brutal, animalistic man. Although he shared the paganism of Rome's aristocracy, he seemed to them an alien figure, a semi-barbarian.<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> On 1 March, Constantius was promoted to the office of Caesar, and dispatched to Gaul to fight the rebels <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a> In spite of <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocratic</a> overtones, the Tetrarchy retained vestiges of hereditary privilege,<a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a> and Constantine became the prime candidate for future appointment as Caesar as soon as his father took the position. Constantine went to the court of Diocletian, where he lived as his father's <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_East">In the East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the East">edit</a>]</div> Constantine received a formal education at Diocletian's court, where he learned Latin literature, Greek, and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> The cultural environment in Nicomedia was open, fluid, and socially mobile; in it, Constantine could mix with intellectuals both pagan and Christian. He may have attended the lectures of Lactantius, a Christian scholar of Latin in the city.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> Because Diocletian did not completely trust Constantius—none of the Tetrarchs fully trusted their colleagues—Constantine was held as something of a hostage, a tool to ensure Constantius' best behavior. Constantine was nonetheless a prominent member of the court: he fought for Diocletian and Galerius in Asia and served in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunates</a>; he campaigned against barbarians on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in 296 and fought the Persians under Diocletian in Syria in 297, as well as under Galerius in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in 298–299.<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> By late 305, he had become a tribune of the first order, a tribunus ordinis primi.<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg/220px-Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg/330px-Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg/440px-Romuliana_Galerius_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a> bust of Emperor Galerius</figcaption></figure> Constantine had returned to Nicomedia from the eastern front by the spring of 303, in time to witness the beginnings of Diocletian's "<a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Great Persecution</a>", the most severe <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians</a> in Roman history.<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> In late 302, Diocletian and Galerius sent a messenger to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> with an inquiry about Christians.<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> Constantine could recall his presence at the palace when the messenger returned and Diocletian accepted the imperial court's demands for universal persecution.<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> On 23 February 303, Diocletian ordered the destruction of Nicomedia's new church, condemned its scriptures to the flames, and had its treasures seized. In the months that followed, churches and scriptures were destroyed, Christians were deprived of official ranks, and priests were imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> It is unlikely that Constantine played any role in the persecution.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> In his later writings, he attempted to present himself as an opponent of Diocletian's "sanguinary edicts" against the "Worshippers of God",<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> but nothing indicates that he opposed it effectively at the time.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> Although no contemporary Christian challenged Constantine for his inaction during the persecutions, it remained a political liability throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> On 1 May 305, Diocletian, as a result of a debilitating sickness taken in the winter of 304–305, announced his resignation. In a parallel ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Maximian did the same.<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> Lactantius states that Galerius manipulated the weakened Diocletian into resigning and forced him to accept Galerius' allies in the imperial succession. According to Lactantius, the crowd listening to Diocletian's resignation speech believed, until the last moment, that Diocletian would choose Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> (Maximian's son) as his successors.<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> It was not to be: Constantius and Galerius were promoted to augusti, while <a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus</a>, Galerius' nephew, were appointed their caesars respectively. Constantine and Maxentius were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a> Some of the ancient sources detail plots that Galerius made on Constantine's life in the months following Diocletian's abdication. They assert that Galerius assigned Constantine to lead an advance unit in a cavalry charge through a swamp on the middle Danube, made him enter into single combat with a lion, and attempted to kill him in hunts and wars. Constantine always emerged victorious: the lion emerged from the contest in a poorer condition than Constantine; Constantine returned to Nicomedia from the Danube with a Sarmatian captive to drop at Galerius' feet.<a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> It is uncertain how much these tales can be trusted.<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_West">In the West</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the West">edit</a>]</div> Constantine recognised the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius' court, where he was held as a virtual hostage. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the West. Constantius was quick to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> In the late spring or early summer of 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign in Britain. After a long evening of drinking, Galerius granted the request. Constantine's later propaganda describes how he fled the court in the night, before Galerius could change his mind. He rode from <a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">post-house</a> to post-house at high speed, <a href="/wiki/Hamstringing" title="Hamstringing">hamstringing</a> every horse in his wake.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> By the time Galerius awoke the following morning, Constantine had fled too far to be caught.<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a> Constantine joined his father in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, at Bononia (<a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>) before the summer of 305.<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg/220px-Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg/330px-Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg/440px-Statue_Constantin_1er_York_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5134" data-file-height="5274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Constantine_the_Great,_York" title="Statue of Constantine the Great, York">Modern bronze statue of Constantine I in York</a>, England, near the spot where he was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> in 306</figcaption></figure> From Bononia, they crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to Britain and made their way to <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>), capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia Secunda</a> and home to a large military base. Constantine was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in the summer and autumn.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> Constantius' campaign, like that of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> before it, probably advanced far into the north without achieving great success.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> Constantius had become severely sick over the course of his reign and died on 25 July 306 in Eboracum. Before dying, he declared his support for raising Constantine to the rank of full Augustus. The <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamannic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Chrocus" title="Chrocus">Chrocus</a>, a barbarian taken into service under Constantius, then proclaimed Constantine as augustus. The troops loyal to Constantius' memory followed him in acclamation. Gaul and Britain quickly accepted his rule;<a href="#cite_note-N35-90">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, which had been in his father's domain for less than a year, rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> Constantine sent Galerius an official notice of Constantius' death and his own acclamation. Along with the notice, he included a portrait of himself in the robes of an augustus.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> The portrait was wreathed in <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> He requested recognition as heir to his father's throne and passed off responsibility for his unlawful ascension on his army, claiming they had "forced it upon him".<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> Galerius was put into a fury by the message; he almost set the portrait and messenger on fire.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> His advisers calmed him and argued that outright denial of Constantine's claims would mean certain war.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> Galerius was compelled to compromise: he granted Constantine the title "caesar" rather than "augustus" (the latter office went to Severus instead).<a href="#cite_note-GCA-97">[87]</a> Wishing to make it clear that he alone gave Constantine legitimacy, Galerius personally sent Constantine the emperor's traditional <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple robes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> Constantine accepted the decision,<a href="#cite_note-GCA-97">[87]</a> knowing that it would remove doubts as to his legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_(obverse).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg/170px-Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg/255px-Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg/340px-Constantine_I_RIC_VI_824_%28obverse%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Constantine; the inscription around the portrait is "Constantinus P[ius] F[elix] Aug[ustus]"</figcaption></figure> Constantine's share of the empire consisted of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and he commanded one of the largest Roman armies which was stationed along the important <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> frontier.<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> He remained in Britain after his promotion to emperor, driving back the tribes of the Picts and securing his control in the northwestern dioceses. He completed the reconstruction of military bases begun under his father's rule, and he ordered the repair of the region's roadways.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> He then left for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trier" title="History of Trier">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) in Gaul, the Tetrarchic capital of the northwestern Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> The Franks learned of Constantine's acclamation and invaded Gaul across the lower Rhine over the winter of 306–307.<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> He drove them back beyond the Rhine and captured kings <a href="/wiki/Ascaric" title="Ascaric">Ascaric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merogais" title="Merogais">Merogais</a>; the kings and their soldiers were fed to the beasts of <a href="/wiki/Trier_Amphitheater" title="Trier Amphitheater">Trier Amphitheater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)" title="Adventus (ceremony)">adventus</a> (arrival) celebrations which followed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG/220px-Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG/330px-Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG/440px-Trier_Kaiserthermen_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3546" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Public baths (<a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trier_Imperial_Baths" title="Trier Imperial Baths">Trier Imperial Baths</a>) built in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> by Constantine, more than 100 metres (328 ft) wide by 200 metres (656 ft) long and capable of serving several thousand at a time, built to rival those of Rome<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg/220px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg/330px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg/440px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_2019_-_Statue_of_Constantius_II_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>Original upper part of a statue of either Constantine or his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, which probably decorated the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Constantine_(Rome)" title="Baths of Constantine (Rome)">Baths of Constantine in Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Constantine began a major expansion of Trier. He strengthened the circuit wall around the city with military towers and fortified gates, and he began building a palace complex in the northeastern part of the city. To the south of his palace, he ordered the construction of a large formal audience hall and a massive imperial bathhouse. He sponsored many building projects throughout Gaul during his tenure as emperor of the West, especially in Augustodunum (<a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>) and Arelate (<a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> According to Lactantius, Constantine followed a tolerant policy towards Christianity, although he was not yet a Christian. He probably judged it a more sensible policy than open persecution<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> and a way to distinguish himself from the "great persecutor" Galerius.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> He decreed a formal end to persecution and returned to Christians all that they had lost during them.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Constantine was largely untried and had a hint of illegitimacy about him; he relied on his father's reputation in his early propaganda, which gave as much coverage to his father's deeds as to his.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> His military skill and building projects, however, soon gave the panegyrist the opportunity to comment favourably on the similarities between father and son, and Eusebius remarked that Constantine was a "renewal, as it were, in his own person, of his father's life and reign".<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> Constantinian coinage, sculpture, and oratory also show a tendency for disdain towards the "barbarians" beyond the frontiers. He minted a coin issue after his victory over the Alemanni which depicts weeping and begging Alemannic tribesmen, "the Alemanni conquered" beneath the phrase "Romans' rejoicing".<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> There was little sympathy for these enemies; as his panegyrist declared, "It is a stupid clemency that spares the conquered foe."<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maxentius'_rebellion">Maxentius' rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maxentius' rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg/170px-Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg/255px-Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg/340px-Maxentius02_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Dresden bust of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, who was defeated by Constantine at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Following Galerius' recognition of Constantine as caesar, Constantine's portrait was brought to Rome, as was customary. Maxentius mocked the portrait's subject as the son of a harlot and lamented his own powerlessness.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> Maxentius, envious of Constantine's authority,<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> seized the title of emperor on 28 October 306. Galerius refused to recognize him but failed to unseat him. Severus was sent against Maxentius in April 307,<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> but during the campaign, Severus' armies, previously under command of Maxentius' father Maximian, defected, and Severus was seized and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> Maximian, brought out of retirement by his son's rebellion, left for Gaul to confer with Constantine. He offered to marry his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a> to Constantine and elevate him to augustan rank. In return, Constantine would reaffirm the old family alliance between Maximian and Constantius and offer support to Maxentius' cause in Italy. Constantine accepted and married Fausta in Trier in summer 307.<a href="#cite_note-122">[k]</a> Constantine gave Maxentius his meagre support, offering Maxentius political recognition.<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a> Constantine remained aloof from the Italian conflict, however. Over the spring and summer of 307, he had left Gaul for Britain to avoid any involvement in the Italian turmoil;<a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a> now, instead of giving Maxentius military aid, he sent his troops against Germanic tribes along the Rhine. In 308, he raided the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a> and made a bridge across the Rhine at Colonia Agrippinensium (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>). In 310, he marched to the northern Rhine and fought the Franks. When not campaigning, he toured his lands advertising his benevolence and supporting the economy and the arts. His refusal to participate in the war increased his popularity among his people and strengthened his power base in the West.<a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a> Maximian returned to Rome in the winter of 307–308 but soon fell out with his son. In early 308, after a failed attempt to usurp Maxentius' title, Maximian returned to Constantine's court.<a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a> On 11 November 308, Galerius called a general council at the military city of <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petronell-Carnuntum" title="Petronell-Carnuntum">Petronell-Carnuntum</a>, Austria) to resolve the instability in the western provinces. In attendance were Diocletian, briefly returned from retirement, Galerius, and Maximian. Maximian was forced to abdicate again and Constantine was again demoted to caesar. <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, one of Galerius' old military companions, was appointed augustus in the western regions. The new system did not last long: Constantine refused to accept the demotion and continued to style himself as augustus on his coinage, even as other members of the Tetrarchy referred to him as a caesar on theirs. <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus</a> was frustrated that he had been passed over for promotion while the newcomer Licinius had been raised to the office of augustus and demanded that Galerius promote him. Galerius offered to call both Maximinus and Constantine "sons of the augusti",<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a> but neither accepted the new title. By the spring of 310, Galerius was referring to both men as augusti.<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximian's_rebellion">Maximian's rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maximian's rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/260px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/390px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg/520px-Constantine_multiple_CdM_Beistegui_233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A gold <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a> of "Unconquered Constantine" with the god <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> behind him, struck in AD 313. The use of Sol's image stressed Constantine's status as his father's successor, appealed to the educated citizens of Gaul, and was considered less offensive than the traditional pagan pantheon to the Christians.<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> In 310, a dispossessed Maximian rebelled against Constantine while Constantine was away campaigning against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with a contingent of Constantine's army, in preparation for any attacks by Maxentius in southern Gaul. He announced that Constantine was dead and took up the imperial purple. In spite of a large donative pledge to any who would support him as emperor, most of Constantine's army remained loyal to their emperor, and Maximian was soon compelled to leave. When Constantine heard of the rebellion, he abandoned his campaign against the Franks and marched his army up the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-yuhknp-130">[119]</a> At Cabillunum (<a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>), he moved his troops onto waiting boats to row down the slow waters of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a> to the quicker waters of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhone</a>. He disembarked at <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> Maximian fled to Massilia (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>), a town better able to withstand a long siege than Arles. It made little difference, however, as loyal citizens opened the rear gates to Constantine. Maximian was captured and reproved for his crimes. Constantine granted some clemency but strongly encouraged his suicide. In July 310, Maximian <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">hanged himself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yuhknp-130">[119]</a> In spite of the earlier rupture in their relations, Maxentius was eager to present himself as his father's devoted son after his death.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> He began minting coins with his father's deified image, proclaiming his desire to avenge Maximian's death.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> Constantine initially presented the suicide as an unfortunate family tragedy. By 311, however, he was spreading another version. According to this, after Constantine had pardoned him, Maximian planned to murder Constantine in his sleep. Fausta learned of the plot and warned Constantine, who put a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> in his own place in bed. Maximian was apprehended when he killed the eunuch and was offered suicide, which he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> Along with using propaganda, Constantine instituted a <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> on Maximian, destroying all inscriptions referring to him and eliminating any public work bearing his image.<a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> The death of Maximian required a shift in Constantine's public image. He could no longer rely on his connection to the elder Emperor Maximian and needed a new source of legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> In a speech delivered in Gaul on 25 July 310, the anonymous orator reveals a previously unknown dynastic connection to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a>, a 3rd-century emperor famed for defeating the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and restoring order to the empire. Breaking away from tetrarchic models, the speech emphasizes Constantine's ancestral <a href="/wiki/Prerogative" title="Prerogative">prerogative</a> to rule, rather than principles of imperial equality. The new ideology expressed in the speech made Galerius and Maximian irrelevant to Constantine's right to rule.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> Indeed, the orator emphasizes ancestry to the exclusion of all other factors: "No chance agreement of men, nor some unexpected consequence of favour, made you emperor," the orator declares to Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> The oration also moves away from the religious ideology of the Tetrarchy, with its focus on twin dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> granting him <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreaths</a> of health and a long reign. In the likeness of Apollo, Constantine recognised himself as the saving figure to whom would be granted "rule of the whole world",<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> as the poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> had once foretold.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> The oration's religious shift is paralleled by a similar shift in Constantine's coinage. In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> as his patron. From 310 on, Mars was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, a god conventionally identified with Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> There is little reason to believe that either the dynastic connection or the divine vision are anything other than fiction, but their proclamation strengthened Constantine's claims to legitimacy and increased his popularity among the citizens of Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-142">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_wars">Civil wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_against_Maxentius">War against Maxentius</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War against Maxentius">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Constantine_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Constantine Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Constantine_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Constantine Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Constantine_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Constantine Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_of_Constantine_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Segusio" title="Siege of Segusio">Segusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turin_(312)" title="Battle of Turin (312)">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brescia_(312)" title="Battle of Brescia (312)">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(312)" title="Battle of Verona (312)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Milvian Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cibalae" title="Battle of Cibalae">Cibalae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mardia" title="Battle of Mardia">Mardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Byzantium_(324)" title="Siege of Byzantium (324)">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis" title="Battle of Chrysopolis">Chrysopolis</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine" title="German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine">German and Sarmatian campaigns</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> By the middle of 310, Galerius had become too ill to involve himself in imperial politics.<a href="#cite_note-143">[132]</a> His final act survives: a letter to provincials posted in Nicomedia on 30 April 311, proclaiming an end to the persecutions, and the resumption of religious toleration.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> Eusebius maintains "divine providence [...] took action against the perpetrator of these crimes" and gives a graphic account of Galerius' demise: "Without warning suppurative inflammation broke out round the middle of his genitals, then a deep-seated fistula ulcer; these ate their way incurably into his innermost bowels. From them came a teeming indescribable mass of worms, and a sickening smell was given off, for the whole of his hulking body, thanks to over eating, had been transformed even before his illness into a huge lump of flabby fat, which then decomposed and presented those who came near it with a revolting and horrifying sight."<a href="#cite_note-145">[134]</a> Galerius died soon after the edict's proclamation,<a href="#cite_note-146">[135]</a> destroying what little remained of the Tetrarchy.<a href="#cite_note-147">[136]</a> Maximinus mobilised against Licinius and seized <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. A hasty peace was signed on a boat in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> While Constantine toured Britain and Gaul, Maxentius prepared for war.<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> He fortified northern Italy and strengthened his support in the Christian community by allowing it to elect <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">bishop of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[139]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg/220px-Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg/330px-Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg/440px-Dame-Schmuckkasten-Trier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>A Roman fresco in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany, possibly depicting <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> Maxentius' rule was nevertheless insecure. His early support dissolved in the wake of heightened tax rates and depressed trade; riots broke out in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>;<a href="#cite_note-152">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitius_Alexander" title="Domitius Alexander">Domitius Alexander</a> was able to briefly usurp his authority in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-leohak-153">[142]</a> By 312, he was a man barely tolerated, not one actively supported,<a href="#cite_note-154">[143]</a> even among Christian Italians.<a href="#cite_note-155">[144]</a> In the summer of 311, Maxentius mobilised against Constantine while Licinius was occupied with affairs in the East. He declared war on Constantine, vowing to avenge his father's "murder".<a href="#cite_note-156">[145]</a> To prevent Maxentius from forming an alliance against him with Licinius,<a href="#cite_note-157">[146]</a> Constantine forged his own alliance with Licinius over the winter of 311–312 and offered him his sister <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a> in marriage. Maximinus considered Constantine's arrangement with Licinius an affront to his authority. In response, he sent ambassadors to Rome, offering political recognition to Maxentius in exchange for a military support, which Maxentius accepted.<a href="#cite_note-158">[147]</a> According to Eusebius, inter-regional travel became impossible, and there was military buildup everywhere. There was "not a place where people were not expecting the onset of hostilities every day".<a href="#cite_note-159">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_(detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze)_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Constantine_and_Maxentius_%28detail-of-fresco-in-Vatican-Stanze%29_c1650_by_Lazzaro_Baldi_after_Giulio_Romano_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Constantine and Maxentius (detail of part of a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a> in the Hall of Constantine in the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican</a>), copy c. 1650 by <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Baldi" title="Lazzaro Baldi">Lazzaro Baldi</a>, now at the University of Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> Constantine's advisers and generals cautioned against preemptive attack on Maxentius;<a href="#cite_note-160">[149]</a> even his soothsayers recommended against it, stating that the sacrifices had produced unfavourable omens.<a href="#cite_note-161">[150]</a> Constantine, with a spirit that left a deep impression on his followers, inspiring some to believe that he had some form of supernatural guidance,<a href="#cite_note-162">[151]</a> ignored all these cautions.<a href="#cite_note-163">[152]</a> Early in the spring of 312,<a href="#cite_note-esyyqc-164">[153]</a> Constantine crossed the <a href="/wiki/Cottian_Alps" title="Cottian Alps">Cottian Alps</a> with a quarter of his army, a force numbering about 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-165">[154]</a> The first town his army encountered was Segusium (<a href="/wiki/Susa,_Piedmont" title="Susa, Piedmont">Susa</a>, Italy), a heavily fortified town that shut its gates to him. Constantine ordered his men to set fire to its gates and scale its walls. He took the town quickly. Constantine ordered his troops not to loot the town and advanced into northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-esyyqc-164">[153]</a> At the approach to the west of the important city of Augusta Taurinorum (<a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy), Constantine met a large force of heavily armed Maxentian cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turin_(312)" title="Battle of Turin (312)">Battle of Turin</a> Constantine's army encircled Maxentius' cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanked</a> them with his own cavalry, and dismounted them with blows from his soldiers' iron-tipped clubs. Constantine's armies emerged victorious.<a href="#cite_note-167">[156]</a> Turin refused to give refuge to Maxentius' retreating forces, opening its gates to Constantine instead.<a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a> Other cities of the north Italian plain sent Constantine embassies of congratulation for his victory. He moved on to Milan, where he was met with open gates and jubilant rejoicing. Constantine rested his army in Milan until mid-summer 312, when he moved on to Brixia (<a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-169">[158]</a> Brescia's army was easily dispersed,<a href="#cite_note-170">[159]</a> and Constantine quickly advanced to <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> where a large Maxentian force was camped.<a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruricius_Pompeianus" title="Ruricius Pompeianus">Ruricius Pompeianus</a>, general of the Veronese forces and Maxentius' praetorian prefect,<a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a> was in a strong defensive position since the town was surrounded on three sides by the <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>. Constantine sent a small force north of the town in an attempt to cross the river unnoticed. Ruricius sent a large detachment to counter Constantine's expeditionary force but was defeated. Constantine's forces successfully surrounded the town and laid siege.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a> Ruricius gave Constantine the slip and returned with a larger force to oppose Constantine. Constantine refused to let up on the siege and sent only a small force to oppose him. In the desperately fought <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(312)" title="Battle of Verona (312)">encounter</a> that followed, Ruricius was killed and his army destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a> Verona surrendered soon afterwards, followed by <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[164]</a> Mutina (<a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>),<a href="#cite_note-176">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a> The road to Rome was now wide open to Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-178">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg/220px-Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg/330px-Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg/440px-Ponte_Milvio-side_view-antmoose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>The Milvian Bridge (<a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a>) over the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">River Tiber</a>, north of Rome, where Constantine and Maxentius fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Maxentius prepared for the same type of war he had waged against Severus and Galerius: he occupied Rome and prepared for a siege.<a href="#cite_note-179">[168]</a> He still controlled Rome's <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, was well-stocked with African grain, and was surrounded on all sides by the seemingly impregnable <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a>. He ordered all bridges across the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> cut, reportedly on the counsel of the gods,<a href="#cite_note-180">[169]</a> and left the rest of central Italy undefended; Constantine secured that region's support without challenge.<a href="#cite_note-181">[170]</a> Constantine progressed slowly<a href="#cite_note-BC42-182">[171]</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a> allowing the weakness of Maxentius to draw his regime further into turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-BC42-182">[171]</a> Maxentius' support continued to weaken: at chariot races on 27 October, the crowd openly taunted Maxentius, shouting that Constantine was invincible.<a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a> Maxentius, no longer certain that he would emerge from a siege victorious, built a temporary boat bridge across the Tiber in preparation for a field battle against Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-185">[174]</a> On 28 October 312, the sixth anniversary of his reign, he approached the keepers of the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a> for guidance. The keepers prophesied that, on that very day, "the enemy of the Romans" would die. Maxentius advanced north to meet Constantine in battle.<a href="#cite_note-186">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constantine_adopts_the_Greek_letters_Chi_Rho_for_Christ's_initials">Constantine adopts the Greek letters Chi Rho for Christ's initials</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Constantine adopts the Greek letters Chi Rho for Christ's initials">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinsmedaillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Konstantinsmedaillon.jpg/220px-Konstantinsmedaillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Konstantinsmedaillon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Medallion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medallion">medallion</a> of 315; Constantine with a <a href="/wiki/Chi-rho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi-rho">chi-rho</a> symbol as the crest of his <a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Constantine" title="Helmet of Constantine">helmet</a></figcaption></figure> Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organised them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river.<a href="#cite_note-bvubfs-187">[176]</a> Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields.<a href="#cite_note-188">[177]</a> According to Lactantius "Constantine was directed in a dream to cause the heavenly sign to be delineated on the shields of his soldiers, and so to proceed to battle. He did as he had been commanded, and he marked on their shields the letter Χ, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the cipher of Christ. Having this sign (☧), his troops stood to arms."<a href="#cite_note-189">[178]</a> Eusebius describes a vision that Constantine had while marching at midday in which "he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the heavens, above the sun, and bearing the inscription, In Hoc Signo Vinces" ("In this sign thou shalt conquer").<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a> In Eusebius's account, Constantine had a dream the following night in which Christ appeared with the same heavenly sign and told him to make an army standard in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Labarum" title="Labarum">labarum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[180]</a> Eusebius is vague about when and where these events took place,<a href="#cite_note-192">[181]</a> but it enters his narrative before the war begins against Maxentius.<a href="#cite_note-193">[182]</a> He describes the sign as <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a> (Χ) traversed by <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a> (Ρ) to form ☧, representing the first two letters of the Greek word ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Christos).<a href="#cite_note-194">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[184]</a> A medallion was issued at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Ticinum</a> in 315 which shows Constantine <a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Constantine" title="Helmet of Constantine">wearing a helmet</a> emblazoned with the <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[185]</a> and coins issued at Siscia in 317/318 repeat the image.<a href="#cite_note-197">[186]</a> The figure was otherwise rare and is uncommon in imperial iconography and propaganda before the 320s.<a href="#cite_note-198">[187]</a> It was not completely unknown, however, being an abbreviation of the Greek word chrēston (good), having previously appeared on the coins of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> in the 3rd century BC. Following Constantine, centuries of Christians invoked the miraculous or the supernatural when justifying or describing their warfare.<a href="#cite_note-199">[188]</a> Constantine deployed his own forces along the whole length of Maxentius' line. He ordered his cavalry to charge, and they broke Maxentius' cavalry. He then sent his infantry against Maxentius' infantry, pushing many into the Tiber where they were slaughtered and drowned.<a href="#cite_note-bvubfs-187">[176]</a> The battle was brief,<a href="#cite_note-200">[189]</a> and Maxentius' troops were broken before the first charge.<a href="#cite_note-201">[190]</a> His horse guards and praetorians initially held their position, but they broke under the force of a Constantinian cavalry charge; they also broke ranks and fled to the river. Maxentius rode with them and attempted to cross the bridge of boats (<a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a>), but he was pushed into the Tiber and drowned by the mass of his fleeing soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-202">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Rome">In Rome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus,_Palatino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg/220px-0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg/330px-0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg/440px-0_Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus%2C_Palatino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4980" data-file-height="8138" /></a><figcaption>Head of a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_colossus_of_Constantine" title="Bronze colossus of Constantine">bronze colossus of Constantine</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[192]</a> </figcaption></figure> Constantine entered Rome on 29 October 312<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]-204">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[194]</a> and staged a grand adventus in the city which was met with jubilation.<a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> Maxentius' body was fished out of the Tiber and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the streets for all to see.<a href="#cite_note-207">[196]</a> After the ceremonies, the disembodied head was sent to Carthage, and Carthage offered no further resistance.<a href="#cite_note-208">[197]</a> Unlike his predecessors, Constantine neglected to make the trip to the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> and perform customary sacrifices at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[198]</a> However, he did visit the Senatorial <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[199]</a> and he promised to restore its ancestral privileges and give it a secure role in his reformed government; there would be no revenge against Maxentius' supporters.<a href="#cite_note-211">[200]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> decreed him "title of the first name", which meant that his name would be listed first in all official documents,<a href="#cite_note-212">[201]</a> and they acclaimed him as "the greatest augustus".<a href="#cite_note-213">[202]</a> He issued decrees returning property that was lost under Maxentius, recalling political exiles, and releasing Maxentius' imprisoned opponents.<a href="#cite_note-214">[203]</a> An extensive propaganda campaign followed, during which Maxentius' image was purged from all public places. He was written up as a "tyrant" and set against an idealised image of Constantine the "liberator". Eusebius is the best representative of this strand of Constantinian propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-215">[204]</a> Maxentius' rescripts were declared invalid, and the honours that he had granted to leaders of the Senate were also invalidated.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_CE,_45-216">[205]</a> Constantine also attempted to remove Maxentius' influence on Rome's urban landscape. All structures built by him were rededicated to Constantine, including the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome#History" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Temple of Romulus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[206]</a> At the focal point of the basilica, a stone statue was erected of Constantine holding the Christian labarum in its hand. Its inscription bore the message which the statue illustrated: "By this sign, Constantine had freed Rome from the yoke of the tyrant."<a href="#cite_note-218">[207]</a> Constantine also sought to upstage Maxentius' achievements. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> was redeveloped so that its seating capacity was 25 times larger than that of Maxentius' racing complex on the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[208]</a> Maxentius' strongest military supporters were neutralised when he disbanded the Praetorian Guard and <a href="/wiki/Equites_singulares_Augusti" title="Equites singulares Augusti">Imperial Horse Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[209]</a> The tombstones of the Imperial Horse Guard were ground up and used in a basilica on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[210]</a> and their former base was redeveloped into the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Lateran Basilica</a> on 9 November 312—barely two weeks after Constantine captured the city.<a href="#cite_note-222">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a> was removed from <a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albano Laziale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barnes,_CE,_45-216">[205]</a> and the remainder of Maxentius' armies were sent to do frontier duty on the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-223">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wars_against_Licinius">Wars against Licinius</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wars against Licinius">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Licinius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aureus_of_Licinius.png/260px-Aureus_of_Licinius.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aureus_of_Licinius.png/390px-Aureus_of_Licinius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Aureus_of_Licinius.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></figcaption></figure> In the following years, Constantine gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling Tetrarchy. In 313, he met Licinius in Milan to secure their alliance by the marriage of Licinius and Constantine's half-sister Constantia. During this meeting, the emperors agreed on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[213]</a> officially granting full tolerance to Christianity and all religions in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-225">[214]</a> The document had special benefits for Christians, legalizing their religion and granting them restoration for all property seized during Diocletian's persecution. It repudiates past methods of religious coercion and used only general terms to refer to the divine sphere—"Divinity" and "Supreme Divinity", summa divinitas.<a href="#cite_note-226">[215]</a> The conference was cut short, however, when news reached Licinius that his rival <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus</a> had crossed the Bosporus and invaded European territory. Licinius departed and eventually defeated Maximinus, gaining control over the entire eastern half of the Roman Empire. Relations between the two remaining emperors deteriorated, as Constantine suffered an assassination attempt at the hands of a character that Licinius wanted elevated to the rank of Caesar;<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-227">[216]</a> Licinius, for his part, had Constantine's statues in Emona destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-228">[217]</a> In either 314 or 316, the two augusti fought against one another at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cibalae" title="Battle of Cibalae">Battle of Cibalae</a>, with Constantine being victorious. They clashed again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mardia" title="Battle of Mardia">Battle of Mardia</a> in 317 and agreed to a settlement in which Constantine's sons <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, and Licinius' son <a href="/wiki/Licinius_II" title="Licinius II">Licinius Junior</a> were made caesars.<a href="#cite_note-229">[218]</a> After this arrangement, Constantine ruled the dioceses of Pannonia and Macedonia and took residence at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, whence he could wage war on the Goths and Sarmatians in 322, and on the Goths in 323, defeating and killing their leader <a href="/wiki/Rausimod" title="Rausimod">Rausimod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-227">[216]</a> In 320, Licinius allegedly reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan and began to oppress Christians anew,<a href="#cite_note-230">[219]</a> generally without bloodshed, but resorting to confiscations and sacking of Christian office-holders.<a href="#cite_note-231">[220]</a> Although this characterization of Licinius as anti-Christian is somewhat doubtful, the fact is that he seems to have been far less open in his support of Christianity than Constantine. Therefore, Licinius was prone to see the Church as a force more loyal to Constantine than to the Imperial system in general,<a href="#cite_note-232">[221]</a> as the explanation offered by the Church historian <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[222]</a> This dubious arrangement eventually became a challenge to Constantine in the West, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. Constantine's Christian eulogists present the war as a battle between Christianity and paganism; Licinius, aided by Gothic mercenaries, represented the past and ancient paganism, while Constantine and his <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> marched under the standard of the labarum.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Outnumbered but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople</a>. Licinius fled across the Bosphorus and appointed <a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magister officiorum</a>, as nominal augustus in the West, but Constantine next won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Battle of the Hellespont</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis" title="Battle of Chrysopolis">Battle of Chrysopolis</a> on 18 September 324.<a href="#cite_note-234">[223]</a> Licinius and Martinian surrendered to Constantine at Nicomedia on the promise their lives would be spared: they were sent to live as private citizens in Thessalonica and Cappadocia respectively, but in 325 Constantine accused Licinius of plotting against him and had them both arrested and hanged; Licinius' son (the son of Constantine's half-sister) was killed in 326.<a href="#cite_note-235">[224]</a> Thus Constantine became the sole emperor of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-macmullen-236">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_rule">Later rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later rule">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_of_Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foundation of Constantinople">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I,_AD_330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg/220px-Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg/330px-Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg/440px-Silver_medallion_of_Constantine_I%2C_AD_330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glittica_romana,_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli,_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG/220px-Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG/330px-Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG/440px-Glittica_romana%2C_costantino_e_la_tyche_di_costantinopoli%2C_sardonice_IV_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>4th century sardonyx cameo with Constantine and the Tyche of Constantinople<a href="#cite_note-237">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> Diocletian had chosen Nicomedia in the East as his capital during the Tetrarchy<a href="#cite_note-238">[227]</a>—not far from Byzantium, well situated to defend Thrace, Asia, and Egypt, all of which had required his military attention.<a href="#cite_note-239">[228]</a> Constantine had recognised the shift of the empire from the remote and depopulated[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] West to the richer cities of the East, and the military strategic importance of protecting the Danube from barbarian excursions and Asia from a hostile Persia in choosing his new capital<a href="#cite_note-240">[229]</a> as well as being able to monitor shipping traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-241">[230]</a> Licinius' defeat came to represent the defeat of a rival centre of pagan and Greek-speaking political activity in the East, as opposed to the Christian and Latin-speaking Rome, and it was proposed that a new Eastern capital should represent the integration of the East into the Roman Empire as a whole, as a centre of learning, prosperity, and cultural preservation for the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a> Among the various locations proposed for this alternative capital, Constantine appears to have toyed earlier with <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">Serdica</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>), as he was reported saying that "Serdica is my Rome".<a href="#cite_note-243">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> were also considered.<a href="#cite_note-244">[233]</a> Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism during the preceding century by <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance.<a href="#cite_note-245">[234]</a> The city was thus founded in 324,<a href="#cite_note-Oxf-246">[235]</a> dedicated on 11 May 330<a href="#cite_note-Oxf-246">[235]</a> and renamed Constantinopolis ("Constantine's City" or <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod of Moses">Rod of Moses</a> and other holy relics, though a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> now at the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> also represented Constantine crowned by the <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">tyche</a> of the new city.<a href="#cite_note-247">[236]</a> The figures of old gods were either replaced or assimilated into a framework of <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>. Constantine built the new <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> on the site of a temple to <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Generations later there was the story that a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">divine vision</a> led Constantine to this spot, and an angel no one else could see led him on a circuit of the new walls.<a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a> The capital would often be compared to the 'old' Rome as Nova Roma Constantinopolitana, the "New Rome of Constantinople".<a href="#cite_note-macmullen-236">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_policies_of_Constantine_the_Great" title="Religious policies of Constantine the Great">Religious policies of Constantine the Great</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Judaism" title="Constantine the Great and Judaism">Constantine the Great and Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Constantine the Great</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/250px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/375px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/500px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2027" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, section: Maria as patron saint of Constantinople, detail: <a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">donor portrait</a> of Emperor Constantine I with a model of the city</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Emperor and Equal to the Apostles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[l]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, Constantinople</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 May</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/260px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/390px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg/520px-Constantine_burning_Arian_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Constantine burning books by Arian heretics ('Heretici Arriani'), from a 9th-century manuscript now in <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a></figcaption></figure> Constantine was the first emperor to stop the persecution of Christians and to legalize Christianity, along with all other religions/cults in the Roman Empire. In February 313, he met with Licinius in Milan and developed the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression.<a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a> This removed penalties for professing Christianity, under which <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">many had been martyred previously</a>, and it returned confiscated Church property. The edict protected all religions from persecution, not only Christianity, allowing anyone to worship any deity that they chose. A similar edict had been issued in 311 by Galerius, senior emperor of the Tetrarchy, which granted Christians the right to practise their religion but did not restore any property to them.<a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a> The Edict of Milan included several clauses which stated that all confiscated churches would be returned, as well as other provisions for previously persecuted Christians. Some scholars think that Helena adopted Christianity as an adult, and according to Eusebius she was converted by Constantine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung20066_and_n._24-256">[244]</a> but other historians debate whether Constantine adopted his mother Helena's Christianity in his youth or whether he adopted it gradually over the course of his life.<a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg/310px-Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg/465px-Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg/620px-Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a> and Emperor Constantine</figcaption></figure> Constantine possibly retained the title of <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a> which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> renounced the title.<a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-livius-259">[247]</a> According to Christian writers, Constantine was over 40 when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owed his successes to the protection of the Christian High God alone.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a> Despite these declarations of being a Christian, he waited to be baptised on his deathbed, believing that the baptism would release him of any sins he committed in the course of carrying out his policies while emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2000395-261">[249]</a> He supported the Church financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy (such as exemption from certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property confiscated during the long period of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a> His most famous building projects include the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>. In constructing the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Constantine went to great lengths to erect the basilica on top of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a>'s resting place, so much so that it even affected the design of the basilica, including the challenge of erecting it on the hill where St. Peter rested, making its complete construction time over 30 years from the date Constantine ordered it to be built. Constantine might not have patronised Christianity alone. A <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">triumphal arch</a> was built in 315 to celebrate his victory in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge which was decorated with images of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a>, and sacrifices were made to pagan gods at its dedication, including <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. Absent from the arch are any depictions of Christian symbolism. However, the arch was commissioned by the Senate, so the absence of Christian symbols may reflect the role of the <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> at the time as a pagan redoubt.<a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a> In 321, he legislated that the venerable Sunday should be a day of rest for all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a> In 323, he issued a decree banning Christians from participating in state sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-265">[253]</a> After the pagan gods had disappeared from his coinage, Christian symbols appeared as Constantine's attributes, the chi rho between his hands or on his labarum,<a href="#cite_note-266">[254]</a> as well on the coinage.<a href="#cite_note-ramsey-267">[255]</a> The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the emperor to have great influence and authority in the early Christian councils, most notably the dispute over Arianism. Constantine disliked the risks to societal stability that religious disputes and controversies brought with them, preferring to establish an orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-268">[256]</a> His influence over the Church councils was to enforce doctrine, root out heresy, and uphold ecclesiastical unity; the Church's role was to determine proper worship, doctrines, and dogma.<a href="#cite_note-269">[257]</a> North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Caecilianus" title="Caecilianus">Caecilian</a> from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> movement in North Africa. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile.<a href="#cite_note-270">[258]</a> More significantly, in 325 he summoned the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, most known for its dealing with Arianism and for instituting the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[259]</a> He enforced the council's prohibition against celebrating the Lord's Supper on the day before the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, which marked a definite break of Christianity from the Judaic tradition. From then on, the solar <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> was given precedence over the lunisolar <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> among the Christian churches of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-272">[260]</a> Constantine made some new laws regarding the Jews; some of them were unfavourable towards Jews, although they were not harsher than those of his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy187-273">[261]</a> It was made illegal for Jews to seek converts or to attack other Jews who had converted to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy187-273">[261]</a> They were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcise</a> their slaves.<a href="#cite_note-274">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[263]</a> On the other hand, Jewish clergy were given the same exemptions as Christian clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy187-273">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_reforms">Administrative reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG/220px-Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG/330px-Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG/440px-Gold_coin_pendant_BM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hexagonal gold pendant with double <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a> of Constantine the Great in the centre, AD 321, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in the mid-3rd century, the emperors began to favour members of the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian order</a> over senators, who had a monopoly on the most important offices of the state. Senators were stripped of the command of legions and most provincial governorships, as it was felt that they lacked the specialised military upbringing needed in an age of acute defense needs;<a href="#cite_note-277">[265]</a> such posts were given to equestrians by Diocletian and his colleagues, following a practice enforced piecemeal by their predecessors. The emperors, however, still needed the talents and the help of the very rich, who were relied on to maintain social order and cohesion by means of a web of powerful influence and contacts at all levels. Exclusion of the old senatorial aristocracy threatened this arrangement. In 326, Constantine reversed this pro-equestrian trend, raising many administrative positions to senatorial rank and thus opening these offices to the old aristocracy; at the same time, he elevated the rank of existing equestrian office-holders to senator, degrading the equestrian order in the process (at least as a bureaucratic rank).<a href="#cite_note-278">[266]</a> The title of perfectissimus was granted only to mid- or low-level officials by the end of the 4th century. By the new Constantinian arrangement, one could become a senator by being elected <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> or by fulfilling a function of senatorial rank.<a href="#cite_note-279">[267]</a> From then on, holding actual power and social status were melded together into a joint imperial hierarchy. Constantine gained the support of the old nobility with this,<a href="#cite_note-280">[268]</a> as the Senate was allowed to elect praetors and <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> in place of the usual practice of the emperors directly creating magistrates (adlectio). An inscription in honor of <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">city prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceionius_Rufius_Albinus" title="Ceionius Rufius Albinus">Ceionius Rufus Albinus</a> states that Constantine had restored the Senate "the <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a> it had lost at Caesar's time".<a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a> The Senate as a body remained devoid of any significant power; nevertheless, the senators had been marginalised as potential holders of imperial functions during the 3rd century but could dispute such positions alongside more upstart bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-282">[270]</a> Some modern historians see in those administrative reforms an attempt by Constantine at reintegrating the senatorial order into the imperial administrative elite to counter the possibility of alienating pagan senators from a Christianised imperial rule;<a href="#cite_note-283">[271]</a> however, such an interpretation remains conjectural, given the fact that we do not have the precise numbers about pre-Constantine conversions to Christianity in the old senatorial milieu. Some historians suggest that early conversions among the old aristocracy were more numerous than previously supposed.<a href="#cite_note-284">[272]</a> Constantine's reforms had to do only with the civilian administration. The military chiefs had risen from the ranks since the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[273]</a> but remained outside the Senate, in which they were included only by Constantine's children.<a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monetary_reforms">Monetary reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Monetary reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nummus_of_Constantine_(YORYM_2001_10313)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Nummus_of_Constantine_%28YORYM_2001_10313%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus">nummus</a> of Constantine</figcaption></figure> In the 3rd century, the production of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> to pay for public expenses resulted in <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century#Economic_impact" title="Crisis of the Third Century">runaway inflation</a>, and Diocletian tried unsuccessfully to re-establish trustworthy minting of silver coins, as well as silver-bronze "<a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">billon</a>" coins (the term "billon" meaning an alloy of precious and base metals that is mostly base metal). Silver currency was overvalued in terms of its actual metal content and therefore could only circulate at much discounted rates. Constantine stopped minting the Diocletianic "pure" silver <a href="/wiki/Argenteus" title="Argenteus">argenteus</a> soon after 305, while the "billon" currency continued to be used until the 360s. From the early 300s on, Constantine forsook any attempts at restoring the silver currency, preferring instead to concentrate on minting large quantities of the gold <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a>, 72 of which made a pound of gold. New and highly debased silver pieces continued to be issued during his later reign and after his death, in a continuous process of retariffing, until this "billon" minting ceased in 367, and the silver piece was continued by various denominations of bronze coins, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Centenionalis" title="Centenionalis">centenionalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[275]</a> These bronze pieces continued to be devalued, assuring the possibility of keeping fiduciary minting alongside a gold standard. The author of <a href="/wiki/De_rebus_bellicis" title="De rebus bellicis">De Rebus Bellicis</a> held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the gold piece, while the poor had to cope with ever-degrading bronze pieces.<a href="#cite_note-288">[276]</a> Later emperors such as <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a> insisted on trustworthy mintings of the bronze currency.<a href="#cite_note-289">[277]</a> Constantine's monetary policies were closely associated with his religious policies; increased minting was associated with the confiscation of all gold, silver, and bronze statues from pagan temples between 331 and 336 which were declared to be imperial property. Two imperial commissioners for each province had the task of getting the statues and melting them for immediate minting, with the exception of a number of bronze statues that were used as public monuments in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executions_of_Crispus_and_Fausta">Executions of Crispus and Fausta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Executions of Crispus and Fausta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crispus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Crispus.jpg/187px-Crispus.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Crispus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="253" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gold coin of Constantine's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a>, who was executed by his father</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/147px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="147" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/221px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG/294px-P1070865_Louvre_t%C3%AAte_de_Fausta_Ma4881_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="2485" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bust of Constantine's wife <a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</div></div></div></div></div> Constantine had his eldest son Crispus seized and put to death by "cold poison" at Pola (<a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>, Croatia) sometime between 15 May and 17 June 326.<a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a> In July, he had his wife Empress Fausta (stepmother of Crispus) killed in an overheated bath.<a href="#cite_note-292">[280]</a> Their names were wiped from the face of many inscriptions, references to their lives were eradicated from the literary record, and their memory was condemned. Eusebius, for example, edited out any praise of Crispus from later copies of <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a>, and his Vita Constantini contains no mention of Fausta or Crispus.<a href="#cite_note-293">[281]</a> Few ancient sources are willing to discuss possible motives for the events, and the few that do are of later provenance and are generally unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-google-294">[282]</a> At the time of the executions, it was commonly believed that Empress Fausta was either in an illicit relationship with Crispus or was spreading rumors to that effect. A popular myth arose, modified to allude to the <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Athens" title="Hippolytus of Athens">Hippolytus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)" title="Phaedra (mythology)">Phaedra</a> legend, with the suggestion that Constantine killed Crispus and Fausta for their immoralities;<a href="#cite_note-GUTH326.7-295">[283]</a> the largely fictional Passion of Artemius explicitly makes this connection.<a href="#cite_note-296">[284]</a> The myth rests on slim evidence as an interpretation of the executions; only late and unreliable sources allude to the relationship between Crispus and Fausta, and there is no evidence for the modern suggestion that Constantine's "godly" edicts of 326 and the irregularities of Crispus are somehow connected.<a href="#cite_note-GUTH326.7-295">[283]</a> Although Constantine created his apparent heirs "caesars", following a pattern established by Diocletian, he gave his creations a hereditary character, alien to the tetrarchic system: Constantine's caesars were to be kept in the hope of ascending to empire and entirely subordinated to their augustus, as long as he was alive.<a href="#cite_note-297">[285]</a> Adrian Goldsworthy speculates an alternative explanation for the execution of Crispus was Constantine's desire to keep a firm grip on his prospective heirs, this—and Fausta's desire for having her sons inheriting instead of their half-brother—being reason enough for killing Crispus; the subsequent execution of Fausta, however, was probably meant as a reminder to her children that Constantine would not hesitate in "killing his own relatives when he felt this was necessary".<a href="#cite_note-298">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_campaigns">Later campaigns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:366px;max-width:366px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG/216px-Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG" decoding="async" width="216" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG/324px-Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG/432px-Costantino_nord-limes_png.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1532" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The northern and eastern frontiers of the Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of entire reign</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Medallion_of_Constantine_I_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png/142px-Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png/213px-Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png/284px-Medallion_of_Constantine_I_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="805" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gold medallion struck at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> in 335–336 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of his rule</div></div></div></div></div> Constantine considered Constantinople his capital and permanent residence. He lived there for a good portion of his later life. In 328, construction was completed on <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Danube)">Constantine's Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sucidava" title="Sucidava">Sucidava</a>, (today <a href="/wiki/Corabia" title="Corabia">Celei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)<a href="#cite_note-299">[287]</a> in hopes of reconquering <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>, a province that had been abandoned under Aurelian. In the late winter of 332, Constantine campaigned with the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. The weather and lack of food reportedly cost the Goths dearly before they submitted to Rome. In 334, after Sarmatian commoners had overthrown their leaders, Constantine led a campaign against the tribe. He won a victory in the war and extended his control over the region, as remains of camps and fortifications in the region indicate.<a href="#cite_note-300">[288]</a> Constantine resettled some Sarmatian exiles as farmers in Illyrian and Roman districts and conscripted the rest into the army. Constantine reconquered the South of Dacia and the new frontier in Dacia was along the wall and ditch called <a href="/wiki/Brazda_lui_Novac" title="Brazda lui Novac">Brazda lui Novac</a> line supported by new <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[289]</a> Constantine took the title Dacicus maximus in 336.<a href="#cite_note-302">[290]</a> In the last years of his life, Constantine made plans for a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persia</a>. In a letter written to the king of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur</a>, Constantine had asserted his patronage over Persia's Christian subjects and urged Shapur to treat them well.<a href="#cite_note-303">[291]</a> The letter is undatable. In response to border raids, Constantine sent Constantius to guard the eastern frontier in 335. In 336, Prince Narseh invaded Armenia (a Christian kingdom since 301) and installed a Persian client on the throne. Constantine then resolved to campaign against Persia. He treated the war as a Christian crusade, calling for bishops to accompany the army and commissioning a tent in the shape of a church to follow him everywhere. Constantine planned to be baptised in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> before crossing into Persia. Persian diplomats came to Constantinople over the winter of 336–337, seeking peace, but Constantine turned them away. The campaign was called off, however, when Constantine became sick in the spring of 337.<a href="#cite_note-304">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/220px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/330px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/440px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Constantine" title="The Baptism of Constantine">The Baptism of Constantine</a>, as imagined by students of <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:452px;max-width:452px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Campidoglio,_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg/150px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg/225px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg/300px-Campidoglio%2C_Roma_-_Costantino_II_cesare_dettaglio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Constantius_II_(Mary_Harrsch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/140px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/210px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/280px-Bust_of_Constantius_II_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg/150px-Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg/225px-Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg/300px-Emperor_Constans_Louvre_Ma1021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1360" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Constantine's sons and successors: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a></div></div></div></div> From his recent illness, Constantine knew death would soon come. Within the Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantine had secretly prepared a final resting-place for himself.<a href="#cite_note-305">[293]</a> It came sooner than he had expected. Soon after the Feast of Easter 337, Constantine fell seriously ill.<a href="#cite_note-306">[294]</a> He left Constantinople for the hot baths near his mother's city of <a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nova" title="Altınova">Altınova</a>), on the southern shores of the Gulf of Nicomedia (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmit" title="Gulf of İzmit">Gulf of İzmit</a>). There, in a church his mother built in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian the Martyr</a>, he prayed, and there he realised that he was dying. Seeking purification, he became a <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechumen</a> and attempted a return to Constantinople, making it only as far as a suburb of Nicomedia.<a href="#cite_note-307">[295]</a> He summoned the bishops and told them of his hope to be baptised in the River Jordan, where Christ was written to have been baptised. He requested the baptism right away, promising to live a more Christian life should he live through his illness. The bishops, Eusebius records, "performed the sacred ceremonies according to custom".<a href="#cite_note-308">[296]</a> He chose the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, bishop of the city where he lay dying, as his baptizer.<a href="#cite_note-309">[297]</a> In postponing his baptism, he followed one custom at the time which postponed baptism until after infancy.<a href="#cite_note-310">[298]</a> It has been thought that Constantine put off baptism as long as he did so as to be absolved from as much of his sin as possible.<a href="#cite_note-311">[299]</a> Constantine died soon after at a suburban villa called Achyron, on the last day of the fifty-day festival of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> directly following Pascha (or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>), on 22 May 337.<a href="#cite_note-312">[300]</a> Although Constantine's death follows the conclusion of the Persian campaign in Eusebius's account, most other sources report his death as occurring in its middle. Emperor Julian (a nephew of Constantine), writing in the mid-350s, observes that the Sassanians escaped punishment for their ill-deeds, because Constantine died "in the middle of his preparations for war".<a href="#cite_note-313">[301]</a> Similar accounts are given in the Origo Constantini, an anonymous document composed while Constantine was still living, which has Constantine dying in Nicomedia;<a href="#cite_note-314">[302]</a> the Historiae abbreviatae of Sextus <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, written in 361, which has Constantine dying at an estate near Nicomedia called Achyrona while marching against the Persians;<a href="#cite_note-315">[303]</a> and the Breviarium of <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, a handbook compiled in 369 for the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, which has Constantine dying in a nameless state villa in Nicomedia.<a href="#cite_note-316">[304]</a> From these and other accounts, some have concluded that Eusebius's Vita was edited to defend Constantine's reputation against what Eusebius saw as a less congenial version of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-317">[305]</a> Following his death, his body was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles,<a href="#cite_note-318">[306]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry sarcophagus</a> that was described in the 10th century by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[307]</a> His body survived the plundering of the city during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204 but was destroyed at some point afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-320">[308]</a> Constantine was succeeded by his three sons born of Fausta, Constantine II, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>. His sons, along with his nephew <a href="/wiki/Dalmatius" title="Dalmatius">Dalmatius</a>, had already received one division of the empire each to administer as caesars; Constantine may have intended his successors to resume a structure akin to Diocletian's Tetrarchy.<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a> A number of relatives were killed by followers of Constantius, notably Constantine's nephews Dalmatius (who held the rank of caesar) and <a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a>, presumably to eliminate possible contenders to an already complicated succession. He also had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a>, wife of Emperor Julian.<a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Medieval Church-State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval Communalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Davila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez y Pelayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Vázquez de Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" 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By 336, he had reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in 271. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-323">[311]</a> In the cultural sphere, Constantine revived the clean-shaven face fashion of earlier emperors, originally introduced among the Romans by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> (236–183 BC) and changed into the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Beard#Rome" title="Beard">beard</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (r. 117–138). With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a> (r. 360–363), this new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> (r. 602–610) in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-324">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> reckoned Constantine among the venerable figures of its tradition. In the later Byzantine state, it became a great honor for an emperor to be hailed as a "new Constantine"; ten emperors carried the name, including the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-326">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> used monumental Constantinian forms in his court to suggest that he was Constantine's successor and equal. Charlemagne, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas family</a> claimed descent from Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-327">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2000-332">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> embroidered a tale that the legendary king of Britain, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, was also a descendant of Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-336">[324]</a> Constantine acquired a mythic role as a hero and warrior against heathens. His reception as a saint seems to have spread within the Byzantine empire during wars against the Sasanian Persians and the Muslims in the late 6th and 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-337">[325]</a> The motif of the Romanesque equestrian, the mounted figure in the posture of a triumphant Roman emperor, became a visual metaphor in statuary in praise of local benefactors. The name "Constantine" enjoyed renewed popularity in western France in the 11th and 12th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-338">[326]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist period in Italy</a> in the 20th century, parallels between Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> became especially popular after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a> by the Italian State and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Catholic Church</a> in 1929. Mussolini's perceived role in bringing about the historic agreement was sometimes even explicitly compared to Constantine's Edict of Milan. For example, the archbishop of Milan, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildefonso Schuster">Ildefonso Schuster</a>, claimed that, after sixteen centuries, a second <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> had occurred and a second 'religious pact' had been established, linking Mussolini to the spiriti magni of both Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Constantine_the_Great_Airport" title="Niš Constantine the Great Airport">Niš Constantine the Great Airport</a> is named in honor of him. A large cross was planned to be built on a hill overlooking Niš, but the project was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-340">[328]</a> In 2012, a memorial was erected in Niš in his honor. The Commemoration of the Edict of Milan was held in Niš in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-341">[329]</a> The Orthodox Church considers Constantine a saint (Άγιος Κωνσταντίνος, Saint Constantine), having a feast day on 21 May,<a href="#cite_note-342">[330]</a> and calls him isapostolos (ισαπόστολος Κωνσταντίνος)—an <a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">equal of the Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Constantius_appoints_Constantine_as_his_successor_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius</a> appoints Constantine as his successor by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1622</figcaption></figure> During Constantine's lifetime, <a href="/wiki/Praxagoras_of_Athens" title="Praxagoras of Athens">Praxagoras of Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>, pagan authors, showered Constantine with praise, presenting him as a paragon of virtue. His nephew and son-in-law Julian the Apostate, however, wrote the satire Symposium, or the Saturnalia in 361, after the last of his sons died; it denigrated Constantine, calling him inferior to the great pagan emperors, and given over to luxury and greed.<a href="#cite_note-344">[332]</a> Following Julian, <a href="/wiki/Eunapius" title="Eunapius">Eunapius</a> began – and <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> continued – a historiographic tradition that blamed Constantine for weakening the empire through his indulgence to the Christians.<a href="#cite_note-auto-345">[333]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, European and Near-East Byzantine writers presented Constantine as an ideal ruler, the standard against which any king or emperor could be measured.<a href="#cite_note-auto-345">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources prompted a re-evaluation of his career. German humanist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Leunclavius" title="Johannes Leunclavius">Johannes Leunclavius</a> discovered Zosimus' writings and published a Latin translation in 1576. In its preface, he argues that Zosimus' picture of Constantine offered a more balanced view than that of Eusebius and the Church historians.<a href="#cite_note-346">[334]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Baronius" title="Caesar Baronius">Caesar Baronius</a> criticised Zosimus, favouring Eusebius' account of the Constantinian era. Baronius' Life of Constantine (1588) presents Constantine as the model of a Christian prince.<a href="#cite_note-347">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> aimed to unite the two extremes of Constantinian scholarship in his work <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a> (1776–1789) by contrasting the portraits presented by Eusebius and Zosimus.<a href="#cite_note-348">[336]</a> He presents a noble war hero who transforms into an Oriental despot in his old age, "degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch".<a href="#cite_note-349">[337]</a> Modern interpretations of Constantine's rule begin with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>'s The Age of Constantine the Great (1853, rev. 1880). Burckhardt's Constantine is a scheming secularist, a politician who manipulates all parties in a quest to secure his own power.<a href="#cite_note-350">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a> followed Burckhardt's evaluation of Constantine in the 1930s, suggesting that Constantine developed an interest in Christianity only after witnessing its political usefulness. Grégoire was skeptical of the authenticity of Eusebius's Vita, and postulated a pseudo-Eusebius to assume responsibility for the vision and conversion narratives of that work.<a href="#cite_note-351">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Seeck" title="Otto Seeck">Otto Seeck</a>'s Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (1920–1923) and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Piganiol" title="André Piganiol">André Piganiol</a>'s L'empereur Constantin (1932) go against this historiographic tradition. Seeck presents Constantine as a sincere war hero whose ambiguities were the product of his own naïve inconsistency.<a href="#cite_note-352">[340]</a> Piganiol's Constantine is a philosophical monotheist, a child of his era's religious syncretism.<a href="#cite_note-353">[341]</a> Related histories by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hugh_Martin_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Hugh Martin Jones">Arnold Hugh Martin Jones</a> (Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, 1949) and <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">Ramsay MacMullen</a> (Constantine, 1969) give portraits of a less visionary and more impulsive Constantine.<a href="#cite_note-354">[342]</a> These later accounts were more willing to present Constantine as a genuine convert to Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Norman_H._Baynes" title="Norman H. Baynes">Norman H. Baynes</a> began a historiographic tradition with Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (1929) which presents Constantine as a committed Christian, reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Alf%C3%B6ldi" title="Andreas Alföldi">Andreas Alföldi</a>'s The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome (1948), and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a>'s Constantine and Eusebius (1981) is the culmination of this trend. Barnes' Constantine experienced a radical conversion which drove him on a personal crusade to convert his empire.<a href="#cite_note-355">[343]</a> Charles Matson Odahl's Constantine and the Christian Empire (2004) takes much the same tack.<a href="#cite_note-356">[344]</a> In spite of Barnes' work, arguments continue over the strength and depth of Constantine's religious conversion.<a href="#cite_note-357">[345]</a> Certain themes in this school reached new extremes in T. G. Elliott's The Christianity of Constantine the Great (1996), which presented Constantine as a committed Christian from early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-358">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>'s 2007 work Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien holds a similar view which does not speculate on the origin of Constantine's Christian motivation, but presents him as a religious revolutionary who fervently believed that he was meant "to play a providential role in the millenary economy of the salvation of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-359">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> argues that it is most plausible that Constantine had been a Christian considerably before 312 – possibly even for his entire life – with the public timeline of events instead reflecting his "coming out" as Christian in stages as doing so became politically viable. As a parallel illustrating the cogency of this interpretation, Heather gestures to the later conversion of Constantine's nephew <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> from Christianity to Hellenism, after which he practiced in secret for a decade.<a href="#cite_note-360">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donation_of_Constantine">Donation of Constantine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Donation of Constantine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Christians</a> considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptised only on his death bed by an unorthodox bishop, and a <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Sylvester" title="Acts of Sylvester">legend emerged</a> by the early 4th century that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a> had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Constantine was baptised and began the construction of a church in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Lateran Basilica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[350]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> appeared in the 8th century, most likely during the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Pope Stephen II</a>, in which the freshly converted Constantine gives "the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions" to Sylvester and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-363">[351]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-364">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[353]</a> this document was used and accepted as the basis for the pope's <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">temporal power</a>, though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[354]</a> and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[355]</a> Philologist and Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> proved in 1440 that the document was indeed a forgery.<a href="#cite_note-368">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth's_Historia">Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia">edit</a>]</div> During the medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> regarded Constantine as a king of their own people, particularly associating him with <a href="/wiki/Segontium" title="Segontium">Caernarfon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>. While some of this is owed to his fame and his proclamation as emperor in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, there was also confusion of his family with <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>'s supposed wife <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Elen</a> and her son, another Constantine (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Custennin). In the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> included a passage in his Historia Anglorum that the Emperor Constantine's mother was a Briton, making her the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">King Cole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> expanded this story in his highly fictionalised Historia Regum Britanniae, an account of the supposed <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">Kings of Britain</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> origins to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenway-370">[358]</a> According to Geoffrey, Cole was King of the Britons when Constantius, here a senator, came to Britain. Afraid of the Romans, Cole submits to Roman law so long as he retains his kingship. However, he dies only a month later, and Constantius takes the throne himself, marrying Cole's daughter Helena. They have their son Constantine, who succeeds his father as King of Britain before becoming Roman emperor. Historically, this series of events is extremely improbable. Constantius had already left Helena by the time he left for Britain.<a href="#cite_note-marriage-62">[52]</a> Additionally, no earlier source mentions that Helena was born in Britain, let alone that she was a princess. Henry's source for the story is unknown, though it may have been a lost hagiography of Helena.<a href="#cite_note-Greenway-370">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constantinian_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template:Constantinian dynasty family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constantinian_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template talk:Constantinian dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constantinian_dynasty_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constantinian dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Afranius_Hannibalianus" title="Afranius Hannibalianus">Afranius Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> Western emperor</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a> Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (mother of Constantine)">Helena</a> 250–330</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> Western emperor</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a> 293–330 ∞ <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> 250-308-324-325</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a> censor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1.<a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)" title="Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)">Galla</a> </td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a> d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(4th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasia (4th century)">Anastasia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Eutropia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a> 289–326</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine The Great">Constantine I</a> the Great 272-306-337</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dalmatius" title="Dalmatius">Dalmatius</a> caesar</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(1) <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(2) <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> 331-360-363</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> d. 360</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a> ∞ 1.<a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a> 2.<a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> 317-337-361 ∞ <a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> Western emperor 316-337-340</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a> Western emperor 320-337-350</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(daughter) ∞ Justus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a> d. 326</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian (Emperor)">Jovian</a> 331-363-364</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> Western emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a> 361–383</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> Western emperor 359-367-383</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> Eastern emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">THEODOSIAN DYNASTY</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Family of Constantine the Great </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as <a href="/wiki/Augusti" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusti">Augusti</a>, names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li><li>268–270</li><li>fabricated ancestry</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Julia Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li><li>305–306</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Maximiana Theodora</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Constantine I</li><li>306–337</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li><li>308–324</li></ul></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Anastasia (sister of Constantine I)">Anastasia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bassianus_(executed_by_Constantine)" title="Bassianus (executed by Constantine)">Bassianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)" title="Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Basilina" title="Basilina">Basilina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Licinius_II" title="Licinius II">Licinius II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Viria_gens" title="Viria gens">Virius Nepotianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li><li>360–363</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> 2: Constantine's children <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Constantine I</li><li>306–337</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li><li>337–340</li></ul></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a></li><li>337–350</li></ul></div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li><li>337–361</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li><li>360–363</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li><li>367–383</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_colossus_of_Constantine" title="Bronze colossus of Constantine">Bronze colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine" title="Fifty Bibles of Constantine">Fifty Bibles of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine" title="German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine">German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_the_Great" title="List of people known as the Great">List of people known as the great</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-east-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-east_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-east_1-1">b</a> Emperor of the East </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Emperor of the West </li> <li id="cite_note-unrec-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unrec_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unrec_3-1">b</a> In the West; unrecognised outside Italy </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Originally emperor of the West; became emperor of the East after 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-neow-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neow_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neow_5-1">b</a> In the East; nominal emperor of the West. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Minervina may have been his <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒnstəntaɪn, -tiːn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KON-stən-tyne, -⁠teen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Flavius Valerius Constantinus, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[kõːstanˈtiːnʊs]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κωνσταντῖνος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Kōnstantînos </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> With the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 244–249). See <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab_and_Christianity" title="Philip the Arab and Christianity">Philip the Arab and Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Constantine was not baptised until just before his death.<a href="#cite_note-13">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The claim that Constantius descended from <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a>, and thus also from the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, is most certainly a fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991524–525-40">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris223-41">[32]</a> His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of the Flavian emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their benefactors.<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The event is the phocus of the <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> VI. The exact chronology of events is uncertain. Constantine and Fausta's wedding is sometimes dated to 31 March, but this is probably a mistake. It probably took place in September 307.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Constantine is not revered as a saint but as "the great" in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholic Church">Latin Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic Church</a> may revere him as a saint.<a href="#cite_note-252">[241]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-6"><a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_6-0">^</a> Birth dates vary, but most modern historians use "c. 272". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor">"Constantine I | Biography, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantine+I+%7C+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+Death%2C+%26+Facts&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FConstantine-I-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> I. Shahîd, Rome and the Arabs (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984), 65–93; H. A. Pohlsander, "Philip the Arab and Christianity", Historia 29:4 (1980): 463–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Schmidt, S. P. (2020). Church and World: Eusebius's, Augustine's, and Yoder's Interpretations of the Constantinian Shift. 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A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a>. 84: 124–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300873">10.2307/300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300873">300873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162435434">162435434</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411100610/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+A+Survey+of+Roman+Onomastic+Practice+from+c.+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+700&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=124-145&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162435434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F300873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F300873&rft.aulast=Salway&rft.aufirst=Benet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F114213%2F1%2FSalwayJRS1994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdahl2001" class="citation book cs1">Odahl, Charles M. 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London: Routledge. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17485-5"><bdi>978-0-415-17485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+the+Christian+empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17485-5&rft.aulast=Odahl&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D770uCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dconstantine%2520illyrian%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabucci2002" class="citation book cs1">Gabucci, Ada (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2MnHg3ZjgoC&q=constantius%20chlorus%20illyrian&pg=PA141">Ancient Rome : art, architecture and history</a>. 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Paul Getty Museum. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-656-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-656-9"><bdi>978-0-89236-656-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome+%3A+art%2C+architecture+and+history&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-656-9&rft.aulast=Gabucci&rft.aufirst=Ada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2MnHg3ZjgoC%26q%3Dconstantius%2520chlorus%2520illyrian%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTCR-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTCR_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTCR_46-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Seeck" title="Otto Seeck">Otto Seeck</a>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Constantius_1" class="extiw" title="s:de:RE:Constantius 1">Constantius 1</a>.(in German) In: <a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a> (RE). 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Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6667-0186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6667-0186-9"><bdi>978-1-6667-0186-9</bdi></a>. <q>"Constantine's mother Helena, was a Greek and a Christian".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Footsteps%3A+The+Early+Followers+of+Jesus&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-1-6667-0186-9&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+E.&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Jay+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5EY3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=PA25">Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</a>. SAGE. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-8176-7</bdi></a>. <q>Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek form Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtCL2OYsH6wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatikiotis2021" class="citation book cs1">Vatikiotis, Michael (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jkr1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">Lives Between The Lines: A Journey in Search of the Lost Levant</a>. Orion. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-1322-4"><bdi>978-1-4746-1322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+Between+The+Lines%3A+A+Journey+in+Search+of+the+Lost+Levant&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4746-1322-4&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkr1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. I. p. 407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=407&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Barnes, New Empire, 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 17; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59, 83; Odahl, 16; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia-58"><a href="#cite_ref-columbia_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejirianSimon2012" class="citation book cs1">Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHwMD0-X7aYC">Conflict, conquest, and conversion two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51109-4"><bdi>978-0-231-51109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+conquest%2C+and+conversion+two+thousand+years+of+Christian+missions+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51109-4&rft.aulast=Tejirian&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+H.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Reeva+Spector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHwMD0-X7aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 8–14; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 41–54; Odahl, 46–50; Treadgold, 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Bowman, p. 70; Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Potter, 283; Williams, 49, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-marriage-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marriage_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marriage_62-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 20; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 47, 299; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 13, 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3, 8; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 40–41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 20; Odahl, 46–47; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 8–9, 14; Treadgold, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 8–9; Corcoran, "Before Constantine" (CC), 42–43, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 3; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59–60; Odahl, 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 73–74; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72, 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 47, 73–74; Fowden, "Between Pagans and Christians", 175–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum, 16.2; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine., 29–30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 72–74, 306; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15. Contra: J. Moreau, Lactance: "De la mort des persécuteurs", Sources Chrétiennes 39 (1954): 313; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Constantine, Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 30; Odahl, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 10.6–11; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 35–36; MacMullen, Constantine, 24; Odahl, 67; Potter, 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 2.49–52; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 21; Odahl, 67, 73, 304; Potter, 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22–25; MacMullen, Constantine, 24–30; Odahl, 67–69; Potter, 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Oratio ad Sanctorum Coetum 25; Odahl, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126; Elliott, "Constantine's Conversion", 425–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Drake, "The Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 25–27; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60; Odahl, 69–72; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15; Potter, 341–342. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 19.2–6; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 26; Potter, 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 60–61; Odahl, 72–74; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Origo 4; Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.3–9; Praxagoras fr. 1.2; Aurelius Victor 40.2–3; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.2; Zosimus 2.8.3; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.21; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen, Constantine, 32; Odahl, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Odahl, 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; MacMullen, Constantine, 32; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16; Potter, 344–45; Southern, 169–70, 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39–40; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61; Odahl, 77; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16; Potter, 344–45; Southern, 169–70, 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27, 298; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 39; Odahl, 77–78, 309; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Mattingly, 233–34; Southern, 170, 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-N35-90"><a href="#cite_ref-N35_90-0">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 27–28; Jones, 59; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 61–62; Odahl, 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Jones, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Jones, 59; MacMullen, Constantine, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Treadgold, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon,_Edward,_1737–1794.2018" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward, 1737–1794. (2018). History of The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire. [Otbebookpublishing]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96272-518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96272-518-1"><bdi>978-3-96272-518-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1059411020">1059411020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+The+Roman+Empire.&rft.pub=%5BOtbebookpublishing%5D&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059411020&rft.isbn=978-3-96272-518-1&rft.au=Gibbon%2C+Edward%2C+1737%E2%80%931794.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28–29; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; Odahl, 79–80; Rees, 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-GCA-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCA_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCA_97-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41; Jones, 59; MacMullen, Constantine, 39; Odahl, 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Odahl, 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Odahl, 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Odahl, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 39; Odahl, 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen, Constantine, 39–40; Odahl, 81–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Odahl, 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/detail.php?record=LSA-556">http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-556 (Heintze, H.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Odahl, 82–83. See also: William E. Gwatkin, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/CJ/29/1/Roman_Trier*.html">Roman Trier</a>." The Classical Journal 29 (1933): 3–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 24.9; Barnes, "Lactantius and Constantine", 43–46; Odahl, 85, 310–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Odahl, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Rodgers, 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 7(6)3.4; Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.22, qtd. and tr. Odahl, 83; Rodgers, 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Qtd. in MacMullen, Constantine, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Zosimus, 2.9.2; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62; MacMullen, Constantine, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Odahl, 86; Potter, 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Barnes, New Empire, 5. Galerius and Maximinus seized to be recognized as consuls at this time. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30–31; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 41–42; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87; Potter, 348–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixonRodgers2023" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara S. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu3QEAAAQBAJ">In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 180–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34282-8"><bdi>978-0-520-34282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Later+Roman+Emperors%3A+The+Panegyrici+Latini&rft.pages=180-185&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-520-34282-8&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+V.&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Barbara+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu3QEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> The ceremony took place after 25 July, as there are coins that refer to Constantine as caesar while also commemorating his <a href="/wiki/Dies_imperii" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies imperii">dies imperii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2002" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Roger (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ5Ce-2de4C&pg=PA165">Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric, AD 289-307</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924918-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924918-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924918-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Loyalty+in+Latin+Panegyric%2C+AD+289-307&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924918-3&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQQ5Ce-2de4C%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSang1979" class="citation book cs1">Sang, J.C. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/842aeb2d-7a99-434e-8f92-3e31acdd39f5/content">Panegyrici Latini, VI and VII: Translated with Introductions and Commentary</a>. University of Cape Town. pp. 6–14, favouring late April/early May instead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924918-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924918-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924918-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panegyrici+Latini%2C+VI+and+VII%3A+Translated+with+Introductions+and+Commentary&rft.pages=6-14%2C+favouring+late+April%2Fearly+May+instead&rft.pub=University+of+Cape+Town&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924918-3&rft.aulast=Sang&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uct.ac.za%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F842aeb2d-7a99-434e-8f92-3e31acdd39f5%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 31; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 87–88; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 30; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 62–63; Odahl, 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63–65; Odahl, 89; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 32; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 64; Odahl, 89, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 32–34; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 42–43; Jones, 61; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65; Odahl, 90–91; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 17; Potter, 349–50; Treadgold, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 33; Jones, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-yuhknp-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yuhknp_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yuhknp_130-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34–35; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 65–66; Odahl, 93; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 17; Potter, 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 30.1; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40–41, 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Potter, 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 6(7); Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 35–37, 301; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66; Odahl, 94–95, 314–15; Potter, 352–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 6(7)1. Qtd. in Potter, 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 6(7).21.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Virgil, <a href="/wiki/Bucolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucolics">Ecologues</a> 4.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 67; Odahl, 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 36–37; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 50–53; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 66–67; Odahl, 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 31–35; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.16; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96, 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34; Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.17; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 304; Jones, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1965" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius (1965). The History of the Church. Penguin Classics. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140445358" title="Special:BookSources/0140445358"><bdi>0140445358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0140445358&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 43–44; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; Odahl, 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 39–40; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 44; Odahl, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Odahl, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38; Odahl, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillner2017" class="citation book cs1">Hillner, Julia (2017). "Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8065">Constantia</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8065">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantia%2C+half-sister+of+Constantine+and+wife+of+Licinius&rft.btitle=Constantia&rft.series=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8065&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Hillner&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-8065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37; Curran, 66; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 68; MacMullen, Constantine, 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-leohak-153"><a href="#cite_ref-leohak_153-0">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 38–39; MacMullen, Constantine, 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 40; Curran, 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Elliott, Christianity of Constantine, 44–45; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; Odahl, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.15.1–2, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, Constantine, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; MacMullen, Constantine, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 12(9)2.5; Curran, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Curran, 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-esyyqc-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esyyqc_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esyyqc_164-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Odahl, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5.1–3; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 101–02. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Panegyrici Latini 12(9)5–6; 4(10)21–24; Jones, 70–71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 102, 317–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41; Jones, 71; Odahl, 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 41–42; Odahl, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 103–04. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 69; MacMullen, Constantine, 71; Odahl, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Jones, 71; MacMullen, Constantine, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Jones, 71; Odahl, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Jones, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Odahl, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-BC42-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BC42_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC42_182-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 72; Odahl, 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42; Curran, 67; Jones, 71–72; Odahl, 107–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 42–43; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.8; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 67; Jones, 72; Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-bvubfs-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bvubfs_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bvubfs_187-1">b</a> Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Digeser, 122; Jones, 72; Odahl, 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 44.4–6, tr. J.L. Creed, Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), qtd. in Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.28, tr. Odahl, 105. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113; Odahl, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.27–29; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43, 306; Odahl, 105–06, 319–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Cameron and Hall, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 306; MacMullen, Constantine, 73; Odahl, 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Cameron and Hall, 206–07; Drake, "Impact of Constantine on Christianity" (CC), 114; Nicholson, 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71, citing Roman Imperial Coinage 7 Ticinum 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 3, citing Kraft, "Das Silbermedaillon Constantins des Grosses mit dem Christusmonogram auf dem Helm", Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 5–6 (1954/55): 151–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowleyHodgson2022" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, Matthew; Hodgson, Natasha R., eds. (2022). Miracles, political authority and violence in medieval and early modern history. Themes in medieval and early modern history. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-76728-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-76728-0"><bdi>978-0-367-76728-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracles%2C+political+authority+and+violence+in+medieval+and+early+modern+history&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=Themes+in+medieval+and+early+modern+history&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-367-76728-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 43; Curran, 68; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museicapitolini.org/it/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/museo_del_palazzo_dei_conservatori/esedra_di_marco_aurelio/statua_colossale_bronzea_di_costantino_testa">Head of the bronze colossus</a>, Capitoline Museums </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLGDjJK-JeSwCpgPA44_p.&nbsp;44]_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1981">Barnes 1981</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC&pg=PA44">p. 44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Cameron, 93; Curran, 71–74; Odahl, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; Curran, 72; Jones, 72; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70; MacMullen, Constantine, 78; Odahl, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44; MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 72; MacMullen, Constantine, 81; Odahl, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45–46; Odahl, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 46; Odahl, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45–47; Cameron, 93; Curran, 76–77; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes,_CE,_45-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes,_CE,_45_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes,_CE,_45_216-1">b</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Curran, 80–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Curran, 83–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 45; Curran, 76; Odahl, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Curran, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum, 5.90, cited in Curran, 93–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Odahl, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> The term is a misnomer as the act of Milan was not an edict, while the subsequent edicts by Licinius—of which the edicts to the provinces of Bythinia and Palestine are recorded by Lactantius and Eusebius, respectively—were not issued in Milan. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Drake, "Impact", 121–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_227-1">b</a> Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Byfield, Ted, ed. The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years. vol. III. p. 148. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119071854/http://www.christianhistoryproject.org/to-the-constantine-era/constantine/">"The sign in the sky that changed history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianhistoryproject.org/to-the-constantine-era/constantine">the original</a> on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+sign+in+the+sky+that+changed+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianhistoryproject.org%2Fto-the-constantine-era%2Fconstantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, pp. 229–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Timothy E. Gregory, A History of Byzantium. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7">978-1-4051-8471-7</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-nicene Fathers: Second Series. New York: Cosimo, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-508-6">978-1-60206-508-6</a>, p. 418, footnote 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-macmullen-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macmullen_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macmullen_236-1">b</a> MacMullen, Constantine. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPX7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE): The Anchors of the Fisherman</a>. BRILL. 17 March 2020. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42568-2"><bdi>978-90-04-42568-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Reception+and+Appropriation+of+the+Apostle+Peter+%2860-800+CE%29%3A+The+Anchors+of+the+Fisherman&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42568-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPX7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, NJ, 1966 p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Sinnigen & Boak, A History of Rome to A.D. 565, 6th ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1977 pp. 409–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1988, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Sherrard, ed. Krieger, Byzantium, Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, NJ, 1966 p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Gilbert Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Patricius" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Patricius">Petrus Patricius</a> excerpta Vaticana, 190: Κωνσταντίνος εβουλεύσατο πρώτον εν Σαρδική μεταγαγείν τά δημόσια· φιλών τε τήν πόλιν εκείνην συνεχώς έλεγεν "η εμή Ρώμη Σαρδική εστι." </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Ramsey MacMullen, Constantine, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> ed., 1987, 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Dagron, Naissance d'une Capitale, 15/19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxf-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxf_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxf_246-1">b</a> "Constantinople" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Oxford, 1991, p. 508. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8">0-19-504652-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hermitagerooms.com/exhibitions/Byzantium/sardonyx.asp">Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316221103/http://www.hermitagerooms.com/exhibitions/Byzantium/sardonyx.asp">Archived</a> 16 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity". The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House (30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, vol. 164 (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (Nova Roma or Nea Rhome). Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (Michael Grant, The Climax of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), 133). It is possible that the emperor called the city "Second Rome" (Deutera Rhome) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm">"Constantine the Great"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantine+the+Great&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04295c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faith.nd.edu/s/1210/faith/interior.aspx?sid=1210&gid=609&pgid=14724&cid=30276&ecid=30276&crid=0">"St. Constantine"</a>. FaithND. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FaithND&rft.atitle=St.+Constantine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaith.nd.edu%2Fs%2F1210%2Ffaith%2Finterior.aspx%3Fsid%3D1210%26gid%3D609%26pgid%3D14724%26cid%3D30276%26ecid%3D30276%26crid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225192016/http://www.stconstantine.org:80/OurParish/OurPatronSaint/index.php">"Saint Constantine the Great"</a>. Saint Constantine Ukrainian Catholic Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stconstantine.org/OurParish/OurPatronSaint/index.php">the original</a> on 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Constantine+the+Great&rft.pub=Saint+Constantine+Ukrainian+Catholic+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stconstantine.org%2FOurParish%2FOurPatronSaint%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowder1987" class="citation book cs1">Bowder, Diana (1987). The Age of Constantine and Julian. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780064906012" title="Special:BookSources/9780064906012"><bdi>9780064906012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Constantine+and+Julian&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780064906012&rft.aulast=Bowder&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> See Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung20066_and_n._24-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung20066_and_n._24_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2006">Young 2006</a>, p. 6 and n. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gratian-Roman-emperor">Gratian</a>" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius-259"><a href="#cite_ref-livius_259-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html">Pontifex Maximus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013139/http://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved 21 August 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Peter Brown</a>, The Rise of Christendom 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2000395-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2000395_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrake2000">Drake 2000</a>, p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, Medieval Worlds (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Robin Lane Fox, apud Jonathan Bardill, Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age. Cambridge University Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76423-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76423-0">978-0-521-76423-0</a>, p. 307, note 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianeus">Codex Justinianeus</a> 3.12.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a> 16.2.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Cf. Paul Veyne, Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien, 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsey-267"><a href="#cite_ref-ramsey_267-0">^</a> R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, p. 44, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03642-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03642-6">0-300-03642-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 14–15; The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Richards, Jeffrey. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Frend, W.H.C., "The Donatist Church; A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa," (1952 Oxford), pp. 156–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1996" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium (First American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 54–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394537785" title="Special:BookSources/0394537785"><bdi>0394537785</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18164817">18164817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54-57&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18164817&rft.isbn=0394537785&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/25023.htm">"Church Fathers: Life of Constantine, Book III (Eusebius), chapter 18"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Life+of+Constantine%2C+Book+III+%28Eusebius%29%2C+chapter+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F25023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsworthy187-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsworthy187_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsworthy187_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsworthy187_273-2">c</a> Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Stemberger, Gunter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXuxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Jews and Christians in the Holy Land</a>. A&C Black. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-23050-8"><bdi>978-0-567-23050-8</bdi></a>. <q>If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-567-23050-8&rft.aulast=Stemberger&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBXuxAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdKCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182">The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World</a>. Routledge. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-40317-2"><bdi>978-1-134-40317-2</bdi></a>. <q>Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised despite this prohibition a free man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-40317-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdKCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Cameron, 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> As equestrian order refers to people of equestrian census that had an actual position in the state bureaucracy, thousands of whom had no state function; cf. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lepelley" title="Claude Lepelley">Claude Lepelley</a>, "Fine delle' ordine equestre: le tappe delle'unificazione dela classe dirigente romana nel IV secolo", IN Giardina, ed., Società romana e impero tardoantico, Bari: Laterza, 1986, V. 1, quoted by Carrié & Rouselle, p. 660 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 247; Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 658. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle L'Empire Romain, 658–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720213655/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_de?p_belegstelle=CIL%2B06%2C%2B01708&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_de?p_belegstelle%3DCIL%2B06%252C%2B01708%26r_sortierung%3DBelegstelle">the original</a> on 20 July 2012, retrieved 5 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptiones+Latinae+Selectae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de%3A8888%2Fepigr%2Fepieinzel_de%3Fp_belegstelle%253DCIL%252B06%25252C%252B01708%2526r_sortierung%253DBelegstelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrié_&_Rousselle" class="citation cs2">Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, p. 659</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Empire+Romain&rft.pages=659&rft.au=Carri%C3%A9+%26+Rousselle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 660. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Cf. Arnhein, The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire, quoted by Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle, p.657 citing T.D. Barnes, "Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy", Journal of Roman Studies, 85, 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Cf. Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Walter Scheidel, "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires", 174/175 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> De Rebus Bellicis, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Sandro Mazzarino, according to Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle, L'Empire Romain, 245–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Guthrie, 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 70–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Guthrie, 326; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-google-294"><a href="#cite_ref-google_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62Qf64DdGu0C">Encyclopedia of Roman Empire</a>. MobileReference.com. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60501-314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60501-314-5"><bdi>978-1-60501-314-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=MobileReference.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60501-314-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62Qf64DdGu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUTH326.7-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUTH326.7_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUTH326.7_295-1">b</a> Guthrie, 326–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Art. Pass 45; Woods, "Death of the Empress", 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Christol & Nony, Rome et son Empire, 237/238 </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Cf. Adrian Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell, 189 & 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-8966-70-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-8966-70-3">978-973-8966-70-3</a>, pp. 64–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Madgearu, Alexandru(2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-8966-70-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-8966-70-3">978-973-8966-70-3</a>, pp. 64–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Odahl, 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Eusebius, VC 4.9ff, cited in Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 258–59. See also: Fowden, "Last Days", 146–48, and Wiemer, 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.58–60; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.61; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.62.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 75–76; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Because he was so old, he could not be submerged in water to be baptised, and therefore, the rules of baptism were changed to what they are today, having water placed on the forehead alone. In this period infant baptism, though practiced (usually in circumstances of emergency) had not yet become a matter of routine in the west. Thomas M. Finn, Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate: East and West Syria (Collegeville: The Liturgical Press/Michael Glazier, 1992); Philip Rousseau, "Baptism," in Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post Classical World, ed. G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, and Oleg Grabar (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerise2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amerise, Marilena (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=am2Wv6gxBjEC">Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità</a> [The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy]. <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(classical_philology_journal)" title="Hermes (classical philology journal)">Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology</a>, supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08721-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08721-6"><bdi>978-3-515-08721-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0341-0064">0341-0064</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61029662">61029662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+battesimo+di+Costantino+il+Grande%3A+storia+di+una+scomoda+eredit%C3%A0&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Hermes%3A+Bulletin+for+Classical+Philology%2C+supplements&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61029662&rft.issn=0341-0064&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08721-6&rft.aulast=Amerise&rft.aufirst=Marilena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dam2Wv6gxBjEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.64; Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 147; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Julian, Orations 1.18.b. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Origo Constantini 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Sextus Aurelius Victor, Historiae abbreviatae XLI.16. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Eutropius, Breviarium X.8.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Fowden, "Last Days of Constantine", 148–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Pohlsander, Emperor Constantine, 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._A._Vasiliev1848" class="citation journal cs1">A. 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Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1+3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291047">10.2307/1291047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291047">1291047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231151500/https://lucazavagno.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/vasiliev.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Imperial+Porphyry+Sarcophagi+in+Constantinople&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1%2B3-26&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=A.+A.+Vasiliev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flucazavagno.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fvasiliev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajeska1984" class="citation book cs1">Majeska, George P (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teyNhL3AuGEC&q=body%20of%20constantine%20the%20great&pg=PA305">Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries</a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816015-1"><bdi>978-0-19-816015-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Romance+Epic+in+the+Age+of+Humanism%3A+The+Matter+of+Italy+and+the+World+of+Rome&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816015-1&rft.au=Jane+E.+Everson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DXZY2giQOAC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_James_Mottram2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart James Mottram (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGXVO8aOg1QC&pg=PA17">Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature</a>. 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JHU Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421401652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421401652"><bdi>978-1421401652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clio+and+the+Crown%3A+The+Politics+of+History+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Spain&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1421401652&rft.au=Richard+L.+Kagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV9Xdn3c6IoC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Magdalino2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Magdalino (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA187">Byzantinum in the Year 1000</a>. Brill. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120971" title="Special:BookSources/9004120971"><bdi>9004120971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantinum+in+the+Year+1000&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004120971&rft.au=Paul+Magdalino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSZQ-VPFKoMC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheofili_Kampianaki2022" class="citation book cs1">Theofili Kampianaki (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTWAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">John Zonaras' Epitome of Histories: A Compendium of Jewish-Roman History and Its Reception</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-268858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-268858-3"><bdi>978-0-19-268858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Zonaras%27+Epitome+of+Histories%3A+A+Compendium+of+Jewish-Roman+History+and+Its+Reception&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-268858-3&rft.au=Theofili+Kampianaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTWAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2000-332"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2000_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristan_Marshall2000" class="citation book cs1">Tristan Marshall (18 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vje2I7_1njwC&pg=PA36">Theatre and Empire: Great Britain on the London Stages under James VI and I</a>. 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Fascism. 8 (2). Brill: 172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116257-00802002">10.1163/22116257-00802002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F76385">10852/76385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-6249">2211-6249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fascism&rft.atitle=Viewing+Rome+in+the+Latin+Literature+of+the+Ventennio+Fascista%3A+Francesco+Giammaria%27s+Capitolium+Novum&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F76385&rft.issn=2211-6249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22116257-00802002&rft.aulast=Bettegazzi&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Lamers%2C+Han&rft.au=Reitz-Joosse%2C+Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F22116257-00802002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/srbija.73.html:372896-Nis-Vinik-osta-pusto-brdo">"Niš: Vinik osta pusto brdo"</a>. 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Samuel N. C. Lieu and <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Montserrat" title="Dominic Montserrat">Dominic Montserrat</a> (New York: Routledge, 1998), 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708061334/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6404/is_2_69/ai_n29437350/?tag=content;col1">Quand notre monde est devenu chretien</a>, Fabian E. Udoh, review, Theological Studies, June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Peter Heather, Christendom (London: Allen Lane, 2022), pp. 11–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanella" class="citation book cs1">Canella, Tessa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31467158">Gli Actus Silvestri fra Oriente e Occidente: Storia e diffusione di una leggenda Costantiniana</a>. Academia. pp. 243–244. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Actus+Silvestri+fra+Oriente+e+Occidente%3A+Storia+e+diffusione+di+una+leggenda+Costantiniana&rft.place=Academia&rft.pages=243-244&rft.aulast=Canella&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31467158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 298–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Constitutum Constantini 17, qtd. in Lieu, "Constantine in Legendary Literature" (CC), 301–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Gregory, A History of Byzantium, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Van Dam, Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Henry Charles Lea, "The 'Donation of Constantine'". The English Historical Review 10: 37 (1895), 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Inferno 19.115; Paradisio 20.55; cf. De Monarchia 3.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Fubini, 79–86; Lenski, "Introduction" (CC), 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, Book I, ch. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenway-370">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenway_370-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenway_370-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwayHenry_of_Huntingdon1996" class="citation book cs1">Greenway, Diana (Ed.); Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People. Oxford University Press. p. civ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Anglorum%3A+The+History+of+the+English+People&rft.pages=civ&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822224-8&rft.aulast=Greenway&rft.aufirst=Diana+%28Ed.%29&rft.au=Henry+of+Huntingdon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ancient sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> of Alexandria. Apologia contra Arianos (Defence against the Arians) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 349. <ul><li>Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2808.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li>Athanasius of Alexandria Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi (Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 352. <ul><li>Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2009.</li></ul></li> <li>Athanasius of Alexandria Historia Arianorum (History of the Arians) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 357. <ul><li>Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2815.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Sextus Aurelius Victor</a>, Liber de Caesaribus (Book on the Caesars) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 361.</li> <li>Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code) 439. <ul><li>Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9" title="Tony Honoré">Tony Honoré</a> for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826174516/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm">University College London</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312033154/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html">University of Grenoble</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2009.</li> <li>Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/">AncientRome.ru</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li>Codex Justinianeus (Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian). <ul><li>Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm">Constitution Society</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krueger, Paul, ed. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/">Codex Justinianus</a> (in Latin). Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/">the original</a> on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2009 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Justinianus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Apud+Weidmannos&rft.date=1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.upmf-grenoble.fr%2FHaiti%2FCours%2FAk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Constantine the Great, Speech to the Assembly of the Saints. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Martin_Girardet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Martin Girardet (page does not exist)">Girardet, Klaus Martin</a> (2013). Konstantin, Rede an die Versammlung der Heiligen – Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Einleitung, griechischer Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. <a href="/wiki/Fontes_Christiani" title="Fontes Christiani">Fontes Christiani</a> vol. 55. Freiburg: Herder, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-451-30957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-451-30957-1">978-3-451-30957-1</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Constantine the Great, Letters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maraval" title="Pierre Maraval">Maraval, Pierre</a> (2010). Constantin, Lettres et discours. La roue à livres, volume 57. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-33958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-33958-0">978-2-251-33958-0</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a> (Epitome on the Caesars) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 395. <ul><li>Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rebus_Bellicis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rebus Bellicis">De Rebus Bellicis</a> (On Military Matters) fourth/fifth century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunapius" title="Eunapius">Eunapius</a>, History from Dexippus first edition <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 390, second edition <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 415. [Fragmentary]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>. <ul><li>Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300, eighth and ninth book <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 313, tenth book <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 315, epilogue <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 325. <ul><li>Williamson, G.A., trans. Church History. London: Penguin, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044535-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044535-8">0-14-044535-8</a></li> <li>McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2009.</li></ul></li> <li>Oratio de Laudibus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine, sometimes the Tricennial Oration) 336. <ul><li>Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li>Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 336–339. <ul><li>Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE8">Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine</a>. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-93-0">978-1-889758-93-0</a>.</li> <li>Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/SEAD260/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82%2C%20Life%20of%20Constantine%20%28trans.%20Averil%20Cameron%20-%20Stuart%20Hall%29.pdf">Life of Constantine</a>. 1999. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814924-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814924-7">0-19-814924-7</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, Breviarium ab Urbe Condita (Abbreviated History from the City's Founding) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 369. <ul><li>Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm">Tertullian</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a>, Breviarium Festi (The Abbreviated History of Festus) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370. <ul><li>Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)" title="Chronicon (Jerome)">Chronicon</a> (Chronicle) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380. <ul><li>Pearse, Roger, et al.., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm">Tertullian</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">De origine actibusque Getarum</a> [Getica] (The Origin and Deeds of the Goths) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 551. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Mierow" title="Charles Christopher Mierow">Mierow, Charles C.</a>, trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. <ul><li>Online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html">University of Calgary</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2009.</li> <li>The Gothic History of Jordanes. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-77-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-77-0">978-1-889758-77-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE2">The Christian Roman Empire series</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum" title="De mortibus persecutorum">De mortibus persecutorum</a> (On the Deaths of the Persecutors) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 313–315. <ul><li>Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opengreekandlatin.github.io/libanius-dev/">Orationes</a> (Orations) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 362–365.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Optatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Optatus">Optatus</a>, Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum (Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists) first edition <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 365–367, second edition <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 385. <ul><li>Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/optatus_00_intro.htm">Tertullian</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOptatus1997" class="citation book cs1">Optatus (1997). Edwards, Mark (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/optatusagainstdo0000opta">Optatus: Against the Donatists</a>. Translated by Edwards, Mark. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2F978-0-85323-752-5">10.3828/978-0-85323-752-5</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-752-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-752-5"><bdi>978-0-85323-752-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optatus%3A+Against+the+Donatists&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2F978-0-85323-752-5&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-752-5&rft.au=Optatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foptatusagainstdo0000opta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Origo Constantini Imperiatoris (The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 340–390. <ul><li>Rolfe, J.C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html">LacusCurtius</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/info/orosius.html">Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII</a> (Seven Books of History Against the Pagans) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 417.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">XII Panegyrici Latini</a> (Twelve Latin Panegyircs) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 433. <ul><li>Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philostorgius.htm">Tertullian</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxagoras_of_Athens" title="Praxagoras of Athens">Praxagoras of Athens</a>, Historia (History of Constantine the Great) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 337. [Fragmentary]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a> (Scholasticus), Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 443. <ul><li>Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2601.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 445. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_D._Hartranft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester D. Hartranft">Hartranft, Chester D.</a> Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2602.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 448. <ul><li>Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2702.htm">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, Historia Nova (New History) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500. <ul><li>Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm">Tertullian</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Alföldi, Andrew. The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome. Translated by Harold Mattingly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (2013) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE9qw3_yCRgC">Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism</a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781680087" title="Special:BookSources/9781781680087"><bdi>9781781680087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passages+from+Antiquity+to+Feudalism&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781781680087&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE9qw3_yCRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1964" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Gregory T. (1964). "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XXXII: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXXXII.1.1">10.1093/jaarel/XXXII.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Church+and+State+Relations%3A+The+Changes+Wrought+by+Constantine&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXXXII.1.1&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Gregory+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1974" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Gregory T. (1974). "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 33 (1): 5–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988835">10.2307/988835</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988835">988835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Constantine%27s+Churches%3A+Symbol+and+Structure&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F988835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Gregory+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1973" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, T. D. (1973). "Lactantius and Constantine". Journal of Roman Studies. 63: 29–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299163">10.2307/299163</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299163">299163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163051414">163051414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Lactantius+and+Constantine&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=29-46&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163051414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299163&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Barnes, Timothy D.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGDjJK-JeSwC">Constantine and Eusebius</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1"><bdi>978-0-674-16531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+Eusebius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-16531-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGDjJK-JeSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674280670">10.4159/harvard.9780674280670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674280670" title="Special:BookSources/9780674280670"><bdi>9780674280670</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162343436">162343436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Empire+of+Diocletian+and+Constantine&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162343436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674280670&rft.isbn=9780674280670&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1985" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, T. D. (1985). "Constantine and the Christians of Persia". Journal of Roman Studies. 75: 126–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300656">10.2307/300656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300656">300656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162744718">162744718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Constantine+and+the+Christians+of+Persia&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=126-136&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162744718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F300656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F300656&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-11727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-11727-2"><bdi>978-1-405-11727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Dynasty%2C+Religion+and+Power+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-405-11727-2&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K. (2005). "Diocletian and the first tetrarchy, a.d. 284–305". The Cambridge Ancient History. pp. 67–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521301992.004">10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053921" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053921"><bdi>9781139053921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diocletian+and+the+first+tetrarchy%2C+a.d.+284%E2%80%93305&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=67-89&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521301992.004&rft.isbn=9781139053921&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&pg=PA90">"The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. pp. 90–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521301992.005">10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053921" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053921"><bdi>9781139053921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Constantine%2C+a.d.+306%E2%80%93337&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=90-109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521301992.005&rft.isbn=9781139053921&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarriéRouselle1999" class="citation book cs1">Carrié, Jean-Michel; Rouselle, Aline (1999). L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337. Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-025819-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-025819-6"><bdi>2-02-025819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Empire+Romain+en+mutation-+des+S%C3%A9v%C3%A8res+%C3%A0+Constantin%2C+192%E2%80%93337&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-02-025819-6&rft.aulast=Carri%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Rouselle%2C+Aline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristolNony2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Christol" title="Michel Christol">Christol, Michel</a>; Nony, D. (2003). Rome et son Empire. Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-025819-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-025819-6"><bdi>2-02-025819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+et+son+Empire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-02-025819-6&rft.aulast=Christol&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Nony%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcoran1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Corcoran" title="Simon Corcoran">Corcoran, Simon</a> (1996). The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815304-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815304-X"><bdi>0-19-815304-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Tetrarchs%3A+Imperial+Pronouncements+and+Government%2C+AD+284%E2%80%93324&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-815304-X&rft.aulast=Corcoran&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2000" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (2000). Pagan City and Christian Capital (Hardcover ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815278-7"><bdi>0-19-815278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+City+and+Christian+Capital&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-815278-7&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925420-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925420-6">0-19-925420-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagron1984" class="citation book cs1">Dagron, Gilbert (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3403692s/f9.item.texteImage">Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451</a>. 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The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome. London: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3594-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3594-3"><bdi>0-8014-3594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+A+Christian+Empire%3A+Lactantius+and+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-3594-3&rft.aulast=Digeser&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+DePalma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1957" class="citation journal cs1">Downey, Glanville (1957). "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors". 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6218-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6218-3"><bdi>0-8018-6218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+and+the+Bishops%3A+The+Politics+of+Intolerance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8018-6218-3&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1987" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". 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Journal of Roman Studies. 78: 173–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301456">10.2307/301456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301456">301456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163374397">163374397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+Pagans+and+Christians&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163374397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301456&rft.aulast=Fowden&rft.aufirst=Garth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowden1994" class="citation journal cs1">Fowden, Garth (1994). 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New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521521574" title="Special:BookSources/9780521521574"><bdi>9780521521574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Constantine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521521574&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfRTip1qBJcC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieuMontserrat1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_N._C._Lieu" title="Samuel N. C. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm">Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.)</a>." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Retrieved 16 December 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Da6U4NaBMZAC">The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395</a> (Hardcover ed.). 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91827-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91827-8"><bdi>0-415-91827-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diocletian+and+the+Roman+Recovery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-91827-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9il6P3TPj-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1998" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F45.1.70">"On the Death of the Empress Fausta"</a>. Greece and Rome. 45: 70–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F45.1.70">10.1093/gr/45.1.70</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=On+the+Death+of+the+Empress+Fausta&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=70-86&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgr%2F45.1.70&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgr%252F45.1.70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1997" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, D. (1997). "Where Did Constantine I Die?". The Journal of Theological Studies. 48 (2): 531–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F48.2.531">10.1093/jts/48.2.531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Where+Did+Constantine+I+Die%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=531-535&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F48.2.531&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 41: 493–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291584">10.2307/1291584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291584">1291584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+True+Face+of+Constantine+the+Great&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=493-507&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Young, Frances M. (2006). "Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). Origins to Constantine. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42361-9"><bdi>978-1-107-42361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prelude%3A+Jesus+Christ%2C+Foundation+of+Christianity&rft.btitle=Origins+to+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-107-42361-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Arjava, Antii. Women and Law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815233-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815233-7">0-19-815233-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Barbero, Alessandro</a> (2016). Costantino il vincitore [Constantine the victor]. Rome: Salerno, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6973-138-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6973-138-9">978-88-6973-138-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1930" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Norman H. (1930). Constantine the Great and the Christian Church. London: Milford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+the+Great+and+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Milford&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Norman+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1949" class="citation book cs1">Burckhardt, Jacob (1949). The Age of Constantine the Great. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Constantine+the+Great&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1993" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1993). The later Roman empire: AD 284–430. London: Fontana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686172-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686172-0"><bdi>978-0-00-686172-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+later+Roman+empire%3A+AD+284%E2%80%93430&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686172-0&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cowan, Ross (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/80315867/Milvian_Bridge_AD_312_Constantines_Battle_for_Empire_and_Faith_proof_">Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Demandt" title="Alexander Demandt">Demandt, Alexander</a>; Engemann, Josef (eds) (2006). Konstantin der Große. Geschichte – Archäologie – Rezeption [Constantine the Great. History - Archaeology - Reception]. Trier: Rheinisches Landesmuseum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-923319-67-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-923319-67-3">3-923319-67-3</a>.</li> <li>Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEadie1971" class="citation book cs1">Eadie, John W., ed. (1971). The conversion of Constantine. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-083645-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-083645-9"><bdi>978-0-03-083645-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conversion+of+Constantine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-03-083645-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fourlas, Benjamin (2020). "St Constantine and the Army of Heroic Men Raised by Tiberius II Constantine in 574/575. Some Thoughts on the Historical Significance of the Early Byzantine Silver Hoard at Karlsruhe". Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 62, 2015 [published 2020], 341–375. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fjrgzm.2015.1.77142">10.11588/jrgzm.2015.1.77142</a></li> <li>Girardet, Klaus Martin (2010). Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Großen [The Emperor and his God. Christianity in the Thought and Religious Policy of Constantine the Great]. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022788-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022788-8">978-3-11-022788-8</a>.</li> <li>Goltz, Andreas; Schlange-Schöningen, Heinrich (eds) (2008). Konstantin der Große. Das Bild des Kaisers im Wandel der Zeiten [Constantine the Great. The image of the emperor through the ages]. Köln: Böhlau, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20192-0">978-3-412-20192-0</a>.</li> <li>Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41087-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41087-8">0-521-41087-8</a> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42273-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42273-6">0-521-42273-6</a></li> <li>Hartley, Elizabeth. Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor. York: Lund Humphries, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85331-928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85331-928-3">978-0-85331-928-3</a>.</li> <li>Heather, Peter J. "Foedera and Foederati of the Fourth Century." In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms, edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32741-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32741-5">0-415-32741-5</a> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32742-3">0-415-32742-3</a></li> <li>Leithart, Peter J. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. Downers Grove: IL, InterVarsity Press 2010</li> <li>MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03642-8">978-0-300-03642-8</a></li> <li>MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07148-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07148-5">0-300-07148-5</a></li> <li>Percival J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/On+the+Question+of+Constantine%27s+Conversion+to+Christianity">On the Question of Constantine's Conversion to Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025144/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/On%2Bthe%2BQuestion%2Bof%2BConstantine%27s%2BConversion%2Bto%2BChristianity">Archived</a> 14 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Clio History Journal, 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikán1987" class="citation book cs1">Pelikán, Jaroslav (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excellentempiref00peli">The excellent empire: the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church</a>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254636-4"><bdi>978-0-06-254636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+excellent+empire%3A+the+fall+of+Rome+and+the+triumph+of+the+church&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-254636-4&rft.aulast=Pelik%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexcellentempiref00peli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Velikov, Yuliyan (2013). Imperator et Sacerdos. Veliko Turnovo University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-524-932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-524-932-7">978-954-524-932-7</a> (in Bulgarian)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Flavius_Valerius_Constantinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus">Constantine I</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Constantine_the_Great" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Constantine the Great <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constantine+the+Great&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constantine+the+Great">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constantine+the+Great&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219081254/http://www.fourthcentury.com/works-of-constantine/">Complete chronological list of Constantine's extant writings</a> (archived 19 February 2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth" class="citation web cs1">Firth, John B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132325/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html">"Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html">the original</a> (BTM) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantine+the+Great%2C+the+Reorganisation+of+the+Empire+and+the+Triumph+of+the+Church&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.third-millennium-library.com%2Freadinghall%2FGalleryofHistory%2FCONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT%2Fconstantine_DOOR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+the+Great" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Letters of Constantine: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html">Book 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html">Book 2</a>, & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html">Book 3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I">Encyclopædia Britannica, Constantine I</a></li> <li>Henry Stuart Jones (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Constantine_(emperors)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Constantine (emperors)">Constantine (emperors)</a>". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 6. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 988–992.</li> <li>Charles George Herbermann and Georg Grupp (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Constantine_the_Great" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/iloveny/romans/2004/constantine_great/">BBC North Yorkshire's site on Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/constantine-the-great">Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=506">Commemorations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/98627208">Roman Legionary AD 284–337: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/80315867">Milvian Bridge AD 312: Constantine's Battle for Empire and Faith</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Constantine the Great </div><div> <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> </div>Born: 27 February 272  Died: 22 May 337 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 306–337 With: <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Maximinus II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a> & <a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> 307 with <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Galerius Maximinus</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul II–III 312–313 with Licinius Maximinus </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Ceionius_Rufius_Volusianus" title="Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus">C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petronius_Annianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petronius Annianus (page does not exist)">Petronius Annianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Ceionius_Rufius_Volusianus" title="Gaius Ceionius Rufius Volusianus">C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus</a> Petronius Annianus</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul IV 315 with Licinius </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonius_Caecina_Sabinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonius Caecina Sabinus (page does not exist)">Antonius Caecina Sabinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Vettius_Rufinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettius Rufinus">Vettius Rufinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Licinius <a href="/wiki/Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul V–VI 319–320 with <a href="/wiki/Licinius_II" title="Licinius II">Licinius II</a> Constantine II </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Crispus Constantine II</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Anicius_Paulinus" title="Sextus Anicius Paulinus">Sex. Anicius Paulinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Julianus" title="Julius Julianus">Julius Julianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul VII 326 with Constantius II </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Flavius Constantius <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Valerius Maximus (praetorian prefect)">Valerius Maximus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Januarinus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vettius_Iustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vettius Iustus (page does not exist)">Vettius Iustus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Roman consul VIII 329 with Constantine II </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gallicanus_(consul_330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallicanus (consul 330)">Gallicanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Valerius_Symmachus_Tullianus" title="Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus">Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Constantius Chlorus</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Octavius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120966935">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97746098">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96539579">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/297226782">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2881155286671187180004">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/259428884">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/104719131">6</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1813658/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118565184">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055925">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182910j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182910j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00960780">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV453673">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an53004737">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700941&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX821765">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069972729">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/92007058">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000102607&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000537683&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44306">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202000666">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpqxmt5hsxtbz">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638865805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52856">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010480167705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000119247">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512946706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21106410">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115703">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1533127">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118565184.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118565184">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030409810">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hf0558">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68675">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30066769">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&oldid=1260981564">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&oldid=1260981564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constantine_the_Great" title="Category:Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:272_births" title="Category:272 births">272 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:337_deaths" title="Category:337 deaths">337 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_births" title="Category:3rd-century births">3rd-century births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_Christian_saints" title="Category:4th-century Christian 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[\"CITEREFCarriéRouselle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrié_\u0026amp;_Rousselle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristolNony2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorcoran1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagron1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigeser2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowney1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEadie1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_J._Watts2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEusebius1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowden1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowden1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFubini1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabucci2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon,_Edward,_1737–1794.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsworthy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwayHenry_of_Huntingdon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris,_Jonathan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelgeland1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_E._Everson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazhdan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrueger1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieuMontserrat1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMullen1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajeska1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandell_CreightonJustin_WinsorSamuel_Rawson_GardinerReginald_Lane_Poole1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNixonRodgers2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdahl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOptatus1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Magdalino2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPears1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelikán1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelanPhelan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohlsander2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_L._Kagan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgers1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowleyHodgson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalway1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSang1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidel1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStemberger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart_James_Mottram2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorch1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTejirianSimon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheofili_Kampianaki2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTristan_Marshall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatikiotis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaudour1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWienand2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Break\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Constantine Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart top\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 30,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Pauly\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Constantinian dynasty family tree\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 01\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 36,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Integralism\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 2,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart\"] = 16,\n [\"Tree chart/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree chart/start\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 15,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Why?\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","20.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","11.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.4"],["type","60","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","2.9"],["[others]","280","20.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-7vjq2","timestamp":"20241204014027","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantine_the_Great","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8413","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8413","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-22T20:35:27Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T16:59:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg","headline":"Roman emperor from 306 to 337 and first to convert to Christianity"}</script> </body> </html>