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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Ogham alphabet</title> <meta name="description" content="The Ogham alphabet was used in Ireland and Britain between about the 4th and 7th centuries AD to write Irish, Welsh, Latin and Pictish." />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems & languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script><div id="body"> <h1>Ogham (᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋ᚜)</h1> <p>Ogham is an alphabet that appears on monumental inscriptions dating from the 4th to the 6th century AD, and in manuscripts dating from the 6th to the 9th century. It was used mainly to write Primitive and Old Irish, and also to write Old Welsh, Pictish and Latin. It was inscribed on stone monuments throughout Ireland, particuarly Kerry, Cork and Waterford, and in England, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales, particularly in Pembrokeshire in south Wales. </p> <p>The name Ogham is pronounced [ˈoːm] or [ˈoːəm] in Modern Irish, and it was spelt <em>ogam</em> and pronounced [ˈɔɣam] in Old Irish. Its origins are uncertain: it might be named after the Irish god Ogma, or after the Irish phrase <em>og-úaim</em> (point-seam), which refers to the seam made by the point of a sharp weapon. Ogham is also known as or <em>ogham craobh</em> (tree ogham) <em>beth luis fearn</em> or <em>beth luis nion</em>, after the first few letters. </p> <p>Ogham probably pre-dates the earliest inscriptions - some scholars believe it dates back to the 1st century AD - as the language used shows pre-4th century elements. It is thought to have been modelled on or inspired by the Roman, Greek or Runic scripts. It was designed to write Primitive Irish and was possibly intended as a secret form of communication. </p> <p>While all surviving Ogham inscriptions are on stone, it was probably more commonly inscribed on sticks, stakes and trees. Inscriptions are mostly people's names and were probably used to mark ownership, territories and graves. Some inscriptions in primitive Irish and Pictish have not been deciphered, there are also a number of bilingual inscriptions in Ogham and Latin, and Ogham and Old Norse written with the Runic alphabet. </p> <h2>Notable features</h2> <ul> <li><a href="types.htm">Type of writing system</a>: <a href="alphabets.htm">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="direction.htm">Writing direction</a>: inscribed around the edges of rocks running from bottom to top and left to right, or left to right and horizontally in manuscripts.</li> <li>Number of letters: 25, which are grouped into five <em>aicmí</em> (sing. <em>aicme</em> = group, class). Each aicme is named after its first letter. Originally Ogham consisted of 20 letters or four <em>aicmí</em>; the fifth <em>acime</em>, or Forfeda, was added for use in manuscripts.</li> <li>Writing surfaces: rocks, wood, manuscripts</li> <li>Letters are linked together by a solid line.</li> <li>Used to write: Primitive and Old Irish, Pictish, Old Welsh and Latin</li> </ul> <h2>The Ogham alphabet</h2> <p>The letters are shown in their vertical and horizontal variants. The pronunciation is for Primitive Irish, the language used in the majority of Ogham inscriptions. The names and sounds represented by the letters <em>uath</em> and <em>straif</em> are uncertain. There are many different version of the letter names - the standard ones are used here [with the Primitive Irish ones, where known, in bracketts] - others can be found at: <a href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/og/ognames.html">evertype.com</a>. </p> <p><img src="../images/writing/ogham.gif" width="604" height="593" alt="The Ogham alphabet" /> </p> <h3>Downloads</h3> <p><a href="../charts/ogham.xls">Download the Ogham alphabet chart</a> (Excel) </p> <h2>Sample texts in Ogham</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/direction_ogham2.gif" width="139" height="366" class="rightfloat" alt="Example of Ogham writing" title="Example of Ogham writing" /> </p> <p>Ogham stone form Mount Melleray in County Waterford in Ireland. </p> <h3>Transliteration</h3> <p>Na Maqi Lugudeca Muc Cunea </p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>The Sons of Lugudeca, Son of Cunea </p> <p><em>Source: <a href="http://www.prehistoricwaterford.com/news/the-stones/">http://www.prehistoricwaterford.com/news/the-stones/</a></em> </p> <br style="clear:both;" /> <hr /> <p>Ogham stone found on Fardel Farm at Cornwood in Devon, and donated to the British Museum in 1861 (<em>photo by Simon Ager</em>). </p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/31580385284/in/photolist-Q7DJis" title="Inscription in Latin and Ogham"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/560/31580385284_ca18e761f1_z.jpg" width="360" height="640" alt="Inscription in Latin and Ogham"></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </p> <p>The Ogham inscription reads " ᚄᚃᚐᚊᚊᚒᚉᚔ  |  ᚋᚐᚊᚔᚊᚔᚉᚔ ", which transliterated is "SFAQQUCI | MAQIQICI", and means "Of Safaqqucus, son of Qicus" or "Of Safaqqucus" and "Of Maqiqicus / Of the son of Qicus". </p> The Latin inscription on the front reads FANONI MAQVIRINI" and means "Of Fanonus, son of Rinus". On the back there is a Latin inscription that reads "SAGRANVI" ("Of Sagranuus"). </p> <hr /> <p>Ogham text in <em>Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta</em> (The Book of Ballymote), written in 1390 or 1391. </p> <p><img src="../images/langsamples/smp_ogham.jpg" width="600" height="169" alt="Sample text in Ogham in Ancient Irish" /> </p> <p class="info"><a href="/writing/irish.htm">Irish language</a> | <a href="/writing/clogaelach.htm">Gaelic script</a> | <a href="/writing/ogham.htm">Ogham alphabet</a> | <a href="/language/phrases/irish.php">Phrases</a> | Numbers: <a href="/language/numbers/irish.htm">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/language/numbers/middleirish.htm">Middle Irish</a>, <a href="/language/numbers/oldirish.htm">Old Irish</a> | <a href="/language/colours/irish.php">Colours</a> | <a href="/language/kinship/irish.htm">Family words</a> | <a href="/language/endearment/irish.htm">Terms of endearment</a> | <a href="/language/time/irish.htm">Time</a> | <a href="/language/dates/irish.htm">Dates</a> | <a href="/language/weather/irish.htm">Weather</a> | <a href="/language/proverbs/irish.htm">Proverbs</a> | <a href="/language/celtic/comparison.htm">Comparison of Celtic languages</a> | <a href="/language/celtic/index.php">Celtic cognates</a> | <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/">Celtiadur</a> | <a href="/babel/irish.php">Tower of Babel</a> | <a href="/language/tonguetwisters/irish.htm">Tongue twisters</a> | <a href="/songs/irish/index.php">Songs</a> | <a href="/books/language/irish.htm">Learning materials</a> | <a href="/books/writing/ogham.htm">Books about Ogham</a> | <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=80">My podcast about Irish</a> | <a href="/links/irish.php">Links</a></p> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about Ogham<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham</a><br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham_inscriptions">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham_inscriptions</a><br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_ogham">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_ogham</a><br /> <a href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/og/ogmharc.html">http://www.evertype.com/standards/og/ogmharc.html</a><br /> <a href="https://ogham.glasgow.ac.uk/">https://ogham.glasgow.ac.uk/</a> </p> <p>Ogham transliterator<br /> <a href="https://ogham.co/">https://ogham.co/</a> </p> <p>Free Ogham fonts<br /> <a href="http://www.evertype.com/celtscript/ogfont.html">http://www.evertype.com/celtscript/ogfont.html</a><br /> <a href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/ogham">http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/ogham</a></p> <p>Photos of Ogham stones with transliterations of the inscriptions<br /> <a href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/ogam/ogsing.htm">http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/ogam/ogsing.htm</a> </p> <p>Examples of Ogham inscriptions<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham_inscription">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham_inscription</a> </p> <p>Details of the Book of Ballymote<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote</a><br /> <a href="http://www.ria.ie/library/special-collections/manuscripts/book-of-ballymote.aspx">http://www.ria.ie/library/special-collections/manuscripts/book-of-ballymote.aspx</a><br /> <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/bb.html">http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/bb.html</a><br /> <a href="http://staffweb.itsligo.ie/staff/jforan/Irish_project/Alt14/alt14a.htm">http://staffweb.itsligo.ie/staff/jforan/Irish_project/Alt14/alt14a.htm</a> </p> <p>Translating Ancient Ogham - an introduction to linguistic archaeology in Ireland<br /> <a href="http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/ogham_translat.htm">http://www.celticgrounds.com/chapters/ogham_translat.htm</a> </p> <p class="blackbox"><strong>ALPHABETUM</strong> - a Unicode font for ancient scripts, including Classical & Medieval Latin, Ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, 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