Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol. 411

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<div class="page-name-block underline-begin"> <h1 class="page-name-block-text">Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol. 411</h1> </div> <div class="clearfix title-details"> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>DOI:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.411">https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.411</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="titleMarcXmlLink" style="display: none" class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Export:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="/DDF.411/marc.xml">MARCXML</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>ToC:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="/DDF.411_toc.pdf">Table of Contents</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="volume-tabs"> </div> <div class=""> <div class="volume-papers-page"> <div class="block-search-pagination clearfix"> <div class="block-search-volume"> <input id="paper-search" type="search" placeholder="Search" maxlength="65"> </div> <div class="pagination-container"><ul class="pagination"><li class="active"><span>1</span></li><li><a href="/DDF.411/2">2</a></li><li class="PagedList-skipToNext"><a href="/DDF.411/2" rel="next">></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="block-volume-title normal-text-gray"> <p> Paper Title <span>Page</span> </p> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.-5">Preface</a> </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.3">Variation of Alkali Concentration and Temperature: Its Effect on the Morphology of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized via Solvothermal Technique</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Boon Siong Wee, Eric Kwabena Droepenu, Suk Fun Chin, Kok Kuan Ying, Woei Ting </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578487" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: This study reports on synthesis of ZnO nanostructures using Zinc chloride (ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) as precursors and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) as alkaline source in a solvothermal process with varying molar concentrations (Zn<sup>2+</sup>/OH<sup>-</sup>) of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 for temperatures of 30 掳C and 50 掳C. The synthesized nanostructures were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. ZnO nanostructures synthesized at lower ratios (1:1) exhibited wurtzite hexagonal shapes. However, as the concentration ratios increases in both cases, spherical structures were formed with the emergence of some rod-like structures dominating, and finally aggregated to form flower-like structures at 30 掳C temperature. The average crystallite size for nanostructures from XRD (30-50 掳C) were in the range 15-21 nm whereas the average particle size from TEM analysis (30-50 掳C) were in the range 39-76 nm. Increase in temperature and molar concentration of the alkaline source generally decreased the crystallite and particle size of the as well as a decrease in the wavelength of ZnO nanostructures as a result of blue-shifting of the absorption peak. FT-IR spectra of ZnO NSs prepared from concentration ratios of Zn<sup>2+</sup>: OH<sup>-</sup> (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5) at 30 掳C and 50 掳C showed characteristic peak bands at 461-467 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 460-462 cm<sup>-1</sup> respectively. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578487', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 3 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.17">Synthesis of Silver (I) Coordination of Aspirinate Azo Ligands as Potential Antibacterial Agents</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Nur Arif Mortadza, Zainab Ngaini, Maya Asyikin Mohamad Arif </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578510" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: The rise of antimicrobial resistance for infectious bacteria has become an alarming issue to human health. New antimicrobial drugs are in dire need and pivotal to overcome this issue. In this study, aspirinate azo ligands bearing different halogens L1-5 has been prepared <i>via</i> diazo-coupling reaction. The ligands L1-5 were coordinated with silver, Ag (I) metal to produce Ag (I) aspirin-azo complexes C1-5. The antibacterial properties of L1-5 and C1-5 were evaluated against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>E</i><i>scherichia</i><i> coli </i>using turbidimetric kinetic method. The complexes C1-5 showed comparable growth inhibition activity towards <i>E.</i><i> coli</i> (MIC 82-105 ppm) and <i>S</i><i>. </i><i>aureus</i> (MIC 80-105 ppm) compared to ligands L1-5 with <i>E. coli</i> (MIC 83-200 ppm), <i>S</i><i>.</i><i> aureus</i> (80-131 ppm) and ampicillin (MIC 93 and 124 ppm, respectively). The excellent bacterial resistance of both L1-5 and C1-5 indicates the potential of aspirinate azo and their complexes as new antibacterial agents, which significantly benefit to the pharmaceutical industries. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578510', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 17 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.25">Single Step Growth of Vertically Oriented Zinc Oxide Nanowire Using Thermal Evaporation</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Dzetty Soraya Abdul Aziz, Samsudi Sakrani, Naziha Jamaludin </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578525" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Commonly, the synthesis of ZnO nanowires involves the use of metal catalyst via a non-direct step growth which contribute to the contamination on the final product. Thus, in this work we synthesized catalyst-free ZnO nanowires using a direct or single step growth of nanowires. Thermal evaporation method is used to synthesize ZnO nanowires on bare glass substrates with different distances between Zn powder and the substrates; on-top (1.2 cm), 16 cm and 18 cm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images showed a vertically well-aligned with high density of ZnO nanowires were successfully synthesized via self-seeding process and the longest nanowires were produced at the shortest distance. Energy Dispersive X-ray and X-Ray Diffraction analyses confirmed that high purity of ZnO nanowires were obtained and ZnO (002) strongest and sharp peak was observed, indicating preferentially grown ZnO nanowires along the c-axis perpendicular to the substrates and leading towards single crystal structure. Four peaks were observed in visible range from Photoluminescence spectra (PL) which related to fundamental defects with the highest peak at 3.04 eV. The on-top sample with distance 1.2 cm from Zn powder has the lowest transmittance due to the high thickness of ZnO nanowires. The range of energy band gap for ZnO nanowires obtained from the extrapolation graph is in agreement with PL highest peak approximately 3.00 eV. Therefore, this direct or single step deposition method is of great interest since it has successfully produced ZnO nanowires with significant characteristics without employing the non-direct step growth. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578525', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 25 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.37">Sorption of Coated and Uncoated Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide from Aqueous Solutions onto Raw and Acetylated Cellulose Sago Hampas: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Eric Kwabena Droepenu, Boon Siong Wee, Suk Fun Chin, Kok Kuan Ying </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578488" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: In this study, sorption efficiency of coated (C-) and uncoated (U-) zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in aqueous solution onto raw sago hampas (RSH) and acetylated sago hampas (ACSH) was studied. Physical and chemical characteristics of both the sorbate and sorbents were analysed using various characterization techniques. The mechanism of the sorption process was evaluated using equilibrium isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. From the study, maximum percentage removal of both sorbate ions were achieved at an equilibration time of 100 minutes with an optimum sorbate mass of 2.0 g per 50 ml. The study recorded a maximum % removal of 85.1% & 87.6% for C-and U-ZnO-NPs (< 50 nm) onto RSH and 90.0% & 91.1% onto ACSH. Langmuir isotherm fitted well for the sorption process with the highest efficiency of 0.793 mg/g recorded for C-ZnO-NPs onto RSH. Pseudo-second model best described the sorption process. An exothermic and non-spontaneous sorption process was realised in all the sorption studies except that of U-ZnO-NPs (< 50 nm) onto ACSH which became spontaneous as temperature increased. Based on the findings from the multiple approaches employed, both sorbents could be proposed as viable alternatives to act as a green sorbent in the removal of ZnO-NPs from water and wastewater. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578488', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 37 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.57">Synthesis of Vegan Leather Using Plant-Based Substrates: A Preliminary Study</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Kavitha Vijeandran, Tu Anh Vu Thanh </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578496" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Cow leather is a widely used material. Even though durable, it causes ethical, social, and environmental issues. The synthesis of vegan leather, using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), could be explored for an alternative to cow leather. Presently, there are limited studies on the different substrates used to produce vegan leather using this method. Hence, this study aimed to produce plant-based vegan leather, using various plant-based substrates such as black tea, green tea, black and green tea, coconut water, and fruit pulp with five replicates per substrate. All the substrates used in the experiments were able to produce cellulose upon inoculation. The overall results indicate that the substrate consisting of a mixture of black and green tea was the most effective in producing vegan leather in terms of yield and cost. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578496', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 57 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.67">Effect of Different Mediators on Bio-Energy Generation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment in an Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell-Adsorption System</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Ivy Ai Wei Tan, J.R. Selvanathan, M.O. Abdullah, N. Abdul Wahab, D. Kanakaraju </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578495" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: Palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged without treatment into watercourses can pollute the water source. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has gained high attention as a green technology of converting organic wastewater into bio-energy. As an approach to overcome the limitations of the existing POME treatment methods, air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system is introduced as an innovative technology to treat POME and generate bio-electricity simultaneously. However, the use of conventional MFC with proton exchange membrane in large scale applications is restricted by the high cost and low power generation. Addition of mediator in MFC is essential in order to increase the electron transfer efficiency, hence enhancing the system performance. This study therefore aims to investigate the effect of different type of mediators i.e. congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) on the performance of an affordable air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system made from earthen pot with POME as the substrate. The addition of different mediators altered the pH of the MFC-Adsorption system, in which more alkaline system showed better performance. The voltage generated in the system with CR, CV and MB mediator was 120.58 mV, 168.63 mV and 189.25 mV whereas the current generated was 2.41 mA, 3.37 mA and 3.79 mA, respectively. The power density of 290.79 mW/m3, 568.72 mW/m3 and 716.31 mW/m3 was produced in the MFC-Adsorption system with CR, CV and MB mediator, respectively. The highest POME treatment efficiency was achieved in MFC-Adsorption system with MB mediator, which resulted in biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, turbidity and ammoniacal nitrogen removal of 75.3%, 84.8%, 91.5%, 86.1% and 23.31%, respectively. Overall, the air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system with addition of MB mediator was feasible for POME treatment and simultaneous bio-energy generation. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578495', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 67 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.79">Chemically Modified Coconut Shell Biochar for Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Muhammad Imran-Shaukat, Nur Rafikah binti Rosli, Rafeah Wahi, Sharifah Mona Abd Aziz Abdullah, Zainab Ngaini </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578546" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: In this study, coconut shells were converted into biochar via pyrolysis and chemically modified via an acid-base treatment to enrich its adsorption capabilities. Batch experiments were carried out to analyze the adsorption potential of the modified coconut shell (MCSC) or removal of chromium, nickel, and copper from aqueous solution. The chemical modification increased the surface area of MCSC to 185.712 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Batch adsorption study using MCSC resulted in 99% removal of copper, 95% (nickel), and 39% (chromium). The adsorption of studied metal ions fitted well with Langmuir isotherm, showing a monolayer adsorption process. A kinetic analysis showed that all the samples match a strong correlation coefficient in pseudo-second-order (R<sup>2</sup>>0.95), indicating the occurrence of a chemical adsorption process. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578546', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 79 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.93">Chemically Modified Sago Fly Ash for Pb(II) Removal from Water</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Rafeah Wahi, Showkat Ahmad Bhawani, Zainab Ngaini, Nur Farhana Yusop, Nur Hanani Hasana </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578548" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: The use of agricultural by-products has been widely studied to develop effective and inexpensive adsorbent for heavy metal removal. In this study, sago (<i>M.sagu</i>) fly ash (FA) was chemically modified to afford an operational adsorbent for Pb (II) elimination from water. Chemical modification was carried out via acid-base treatment using NaOH and HCl. The chemically modified fly ash (MFA) was characterized via proximate, surface morphology, and functional groups' surface area analyses. The effects of adsorption parameters, namely, Pb (II) initial concentration, sorbent dosage and contact time on the eradication of Pb (II) by MFA was analyzed in batch experiments with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Optimization of Pb (II) removal by MFA was studied via response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Results revealed that chemical modification has successfully enhanced the adsorptive properties of MFA (BET surface area: 231.4 m<sup>2</sup>/g, fixed carbon: 55.83%). MFA exhibits better Pb (II) removal efficiency (90.8%) compared to FA (63.6%) at the following adsorption condition: Pb (II) initial concentration (5 ppm), contact time (30 min) and agitation speed (150 rpm). The adsorption of Pb (II) by FA and MFA fitted well with Freundlich isotherm (R<sup>2</sup>>0.9). RSM study suggested that the optimum Pb (II) removal was 99.4% at the following conditions: Pb (II) initial concentration (20 ppm), contact time (2 h) and sorbent dosage (0.6 g/50 mL). The results concluded the potential optimum operational condition for Pb (II) removal from aqueous environment by MFA as a low cost adsorbent, at larger scale. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578548', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 93 </div> </div> <div class="item-block"> <div class="item-link"> <a href="/DDF.411.109">Strength Enhancement of Fibre Reinforced Peat with Fly Ash as Stabilized Subgrade Layer</a> </div> <div class="item-link volume-authors"> <div class="semibold-middle-text"> Authors: Siti Rozana Romali, Norazzlina M. Sa’don, Abdul Razak Abdul Karim </div> </div> <div id="abstractTextBlock578244" class="volume-info volume-info-text volume-info-description"> Abstract: High content of organic matter and fibre within peat results in a high degree of porosity; causing peat to have low bearing capacity. This study focuses on the application of nylon fibre as reinforcing material with fly ash as the chemical stabilizer to enhance the strength of the peat. The standard proctor tests were conducted to obtain the optimum moisture content (OMC) for all samples in which these OMC is then used for sample preparation of both the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Samples for this study were categorized into control samples and modified samples for comparison purposes. Additives that were being used in this study are 5% cement, 5% nylon fibre and 10%, 15%, and 20% fly ash. For UCS test, the samples were cured for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, whereas only 7 days of curing for CBR test. Throughout the study, improvements of strength were observed where sample added with 5% cement, 5% nylon fibre and 10% fly ash recorded the highest compressive strength value, of 123.71 kN/m2. As for CBR test, all samples exceeded the minimum requirement of 12% CBR value for subgrade design recommended by JKR Malaysia with the highest CBR value obtained from samples added with 5% cement and 10% fly ash. The CBR values were 43.85% and 43.70% for unsoaked and soaked condition, respectively. </div> <div> <a data-readmore="{ block: '#abstractTextBlock578244', lines: 2, expandText: '...more', collapseText: '...less' }"></a> </div> <div class="page-number semibold-large-text"> 109 </div> </div> <div class="block-bottom-pagination"> <div class="pager-info"> <p>Showing 1 to 10 of 14 Paper Titles</p> </div> <div class="pagination-container"><ul class="pagination"><li class="active"><span>1</span></li><li><a href="/DDF.411/2">2</a></li><li class="PagedList-skipToNext"><a href="/DDF.411/2" rel="next">></a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="social-icon-popup"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="sc-footer"> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-menu col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <ul class="list-inline menu-font"> <li><a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/insights" target="_blank">Insights</a></li> <li><a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/PolicyAndEthics/PublishingPolicies">Policy & Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Imprint">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/Conferences">All Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/special-issues">All Special Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/news/all">All News</a></li> <li><a href="/read-and-publish-agreements">Read & Publish Agreements</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-copyright"> <p> © 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. 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Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol. 411 | Scientific.Net