CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" class="no-js"> <head>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.1/cookieconsent.min.css" /> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.1/cookieconsent.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function(){ window.cookieconsent.initialise({ revokeBtn: "<div class='cc-revoke'></div>", type: "opt-in", theme: "classic", palette: { popup: { background: "#000", text: "#fff" }, button: { background: "#fd0", text: "#000" } }, content: { link: "Сookie policy", href: "https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/privacy-policy" }, onInitialise: function(status) { if(status == cookieconsent.status.allow) darwinCookieScripts(); }, onStatusChange: function(status) { if (this.hasConsented()) darwinCookieScripts(); } }) }); function darwinCookieScripts() { /* Google Tag Manager */ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WLMRHJJ'); /* End Google Tag Manager */ /* facebook */ (function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_GB/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.5&appId=1735181336713570"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); /* end facebook */ } // end darwinCookieScripts </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "http:\/\/schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/", "name": "Darwin Correspondence Project", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/charles-darwin_with_signature.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/commentary", "name": "Commentary", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/charles-darwin_with_signature.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/commentary\/religion", "name": "Religion", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/charles-darwin_with_signature.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/commentary\/religion\/science-and-religion-interviews", "name": "Science and Religion Interviews", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 5, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/commentary\/religion\/science-and-religion-interviews\/interview-tim-lewens", "name": "Interview with Tim Lewens", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg" } } ] }</script><meta name="description" content="Dr Tim Lewens is a Lecturer in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Organisms and artifacts (2004), which examines the language and arguments for design in biology and philosophy, and of Darwin (2007), which considers the role of Darwin and Darwinism in modern philosophy. In this interview, Dr Lewens discusses" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/252" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Interview with Tim Lewens" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Dr Tim Lewens is a Lecturer in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Organisms and artifacts (2004), which examines the language and arguments for design in biology and philosophy, and of Darwin (2007), which considers the role of Darwin and Darwinism in modern philosophy. In this interview, Dr Lewens discusses the role of Darwin in modern science, the arguments for intelligent design in nature, the implications of evolution for religious belief, and the importance of a historical understanding of Darwin’s work." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2016-09-02T14:22:48+01:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Interview with Tim Lewens" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-01-14T13:41:18+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-01-14T13:41:18+00:00" /> <title>Interview with Tim Lewens | Darwin Correspondence Project</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/system/system.base.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/system/system.menus.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/system/system.messages.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/system/system.theme.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/drupal-feature-teasers-master/css/teasers.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/comment/comment.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/cudl/cudl.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/cudl_album/css/cudl_album.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_emotion/darwin_emotion.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_kids_timeline/darwin_kids_timeline.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_search/darwin_search.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/field/theme/field.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/learning_resources/css/learning_resources.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/node/node.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/search/search.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/modules/user/user.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/views/css/views.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/ckeditor/css/ckeditor.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/ctools/css/ctools.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.core.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.theme.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.progressbar.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/panels/css/panels.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_sharing/sharing.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/css/full-stylesheet.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/css/drupal.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/cpn/block-57.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/cpn/block-56.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.net/afi5qbj.js"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML"> </script>  <script type="text/javascript">try { Typekit.load(); } catch (e) { }</script> <script type="text/javascript">document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_css/darwin.css?sh7yfi" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">  <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal-default-theme.css" rel="stylesheet">  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-252 node-type-page campl-theme-4 SI-commentary SI-religion SI-science-and-religion-interviews SI-interview-tim-lewens" >  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WLMRHJJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="fb-root"></div>    <a href="#page-content" class="campl-skipTo">skip to content</a> <div class="campl-row campl-global-header"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-header-container campl-column8" id="global-header-controls"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" class="campl-main-logo"> <img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/main-logo-small.png"/> </a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation campl-global-navigation clearfix"> <li> <a href="#study-with-us">Study at Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="#about-the-university">About the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research" class="campl-no-drawer">Research at Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column2"> <div class="campl-quicklinks"> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column2"> <div class="campl-site-search" id="site-search-btn"> <label for="header-search" class="hidden">Search site</label> <div class="campl-search-input"> <form action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get"> <input id="header-search" type="text" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/> <input type="hidden" name="filterTitle" value="Darwin Correspondence Project"/><input type="hidden" name="include" value="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk"/> <input type="image" class="campl-search-submit" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/btn-search-header.png"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-header campl-search-drawer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <form class="campl-site-search-form" id="site-search-container" action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get"> <div class="campl-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <input type="text" class="text" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/> <input type="hidden" name="filterTitle" value="Darwin Correspondence Project"/><input type="hidden" name="include" value="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk"/> <input type="image" class="campl-search-submit" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/btn-search.png"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12 campl-home-link-container"> <a href="">Home</a> </div> </div> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12 campl-global-navigation-mobile-list campl-global-navigation-list"> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="study-with-us"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-header-container "> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/">Courses</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/apply/">Applying</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/events/">Events and open days</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/finance/">Fees and finance</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.becambridge.com/">Student blogs and videos</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/">Graduate</a> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/whycam/">Why Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/studying/qualifdir/">Qualifications directory</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/apply/">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/studentregistry/fees/">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/faq/index.html">Frequently asked questions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list last"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge/studying-at-cambridge">International students</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ice.cam.ac.uk">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/education/epe/">Executive and professional education</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk">Courses in education</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="about-the-university"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work">How the University and Colleges work</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history">History</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university">Visiting the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars">Term dates and calendars</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="http://map.cam.ac.uk">Map</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-media">For media</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/video-and-audio">Video and audio</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://webservices.admin.cam.ac.uk/faesearch/map.cgi">Find an expert</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge">International Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/news">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/public-engagement">Public engagement</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk">Jobs</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="http://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk">Giving to Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="our-research"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-quicklinks-list campl-global-navigation-container "> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff">For staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gateway">For current students</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk">For alumni</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-business">For business</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments">Colleges & departments</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/libraries-and-facilities">Libraries & facilities</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/museums-and-collections">Museums & collections</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/email-and-phone-search">Email & phone search</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header campl-section-page"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12"> <div class="campl-content-container "> <div class="region region-breadcrumb"> <div id="block-easy-breadcrumb-easy-breadcrumb" class="block block-easy-breadcrumb"> <div> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb campl-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="https://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><span itemprop="title"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/commentary" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">Commentary</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/commentary/religion" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-2">Religion</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-3">Science and Religion Interviews</a></span></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Interview with Tim Lewens</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="campl-page-title">Darwin Correspondence Project</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap"> <div class="region region-horizontal-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block"> <div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-local-navigation"><div class="campl-local-navigation-container"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-198"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2309"><a href="/about-darwin">About Darwin</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2309"><a href="/about-darwin">About Darwin overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1125"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-childhood">Darwin on childhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1038"><a href="/tags/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-marriage">Darwin on marriage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1258"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-s-observations-his-children">Darwin’s observations on his children</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2295"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-and-fatherhood">Darwin and fatherhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1039"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/death-anne-elizabeth-darwin">The death of Annie Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1051"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/visiting-darwins">Visiting the Darwins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3416"><a href="/commentary/voyage-hms-beagle" title="">Voyage of HMS Beagle</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1130"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-student-booklist">Darwin’s student booklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-933"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/books-beagle">Books on the Beagle</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1036"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-reading-notebooks">Darwin’s reading notebooks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1060"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/writing-origin">The writing of "Origin"</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1084"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/abstract-darwin-s-theory">Abstract of Darwin’s theory</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1093"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/alfred-russel-wallace-s-essay-varieties">Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="/charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin’s health</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="/tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin’s photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4069"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/what-experiment">What is an experiment?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4081"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/morphology-movement-observation-and-experiment">From morphology to movement: observation and experiment</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4078"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/fools-experiments">Fool's experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4075"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/experimenting-emotions">Experimenting with emotions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4072"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/animals-ethics-and-progress-science">Animals, ethics, and the progress of science</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3366"><a href="/fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="/darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin’s first love</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="">The letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters">Darwin's life in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’ overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3412"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/how-old-earth">How old is the earth?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3411"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/whale-bear">The whale-bear</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3413"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/origin-lost-changes-second-german">Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="/letters/about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="/letters/capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="/letters/correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="/hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="/letters/symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="/world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="/letters/charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="/darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="/letters/diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate’s illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin’s favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="/commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="/letters/list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary" class="active-trail campl-selected">Commentary</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary" class="active-trail">Commentary overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2262"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2293"><a href="/commentary/evolution/sexual-selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2299"><a href="/commentary/evolution/inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2298"><a href="/commentary/evolution/divergence">Divergence</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3410"><a href="/commentary/evolution/correlation-growth-deaf-blue-eyed-cats-pigs-and-poison">Correlation of growth: deaf blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="/commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="/commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin’s species notebooks: ‘I think . . .’</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin’s introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="/commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin’s earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="/topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin’s hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin’s queries on expression</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="" class="active-trail">Religion</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="" class="active-trail">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="/commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="/commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana – Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews" class="active-trail">Science and religion Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews" class="active-trail">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-2254 campl-current-page"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" class="active-trail active">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="/commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="/commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="/commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="/commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="/commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="/commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="/tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="/tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="/correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="/german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?text=%22%22;f1-document-type=people;sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="/learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="/learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="/learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin’s Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="/learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="/learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="/learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin’s scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="/case-studies-using-darwin%E2%80%99s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin’s letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women’s scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women’s work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="/learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a href="/learning-resources/exploring-evolution">Teacher training</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-4186"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4186"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4189"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition" title="">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4192"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family" title="">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4195"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments" title="">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4198"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes" title="">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4201"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks" title="">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4204"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage" title="">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4207"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home" title="">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4210"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows" title="">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4213"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs" title="">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4216"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwins-illness" title="">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4219"><a href="/commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home" title="">Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4222"><a href="/commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post" title="">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2412"><a href="/special-features" title="">Resources</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2412"><a href="/special-features" title="">Resources overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1882"><a href="/commentary/historical-sources" title="">Historical documents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2236"><a href="/tags/audio" title="Index of pages containing audio.">Audio</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2237"><a href="/tags/video" title="Index of pages containing video.">Video</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2305"><a href="/tags/interactive" title="">Interactive</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3379"><a href="/special-features/site-index">Site index</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-826"><a href="/about" title="">About us</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-826"><a href="/about" title="">About us overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-828"><a href="/about/who-we-were">Who we are</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-875"><a href="/about/publications">Publications</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-875"><a href="/about/publications">Publications overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-879"><a href="/about/publications/correspondence-charles-darwin">The correspondence of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1057"><a href="/charles-darwin-beagle-letters">Charles Darwin: the Beagle letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-934"><a href="/about/publications/charles-darwin-s-letters-selection-1825-1859">Charles Darwin’s letters: a selection 1825-1859</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2918"><a href="/about/publications/evolution-selected-letters-charles-darwin-1860-1870">Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin 1860-1870</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1085"><a href="/correspondence-1821-60-anniversary-paperback-set">The correspondence 1821-60: anniversary paperback set</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2310"><a href="/about/publications/voyage-round-world">A voyage round the world</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1090"><a href="/letters/publications/calendars-correspondence-charles-darwin">Calendars to the correspondence of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2895"><a href="/about/publications/darwin-and-women-selection-letters">Darwin and women: a selection of letters</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2265"><a href="/about/research-initiatives">Research initiatives</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2265"><a href="/about/research-initiatives">Research initiatives overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2289"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-ecological-science">Darwin and ecological science</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2267"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-religion-definitive-web-resource">Darwin and religion: a definitive web resource</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2163"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/evolutionary-views-human-nature">Evolutionary views of human nature</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1755"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project">The Darwin and gender project</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1755"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project">The Darwin and gender project overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2291"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project/darwin-and-gender-projects-harvard-students">Darwin and gender projects by Harvard students</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2297"><a href="/about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project/darwin-s-women-short-film">Darwin’s Women: Short Film</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3365"><a href="/Epsilon">Epsilon: a collaborative digital framework</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2893"><a href="/about/technical">Technical</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1056"><a href="/about/awards">Awards</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-827"><a href="/about/funding">Funding</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first last collapsed menu-mlid-827"><a href="/about/funding">Funding overview</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3647"><a href="/about/hackathon">Hackathon</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1148"><a href="/about/history-project">History</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1148"><a href="/about/history-project">History overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2319"><a href="/about/history-project/frederick-burkhardt-1912-2007">Frederick Burkhardt (1912-2007)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2320"><a href="/about/history-project/anne-schlabach-burkhardt-1916-2012">Anne Schlabach Burkhardt (1916–2012)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3376"><a href="/about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-829"><a href="/about/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> <div> <form action="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-K4c0o_gSRWWWGpbBQ3erGzsg2ptlDT2gj0G4ipqFv_M" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> <div id="block-darwin-search-darwin-search" class="block block-darwin-search"> <div> <span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/"/> <form action='/search' itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SearchAction" method='GET' accept-charset='UTF-8' id='darwin-search-block-form' > <div> <meta itemprop="target" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?q={keyword}"/> <input placeholder='Search over 15000 letters and articles...' type='text' itemprop="query-input" name='keyword' value = '' class='form-text' /> <input type='hidden' value='' name='tab' /> <input type='submit' value='Search' class='form-submit' /> </div> <div class="advanced-search"><a href="/advanced-search">advanced search &rsaquo;</a></div> </form></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-page-sub-title campl-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="campl-column12"> <div class="campl-content-container"> <h1 class="campl-sub-title">Interview with Tim Lewens</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-content campl-recessed-content"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column9 campl-main-content" id="page-content"> <div class=""> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-darwin-sharing-darwin-sharing-add" class="block block-darwin-sharing campl-content-container"> <div>  <div class="social-media-share"><a class="icon-sm darwin-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcommentary%2Freligion%2Fscience-and-religion-interviews%2Finterview-tim-lewens" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Interview+with+Tim+Lewens&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcommentary%2Freligion%2Fscience-and-religion-interviews%2Finterview-tim-lewens" title="Share on Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-email" href="mailto:?&subject=Interview+with+Tim+Lewens&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcommentary%2Freligion%2Fscience-and-religion-interviews%2Finterview-tim-lewens" title="Share by email"><i class="fas fa-envelope"></i></a></div>  </div> </div> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div> <div id="node-252" class="node node-page clearfix" about="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Interview with Tim Lewens" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-470" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/tim-lewens2jpg">Tim Lewens2.jpg</a></h2> <div class="content"> <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg" width="355" height="278" alt="Tim Lewens" title="Tim Lewens" /></a><div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Tim Lewens</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Dr Tim Lewens is a Lecturer in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of <cite>Organisms and artifacts</cite> (2004), which examines the language and arguments for design in biology and philosophy, and of <cite>Darwin</cite> (2007), which considers the role of Darwin and Darwinism in modern philosophy. In this interview, Dr Lewens discusses the role of Darwin in modern science, the arguments for intelligent design in nature, the implications of evolution for religious belief, and the importance of a historical understanding of Darwin’s work.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="no" height="166" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/245861306&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false" width="100%"></iframe></p> <p> </p> <h2>Transcription</h2> <div> <div> <h3>1. Introduction</h3> <div> <div> <p><strong>Dr White:</strong><br /> This is part of a series of interviews that the Darwin Correspondence Project at the University of Cambridge is holding with leading scientists and scholars in a wide range of fields, and our aim is to discuss the importance of Darwin, historically and today, and to focus on some of the conversations that he had with his correspondents about the nature of religious belief and the moral and theological implications of evolution. We’re joined today by Tim Lewens. Tim is a philosopher of biology. He teaches in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge, and he’s written two books that are directly relevant to our concerns: <cite>Organisms and artifacts</cite>, which examines the language and arguments for design in biology, and -just out – a wonderful book on Darwin and philosophy. Thanks very much,Tim.</p> <p><strong>Dr Lewens:</strong><br /> Well, thank you for the flattering introduction.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3>2. The unusual role Darwin plays today</h3> <div> <div> <p><strong>Dr White:</strong><br /> In your most recent book, you remark on the extremely unusual role Darwin plays today. Darwin’s works, though written a hundred and fifty years ago, continue to be read, not just by historians of science but by modern scientists. Why do you think this is the case?</p> <p><strong>Dr Lewens:</strong><br /> It’s a good question. Part of the reason, I think, is just that the works, by and large, are extraordinarily accessible. Or at least, the ones that we know best now, one of the things they probably have in common is precisely their accessibility. <cite>The origin of species</cite> is an extremely easy read, certainly by the standards of most scientific books; the same’s true of <cite>The descent of man</cite>; the same’s true of <cite>The expression of the emotions in man and animals</cite>. The books which aren’t read so much these days are probably the books which, frankly, are a bit of a harder read. So, Darwin’s study of variation, for example, in plants and animals [<cite>The variation of animals and plants under domestication</cite>], is, I guess, not one that’s widely read. So, part of the reason is the accessibility of the books.</p> <p>Another reason, I suppose, is basically the thought that, basically, Darwin got it right: in some sense or another, Darwin’s view of evolution is, at least many scientists think, basically the same view we have now. And I think, again, in broad terms, that’s about right, although I have a few little adjustments I’d like to make.</p> <p>And another reason is that Darwin puzzles over so many of the conceptual issues that face modern evolutionary biologists now: issues about progress, issues about ethics, issues about morality, the mind, knowledge, and so forth. So, he’s a repository for debate about debates that we have right now.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3>3. Darwin’s reputation among scientists</h3> <div> <div> <p><strong>Dr White:</strong><br /> Let me just take this one step further. Modern scientists not only read his work, but some identify with him to an exceptional degree, to the point of calling themselves <q>Darwinians</q> or proponents of <q>Darwinism</q>. We don’t find this strong identification of a particular theory with a person anywhere else in science. Do you think this has something to do with how Darwin’s reputation was forged in the 19th century: the ways in which both his name and work were linked to the progress of knowledge?</p> <p><strong>Dr Lewens:</strong><br /> Yes.</p> <p>I think it’s aninteresting question about why it is that people call themselves Darwinians now. One thing I’ve remarked on in the book is that you don’t find this kind of analagous phrase <q>Einsteinians</q> bandied around, even though, certainly, Einstein is as important for physics, I would say, as Darwin is for biology.</p> <p>There’s a perception which I think probably started towards the end of the 19th century but which has in some ways taken over again at perhaps an even stronger level than before, and that’s the idea that Darwinism is a theory that has massive implications for all kinds of different areas: areas that range, as I’ve said, from not just the origin of plant species and animal species but issues about the nature of morality, issues about God, issues that go to the very heart of what people have tended to think of as deep philosophical questions. And so, if you think that Darwin’s basic views really do have implications in such a broad array of areas then it’s hardly surprising, I think, that some people are going to want to call themselves Darwinians: they’re going to want to make a philosophical <q>ism</q> – a philosophical position – out of this view, in a way that may not happen for other influential scientists whose views, to be sure, are very important for physics but maybe don’t have that kind of all-encompassing aspect that, as I say, some people have viewed as certainly inherent in Darwin’s work.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3>4. The expanding scope of biology</h3> <div> <div> <p><strong>Dr White:</strong><br /> So this has something to do with the current status of biology, which has expanded into the other domains, like psychology, like even religion, and also the kinds of claims and promises that are often made with regard to genetics, so that Darwinism, for some, has become a kind of total world view: a vision of how the future ought to be and, for some, a weapon in a battle that’s ongoing?</p> <p><strong>Dr Lewens:</strong><br /> I think that’s right. One other thing I’d add to that, if I can, is: what’s usually stripped out from Darwin’s own work now as in some ways being <em>the</em> most important idea, is the idea of natural selection. One of the things that many people claim for the idea of natural selection is that it’s a very simple idea, and a very simple idea with extremely general application. And many people think that natural selection is nothing more than differential survival of one kind of thing over another kind of thing. If you characterise natural selection in such a general way, then people begin to apply it to all kinds of areas. They don’t just apply it to plants and animals, they apply it to changing ideas; they apply it to changing neural patterns; they apply it in economics’; they apply it all over the place – and that’s another reason, I think, why Darwinism has been viewed to have such an enormous significance and why, for some people, it is a kind of world view. It’s because what, for many people these days, is certainly the essence of Darwinism, is also an extremely simple and extremely abstract idea which in turn allows it to be applied and reapplied in slightly different ways in all kinds of domains: not just, even, within biology.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3>5. Does historical accuracy about Darwin matter?</h3> <div> <div> <p><strong>Dr White:</strong><br /> Part of what we’re seeing today is a struggle over Darwin’s name and legacy. You’re careful, in your book, to distinguish between Darwin and Darwinism: between what Darwin himself wrote and what others have claimed in his name. Given how much has changed in the natural sciences - and in biology in particular – why should the historical Darwin matter at all?</p> <p><strong>Dr Lewens:</strong><br /> Well, in a funny way, I think your preamble to that question contains the answer within it. I mean, the very fact that Darwin himself is used today by prominent biologists, the very fact that there are disputes over what the real nature of Darwinism is, and the fact that Darwin is always invoked to try to boost one kind of reading of a good Darwinism compared with a bad Darwinism, partly shows the importance of looking at what Darwin himself really said. You need to look at whether or not these invocations of Darwin for one side or another really are legitimate. And I think you might add to that that as well as simply seeing whether or not the invocations of Darwin which real biologists these days make quite regularly are historically accurate.</p> <p>There are also, I think, some interesting things to learn about how one might go about constructing a view of the world – a general view of life; a general philosophy – by looking at Darwin’s own claims more directly, as well.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Terms: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/tags/audio" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">audio</a></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content "> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2250 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/emily%20profile%20trees.jpg?itok=ponsfKut)"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Simon%20Conway%20Morris.jpg?itok=YGF0vlS7)"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252 with-rh-icon"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253 with-rh-icon"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-2254 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Tim%20Lewens2.jpg?itok=fS1RoShZ)"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens" class="active-trail active">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255 with-rh-icon"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-2635fcf6589e5c50584d894c4c99a94c"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png" /></a></p> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> <div id="block-darwin-sharing-darwin-sharing-follow" class="block block-darwin-sharing"> <div class="campl-content-container">  <div class="social-media-follow"><a class="icon-sm darwin-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/mydeardarwin?lang=en" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i> Follow on Twitter</a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/MyDearDarwin/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i> Follow on Facebook</a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/mydeardarwin/"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i> Follow on Instagram</a></div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-1"> <div id="block-block-1" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <p>Darwin Correspondence Project<br /> <a href="mailto:darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk">darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk</a></p> <p>© <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> 2022</p> <p><a href="/copyright-declaration">Copyright declaration</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></p> <p>Website by <a href="http://www.surfaceimpression.digital/">Surface Impression</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-2"> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-footer-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2302"><a href="/commentary/historical-sources" title="">Historical sources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2303"><a href="/tags/audio" title="">Audio resources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2304"><a href="/tags/video" title="">Video resources</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3382"><a href="/special-features/site-index" title="">Letters data indexes</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-3"> <div id="block-block-38" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <div class="library-logo"><img alt="Cambridge University Library logo" src="/sites/all/static/white_transparent_landscape.png" /></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation last"> <div class="region region-footer-4"> <div id="block-block-39" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <div class="alcs-logo"><img alt="ALCS logo" src="/sites/all/static/ACLS_Logo.png" /></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-56" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-footer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-footer-logo"> <img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/main-logo-small.png" class="campl-scale-with-grid"/> <p>© 2024 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-footer-links"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/university-a-z">University A-Z</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/contact-the-university">Contact the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/information/foi/">Freedom of information</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/">Graduate</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge/studying-at-cambridge">International students</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.ice.cam.ac.uk">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/education/epe/">Executive and professional education</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk">Courses in education</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-page-children"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work">How the University and Colleges work</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university">Visiting the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://map.cam.ac.uk">Map</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/news">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk">Jobs</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk">Giving to Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation last"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features">Features</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/discussion">Discussion</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/spotlight-on">Spotlight on...</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge">About research at Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/jquery-min.js?v=1.7.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/drupal-feature-teasers-master/js/teasers.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/drupal-feature-teasers-master/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/cudl_album/js/cudl_album.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_emotion/darwin_emotion.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_kids_timeline/darwin_kids_timeline.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/darwin_search/darwin_search.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/modules/learning_resources/js/learning_resources.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.core.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.widget.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.position.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.autocomplete.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/misc/ui/jquery.ui.progressbar.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/file?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/816a622d7d.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/%23attributes?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/custom.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/ios-orientationchange-fix.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/modernizr.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/drupal.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/cpn/block-57.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/cpn/block-56.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  <script src="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/SI-custom.js?sh7yfi"></script> </body> </html>