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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liftoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liftoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liftoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liftoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise,_separation_and_arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise,_separation_and_arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cruise, separation and arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise,_separation_and_arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Landing site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_storm_goal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_storm_goal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dust storm goal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_storm_goal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing_events_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry,_descent,_and_landing_events_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Entry, descent, and landing events sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing_events_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Crash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_into_cause_of_the_crash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_into_cause_of_the_crash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Investigation into cause of the crash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_into_cause_of_the_crash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_and_sensor_payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_and_sensor_payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Instrument and sensor payload</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instrument_and_sensor_payload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instrument and sensor payload subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instrument_and_sensor_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DREAMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DREAMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>DREAMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DREAMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_Camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_Camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Descent Camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_Camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preliminary_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Preliminary results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Power systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_systems_and_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_systems_and_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Communication systems and network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_systems_and_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parachute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parachute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Parachute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parachute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retro-rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retro-rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Retro-rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retro-rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_ExoMars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_ExoMars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact on ExoMars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_ExoMars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Landing location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Glossary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="سكيابارلي (مركبة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكيابارلي (مركبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2dul_de_descens_Schiaparelli" title="Mòdul de descens Schiaparelli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mòdul de descens Schiaparelli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_(Marslander)" title="Schiaparelli (Marslander) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schiaparelli (Marslander)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli" title="Schiaparelli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Schiaparelli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سطح‌نشین ای‌دی‌ام اسکیاپارلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سطح‌نشین ای‌دی‌ام اسکیاپارلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_(engin_spatial)" title="Schiaparelli (engin spatial) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Schiaparelli (engin spatial)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="श्चियापारेल्ली ईडीएम लैंडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्चियापारेल्ली ईडीएम लैंडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_Lander" title="Schiaparelli EDM Lander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM Lander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%AA)" title="סקיאפארלי (נחתת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקיאפארלי (נחתת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli" title="Schiaparelli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Schiaparelli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM lander" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" title="Schiaparelli EDM lander – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM lander" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsonden_Schiaparelli" title="Romsonden Schiaparelli – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romsonden Schiaparelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Schiaparelli EDM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDM_Schiaparelli" title="EDM Schiaparelli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="EDM Schiaparelli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Скиапарелли (спускаемый аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скиапарелли (спускаемый аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_(luotain)" title="Schiaparelli (luotain) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Schiaparelli (luotain)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiaparelli_(rymdsond)" title="Schiaparelli (rymdsond) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schiaparelli (rymdsond)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Скіапареллі (спускний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скіапареллі (спускний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%95%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9EDM%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8%E5%99%A8" title="斯基亞帕雷利EDM登陸器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯基亞帕雷利EDM登陸器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3061991#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="View the content page [c]" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG/260px-Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG/390px-Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG/520px-Schiaparelli_Lander_Model_at_ESOC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4283" data-file-height="2967" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Model of <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander at <a href="/wiki/ESOC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESOC">ESOC</a> (2016)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars lander / technology demonstrator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2016-017A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">41388</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/46124-mission-overview/">ESA mission website</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned: 2 to 8 <a href="/wiki/Martian_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian day">sols</a><sup id="cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edm-science-payload-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (surface stay)<br /> Preceded by 3 day coast between separation and entry<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">577 kg (1,272 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">Diameter: 2.4 m (7.9 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Height: 1.8 m (5.9 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 2016, 09:31<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2016-03-14UTC09:31</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a>/<a href="/wiki/Briz-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-M">Briz-M</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">Site 200/39</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Crash-landed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destroyed</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2016-10-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> <br /> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Schiaparelli_EDM&params=2.05_S_6.21_W_globe:Mars&title=Schiaparelli+EDM+lander+crash+site"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°03′S</span> <span class="longitude">6°13′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.05°S 6.21°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2.05; -6.21</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Schiaparelli EDM lander crash site</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">DREAMS</th><td class="infobox-data">Dust Characterization, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">AMELIA</th><td class="infobox-data">Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigation and Analysis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">COMARS+</th><td class="infobox-data">Combined Aerothermal Sensor Package</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">DECA</th><td class="infobox-data">Descent Camera</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">INRRI</th><td class="infobox-data">Passive mini retro-reflector</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme</div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> <br /> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[skjapaˈrɛlli]</a></span>) was a failed Entry, Descent, and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) of the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme—a joint mission of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_naming_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_naming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in Italy and was intended to test technology for future soft landings on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also had a limited but focused science payload that would have measured atmospheric electricity on Mars and local meteorological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jyi.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyi.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa.int_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa.int-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Launched together with the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (TGO) on 14 March 2016, <i>Schiaparelli</i> attempted a landing on 19 October 2016. Telemetry signals from <i>Schiaparelli</i>, monitored in real time by the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope" title="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope</a> in India (and confirmed by <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>), were lost about one minute from the surface during the final landing stages.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-20161019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-20161019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 October 2016, NASA released an image by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> showing what appears to be the lander's crash site.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telemetry data accumulated and relayed by ESA's <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> were used to investigate the failure modes of the landing technology employed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesake">Namesake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Namesake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A marble gravestone on the wall of a crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Schiaparelli_grave_Milan_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Schiaparelli's grave in <a href="/wiki/Monumental_Cemetery_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumental Cemetery of Milan">Milan</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Schiaparelli</i> Entry, Descent, and Landing Demonstrator module is named for <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> (1835–1910), an astronomer active in the 19th century who made Mars observations.<sup id="cite_ref-Go_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he recorded features he called <i>canali</i> in his native Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Go_2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His observations of what translates as channels in English inspired many.<sup id="cite_ref-Go_2015_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dark streaks on Mars are an <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> feature which is related to dust distribution; these albedo features on Mars slowly change over time, and in the last few decades have been monitored by Mars orbiters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schiaparelli is famous for making hand-drawn maps of Mars during its 1877 oppositions with Earth with an optical refracting telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_naming_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_naming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first astronomer to determine the relationship between comet debris and yearly meteor showers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_naming_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_naming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other things named for Schiaparelli include the main-belt asteroid <a href="/wiki/4062_Schiaparelli" class="mw-redirect" title="4062 Schiaparelli">4062 Schiaparelli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-springer-Schiaparelli_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-Schiaparelli-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named on 15 September 1989 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 15090</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_(lunar_crater)" title="Schiaparelli (lunar crater)">Schiaparelli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-springer-Schiaparelli_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-Schiaparelli-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Martian crater <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_(Martian_crater)" title="Schiaparelli (Martian crater)">Schiaparelli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-springer-Schiaparelli_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-Schiaparelli-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schiaparelli Dorsum on <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IAU_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> EDM lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_naming_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_naming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission was named in November 2013; previously it was known as the Exomars Entry, descent and landing Demonstrator Module, or ExoMars EDM for short.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_naming_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_naming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name was ExoMars <i>static lander</i>, however some designs for what was the static lander are quite different due to various stages of design and program restructuring.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name, especially for both orbiter and lander together is <i>ExoMars 2016</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg/220px-Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg/330px-Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg/440px-Mars-human-exploration-art-astronauts-vehicle-dust-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>This space art, titled <i>The Next Stop,</i> was selected by the ESA when discussing its Aurora flagship ExoMars program, and features people enduring a Mars dust storm near a crewed Mars rover.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20021011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20021011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_(14042710527).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/220px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/330px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/440px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Models of <i>Schiaparelli</i> and the ExoMars rover at ESA ESTEC, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The EDM traces itself back to the ESA <a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a>, which has the goal of human exploration of space, and thus producing missions that are building blocks to support this goal.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ExoMars originated out of this, and provides context for understanding the EDM.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schiaparelli forms an important "block" of learning how to land heavy payloads on Mars, which is vital to future crewed missions.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another "block" is the ExoMars rover, which is intended to demonstrate among other things the ability to traverse several km/miles on the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aurora program is focused on two types of the mission, one are larger flagship spacecraft and the other are smaller missions specifically meant to offload risk from the larger missions.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20021011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20021011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 the ESA council approved 650 million Euros for a Mars rover and static lander.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time the idea was for a single launch bringing both a <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> class rover and instrumented static lander to Mars with a simpler cruise stage;in this case the static lander both landed the rover and performed its own studies.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However to accomplish its mission goals within the constraints of using a Soyuz rocket for launch, the rover was budgeted for just 6 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enable a larger rover, the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane V">Ariane V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>, and Proton were evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rovers from 180 kg up to 600 kg were considered, and eventually the idea of test lander to offload risk from the rover lander arose, which fitted well with a two-launch strategy allowing a heavier orbiter and a heavier rover on the second launch.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in development, the lander was to be carried by a dedicated cruise stage called the <i>Carrier Module</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Trace Gas Orbiter mission was merged into ExoMars, becoming the carrier for the EDM.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the lander crashed, the data transmitted from <i>Schiaparelli</i> are expected to provide ESA and Roscosmos with the technology for landing on the surface of Mars with a controlled soft landing. This technology will be used by the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme, which was due to launch in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaunchMoved2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaunchMoved2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-launch">Pre-launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 577 kg (1,272 lb) descent module <i>Schiaparelli</i> and orbiter completed testing and were integrated to a <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> rocket at the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_cosmodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikonur cosmodrome">Baikonur cosmodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a> in mid-January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TGO and EDM arrived at Baikonur in December 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February the spacecraft was mounted to the Briz-M upper stage, and in early March that was attached to the Proton rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceflight2_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceflight2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liftoff">Liftoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liftoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The launch occurred at 09:31 GMT (15:31 local time) on 14 March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney_Nature_11_March_2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A signal from the orbiter was received at 21:29 GMT that day, confirming that the launch was successful and the spacecraft was functioning properly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after separation from the probes, the <a href="/wiki/Briz-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Briz-M">Briz-M</a> upper booster stage exploded a few kilometres away, without damaging the orbiter or lander.<sup id="cite_ref-exploded_booster_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploded_booster-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:448px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liftoff for ExoMars 2016 carrying the Schiaparelli demonstrator"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/440px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/660px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg/880px-ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_2016_Launch.jpg" title="File:ExoMars 2016 Launch.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Liftoff for ExoMars 2016 carrying the <i>Schiaparelli</i> demonstrator</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise,_separation_and_arrival"><span id="Cruise.2C_separation_and_arrival"></span>Cruise, separation and arrival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cruise, separation and arrival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its launch, the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and EDM traveled together coasting through space towards Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the EDM was powered from an umbilical power line to the TGO, thus preserving the EDM's limited internal batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deep space manoeuvre was executed by the TGO main engine in two legs on 28 July and on 11 August in order to target the entry flight path angle and the landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellegrinetti_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellegrinetti-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 October 2016, the TGO did a final adjustment to its trajectory before the separation of Schiaparelli.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch mass of the two spacecraft together is 4332 kg including the 600 kg <i>Schiaparelli</i> module.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the heaviest spacecraft yet sent to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journey from Earth to Mars in 2016 took about 7 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 October 2016, the TGO and EDM separated, the orbiter heading for Mars orbit insertion and the EDM for Mars atmospheric entry.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-separation_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-separation-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the separation, the EDM was spun up 2.5 RPM (see also <a href="/wiki/Spin_stabilization" title="Spin stabilization">spin stabilization</a>) and then released at a velocity of about 1 km/h relative to TGO.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDM was designed to go into a lower-power hibernation mode for about 3 days while it traveled solo to Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDM came out of hibernation about an hour and a half prior to reaching the Martian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, after the separation, the TGO adjusted its trajectory for its Mars orbit insertion and by 19 October 2016 performed a 139-minute rocket engine burn to enter Mars orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, the <i>Schiaparelli</i> module arrived at Mars traveling at 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph; 5.8 km/s) and engaged in its prime task of entry, descent, and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSci_March_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSci_March-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a successful atmospheric entry, the module's speed was reduced from the 5.8 km/s entry value to a few hundred m/s due to the drag force provided by the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>. During this phase of the flight, a <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> was used to protect the payload from the severe heat load. The parachute was triggered by the on-board software when the <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> detected a given non-gravitational acceleration value of 9 m/s<sup>2</sup>, as expected. After having reached the sub-sonic regime by means of the nominally-inflated parachute, the <i>Schiaparelli</i> module experienced an anomaly causing the backshell and parachute release to occur earlier than expected and preventing the <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> from slowing the descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellegrinetti_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellegrinetti-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hard touch-down location, reconstructed using data from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, was identified quite close to the expected landing site, about 6.4 km short-range from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellegrinetti_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellegrinetti-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGO entered Mars' orbit and it underwent several months of <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> to adjust its speed and orbit, with science activities beginning in late 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-NewSci_March_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSci_March-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGO will continue serving as a relay satellite for future <a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a> missions until 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-june2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-june2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_site">Landing site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landing site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg/376px-MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg/564px-MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/MER-B-Descent_Stage-med.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of Meridiani Planum by the <i>Opportunity</i> rover in 2004, an area favored by probe landings for its smooth dunes and mostly boulder-free plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Germany_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg/208px-Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg/312px-Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg/416px-Rim_of_Bopolu_Crater_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1203" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Another view of Meridiani Planum by the <i>Opportunity</i> rover. Bopolu crater rim is in the distance, also south of the <i>Schiaparelli</i> landing zone</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The landing site chosen was Meridiani Planum, a Martian plain prized by Mars landers for its flat terrain and low elevation that gives a spacecraft time and distance to slow down before reaching the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDM cannot avoid obstacles during its descent, so it was important to pick a large flat area with a minimum of obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-Germany_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landing ellipse is about 100 km long by 15 km wide, centered at 6° west and 2° south running east–west, with the eastern edge including the <i>Opportunity</i> rover landing site, and near Endeavour crater where it was still operating when the EDM was launched and when it attempted to land.<sup id="cite_ref-storms_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storms-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Opportunity</i> rover (MER-B) landing site is called the <i>Challenger Memorial Station</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also thought that the EDM would have a chance of arriving when Mars experienced its global dust storms, and thus gain knowledge about the atmosphere under these less common conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-storms_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storms-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is also known to be scientifically interesting; the <i>Opportunity</i> rover discovered a type of iron mineral that forms in the presence of water, so it is theorized there was a significant amount of water there in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Germany_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg/400px-Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg/600px-Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg/800px-Mars_landing_sites_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The red star denotes the planned landing site for the ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM lander: <a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a>, close to where the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> landed in 2004.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_storm_goal">Dust storm goal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dust storm goal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landing was planned to take place on <a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a><sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the dust storm season, which would have provided a chance to characterise a dust-loaded atmosphere during entry and descent, measure the dust's <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> charge—typically produced by charge transfer on contact between particles—and to conduct surface measurements associated with a dust-rich environment.<sup id="cite_ref-payload_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payload-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg/300px-Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg/450px-Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg/600px-Mars_dust_opacities_MER-B_Sol_1205_to_1235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Time-lapse composite of the Martian horizon over 30 Martian days shows how much sunlight the July 2007 dust storms blocked; Tau of 4.7 indicates 99% sunlight blocked.</figcaption></figure> <p>Global dust storms have occurred at least nine times since 1924 including 1977, 1982, 1994, 2001 and 2007; the 2007 dust storms nearly ended the functioning of the solar-powered U.S. Mars Exploration Rovers <i>Spirit</i> and <i>Opportunity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl.nasa.gov_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl.nasa.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global dust storms obscured Mars when the <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></i> orbiter arrived there in 1971, and it took several weeks for the dust to settle down and allow for clear imaging of the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was predicted that Mars global dust storms were likely to occur in the fall of 2016, but they had not started when the EDM attempted its landing.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl.nasa.gov_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl.nasa.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global dust storms hit in the summer of 2018, cutting off light to the solar powered <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover">Opportunity rover</a> which was still operating nearby to the Schiaparelli landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry,_descent,_and_landing_events_sequence"><span id="Entry.2C_descent.2C_and_landing_events_sequence"></span>Entry, descent, and landing events sequence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Entry, descent, and landing events sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_(refined).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/156px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/234px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png/312px-HiRISE_image_of_MSL_during_EDL_%28refined%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The MSL entry vehicle during the parachute phase of its descent. <i>Schiaparelli</i> was designed to deploy its parachute at 11 km above Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/215px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/323px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg/430px-NASA-MSL-Curiosity_-Heat-shield.674789main_pia16021-full_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> entry vehicle ejecting its heat shield over Mars. <i>Schiaparelli</i> was designed to eject its lower heat shield at an altitude of 7 km above Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png/209px-Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png/314px-Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png/418px-Schiaparelli_landing_on_Mars.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Depiction of the EDM during the rocket-assisted descent portion of its Mars landing</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander separated from the TGO orbiter on 16 October 2016, three days before arrival at Mars, and entered the atmosphere at 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph) on 19 October 2016<sup id="cite_ref-NewSci_March_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewSci_March-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Mars atmospheric entry</a>). When the lander disconnected from the orbiter, it switched to internal battery power and used a low-power hibernation mode while it coasted for three days just before entering the Martian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Schiaparelli</i> came out of hibernation several hours before its entry, at a speed of 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph) and an altitude of 122.5 km (76.1 mi) above the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat shield was used during the plunge into the atmosphere to decelerate the lander to 1,650 km/h (1,030 mph) by the time it reached 11 km (6.8 mi) altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During entry the COMARS+ instrumentation the EDM operated to collect data on how heat and air flow around the entry capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After slowing its initial entry through the atmosphere, the module deployed a parachute and was to complete its landing on <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> by using a closed-loop guidance, navigation and control system based on a <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeter</a> sensor, and on-board <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement units</a>. Throughout the descent, various sensors recorded a number of atmospheric parameters and lander performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Vago_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vago-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was that at 7 km (4.3 mi) in altitude the front heat shield would be jettisoned and the radar altimeter turned on, then at 1.3 km (0.81 mi) altitude above Mars the rear heat cover and parachute would be jettisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final stages of the landing were to be performed using pulse-firing liquid-fuel engines or <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a>. About two metres above ground, the engines were designed to turn off and let the platform land on a crushable structure, designed to deform and absorb the final touchdown impact.<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vago_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vago-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On final landing it was designed to endure rocks about 31 cm (12 in) high, and it was hoped, but not guaranteed, that no out-sized boulders or craters would be encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On final contact, the lander was designed to handle slopes of up to 19 degrees and rocks up to 38 cm (15 in) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> was operating in the region and the two teams worked together to attempt to image the EDM on its descent, which, depending on conditions, might have been possible especially if the EDM "went long" in its landing ellipse. However, the rover's cameras had no view of the lander during its descent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time a surface probe attempted to image the landing of another vehicle from the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Other spacecraft have imaged each other, especially orbiters viewing ones on the ground, and in 2005 <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> imaged <i>Mars Express</i> in orbit around Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>EDL summary (as planned):<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Altitude</th> <th colspan="2">Speed</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">121 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">21,000 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13,000 mph</td> <td>Enter atmosphere </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">45 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">19,000 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12,000 mph</td> <td>Peak heating </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">11 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.8 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,700 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,100 mph</td> <td>Parachute deployed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.3 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">320 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">200 mph</td> <td>Lower heat shield eject and doppler radar activated </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1.2 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.75 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">240 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">150 mph</td> <td>Upper heat shield and parachute ejected </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1.1 km </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.68 mi</td> <td style="text-align:center;">250 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">160 mph</td> <td>Retro-rockets on </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 m </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.6 ft</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5 mph</td> <td>Retro-rockets off </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">0 m </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 ft</td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 km/h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.2 mph</td> <td>Touch down on crumple bumper underneath spacecraft<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contact was lost with the module 50 seconds before the planned touch-down. By 21 October 2016, after studying the data, ESA said it was likely that things went wrong when the parachute released early, the engines then turned on but then turned off after too short a time.<sup id="cite_ref-swissinfo1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swissinfo1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crash">Crash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander attempted an automated landing on 19 October 2016, but the signal was unexpectedly lost a short time before the planned landing time.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-20161019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-20161019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> and NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO) and <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> continued listening for the lander's signal to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-20161019_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-20161019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Schiaparelli</i> transmitted about 600 megabytes of telemetry during its landing attempt,<sup id="cite_ref-Selding_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selding-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and detailed analysis found that its atmospheric entry occurred normally, with the parachute deploying at 12 km (7.5 mi) and 1,730 km/h (1,070 mph), and its heat shield releasing at 7.8 km (4.8 mi). However, the lander's <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement unit</a>, which measures rotation, became saturated (unable to take higher readings) for about one second. This saturation, coupled with data from the navigation computer, generated an altitude reading that was negative, or below ground level. This caused the premature release of the parachute and back shell. The braking thrusters then fired for about three seconds rather than the expected 30 seconds, followed by the activation of ground systems as if the vehicle had already landed. In reality, it was still at an altitude of 3.7 km (2.3 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-esa20161123_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20161123-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian20161124_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian20161124-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander continued transmitting for 19 seconds after the thrusters cut off; the loss of signal occurred 50 seconds before it was supposed to land.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20161021_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20161021-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Schiaparelli</i> impacted the Martian surface at 300 km/h (190 mph), near terminal velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif/400px-PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif/600px-PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif/800px-PIA21130_Signs_of_Schiaparelli_Test_Lander_Seen_From_Orbit.gif 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter#CTX_(camera)" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO Context Camera</a> images of <i>Schiaparelli</i> landing site; before (29 May 2016) and after (20 October 2016). The large black spot indicates the impact by the lander, and the white spot its parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>A day after the attempted landing, the <a href="/wiki/CTX_(camera)" class="mw-redirect" title="CTX (camera)">Context Camera</a> of NASA's MRO identified new ground markings due to the lander's impact and parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crash site is about 54 km (~33.5 miles) from where the active NASA Mars rover <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> was at the time of the landing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 October 2016, ESA released high resolution images of the crash site taken by the MRO <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> camera on 25 October 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front heatshield, module impact site, and the rear heat-shield and parachute are identified.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the crater is about half a metre (yard) deep and it may be possible to further study this crater at a later time.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a related note, an artificially made crater was actually the goal of the <i>THOR</i> mission proposed under the Mars Scout program that produced Phoenix and MAVEN, the goal was sub-surface excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That mission was passed over, but another orbiter was able to discover naturally occurring fresh impact craters, and ice was found in them.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg/400px-PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg/600px-PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg/800px-PIA21131_Closer_Look_at_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4875" data-file-height="5243" /></a><figcaption>MRO <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> image of <i>Schiaparelli</i> impact area taken on 25 October 2016. Blown up in the images are areas identified as lander impact (center left), front heat shield impact (upper right), and parachute and rear heat shield (lower left)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="float:right; margin:2px;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:11px"> <caption>EDL Demonstration Module<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Task</th> <th>Evaluation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Separation manoeuvre</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hibernation on/off</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypersonic atmospheric entry</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parachute deployed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heat shield ejected</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parachute and back shell ejection</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Premature </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retro rockets turn on</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Premature </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retro rockets turn off</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Premature </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Although the lander crashed, ESA officials declared <i>Schiaparelli</i> a success because it had fulfilled its primary function of testing the landing system for the then-planned 2020 <i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> lander and returning telemetry data during its descent.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161020_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-successful_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-successful-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 20 October, the bulk of the descent data had been returned to Earth and was being analysed.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_20_Oct_2016_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_20_Oct_2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <i><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></i> lander, which was not heard from again after being released from <i>Mars Express</i> in 2003, the Exomars module transmitted during descent so data collected and transmitted on the way down was not lost if the spacecraft was destroyed on impact.<sup id="cite_ref-impartialreporter.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impartialreporter.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_into_cause_of_the_crash">Investigation into cause of the crash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Investigation into cause of the crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An investigation that concluded in May 2017 identified four "root causes for the mishap [...]: Insufficient uncertainty and configuration management in the modelling of the parachute dynamics which led to expect much lower dynamics than observed in flight; Inadequate persistence time of the IMU [Inertial Measurement Unit] saturation flag and inadequate handling of IMU saturation by the GNC [Guidance Navigation and Control]; Insufficient approach to Failure Detection, Isolation and Recovery and design robustness; Mishap in management of subcontractors and acceptance of hardware."<sup id="cite_ref-SAR-2017_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR-2017-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The board of inquiry's investigation revealed that at the time that the lander deployed its parachute it began spinning unexpectedly fast. This superfast rotation briefly saturated <i>Schiaparelli</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> spin-measuring instrument, which resulted in a large attitude-estimation error by the guidance, navigation and control-system software. This resulted in the computer calculating that it was below ground level, triggering the early release of the parachute and backshell, a brief firing of the thrusters for only 3 seconds instead of 30 seconds, and the activation of the on-ground system as if <i>Schiaparelli</i> had landed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquiry also determined that "[t]he mission would not have been jeopardised by the attitude knowledge error induced by IMU [Inertial Measurement Unit] saturation, if the persistence time would have been set at a lower value."<sup id="cite_ref-SAR-2017_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAR-2017-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Images of module's crash site suggested that a fuel tank may have exploded in the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the lander impacted the surface at about 300 km/h (83 m/s; 190 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional imaging of the site by November further confirmed the identity of the spacecraft's parts.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional imaging was in colour and it was noted that parachute was slightly shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21132_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars,_in_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/PIA21132_Schiaparelli_Impact_Site_on_Mars%2C_in_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="394" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>HiRISE observations of the crash site on 1 November 2016, detailing what is thought to be the main spacecraft's impact location, the lower heat shield, and upper heat shield and parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this second observation, it is noted that wind seems to have shifted the parachute, and some of bright spots around the crash zone were confirmed to be from material not image noise or momentary reflections.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>By taking more images using a technique called <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">super-resolution reconstruction</a> (SRR) the resolution can be improved, and this was done for the formerly lost <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> probe.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other benefits to more images is that is easier to discern between image noise such as cosmic ray hits and real objects, and among bright spots high albedo objects versus momentary specular reflections.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, with multiple images over time, movement and changes, such as the wind blowing a parachute can be observed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrument_and_sensor_payload">Instrument and sensor payload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrument and sensor payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConcordiaFromTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ConcordiaFromTower.jpg/200px-ConcordiaFromTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ConcordiaFromTower.jpg/300px-ConcordiaFromTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ConcordiaFromTower.jpg/400px-ConcordiaFromTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Concordia_research_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia research station">Concordia research station</a> is another mission that supports development of an ESA human mission to Mars, supporting the Aurora Exploration Programme.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atmospheric electricity is one of the concerns for a human missions to Mars and Schiaparelli might have provided the first ever measurement of this property on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-jyi.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyi.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_(PIA22206).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png/220px-LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png/330px-LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/LaRRI_retroreflector_on_InSight_%28PIA22206%29.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>INRRI was included on the <a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> Mars lander. It is seen here on InSight's deck in preparation for launch.</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary mission goal was to test the landing systems, including the parachute, Doppler radar altimeter, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> thrusters, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2016-017A_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2016-017A-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary mission goal was scientific. The lander was to measure the wind speed and direction, humidity, pressure and surface temperature, and determine the transparency of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-payload_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payload-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface science payload was called DREAMS, and was designed to obtain meteorological data for a few days after landing,<sup id="cite_ref-ESPC2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESPC2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as make the first measurements of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">atmospheric electricity</a> on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-jyi.org_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyi.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A descent camera (DECA) was included in the payload.<sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its captured images were to be transmitted after landing.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMELIA, COMARS+, and DECA collected data during the entry, descent, and landing for about six minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this data was transmitted while it was descending.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Planetary_Society_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Planetary_Society-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although EDL portion was designed to last literally a few minutes, and the surface observations at most a few days, one instrument, INRRI, was a passive laser retro-reflector that could be used as long as possible, even decades later, for laser range-finding of the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>INRRI was mounted to the top (zenith) side of the lander, to enable spacecraft above to target it. Its mass was about 25 grams, and it was contributed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The design used a <a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector" title="Corner reflector">cube corner reflector</a> to return incoming laser light. The cubes are made of <a href="/wiki/Fused_silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused silica">fused silica</a> which are mounted to an aluminum support structure.<sup id="cite_ref-retroreflector2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retroreflector2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INRRI was also mounted to the <a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> Mars lander.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Summary of the science-technology payload</dt> <dd><sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2016-017A_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2016-017A-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>DREAMS (Dust Characterization, Risk Assessment, and Environmental Analyser on the Martian Surface) <ul><li>MetWind (wind detection)</li> <li>DREAMS-H (humidity detection)</li> <li>DREAMS-P (pressure detection)</li> <li>MarsTem (temperature detection)</li> <li>Solar Irradiance Sensor (transparency of the atmosphere)</li> <li>Micro-ARES (atmospheric electricity detector)</li></ul></li> <li>AMELIA (Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigation and Analysis)</li> <li>DECA (Descent Camera)</li> <li>COMARS+ (Combined Aerothermal Sensor Package) <ul><li>Measured heat during Mars atmospheric entry.</li></ul></li> <li>INRRI (INstrument for landing – Roving laser Retroreflector Investigations)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Compact laser retro-reflector for detecting the lander by laser-ranging</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DREAMS">DREAMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: DREAMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg/220px-151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg/330px-151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg/440px-151990main_elec_dust_storm_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>This artist's concept illustrates an electrically active dust storm on Mars, which may have produced chemicals that caused the inconclusive <i>Viking</i> lander life-detection experiment results.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Schiaparelli</i> was aiming to measure atmospheric electricity during the Mars dust storm season.<sup id="cite_ref-exploration.esa.int_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exploration.esa.int-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsdustdevil2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marsdustdevil2.gif/220px-Marsdustdevil2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marsdustdevil2.gif/330px-Marsdustdevil2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marsdustdevil2.gif/440px-Marsdustdevil2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Animated image of a <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">dust devil</a> on Mars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_004_lidar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/220px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/330px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/440px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>The Phoenix lander took these measurements of atmospheric dust with LIDAR in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The lander's scientific payload for the surface was the meteorological DREAMS (Dust Characterization, Risk Assessment, and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface) package, consisting of a suite of sensors to measure the wind speed and direction (MetWind), humidity (MetHumi), pressure (MetBaro), surface temperature (MarsTem), the transparency of the atmosphere (Solar Irradiance Sensor – SIS), and atmospheric electrification (Atmospheric Relaxation and Electric-field Sensor – Micro-ARES).<sup id="cite_ref-ESPC2013_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESPC2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DREAMS_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DREAMS-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions that contributed to the DREAMS science payload include <a href="/wiki/INAF" class="mw-redirect" title="INAF">INAF</a> and CISAS from Italy, LATMOS from France, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a> from the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">FMI</a> from Finland, and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial">INTA</a> from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DREAMS payload was intended to function for 2 to 8 Mars days as an environmental station for the duration of the surface mission after landing.<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vago_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vago-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned lander arrival was made to coincide with the Mars global dust storm season and collect data on a dust-loaded Mars atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-payload_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payload-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DREAMS had been hoped to provide new insights into the role of electric forces on dust lifting, the mechanism that initiates dust storms. In addition, the MetHumi sensor was intended to complement MicroARES measurements with critical data about humidity, to enable scientists to better understand the dust electrification process.<sup id="cite_ref-DREAMS_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DREAMS-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">Atmospheric electricity</a> on Mars is still unmeasured, and its possible role in dust storms and atmospheric chemistry remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that atmospheric electricity may have played a role in the inconclusive results from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments"><i>Viking</i> lander life experiments</a>, which were positive for metabolizing microbial life, but no organic compounds were detected by the mass spectrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two favored possible explanations are reactions with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> or atmospheric electrical processes during dust storms.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DREAMS-P was a pressure sensor and DREAMS-H was for humidity; the sensors feed a single data-handling circuit board.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the surface payload, a camera called DECA (Descent Camera) on the lander operated during the descent. It was intended to deliver additional context information and exact location data in the form of images.<sup id="cite_ref-AMELIA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMELIA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DECA is a reflight of the Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) of the <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_camera_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_camera-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another surface experiment that was focused on dust was the <a href="/wiki/Materials_Adherence_Experiment" title="Materials Adherence Experiment">Materials Adherence Experiment</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> lander, about twenty years prior to ExoMars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_Camera">Descent Camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Descent Camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Descent Camera (DECA) was intended to capture about 15 downward-looking views as it approached the surface of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_camera_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_camera-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to begin acquiring images after the lower heat shield was ejected.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This camera had a 60 degree field of view to capture <a href="/wiki/Greyscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyscale">greyscale</a> images, to support technical knowledge of the descent.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_camera_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_camera-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DECA was a flight spare of the visual monitoring camera of the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a> and Plank mission that were launched together. The camera dimensions are 9 cm (3.5 in) squared, with a mass of 0.6 kg (1.3 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edm-science-payload-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DECA descent camera data were stored during descent and not meant to be relayed to Earth until after landing,<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so these images were lost in the crash. The purpose of this transfer delay was to protect the spacecraft and data from electrostatic discharges.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DECA was designed and built in Belgium by <i>Optique et Instruments de Précision</i> (OIP).<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main goals for DECA included:<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>image <a href="/wiki/Landing_area" title="Landing area">landing area</a></li> <li>measure transparency of the Martian atmosphere,</li> <li>collect data for 3-D <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of landing area</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_results">Preliminary results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Preliminary results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the <i>Schiarapelli</i> demonstrator lander transmitted <i>during</i> its descent, a great deal of telemetry was successfully returned.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Planetary_Society_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Planetary_Society-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 600 megabytes<sup id="cite_ref-Selding_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selding-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of data, amounting to about 80% of telemetry, were relayed to Earth were used to investigate the failure modes of the landing technology employed.<sup id="cite_ref-successful_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-successful-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note about masses: on the Mars surface the gravity is less than on Earth, so the weight is 37% of the Earth weight.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <tbody><tr> <td>Diameter </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2.4 m (7.9 ft) with heatshield<sup id="cite_ref-EDL-demonstrator-module_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDL-demonstrator-module-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1.65 m (5.4 ft) without heatshield</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Height </td> <td>1.8 m (5.9 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mass<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>577 kg (1,272 lb) total</li> <li>280 kg (620 lb) lander on the surface</li> <li>45 kg (99 lb) hydrazine</li> <li>80 kg (180 lb) heat shield</li> <li>20 kg (44 lb) rear heat shield<sup id="cite_ref-HS_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">Heat shield</a> material </td> <td>Norcoat Liège </td></tr> <tr> <td>Structure </td> <td>Aluminium sandwich with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber reinforced polymer">carbon fiber reinforced polymer</a> skins </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parachute </td> <td>Disk-gap-band canopy, 12 m (39 ft) diameter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Propulsion </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3 clusters of 3 hydrazine pulse engines, 400 N (90 lb<sub>f</sub>) each</li> <li>Astrium CHT-400 rocket engines<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power </td> <td>Non-rechargeable battery </td></tr> <tr> <td>Communications </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> link with the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> or other compatible communication systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/400px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/600px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg/800px-ExoMars_TGO_size_vs_Mars_Express.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>This diagram compares the Trace Gas Orbiter with <i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM attached in its entry cone with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> orbiter.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_systems">Power systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Power systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At one point, Roscosmos offered to contribute a 100 watt <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) power source for the EDM lander to allow it to monitor the local surface environment for a full Martian year,<sup id="cite_ref-still_keen_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-still_keen-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14_Feb_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14_Feb-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but because of complex Russian export control procedures, it later opted for the use of a non-rechargeable electric battery with enough power for 2 to 8 <a href="/wiki/Martian_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian day">sols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edm-science-payload-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RTG_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTG-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar panels were also considered when a longer mission (1–2 months) supported by a heavier, more complex, lander was under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2010s the focus was on executing a short-lived (a few days surface time) technology demonstration, with an emphasis on landing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Schiaparelli is unusual by carrying only non-rechargeable batteries, so its active life will be limited to only a few Martian days. This is because its primary objective is to demonstrate entry, descent and landing technologies. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">ESA, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_systems_and_network">Communication systems and network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Communication systems and network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Schiaparelli</i> had a <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> radio to communicate with Mars orbiters.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander had two antennae, one on the back shell and one on the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the back shell is ejected, it can transmit from the spiral antenna on body of the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an orbiter can communicate with the lander depends on where it is in its orbit, and not all orbiters could record or talk with lander because the globe of Mars blocks the <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> to the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ExoMars TGO could also communicate with it using the UHF system.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDM "woke up" from hibernation about 90 minutes prior to landing, and transmitted continuously for 15 minutes prior to landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its landing, the EDM signal was monitored at Mars by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> orbiter, and remotely by the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope" title="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope</a> in Pune, India.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mars Express</i> also communicates with other landers and rovers using its Melacom communication system.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO) overflew the landing two hours after landing, and was available to check for signals from <i>Schiaparelli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ExoMars TGO could also communicate with it using the UHF system.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communication system standard at Mars is the <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a> radio, in use since the arrival of the <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> in 2006. Prior to this, several orbiters used a first generation UHF relay system, including <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, <i>Mars Odyssey</i>, and <i>Mars Express</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Listening_99-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Listening-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using orbiters to relay data from Mars landers and rovers is noted for its energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 October 2016 it took 9 minutes and 47 seconds for a radio transmission to travel at roughly the speed of light from Mars to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.esa.int_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.esa.int-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So even though the radio array at Pune listened in "real time", the entire EDL sequence, which would take about 6 minutes, had already occurred even as it was being recorded as starting to enter the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.esa.int_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.esa.int-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tiny bit of variation because the speed of light is slowed down by the air of Mars and Earth (see <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a>), and another factor is <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a>, because the probe existed at a significantly different velocity and in a different gravitational field the radio station back on Earth (though relatively small).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSWTime_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSWTime-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EdLu_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdLu-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Schiaparelli</i> lander has two main computers, one is called the Central Terminal & Power Unit (CTPU) and housed in a warm box on top, and the other computer is called the Remote Terminal & Power Unit (RTPU)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is on the underside of the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the CTPU handles surface operations and the RTPU handles entry and descent, and is actually destroyed on final landing with surface because it is on the underside.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Trace Gas Orbiter and Entry Demonstrator Module are connected, the RTPU handles the interface and sends power from the orbiter to the module.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it disconnects from the orbiter, then it must run off its internal batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CTPU uses a <a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON</a> central processor based on <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' RISC-based <a href="/wiki/SPARC_processor_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC processor architecture">SPARC processor architecture</a>, and also has RAM, PROM, and a timer.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CTPU also handles data sent to the UHF radio communication system.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaceflight_101_111-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_101-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the lander disconnects from the orbiter, it spends most of its time in a low-power hibernation mode while it coasts through space before entering the Martian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander must coast through space for about 3 days by itself before landing, meanwhile the orbiter has to do a Mars orbit insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DECA descent camera data is not downloaded to the computer for relay to Earth until after landing, and it is not transmitted during descent.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parachute">Parachute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parachute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A disk-band-gap parachute was deployed by a pyrotechnic mortar.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested at full scale in the largest wind tunnel in the world as part of its development.<sup id="cite_ref-russianspaceweb.com_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianspaceweb.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sub-scale parachute was tested in Earth's atmosphere in 2011; it was ascended by balloon to 24.5 kilometers altitude and then released, and the pyrotechnic deployment systems was tested after a period of free-fall.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 October 2016 the parachute was successfully deployed on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2019, problems with the parachute for the next tranche of the project occurred during testing, despite the EDM technology test; the issues with the parachute system may delay that phase.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retro-rockets">Retro-rockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Retro-rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Schiaparelli</i> module has 3 sets of three thrusters, nine total, that operate starting at about 1 km (half a mile) up in pulse mode, slowing the spacecraft from 70 to 4 m/s (252 to 14 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the nine engines is a CHT-400 rocket engine that can produce 400 Newtons of thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rocket engines are fueled by three spherical 17.5 liter tanks holding hydrazine propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-exo16_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-exo16-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tanks hold about 15–16 kilograms of hydrazine (about 34 pounds, 2.4 stones) of fuel per tank, or 46 kg overall (101 pounds or 7.24 stones).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-exo16_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-exo16-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The propellant is pressurized by helium, held in a single tank containing 15.6 liters at a pressure of 170 bar (2465 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-rsw-exo16_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-exo16-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thrusters shut down 1–2 meters/yards from the surface, after which the crumple zone underneath the lander handles the final stop.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from a timer, <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">doppler radar</a>, and inertial measurement unit are merged in the lander's computers to control the operation of the thrusters.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_114-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_ExoMars">Impact on ExoMars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Impact on ExoMars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A possible "shutdown" moment for the next ExoMars mission was the ESA ministerial meeting in December 2016 which considered certain issues including €300 million of ExoMars funding and lessons learned from the ExoMars 2016 missions so far.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag.org_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag.org-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One concern was the <i>Schiaparelli</i> crash, as this landing system is being used for the ExoMars 2020 mission consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> delivered by the instrumented 2020 <i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> lander.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag.org_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag.org-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ExoMars team has been praised for "putting a brave face" on what happened and being positive about the EDM's very credible return on its prime mission: data about entry, descent, and landing, despite the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-airspacemag.com_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspacemag.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another positive was the development of the demonstrator module as part of the overall grand plan for ExoMars, which meant that the landing technologies underwent a real-world test before carrying more valuable cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A preliminary report on the malfunction was presented at the December 2016 ESA ministerial meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December the outcome was known: ExoMars would go on being financially supported by the ESA.<sup id="cite_ref-natureworldnews.com_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureworldnews.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> €436 million ($464 million) was authorized to finish the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-natureworldnews.com_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureworldnews.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the many challenging, difficult and rewarding moments of 2016, this is a great relief and a fine result for European space exploration, .. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>ESA ExoMars project manager<sup id="cite_ref-natureworldnews.com_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureworldnews.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landing_location">Landing location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Landing location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr /><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><b> Clickable image: </b>Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">(<span style="font-size:85%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4F00; color:black;"> </span> Active</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> Inactive</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Planned)</span></span></div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </span></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Beagle 2</i></small></span></a> </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;text-align:right;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Curiosity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><span style="display:inline;text-align:right;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Deep Space 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span style="color:white"><small><i>InSight</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 3</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 6</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars Polar Lander ↓</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Opportunity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Perseverance</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Phoenix</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><span style="color:black;background: white;"><small><i>Rosalind Franklin</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Sojourner</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Spirit</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px solid;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Zhurong</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 1</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 2</i> </small></span></a> </span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary">Glossary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Glossary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana</li> <li>EDL: <a href="/wiki/Entry,_descent_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Entry, descent and landing">Entry, descent and landing</a></li> <li>EDM: EDL Demonstrator Module</li> <li>ESA: European Space Agency</li> <li>ESTEC: European Space Research and Technology Centre</li> <li>GMT: Greenwich Mean Time</li> <li>INAF: Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica</li> <li>NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration</li> <li>Roscosmos: the Russian national space programme</li> <li>TGO: <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li>UKSA: United Kingdom Space Agency</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> – Failed Mars lander launched in 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens (spacecraft)</a> – European reconnaissance lander sent to Saturn's moon Titan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_powered_by_non-rechargeable_batteries" title="List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries">List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a> – Landing of a spacecraft on the surface of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> – Japanese space mission to asteroid Ryugu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft)</a> – Robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiaparelli_EDM&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-edm-science-payload-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edm-science-payload_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48898-edm-science-payload/">"Schiaparelli science package and science investigations"</a>. 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.sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schiaparelli_EDM_lander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schiaparelli EDM lander">Schiaparelli EDM lander</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/03/ExoMars_2016_landing_site">ExoMars EDM landing zone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2016/10211542-schiaparelli-update-ctx.html">Likely <i>Schiaparelli</i> crash site imaged by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter by The Planetary Society</a> (This has diagram overlaying EDM landing ellipse and MER-B traverse)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/Detailed_images_of_Schiaparelli_and_its_descent_hardware_on_Mars">More detailed view of the crash site ESA</a> (27 October 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/mars_soil_chem.html">Electric Dust Storms and atmospheric electricity</a> (EDM was going to measure atmospheric electricity)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-508.pdf">Micro-Ares, An electric field sensor for ExoMars 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/49205-crushable-material-test/">ESA Video of crushable material for the crumple bumper being tested</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/1104-capturing-martian-weather-in-motion.html">TPS – Capturing Martian Weather in Motion – 4 November 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235346/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Bayle_ExoMars_EDM_Overview-Paper.pdf">ExoMars design overview circa 2011</a></li> <li>Pictures of <i>Schiaparelli</i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.leonardocompany.com/-/tecnologia-finmeccanica-marte-mars-technology">[1]</a> (a photo of the lander under construction)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/58407-schiaparelli-s-descent-to-mars/"><i>Schiaparelli</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s descent to Mars</a> (ESA Video of planned descent to the surface)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/?ImageID=8165">Crash site in 3D</a> (11.15.16)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci.esa.int/documents/33431/35950/1567260317467-ESA_ExoMars_2016_Schiaparelli_Anomaly_Inquiry.pdf">ExoMars 2016 – Schiaparelli Anomaly Inquiry</a> (18.05.2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ExoMars" title="Template:ExoMars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ExoMars" title="Template talk:ExoMars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ExoMars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ExoMars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ExoMars_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> programme</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">ExoMars 2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiaparelli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_Suite" title="Atmospheric Chemistry Suite">ACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-Resolution_Epithermal_Neutron_Detector" title="Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector">FREND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_and_Occultation_for_Mars_Discovery" title="Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery">NOMAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoMars_(14042710527).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/100px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/150px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg/200px-ExoMars_%2814042710527%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/100px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/150px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg/200px-Eberswalde_crater_delta_ESA415965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6515" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">2028 launch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADRON-RM" title="ADRON-RM">ADRON-RM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLUPI" title="CLUPI">CLUPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HABIT_(HabitAbility:_Brine,_Irradiation_and_Temperature)" class="mw-redirect" title="HABIT (HabitAbility: Brine, Irradiation and Temperature)">HABIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Spectrometer_for_ExoMars" title="Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars">ISEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRa" title="LaRa">LaRa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Multispectral_Imager_for_Subsurface_Studies" title="Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies">MA-MISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicrOmega-IR" title="MicrOmega-IR">MicrOmega-IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Organic_Molecule_Analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer">MOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PanCam" title="PanCam">PanCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Laser_Spectrometer" title="Raman Laser Spectrometer">RLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISDOM_(radar)" title="WISDOM (radar)">WISDOM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">MAX-C rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Planum" title="Oxia Planum">Oxia Planum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ExoMars" title="Category:ExoMars">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ExoMars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ExoMars"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_in_space" title="Template:2016 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2016_in_space" title="Template talk:2016 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2016 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2016 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_in_space" title="Template:2015 in space">2015</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_in_space" title="Template:2017 in space">2017</a></span> » </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2016" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2016"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi</a> (X-ray observatory; Feb 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (Mars orbiter; Mar 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/150px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/225px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg/300px-Distant_galaxy_GN-z11_in_GOODS-N_image_by_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Juno spacecraft with Jupiter in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/150px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/225px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg/300px-JUNO_-_PIA13746.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of a planet with a rocky landscape orbiting the Alpha Centauri star system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/150px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/225px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg/300px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_planet_orbiting_Proxima_Centauri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5196" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DN160822_03" title="DN160822 03">DN160822 03</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2016" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2016">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(85990)_1999_JV6" title="(85990) 1999 JV6">(85990) 1999 JV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_TX68" title="2013 TX68">2013 TX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">68</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_EU85" title="2016 EU85">2016 EU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">85</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_PQ" title="2016 PQ">2016 PQ</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(164121)_2003_YT1" title="(164121) 2003 YT1">(164121) 2003 YT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2016"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38_Virginis_b" title="38 Virginis b">38 Virginis b</a></li> <li>atmospheric composition of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B20_594b" title="BD+20 594b">BD+20 594b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_536_b" title="Gliese 536 b">Gliese 536 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_19467_B" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 19467 B">HD 19467 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_131399_Ab" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 131399 Ab">HD 131399 Ab</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(retracted in 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164922_c" title="HD 164922 c">HD 164922 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378" title="HIP 41378">HIP 41378</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_b" title="HIP 41378 b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_c" title="HIP 41378 c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_d" title="HIP 41378 d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_e" title="HIP 41378 e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_41378_f" title="HIP 41378 f">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-33b" title="K2-33b">K2-33b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-332_b" title="K2-332 b">K2-332 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72" title="K2-72">K2-72</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K2-72b" title="K2-72b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72c" title="K2-72c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72d" title="K2-72d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-72e" title="K2-72e">e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-9b" title="KELT-9b">KELT-9b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-11b" title="KELT-11b">KELT-11b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-20g" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-20g">Kepler-20g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-56d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-56d">Kepler-56d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-737b" title="Kepler-737b">Kepler-737b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1229b" title="Kepler-1229b">Kepler-1229b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1520b" title="Kepler-1520b">Kepler-1520b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1625b" title="Kepler-1625b">Kepler-1625b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1638b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-1638b">Kepler-1638b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1647b" title="Kepler-1647b">Kepler-1647b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b" title="OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b">OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb" title="OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb">OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr0211_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Pr0211 c">Pr0211 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-3b" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar-3b">Qatar-3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-4b" title="Qatar-4b">Qatar-4b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-5b" title="Qatar-5b">Qatar-5b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">TRAPPIST-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1b" title="TRAPPIST-1b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1c" title="TRAPPIST-1c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAPPIST-1d" title="TRAPPIST-1d">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae_b" title="TW Hydrae b">TW Hydrae b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V830_Tauri_b" class="mw-redirect" title="V830 Tauri b">V830 Tauri b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J11193254%E2%80%931137466_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB">2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J2126%E2%80%938140" title="2MASS J2126–8140">2MASS J2126–8140</a> as planet</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">GW150914</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Cluster_IDCS_1426" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Cluster IDCS 1426">IDCS 1426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(hypothesized)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GN-z11" title="GN-z11">GN-z11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J1240%2B6710" title="SDSS J1240+6710">SDSS J1240+6710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_2_Dwarf" title="Crater 2 Dwarf">Crater 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW151226" title="GW151226">GW151226</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_RR245" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 RR245">2015 RR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">245</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSS_Great_Wall" title="BOSS Great Wall">BOSS Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB_160625B" title="GRB 160625B">GRB 160625B</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(471325)_2011_KT19" title="(471325) 2011 KT19">(471325) 2011 KT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">19</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_UZ224" title="2014 UZ224">2014 UZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">224</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_J080822.18-644357.3" title="WISE J080822.18-644357.3">WISE J080822.18-644357.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_I" title="Virgo I">Virgo I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V407_Lupi" title="V407 Lupi">ASASSN-16kt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V5856_Sagittarii" title="V5856 Sagittarii">ASASSN-16ma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2016" title="Category:Comets in 2016"><img alt="Comets in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_R2_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS)">C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> (entered <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> orbit; Jul 2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i> (end of mission to <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">comet 67P</a>; Sep 2016)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</a> (Mars lander; Oct 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_outer_space" title="Category:2015 in outer space">Category:2015 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2016_in_outer_space" title="Category:2016 in outer space">Category:2016 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_outer_space" title="Category:2017 in outer space">Category:2017 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2015Orbital_launches_in_20162017_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2016" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2016"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2015Orbital_launches_in_20162017_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight" title="2015 in spaceflight">← 2015</a></div><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2016</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">2017 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belintersat-1" title="Belintersat-1">Belintersat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_29e" title="Intelsat 29e">Intelsat 29e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 9B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">M3-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-266" title="USA-266">USA-266</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_IIF" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS IIF">GPS IIF</a><a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites" title="List of GPS satellites">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2514" title="Kosmos 2514">Kosmos 2514</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-4" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4">Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-267</a> / <a href="/wiki/Future_Imagery_Architecture" title="Future Imagery Architecture">Topaz-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">ASTRO-H / Hitomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SES-9" title="SES-9">SES-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 65 West A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P №3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">Soyuz TMA-20M</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-6">Cygnus CRS OA-6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diwata-1" title="Diwata-1">Diwata-1</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-2e'</a> × 20</span> , <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 9</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2515</a> / Bars-M 2L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">IGSO-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-02" title="Progress MS-02">Progress MS-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8" title="SpaceX CRS-8">Dragon CRS-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module" title="Bigelow Expandable Activity Module">BEAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">Sentinel-1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/MICROSCOPE" title="MICROSCOPE">MICROSCOPE</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/E-st@r-II" title="E-st@r-II">e-st@r-II</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-2B" title="JCSAT-2B">JCSAT-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">FOC-10, FOC-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaicom_8" title="Thaicom 8">Thaicom 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2516" title="Kosmos 2516">Kosmos 2516</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan III-02</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> 1, 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2517</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geo-IK-2" title="Geo-IK-2">Geo-IK-2 №12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intelsat_satellites" title="List of Intelsat satellites">Intelsat 31</a> / DLA-2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-268" title="USA-268">USA-268</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Orion 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat#Satellites" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 117 West B</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABS-2A" title="ABS-2A">ABS-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">Cartosat-2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Monitoring_and_Messaging_Microsatellite" title="Maritime Monitoring and Messaging Microsatellite">M3MSat</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-2p</a> × 12</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SathyabamaSat" title="SathyabamaSat">SathyabamaSat</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Swayam" title="Swayam">Swayam</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System" title="Mobile User Objective System">MUOS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">Chinese next-generation crew capsule scale model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 16-02</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">Soyuz MS-01</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-03" title="Progress MS-03">Progress MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-9" title="SpaceX CRS-9">Dragon CRS-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-269 (page does not exist)">USA-269</a> / <a href="/wiki/NROL" class="mw-redirect" title="NROL">NROL</a>-61</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong-1">Tiantong-1</a> 01</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-16" title="JCSAT-16">JCSAT-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS / Mozi / Micius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-270</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSSAP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSAP">GSSAP-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-271</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSSAP" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSAP">GSSAP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_33e" title="Intelsat 33e">Intelsat 33e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_36" title="Intelsat 36">Intelsat 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-10</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOS-6_(satellite)" title="AMOS-6 (satellite)">AMOS-6</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">INSAT-3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-11">Ofek-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> × 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScatSat-1" title="ScatSat-1">ScatSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsat-1B" title="Alsat-1B">Alsat-1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsat-2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsat-2B">Alsat-2B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackSky_Pathfinder-1" title="BlackSky Pathfinder-1">BlackSky Pathfinder-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/PISat" title="PISat">PISat</a></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Muster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Muster II">Sky Muster II</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">GSAT-18</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-5">Cygnus CRS OA-5</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</small>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">Soyuz MS-02</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himawari_9" title="Himawari 9">Himawari 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPNAV_1" class="mw-redirect" title="XPNAV 1">XPNAV 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldView-4" title="WorldView-4">WorldView-4</a>, <small>CELTEE 1, Prometheus-2 × 2, AeroCube 8 × 2, U2U, RAVAN</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunhai-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunhai-1 (page does not exist)">Yunhai-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">FOC 7, 12, 13, 14</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">Soyuz MS-03</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_16" class="mw-redirect" title="GOES 16">GOES-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a>-04</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-04" title="Progress MS-04">Progress MS-04</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2A" title="Resourcesat-2A">Resourcesat-2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGS-8" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS-8">WGS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-6" class="mw-redirect" title="HTV-6">HTV-6</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kounotori_6" title="Kounotori 6">Kounotori 6</a>, (<small>EGG, TuPOD, UBAKUSAT, AOBA-VELOX, STARS, FREEDOM, ITF, Waseda-SAT, OSNSAT, <a href="/wiki/Tancredo-1" title="Tancredo-1">Tancredo-1</a>, TechEDSat, <a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System">CYGNSS</a> × 8</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EchoStar_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EchoStar 19 (page does not exist)">EchoStar 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a> / ERG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spark_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spark (satellite) (page does not exist)">Spark</a> × 2</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_D1" title="Star One D1">Star One D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCSAT-15" title="JCSAT-15">JCSAT-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperView&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperView (page does not exist)">SuperView</a> / Gaojing-1 01, 02, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayi_Kepu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayi Kepu (page does not exist)">Bayi Kepu</a> 1</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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