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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Williamina Fleming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 40 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA" title="ويليمينا فليمنغ - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليمينا فليمنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="ویلیامینا فلمینق - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیامینا فلمینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Уилямина Флеминг - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилямина Флеминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="উইলিয়ামিনা ফ্লেমিং - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়ামিনা ফ্লেমিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Flemingov%C3%A1" title="Williamina Flemingová - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Williamina Flemingová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γουιλιαμίνα Φλέμινγκ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουιλιαμίνα Φλέμινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ویلیامینا فلمینگ - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیامینا فلمینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - gaelico scozzese" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelico scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="וילמינה פלמינג - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילמינה פלמינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Վիլյամինա Ֆլեմինգ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլյամինա Ֆլեմինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ウィリアミーナ・フレミング - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアミーナ・フレミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98_%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%8D" title="윌리어미나 플레밍 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리어미나 플레밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="വില്യമീന സ്റ്റീവൻസ് ഫ്ലെമിങ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യമീന സ്റ്റീവൻസ് ഫ്ലെമിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Флеминг, Вильямина - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флеминг, Вильямина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியமினா பிளெமிங் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியமினா பிளெமிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Вільяміна Флемінг - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільяміна Флемінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" title="Williamina Fleming - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Williamina Fleming" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ვილიამინა ფლემინგი - 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height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg/330px-Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg/440px-Williamina_Paton_Stevens_Fleming_circa_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_maggio" title="15 maggio">15 maggio</a> <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/21_maggio" title="21 maggio">21 maggio</a> <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>) è stata un'<a href="/wiki/Astronomo" title="Astronomo">astronoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">britannica</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalizzazione" title="Naturalizzazione">naturalizzata</a> <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">statunitense</a>. </p><p>È nota per il suo lavoro sulla classificazione degli spettri stellari e per aver stabilto i primi standard fotografici utilizzati per misurare la luminosità variabile delle stelle. Studiò decine di migliaia di fotografie di corpi celesti utilizzando una tecnica che poi prese il nome di Pickering-Fleming System. Durante il suo lavoro scoprì 10 <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>, 52 <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulose</a> e centinaia di <a href="/wiki/Stella_variabile" title="Stella variabile">stelle variabili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nata a <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Regno Unito</a>, il 15 maggio <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> da Robert Stevens e Mary Walker Stevens, frequentò la scuola pubblica nella città. Si sposò all'età di 21 anni con James Orr Fleming, con il quale si trasferì negli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a> stabilendosi a <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Mentre era incinta del suo primo e unico figlio, Edward, il marito la abbandonò e dovette cercare lavoro per mantenere se stessa e il proprio figlio. </p><p>Trovò occupazione come cameriera in casa dell'astronomo <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, il quale, deluso dai propri collaboratori presso l'<a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>, affermò che la propria cameriera avrebbe svolto un lavoro sicuramente migliore di loro. Nel <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a> Pickering assunse la Fleming presso l'osservatorio come impiegata negli uffici. La sua assunzione si rivelò determinante, in quanto diede un forte aiuto nella <a href="/wiki/Classificazione_stellare" title="Classificazione stellare">classificazione stellare</a> assegnando delle lettere in base alla quantità di <a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a> riscontrabile nel loro <a href="/wiki/Spettro_atomico" title="Spettro atomico">spettro</a>: le stelle classificate come A sono le più ricche di idrogeno, quelle di classe B meno ricche, e così via. In seguito <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a> avrebbe implementato questo sistema con lo sviluppo di una classificazione più semplice, in base alla <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_superficiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura superficiale">temperatura superficiale</a>. </p><p>La Fleming contribuì alla catalogazione delle stelle che in seguito sarebbero state pubblicate dal <a href="/wiki/Catalogo_Henry_Draper" title="Catalogo Henry Draper">Catalogo Henry Draper</a>: in nove anni catalogò oltre 10.000 stelle. Durante il suo lavoro, scoprì 59 <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulose</a>, oltre 310 <a href="/wiki/Stelle_variabili" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelle variabili">stelle variabili</a> e 10 <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>; nel <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a> pubblicò un catalogo di 222 stelle variabili da lei scoperte. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> la Fleming scoprì la <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa_Testa_di_Cavallo" title="Nebulosa Testa di Cavallo">Nebulosa Testa di Cavallo</a>, descrivendo la nebulosa brillante (nota oggi come <a href="/wiki/IC_434" title="IC 434">IC 434</a>) e fornendone le coordinate. William Pickering, che scattò una foto dell'oggetto, ipotizzò che si trattasse di una <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa_oscura" title="Nebulosa oscura">nube di polveri oscure</a>. Le pubblicazioni successive diedero l'impressione di voler nascondere la reale paternità della scoperta,<sup id="cite_ref-phaedra_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phaedra-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dato che l'autore del primo dei due <a href="/wiki/Index_Catalogue" title="Index Catalogue">Index Catalogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer">John Dreyer</a>, eliminò il nome della Fleming dalla lista di oggetti, che risultavano così scoperti da altri. Nella seconda edizione dell'Index Catalogue, nel <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a>, il nome della Fleming riapparve. </p><p>La Fleming fu messa alla testa di un gruppo di decine di donne incaricate di eseguire delle classificazioni matematiche, riservandosi di editare le pubblicazioni dell'osservatorio; tra le sue pubblicazioni, si annoverano <span dir="ltr" lang="en"> A Photographic Study of Variable Stars </span> (<a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>) e <span dir="ltr" lang="en"> Spectra and Photographic Magnitudes of Stars in Standard Regions </span> (<a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>). </p><p>Morì a <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> il 21 maggio 1911 a causa di un attacco di <a href="/wiki/Polmonite" title="Polmonite">polmonite</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riconoscimenti_e_onorificenze">Riconoscimenti e onorificenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Riconoscimenti e onorificenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Riconoscimenti e onorificenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Curatrice delle fotografie astronomiche (<span dir="ltr" lang="en"> Curator of Astronomical Photographs </span>) nel <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a>.</li> <li>Socio onorario della <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> di <a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>; fu la prima donna americana a ricevere tale riconoscimento.</li> <li>Membro onorario del <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>.</li> <li>Medaglia <i>Guadalupe Almendaro</i> dalla Società astronomica del <a href="/wiki/Messico" title="Messico">Messico</a> (1911) per la sua scoperta di nuove stelle.</li> <li>Il <a href="/wiki/Cratere_Fleming" title="Cratere Fleming">cratere Fleming</a> sulla <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a> (assieme anche al <a href="/wiki/Biologo" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologo">biologo</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>).</li> <li>Le è stato dedicato un <a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">asteroide</a>, <a href="/wiki/5747_Williamina" title="5747 Williamina">5747 Williamina</a> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Williamina-Paton-Stevens-Fleming"><span style="font-style:italic;">Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">britannica.com</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 novembre 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phaedra-2"><a href="#cite_ref-phaedra_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Alex Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40879870"><span style="font-style:italic;">Unearthing the legacy of Harvard's female 'computers'<span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 28 agosto 2017. <small>URL consultato il 14 luglio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/publications/wgsbn-bulletins/wgsbn-bulletin-2201.pdf">IAU, WGSBN Bulletin, vol. 2, n. 1, 17 gennaio 2022</a> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1093/mnras/72.4.261"><span style="font-style:italic;">Obituary Notice : Honorary Member :- Fleming, Williamina Paton</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></span>, vol. 72, n. 261, 1912, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1912MNRAS..72..261.">1912MNRAS..72..261.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F72.4.261">10.1093/mnras/72.4.261</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1330116579" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1330116579">978-1330116579</a>. <small>URL consultato il 28-10-2008</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Cannon">A. J. Cannon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1126/science.33.861.987"><span style="font-style:italic;">Williamina Paton Fleming</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></span>, vol. 34, 30 giugno 1911, p. 314, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911ApJ....34..314C">1911ApJ....34..314C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.33.861.987">10.1126/science.33.861.987</a>. <small>URL consultato il 28-10-2008</small>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" class="extiw" title="q:Williamina Fleming">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Williamina Fleming"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Williamina_Fleming?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming" class="extiw" title="q:Williamina Fleming">Williamina Fleming</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Williamina_Fleming?uselang=it">Williamina Fleming</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamina_Fleming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PASP..102.1337W/abstract"><span style="font-style:italic;">The discovery of early photographs of the Horsehead nebula.</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ui.adsabs.harvard.edu</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PASP..102.1337W">1990PASP..102.1337W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F132771">10.1086/132771</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071923/http://home.earthlink.net/~astro-app/horsehead/B33-19thC_4.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">La Nebulosa Testa di Cavallo nel XIX secolo (Waldee)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">home.earthlink.net</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://home.earthlink.net/~astro-app/horsehead/B33-19thC_4.htm">url originale</abbr> il 12 marzo 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrosociety.org/education-outreach/resource-guides/women-in-astronomy-an-introductory-resource-guide.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Bibliografia della <i>Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i><span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">astrosociety.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244145054">244145054</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000385708472">0000 0003 8570 8472</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2014023782">n2014023782</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1102281646">1102281646</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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