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For the former European constituency, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West England (European Parliament constituency)">North West England (European Parliament constituency)</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> <p><b>North West England</b> is one of nine official <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a> and consists of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>. The North West had a population of 7,417,397 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the United Kingdom by population">third-most-populated region</a> in the United Kingdom, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South East England">South East</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. The largest settlements are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. It is one of the three regions, alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East England</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a>, that make up <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> North West </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">Region</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"> <div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg/119px-Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg/179px-Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg/238px-Three_Graces_Liverpool_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"> <div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill,_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%2C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg/115px-Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%2C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%252C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg/173px-Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%252C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%252C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg/230px-Tower_Blocks_over_Knott_Mill%252C_geograph_6866152_by_David_Dixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="788"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"> <div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg/124px-Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg/186px-Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg/248px-Blackpool_Tower_05082017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"> <div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chester_(34467391316).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chester_%2834467391316%29.jpg/110px-Chester_%2834467391316%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chester_%252834467391316%2529.jpg/165px-Chester_%252834467391316%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chester_%252834467391316%2529.jpg/220px-Chester_%252834467391316%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"> <div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Road_,_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_%2C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg/110px-Road_%2C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_%252C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg/165px-Road_%252C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Road_%252C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg/220px-Road_%252C_Trough_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4804961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"> <div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay,_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%2C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg/124px-Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%2C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%252C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg/186px-Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%252C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%252C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg/248px-Northern_end_of_Morecambe_Bay%252C_looking_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1433997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"> <div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Glenridding,_Cumbria,_England_-_June_2009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/238px-Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%252C_Cumbria%252C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/357px-Glenridding%252C_Cumbria%252C_England_-_June_2009.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%252C_Cumbria%252C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/476px-Glenridding%252C_Cumbria%252C_England_-_June_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="1941"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> From top, left to right: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:North_West_England_in_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="North West region shown within England"><img alt="North West region shown within England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/North_West_England_in_England.svg/250px-North_West_England_in_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/North_West_England_in_England.svg/375px-North_West_England_in_England.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/North_West_England_in_England.svg/500px-North_West_England_in_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991"></a></span> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> North West region shown within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DNorth_West_England%26params%3D54_04_30_N_02_45_00_W_region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°04′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°45′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.07500°N 2.75000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.07500; -2.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereign_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_Offices_for_the_English_regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government Offices for the English regions">GO</a> established</th> <td class="infobox-data">1994</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regional_development_agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regional development agency">RDA</a> established</th> <td class="infobox-data">1998</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GO abolished</th> <td class="infobox-data">2011</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RDA abolished</th> <td class="infobox-data">31 March 2012</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> 5 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">counties</a> </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> 3 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">combined authorities</a> </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_Combined_County_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire Combined County Authority">Lancashire CCA</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_City_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool City Region">Liverpool City Region</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> 35 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Districts of England">districts</a> </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">8 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">15 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">12 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan</a> in 1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <sup id="cite_ref-Leaders'_board_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Leaders'_board-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_authority_leaders%27_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local authority leaders' board">Local authority leaders' board</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th> <td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Regional_Leaders_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Regional Leaders Board">North West Regional Leaders Board</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliamentary constituencies in North West England">75 MPs</a> (of 650)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">5,759 sq mi (14,915 km<sup>2</sup>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th> <td class="infobox-data">5,447 sq mi (14,108 km<sup>2</sup>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">6th</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">7,516,113</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">3rd</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">1,380/sq mi (533/km<sup>2</sup>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span> <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">85.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">8.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Asians">Asian</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2.3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span> <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">52.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">32.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">7.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in England">Islam</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.7% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in England">other</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5.3% not stated</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Territorial_Level?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Territorial Level">ITL code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">TLD</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GSS_coding_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GSS coding 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type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Subdivisions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Subdivisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Weather"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Weather</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population,_density,_and_settlements"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population, density, and settlements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnicity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Place_of_birth"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Place of birth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Social_deprivation"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Social deprivation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Elections"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language_and_dialect"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Language and dialect</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eurostat_NUTS"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Eurostat NUTS</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cities_and_towns"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cities and towns</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Metropolitan_areas"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metropolitan areas</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#National_politics"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">National politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Elected_regional_assembly"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Elected regional assembly</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#European_Parliament"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">European Parliament</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scientific_heritage"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific heritage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industrial_heritage"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial heritage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport_policy"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transport policy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Road"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Road</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Regionwide"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Regionwide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greater_Manchester_and_Merseyside"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Greater Manchester and Merseyside</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cumbria"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cumbria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lancashire"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Lancashire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cheshire"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cheshire</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Air</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rail"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rail</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Water"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Water</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cheshire_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cheshire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lancashire_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lancashire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greater_Manchester"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greater Manchester</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Merseyside"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Merseyside</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cumbria_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cumbria</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Secondary_education"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Colleges"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Colleges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Universities"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Universities</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local_media"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Local media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Town_and_city_twinnings"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Town and city twinnings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Football"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rugby_League"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rugby League</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Super_League_teams"><span class="tocnumber">12.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Super League teams</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Championship_teams"><span class="tocnumber">12.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Championship teams</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#League_1_teams"><span class="tocnumber">12.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">League 1 teams</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Swimming"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Swimming</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Golf"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Golf</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The official <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">region</a> consists of the following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subdivisions of England">subdivisions</a>:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Local authorities</th> <th>County</th> <th width="25%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authority</a> or not</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumberland_(district)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (district)">Cumberland</a>† and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland & Furness</a>†</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></td> <td>N/a</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a>†, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_West_%26_Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshire West & Chester">Cheshire West & Chester</a>† and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrington (borough)">Warrington</a>†</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></td> <td>N/a</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a>†</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_City_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool City Region">Liverpool City Region</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knowsley_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowsley (borough)">Knowsley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">City of Liverpool</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens (borough)">St Helens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sefton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefton (borough)">Sefton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral (borough)">Wirral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton (borough)">Bolton</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bury (borough)">Bury</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Manchester">City of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldham (borough)">Oldham</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale (borough)">Rochdale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Salford">City of Salford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockport (borough)">Stockport</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafford (borough)">Trafford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigan (borough)">Wigan</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a>†, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a>†, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnley (borough)">Burnley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorley_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorley (borough)">Chorley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Ribble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fylde_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylde (borough)">Fylde</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">City of Preston</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wyre_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyre (borough)">Wyre</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Lancaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Lancaster">City of Lancaster</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribble_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendle_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendle (borough)">Pendle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rossendale_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossendale (borough)">Rossendale</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyndburn_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyndburn (borough)">Hyndburn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></td> <td>N/a</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>* <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_county?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li>† <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a></li> </ul> </div> <p>After abolition of the Greater Manchester and Merseyside County Councils in 1986, power was transferred to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_boroughs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan boroughs">metropolitan boroughs</a>, making them equivalent to unitary authorities. In April 2011, Greater Manchester gained a top-tier administrative body in the form of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a>, which means the 10 Greater Manchester boroughs are once again second-tier authorities.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="theader"> Geographic features of the North West </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg/192px-Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg/192px-Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg/288px-Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg/384px-Ascending_Gummer%27s_How_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342478.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windermere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windermere">Windermere</a>, Lake District </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg/192px-The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg/192px-The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg/288px-The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg/384px-The_edge_of_Greenfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_26255.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saddleworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a>, Peak District </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_(16).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG/192px-Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG/192px-Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG/288px-Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG/384px-Beeston_Walk_-_10th_April_2005_%2816%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg/192px-Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg/192px-Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg/288px-Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg/384px-Morecambe_Bay_from_Park_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236235.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>North West England is bounded to the east by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> and to the west by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. The region extends from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Borders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> in the north to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> region in the south. To its southwest is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>. Amongst the better known of the North West's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiography">physiographical features</a> are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a>. The highest point in North West England (and the highest peak in England) is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scafell_Pike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a>, Cumbria, at a height of 3,209 ft (978 m).</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windermere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windermere">Windermere</a> is the largest natural lake in England, while Broad Crag Tarn on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broad_Crag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broad Crag">Broad Crag</a> is England's highest lake. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wast_Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wast Water">Wast Water</a> is England's deepest lake, being 74 metres deep.</p> <p>A mix of rural and urban landscape, two large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conurbation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conurbation">conurbations</a>, centred on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, occupy much of the south of the region. The north of the region, comprising Cumbria and northern Lancashire, is largely rural, as is the far south which encompasses parts of the Cheshire Plain and Peak District.</p> <p>The region includes parts of three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of England and Wales">National parks</a> (all of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, and small parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a>) and three areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (all of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnside_and_Silverdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnside and Silverdale">Arnside and Silverdale</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solway_Coast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solway Coast">Solway Coast</a>, and almost all of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Weather">Weather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Weather" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Weather in this part of England is typically classified as maritime, moist and temperate, with a moderate annual temperature range. Average annual precipitation in the UK typically ranges from approximately 800 mm to 1,400 mm. Temperatures are generally close to the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumbria usually experiences the most severe weather, with high precipitation in the mountainous regions of the Lake District and Pennines. In winter, the most severe weather occurs in the more exposed and elevated areas of the North West, once again mainly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennine</a> areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg/202px-North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2546"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 202px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg/202px-North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png" data-width="202" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg/303px-North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg/404px-North_West_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Population pyramid in 2020 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Population,_density,_and_settlements"><span id="Population.2C_density.2C_and_settlements"></span>Population, density, and settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Population, density, and settlements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Source: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> Mid Year Population Estimates in 2008</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Region/County</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Population Density</th> <th>Largest town/city</th> <th>Largest urban area</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></td> <td>2,629,400</td> <td>2,016/km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> (510,700) (2012 est.)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Urban Area">Greater Manchester Urban Area</a> (2,240,230)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></td> <td>1,449,600</td> <td>468/km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> (147,663)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorley">Chorley</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyland, Lancashire">Leyland</a> Urban Area (335,000)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></td> <td>1,353,600</td> <td>2,118/km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (491,500)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Urban_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Urban Area">Liverpool Urban Area</a> (816,000)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></td> <td>1,003,600</td> <td>424/km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> (202,228)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> (202,228)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></td> <td>496,200</td> <td>73/km<sup>2</sup></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> (71,773)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> (71,773)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>North West England's population accounts for just over 13% of England's overall population. 37.86% of the North West's population resides in Greater Manchester, 21.39% in Lancashire, 20.30% in Merseyside, 14.76% in Cheshire and 7.41% live in the largest county by area, Cumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/220px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="519"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/220px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/330px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg/440px-Chinese_Arch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1021559.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Liverpool Chinatown</a> is the oldest Chinese community in Europe. </figcaption> </figure> <p>According to 2009 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> estimates,<sup id="cite_ref-2009ethnicity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2009ethnicity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 91.6% (6,323,300) of people in the region describe themselves as 'White': 88.4% (6,101,100) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">White British</a>, 1.0% (67,200) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Irish">White Irish</a> and 2.2% (155,000) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">White Other</a>. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> hundreds of thousands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> migrated to the North West of England to work in the coal mines. Parts with notably high populations with Welsh ancestry as a result of this include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skelmersdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skelmersdale">Skelmersdale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Widnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Widnes">Widnes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halewood">Halewood</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallasey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton-in-Makerfield">Ashton-in-Makerfield</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Mixed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mixed">Mixed Race</a> population makes up 1.3% (93,800) of the region's population. There are 323,800 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">South Asians</a>, making up 4.7% of the population, and 1.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> (80,600). 0.6% of the population (39,900) are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> and 0.5% (36,500) of people belong to another ethnic group.</p> <p>North West England is a very diverse region, with Manchester and Liverpool amongst the most diverse cities in Europe. 19.4% of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a>'s population are Muslim, the third-highest among all local authorities in the United Kingdom and the highest outside London. Areas such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moss_Side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a> in Greater Manchester are home to a 30%+ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> population. In contrast, the town of St. Helens in Merseyside, unusually for a city area, has a very low percentage of ethnic minorities with 98% identifying as White British.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of Liverpool, over 800 years old, is one of the few places in Britain where ethnic minority populations can be traced back over dozens of generations: being the closest major city in England to Ireland, it is home to a significant ethnic Irish population, with the city being home to one of the first ever <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> communities in the UK, as well as the oldest Chinatown in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group</th> <th colspan="12">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1971 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-:412_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:412-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>98.7%</th> <th>6,580,840</th> <th>97.5%</th> <th>6,480,131</th> <th>96.3%</th> <th>6,355,495</th> <th>94.43%</th> <th>6,361,716</th> <th>90.2%</th> <th>6,347,394</th> <th>85.6%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>6,203,043</td> <td>92.17%</td> <td>6,141,069</td> <td>87%</td> <td>6,019,385</td> <td>81.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Briton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Briton">Irish</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>77,499</td> <td></td> <td>64,930</td> <td></td> <td>61,422</td> <td>0.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Traveller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romani_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romani people">Gypsy</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>4,147</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,741</td> <td>0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>7,359</td> <td>0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">Other</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>74,953</td> <td></td> <td>151,570</td> <td></td> <td>253,487</td> <td>3.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>174,878</th> <th>2.6%</th> <th>256,762</th> <th>3.81%</th> <th>437,485</th> <th>6.2%</th> <th>622,685</th> <th>8.4%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>55,823</td> <td></td> <td>72,219</td> <td></td> <td>107,353</td> <td></td> <td>140,413</td> <td>1.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Pakistani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>77,150</td> <td></td> <td>116,968</td> <td></td> <td>189,436</td> <td></td> <td>303,611</td> <td>4.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Bangladeshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>15,016</td> <td></td> <td>26,003</td> <td></td> <td>45,897</td> <td></td> <td>60,859</td> <td>0.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>17,803</td> <td></td> <td>26,887</td> <td></td> <td>48,049</td> <td></td> <td>54,051</td> <td>0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian Other</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9,086</td> <td></td> <td>14,685</td> <td></td> <td>46,750</td> <td></td> <td>63,751</td> <td>0.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>47,478</th> <th>0.7%</th> <th>41,637</th> <th>0.61%</th> <th>97,869</th> <th>1.38%</th> <th>173,918</th> <th>2.3%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9,417</td> <td></td> <td>15,912</td> <td></td> <td>59,278</td> <td></td> <td>126,608</td> <td>1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>21,763</td> <td></td> <td>20,422</td> <td></td> <td>23,131</td> <td></td> <td>25,919</td> <td>0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_Black?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>16,298</td> <td></td> <td>5,303</td> <td></td> <td>15,460</td> <td></td> <td>21,391</td> <td>0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>62,539</th> <th>0.92%</th> <th>110,891</th> <th>1.57%</th> <th>163,245</th> <th>2.1%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>22,119</td> <td></td> <td>39,204</td> <td></td> <td>46,962</td> <td>0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9,853</td> <td></td> <td>18,392</td> <td></td> <td>30,011</td> <td>0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>17,223</td> <td></td> <td>30,529</td> <td></td> <td>47,829</td> <td>0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiracial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Other Mixed</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>13,344</td> <td></td> <td>22,766</td> <td></td> <td>38,443</td> <td>0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>24,373</th> <th>0.4%</th> <th>13,331</th> <th>0.19%</th> <th>44,216</th> <th>0.62%</th> <th>110,156</th> <th>1.5%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Other: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arab_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>24,528</td> <td></td> <td>43,865</td> <td>0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>24,373</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>13,331</td> <td>0.19%</td> <td>19,688</td> <td></td> <td>66,291</td> <td>0.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Non-White: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>1.3%</th> <th>168,695</th> <th>2.5%</th> <th>246,729</th> <th>3.7%</th> <th>374,269</th> <th>5.6%</th> <th>690,461</th> <th>9.8%</th> <th>1,070,004</th> <th>14.4%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>100%</th> <th>6,749,535</th> <th>100%</th> <th>6,726,860</th> <th>100%</th> <th>6,729,764</th> <th>100%</th> <th>7,052,177</th> <th>100%</th> <th>7,417,398</th> <th>100%</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Place_of_birth">Place of birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Place of birth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The table below is not how many people belong to each ethnic group (e.g. a BBC News article in 2008 claimed there are over 25,000 ethnic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italians</a> in Manchester alone whilst only 6,000 Italian-born people live in the North West).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of people residing in North West England born outside the UK was 11.7% in 2021, compared with 8.2% in 2011 and 5.1% in 2001. Below are the fifteen largest overseas-born groups in the region according to the 2021 census, alongside the two previous censuses:</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jodrell_Bank_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg/330px-Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg/440px-Jodrell_Bank_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lovell_Telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lovell Telescope">Lovell</a> 76-m <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio telescope">radio telescope</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Withington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Withington">Lower Withington</a>, built in August 1957, is the world's third largest steerable telescope, and was the largest until 1971. It was designed by Sheffield's Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Husband?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Husband">Charles Husband</a> and built of steel from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scunthorpe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scunthorpe">Scunthorpe</a> </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">Place of birth</th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2021<sup id="cite_ref-E&W_CoB22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-E&W_CoB22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2011<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2001<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td align="right">125,110</td> <td align="right">79,289</td> <td align="right">46,529</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"> <noscript> <img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poland</a></td> <td align="right">76,688</td> <td align="right">51,999</td> <td align="right">4,864</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">60,180</td> <td align="right">48,676</td> <td align="right">34,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ireland"> <noscript> <img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Republic of Ireland" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_people_in_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish people in Great Britain">Ireland</a></td> <td align="right">38,379</td> <td align="right">48,456</td> <td align="right">56,887</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania"> <noscript> <img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanians_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanians in the United Kingdom">Romania</a></td> <td align="right">33,918</td> <td align="right">3,052</td> <td align="right">484</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria"> <noscript> <img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="Nigeria" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigerians_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerians in the United Kingdom">Nigeria</a></td> <td align="right">29,092</td> <td align="right">13,903</td> <td align="right">3,011</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td align="right">23,876</td> <td align="right">19,485</td> <td align="right">13,746</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy"> <noscript> <img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italy</a></td> <td align="right">23,305</td> <td align="right">7,434</td> <td align="right">6,325</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">22,792</td> <td align="right">20,561</td> <td align="right">6,439</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germany"> <noscript> <img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germany</a></td> <td align="right">22,169</td> <td align="right">22,094</td> <td align="right">19,931</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain"> <noscript> <img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spain</a></td> <td align="right">17,237</td> <td align="right">5,673</td> <td align="right">3,473</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran"> <noscript> <img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="Iran" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iranians in the United Kingdom">Iran</a></td> <td align="right">14,724</td> <td align="right">8,436</td> <td align="right">3,473</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Africa"> <noscript> <img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" data-alt="South Africa" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Africans in the United Kingdom">South Africa</a></td> <td align="right">12,981</td> <td align="right">10,500</td> <td align="right">7,740</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong"> <noscript> <img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="Hong Kong" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kongers_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom">Hong Kong</a></td> <td align="right">12,770</td> <td align="right">9,692</td> <td align="right">9,052</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States"> <noscript> <img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United States</a></td> <td align="right">10,995</td> <td align="right">9,028</td> <td align="right">7,037</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Overall – all overseas-born</th> <th align="right">865,445</th> <th align="right">577,232</th> <th align="right">341,593</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> Religion in North West England </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr></th> <th>Number</th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr></th> <th>Number</th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a></td> <td>3,895,779</td> <td>52.5%</td> <td>4,742,860</td> <td>67.3%</td> <td>5,249,686</td> <td>78.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></td> <td>563,105</td> <td>7.6%</td> <td>356,458</td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>204,261</td> <td>3.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></td> <td>49,749</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>38,259</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>27,211</td> <td>0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a></td> <td>33,285</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>30,417</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>27,974</td> <td>0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></td> <td>23,028</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>20,695</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>11,794</td> <td>0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a></td> <td>11,862</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>8,857</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>6,487</td> <td>0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion</td> <td>28,103</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>19,166</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>10,625</td> <td>0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></td> <td>2,419,624</td> <td>32.6%</td> <td>1,397,916</td> <td>19.8%</td> <td>705,045</td> <td>10.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religion not stated</td> <td>392,862</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>437,549</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>486,681</td> <td>7.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Total population</th> <th><b>7,417,397</b></th> <th><b>100%</b></th> <th><b>7,052,177</b></th> <th><b>100%</b></th> <th><b>6,729,764</b></th> <th><b>100%</b></th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>One in five of the population in the North West is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a result of large-scale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">Irish emigration</a> in the nineteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the high number of English <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recusancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recusancy">recusants</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Social_deprivation">Social deprivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Social deprivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Of the nine regions of England, the North West has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_GVA_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom by GVA per capita">fourth-highest GVA per capita</a>—the highest outside southern England. Despite this the region has above average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiple_deprivation_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple deprivation index">multiple deprivation</a> with wealth heavily concentrated on very affluent areas like rural Cheshire, rural Lancashire, and south Cumbria. As measured by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Indices of deprivation 2007</a>, the region has many more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ONS_coding_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ONS coding system">Lower Layer Super Output Areas</a> in the 20% most deprived districts than the 20% least deprived council districts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East England</a> shows more indicators of deprivation than the North West, but the number of affluent areas in the North West is very similar to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a>.</p> <p>The most deprived local authority areas in the region (based on specific wards within those borough areas) are, in descending order—Liverpool, Manchester, Knowsley, Blackpool, Salford, Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley, Rochdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Halton, Hyndburn, Oldham, Pendle, St Helens, Preston, Bolton, Tameside, Wirral, Wigan, Copeland, Sefton, and Rossendale.</p> <p>In 2007 when Cheshire still had district councils, the least deprived council districts in the region by council district, in descending order, were—Congleton, Ribble Valley, Macclesfield, and South Lakeland.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas have Conservative MPs, except South Lakeland has a Lib Dem and Labour MPs. At county level, before it was split into two, Cheshire was the least deprived, followed by Trafford, and by Warrington and Stockport.</p> <p>In March 2011, the overall <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">unemployment claimant</a> count was 4.2% for the region. Inside the region the highest was Liverpool with 6.8%, followed by Knowsley on 6.3%, Halton with 5.5% and Rochdale with 5.1%. The lowest claimant count is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eden_(district)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden (district)">Eden</a> (Cumbria) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribble_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a> (Lancashire) each with 1.3%, followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Lakeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Lakeland">South Lakeland</a> with 1.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Elections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg/220px-2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="731"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 314px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg/220px-2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="314" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg/330px-2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg/440px-2019_UK_General_Election_in_Northwest_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> General election results in 2019 </figcaption> </figure> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>, the Conservatives gained ten seats, from the Labour Party, with no other seats changing hands. Labour held 42 of their 52 seats, albeit many with slimmed down majorities. They remain the dominant party in the region by seat count, with the Conservatives total now standing at 27. The Conservatives made two gains in Cheshire, three gains in Lancashire, five gains in Greater Manchester, notably including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andy_Burnham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a>'s former seat of Leigh.</p> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>, the area was dominated by the Labour Party. Fifty-five per cent of the region's electorate voted Labour, 36.3% Conservative, 5.4% Liberal Democrat, 1.9% UKIP and 1.1% Greens; however, by number of parliamentary seats, Labour have 54, the Conservatives have 20, and the Liberal Democrats have 1. The Lib Dems' North West seat is in south Cumbria; Labour dominates Greater Manchester, and the Conservatives' vote is concentrated in affluent suburban areas such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheadle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazel_Grove_(UK_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazel Grove (UK Parliament constituency)">Hazel Grove</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altrincham_and_Sale_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altrincham and Sale West (UK Parliament constituency)">Altrincham and Sale West</a>. Labour seats also predominate in Merseyside. In Cheshire the 2015 result was reversed, with Labour winning seven seats and the Conservatives four, whilst Lancashire is competitive between Labour and Conservative (8 seats each); the Labour seats in Lancashire are concentrated in the south of the county along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M65_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M65 motorway">M65</a>. For the region, the Labour gained 3 seats; there was a 5.2% swing from Conservative to Labour.</p> <p>In the 2015 general election, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool Walton</a> was the safest seat in the UK, with a 72% majority, and in 2017 this was repeated with a 77% majority for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Carden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Carden">Dan Carden</a> (Labour), when an astonishing 85.7% of the electorate voted for him (the Conservatives came second with 8.6%). In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2012_Manchester_Central_by-election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2012 Manchester Central by-election">by-election of 2012</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester Central</a> has the record for the lowest turnout in the UK—18%. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyneth_Dunwoody?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyneth Dunwoody">Gwyneth Dunwoody</a>, for Crewe and Nantwich, was the longest serving female MP until her death in 2008.</p> <p>In the final <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Elections</a> in the UK in 2019, 31.23% voted for the Brexit Party, with Labour polling 21.91%, the Liberal Democrats 17.15% and the Green Party 12.48%. The Conservatives came fifth in the region with 7.55% of votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language_and_dialect">Language and dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language and dialect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The earliest known language spoken in the North West was a dialect of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic language</a> spoken across much of Britain from at least the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> up to the arrival of English in the first millennium AD. Fragments of this early language are seen in the inscriptions and place names of the Roman era. In some parts of the region, the Brythonic dialect developed into the medieval language known today as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, which continued to be spoken perhaps as late as the 12th century in the north of Cumbria. This early Celtic heritage remains today in place names such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>, and many river names such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Cocker,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Cocker, Cumbria">Cocker</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Eden, Cumbria">Eden</a>.</p> <p>English may have been spoken in the North West from around the 7th century AD, when the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> first appears to have made inroads west of the Pennines. The language at this time would have been the Northumbrian dialect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a>. The high percentage of English place names in the region as a whole suggests English became almost ubiquitous over the coming centuries, particularly in the area south of the Lake District. Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster, Blackburn and Preston are among the region's many English place names. In the 9th to the 11th centuries, Danes from the east and Norsemen from Ireland and Scotland began settling in the area. The North West is really the only area of England where Norse settlement was significant and their influence remains in the place names and dialect of the region. Elements like <i>fell</i>, <i>thwaite</i> and <i>tarn</i>, which are particularly common in Cumbria, are all Norse. The numerous Kirkbys and place names with "holm" and "dale" show the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> influence throughout the North West.</p> <p>Through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the dialects of the North West would have been considerably different from those spoken in the Midlands and south. It was only with the spread of literacy (particularly with the publication of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_James_Version?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>) that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> spread to the region. Even so, local dialects continued to be used and were relatively widespread until the 19th and 20th centuries.</p> <p>In modern times, English is the most spoken language in the North West, with a large percentage of the population fluent in it, and close to 100% conversational in it. To the north-east of the region, within the historic boundaries of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumberland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbrian dialect</a> is dominant. The historical county of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> covered a vast amount of land, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire dialect</a> and accent is still predominant throughout the county, and stretches as far north as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furness">Furness</a> in South Cumbria to parts of north <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> in the south of the region. The region boasts some of the most distinctive accents in the form of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> accent, which originates from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and its surrounding areas, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester dialect">Manc</a> accent, deriving from the central <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> district. Both of these descend from the Lancashire dialect but have some distinctions from it, especially Scouse. The region's accents are among those referred to as '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language in Northern England">Northern English</a>'.</p> <p>Large immigrant populations in the North West result in the presence of significant immigrant languages. South Asian languages such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urdu_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punjabi_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> are widespread, with the largest number of speakers residing in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> and Manchester. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> once made up the largest minority in the region (as Liverpool has one of the oldest Chinese settlements in Europe), and still do to the far north where Chinese is spoken by small but significant communities. Since the enlargement of the EU, over one million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish people">Poles</a> have immigrated to the UK, a large number of them settling in the North West. Places such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> as well as larger cities make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a> written information available for the public, to much controversy. Other immigrant languages with a presence in the North West are Spanish, mainly amongst the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_American_Briton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Briton">Latin American</a> communities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as various other Eastern European and Asian languages.</p> <p>The most taught languages in schools across the North West are English, French and Spanish. German and Italian are available at more senior levels and, in cities such as Manchester and Liverpool, even Urdu and Mandarin are being taught to help maintain links between the local minority populations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eurostat_NUTS">Eurostat NUTS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eurostat NUTS" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a> (NUTS), North West is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKD", which (since 2015) is subdivided as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr style="background:gold; text-align:left;"> <th>NUTS 1</th> <th>Code</th> <th>NUTS 2</th> <th>Code</th> <th>NUTS 3</th> <th>Code</th> </tr> <tr> <td>North West</td> <td>UKD</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></td> <td rowspan="2">UKD1</td> <td>West Cumbria (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allerdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allerdale">Allerdale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow-in-Furness (borough)">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copeland,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Copeland, Cumbria">Copeland</a>)</td> <td>UKD11</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="19" colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg/155px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1345"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 309px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg/155px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg.png" data-width="155" data-height="309" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg/233px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg/310px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_West_England_2015_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>East Cumbria (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Carlisle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eden,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden, Cumbria">Eden</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Lakeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Lakeland">South Lakeland</a>)</td> <td>UKD12</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></td> <td rowspan="3">UKD6</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></td> <td>UKD61</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></td> <td>UKD62</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></td> <td>UKD63</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></td> <td rowspan="5">UKD3</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td>UKD33</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Manchester South West (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Salford">Salford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>)</td> <td>UKD34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Manchester South East (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>)</td> <td>UKD35</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Manchester North West (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton (borough)">Bolton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigan (borough)">Wigan</a>)</td> <td>UKD36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Manchester North East (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bury (borough)">Bury</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldham (borough)">Oldham</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale (borough)">Rochdale</a>)</td> <td>UKD37</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></td> <td rowspan="6">UKD4</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></td> <td>UKD41</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></td> <td>UKD42</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Lancaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Wyre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Wyre">Wyre</a></td> <td>UKD44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mid Lancashire (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Fylde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Fylde">Fylde</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribble_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Ribble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a>)</td> <td>UKD45</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Lancashire (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Burnley">Burnley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyndburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Pendle">Pendle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Rossendale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Rossendale">Rossendale</a>)</td> <td>UKD46</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Chorley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Chorley">Chorley</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a></td> <td>UKD47</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></td> <td rowspan="4">UKD7</td> <td>East Merseyside (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St. Helens</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a>)</td> <td>UKD71</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td> <td>UKD72</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></td> <td>UKD73</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral (borough)">Wirral</a></td> <td>UKD74</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cities and towns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li>GM=<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li>ME=<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li>CU=<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li>LA=<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li>CH=<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 400,000</b></p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_city_centre.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Liverpool_city_centre.jpg/134px-Liverpool_city_centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 101px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Liverpool_city_centre.jpg/134px-Liverpool_city_centre.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="134" data-height="101" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Liverpool_city_centre.jpg/201px-Liverpool_city_centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Liverpool_city_centre.jpg/268px-Liverpool_city_centre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_from_the_Sky,_2008.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg/150px-Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg/150px-Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg/225px-Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg/300px-Manchester_from_the_Sky%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_City_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool City Centre">Liverpool City Centre</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester City Centre">Manchester City Centre</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, ME</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 100,000</b></p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg/162px-Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="908"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 92px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg/162px-Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="162" data-height="92" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg/243px-Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg/324px-Blackburn_Lancashire_Townscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG/122px-Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 92px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG/122px-Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="122" data-height="92" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG/183px-Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG/244px-Blackpool_promenade_-_DSC07204.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Preston_City_Centre.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Preston_City_Centre.jpg/156px-Preston_City_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="617"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Preston_City_Centre.jpg/156px-Preston_City_Centre.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="156" data-height="96" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Preston_City_Centre.jpg/234px-Preston_City_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Preston_City_Centre.jpg/312px-Preston_City_Centre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/128px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/128px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg" data-alt="" data-width="128" data-height="96" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/192px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg/256px-Northgate_Street_29-31.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> town centre and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> promenade<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a> city centres </div> </div> </div> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, LA</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St. Helens</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wythenshawe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 70,000</b></p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Barrow_skyline.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barrow_skyline.jpg/182px-Barrow_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barrow_skyline.jpg/182px-Barrow_skyline.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="182" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barrow_skyline.jpg/273px-Barrow_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barrow_skyline.jpg/364px-Barrow_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall,_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg/102px-Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg/102px-Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="102" data-height="136" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg/153px-Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg/204px-Wirral_Museum_-_old_Town_Hall%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_237692.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> town centre and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> town hall </div> </div> </div> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southport">Southport</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bootle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bootle">Bootle</a>, ME</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>, CH</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 50,000</b></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Runcorn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Widnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Widnes">Widnes</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallasey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellesmere_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>, CH</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altrincham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macclesfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crosby, Merseyside">Crosby</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 30,000</b></p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg/201px-Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 201px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg/201px-Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg" data-width="201" data-height="151" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg/302px-Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg/402px-Lancaster_and_the_Lune_from_the_Greyhound_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a> city centre </figcaption> </figure> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accrington">Accrington</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urmston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urmston">Urmston</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkby">Kirkby</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skelmersdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skelmersdale">Skelmersdale</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stretford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denton, Greater Manchester">Denton</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyland, Lancashire">Leyland</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chadderton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorley">Chorley</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huyton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huyton">Huyton</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thornton-Cleveleys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thornton-Cleveleys">Thornton-Cleveleys</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prestwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saddleworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winsford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winsford">Winsford</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Farnworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 20,000</b></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nelson, Lancashire">Nelson</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton-in-Makerfield">Ashton-in-Makerfield</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heywood, Greater Manchester">Heywood</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reddish">Reddish</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darwen">Darwen</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindley,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindley, Greater Manchester">Hindley</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle Hulme">Cheadle Hulme</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congleton">Congleton</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swinton, Greater Manchester">Swinton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workington">Workington</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Turton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Turton">South Turton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westhoughton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westhoughton">Westhoughton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilmslow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ormskirk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ormskirk">Ormskirk</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golborne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golborne">Golborne</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalybridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marple,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marple, Greater Manchester">Marple</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droylsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penwortham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penwortham">Penwortham</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formby">Formby</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litherland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litherland">Litherland</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newton-le-Willows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newton-le-Willows">Newton-le-Willows</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atherton, Greater Manchester">Atherton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rawtenstall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royton">Royton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walkden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walkden">Walkden</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaw_and_Crompton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaw and Crompton">Shaw and Crompton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Failsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maghull?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maghull">Maghull</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halewood">Halewood</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horwich">Horwich</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 10,000</b></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alsager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alsager">Alsager</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bramhall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bramhall">Bramhall</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clitheroe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colne">Colne</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukinfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haslingden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haslingden">Haslingden</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazel Grove">Hazel Grove</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heysham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heysham">Heysham</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlam">Irlam</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lowton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lowton">Lowton</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryport">Maryport</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moreton,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moreton, Merseyside">Moreton</a>, ME</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nantwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neston">Neston</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendlebury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poulton-le-Fylde">Poulton-le-Fylde</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramsbottom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romiley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romiley">Romiley</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyldesley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyldesley">Tyldesley</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulverston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upton,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upton, Merseyside">Upton</a>, ME</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodley,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodley, Greater Manchester">Woodley</a>, GM</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Population > 5,000</b></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burscough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burscough">Burscough</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnforth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cleator_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cleator Moor">Cleator Moor</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cockermouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cockermouth">Cockermouth</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalton-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalton-in-Furness">Dalton-in-Furness</a>, CU</li> </ul></td> <td> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frodsham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a>, CH</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gatley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gatley">Gatley</a>, GM</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millom">Millom</a>, CU</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarleton">Tarleton</a>, LA</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windermere,_Cumbria_(town)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windermere, Cumbria (town)">Windermere</a>, CU</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Metropolitan_areas">Metropolitan areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Metropolitan areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom">List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom</a> </div> <p>The five largest metropolitan areas in the North West are as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Greater Manchester metropolitan area – 2,556,000<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liverpool/Birkenhead metropolitan area – 2,241,000<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a> – 391,000<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> – 354,000<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> −304,000<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>Liverpool and Manchester are sometimes considered parts of a single large polynuclear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megalopolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megalopolis">megalopolis</a> but are usually treated as separate metropolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some studies, part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a> in Greater Manchester is considered part of the Liverpool metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-j_35-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-j-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The North West of England has historically been held by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="National_politics">National politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: National politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> won a plurality of seats in the North West.</p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Elected_regional_assembly">Elected regional assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Elected regional assembly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_West_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/200px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/200px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/300px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/400px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of North West England">Proposed flag for the region</a> designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Saville_(artist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Saville (artist)">Peter Saville</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>It is one of the two regions (along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a>) that were expected to hold a referendum on the establishment of an elected <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regional_assembly_(England)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regional assembly (England)">regional assembly</a>. However, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East</a> region of England rejected having an elected regional assembly in a referendum, further referendums were cancelled and the proposals for elected regional assemblies in England put on hold. The regional leaders' forum, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Regional_Leaders_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Regional Leaders Board">4NW</a> is based on Waterside Drive in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: European Parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West England (European Parliament constituency)">North West England European Parliament constituency</a> had the same boundaries as the Region.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Cumbria">History of Cumbria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Lancashire">History of Lancashire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Manchester">History of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Liverpool">History of Liverpool</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Cheshire">History of Cheshire</a> </div> <p>Ten English regions were established by the government in 1994. At that time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, which already had its own Government Office, formerly the Merseyside Task Force, was regarded as a separate region. In 1998, Merseyside was merged into the North West region. This action was controversial in some quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional Government Offices were abolished in April 2011 by the Coalition Government.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scientific_heritage">Scientific heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Scientific heritage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_and_engineering_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and engineering in Manchester">Science and engineering in Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">List of British innovations and discoveries</a> </div> <p>Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Marsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Marsden">Ernest Marsden</a> (of Blackburn) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> conducted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93Marsden_experiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiger–Marsden experiment">Geiger–Marsden experiment</a> at the University of Manchester in 1909, where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geiger_counter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a> was invented, which demonstrated the existence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_nucleus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>. Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._J._Thomson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> of Cheetham Hill discovered the electron (given its name in 1891 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Johnstone Stoney</a>) in April 1897 and received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906; his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> would win the Nobel Prize for Physics 1937 for discovering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electron_diffraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a> (at the University of Aberdeen). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Dalton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>, from Cumbria and moved to Manchester, developed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Sturgeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Sturgeon">William Sturgeon</a> of Lancashire invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electromagnet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> in 1825.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a>, a mathematician from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>, in 1930 explained the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone–oxygen cycle</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, being the first to propose that atmospheric oxygen or ozone molecules absorb (harmful UVB and UVC) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelengths of light in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photodissociation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photodissociation">photolysis</a>, to produce reactive single atoms which accumulate to form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozone_layer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graphene">Graphene</a> was discovered at the University of Manchester in 2004 under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andre_Geim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg/160px-Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="326" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="4130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 326px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg/160px-Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="326" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg/240px-Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg/320px-Fluothane_packaging_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Exhibit of ICI's Fluothane (Halothane), discovered at Widnes, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalyst_Science_Discovery_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalyst Science Discovery Centre">Catalyst Science Discovery Centre</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spike_Island_(Cheshire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike Island (Cheshire)">Spike Island</a> in Widnes </figcaption> </figure> <p>At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calico_Printers%27_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calico Printers' Association">Calico Printers' Association</a> in Manchester in 1941, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Rex_Whinfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Rex Whinfield">John Rex Whinfield</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=James_Tennant_Dickson&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="James Tennant Dickson (page does not exist)">James Tennant Dickson</a> discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>, known as PET, a common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyester">polyester</a> compound found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plastic_bottle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottles</a> and food, and also known as Terylene or Dacron. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cheslene_and_Crepes&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cheslene and Crepes (page does not exist)">Cheslene and Crepes</a> of Macclesfield discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimplene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimplene">crimplene</a>, the fabric that is now referred to as polyester. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ICI_Dyestuffs&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ICI Dyestuffs (page does not exist)">ICI Dyestuffs</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hexagon_House_(Manchester)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hexagon House (Manchester) (page does not exist)">Hexagon House</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackley">Blackley</a> in north Manchester, discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procion">Procion</a> dyes. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winnington_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winnington Laboratory">Winnington Laboratory</a> on 27 March 1933, Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyethylene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyethylene">polythene</a> in an ICI laboratory in Northwich, when reacting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benzaldehyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benzaldehyde">benzaldehyde</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethylene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethylene">ethene</a> at a pressure of 2,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmospheres</a>; the process was improved in 1935 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Perrin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Perrin">Michael Perrin</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halothane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halothane">Halothane</a>, the world's first synthetic inhalation <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_anaesthetic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General anaesthetic">general anaesthetic</a> gas, was discovered in 1951 at ICI's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Widnes_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Widnes Laboratory">Widnes Laboratory</a> by Wallasey's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Suckling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Suckling">Charles Suckling</a>, and first tested on a patient in Manchester in 1956; it works by binding to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GABA_receptor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptor</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Charnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Charnley">John Charnley</a> of Bury invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hip_replacement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hip replacement">hip replacement</a> in 1962 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrightington_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrightington Hospital">Wrightington Hospital</a>, Lancashire, north-west of Wigan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clatterbridge_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clatterbridge Hospital">Clatterbridge Hospital</a> in Bebington has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclotron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear accelerator</a>), and is the only hospital in the UK to offer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton_therapy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton therapy">proton therapy</a>.</p> <p>Alderley Park opened in October 1957, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ICI_Pharmaceuticals&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ICI Pharmaceuticals (page does not exist)">ICI Pharmaceuticals</a> was formed in the same year. In 1962 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dora_Richardson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dora Richardson">Dora Richardson</a> of ICI discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamoxifen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>. ICI <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alderley_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alderley Park">Alderley Park</a> later discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anastrozole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anastrozole">Anastrozole</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fulvestrant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goserelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goserelin">Goserelin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicalutamide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a>, later made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeneca">Zeneca</a>. James Black discovered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beta_blocker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propranolol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> (Inderal) at Alderley Park in 1962. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wellcome_Trust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Foundation</a>, a provider of much of Britain's medical research, was based from 1966 to 1997 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe Hall">Crewe Hall</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe Green">Crewe Green</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clifford_Cocks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clifford Cocks">Clifford Cocks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_H._Ellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James H. Ellis">James H. Ellis</a> from Cheshire, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malcolm_J._Williamson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malcolm J. Williamson">Malcolm J. Williamson</a>, invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA (algorithm)</a> in 1973 at GCHQ, used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public-key_cryptography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Owen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> from Lancaster coined the word <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinosaur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a></i> in 1842, and he founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a>, opening in 1881.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industrial_heritage">Industrial heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Industrial heritage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rainhill_Bridge,_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway,_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg/200px-Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="817"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg/200px-Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg/300px-Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg/400px-Rainhill_Bridge%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_3408.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainhill_Skew_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Skew Bridge">Rainhill Skew Bridge</a> in 1831 </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_%26_Manchester_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool & Manchester Railway">Liverpool & Manchester Railway</a> was the world's first passenger <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inter-city_rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city railway</a> in 1830. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester Liverpool Road railway station</a> is the world's oldest surviving railway station, having opened on 15 September 1830; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockton_%26_Darlington_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton & Darlington Railway">Stockton & Darlington Railway</a> had opened in 1825. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chat_Moss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chat Moss">Chat Moss</a> was a problem to constructing the railway, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wapping_Tunnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wapping Tunnel">Edge Hill Tunnel</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankey_Viaduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankey Viaduct">Sankey Viaduct</a>; the line was bitterly opposed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Molyneux,_2nd_Earl_of_Sefton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton">William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> was the first recognised canal of the modern era. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater">Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater</a> had visited France and noted their canals. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gilbert_(agent)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gilbert (agent)">John Gilbert</a> had the innovative idea to use water pumped out of his coal mines to fill a canal from the Duke's Worsley mines to Manchester. It was designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Brindley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a> and built in 1761.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasmyth,_Gaskell_%26_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasmyth, Gaskell & Company">Bridgewater Foundry</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patricroft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patricroft">Patricroft</a> (Salford), can claim to be the world's first factory with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembly_line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> type arrangement in 1836. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Huddart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Huddart">Joseph Huddart</a> of Cumbria was the first to mechanise the production of rope in 1793. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spinning_jenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a> was invented in 1764 in Lancashire by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Hargreaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a>, a mechanical advance on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spinning_wheel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a>.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> built the world's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stored-program_computer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stored-program computer">programmable computer</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Baby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>, on 21 June 1948; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Williams_tube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Williams tube">Williams–Kilburn tube</a> on the machine was the world's first computer memory, and the beginning of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Random-access_memory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM); the baby computer was made from 550 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mullard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mullard">Mullard</a> valves. The first commercially available computer, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, was made in Manchester and sold in February 1951 to the University of Manchester. The world's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transistor_computer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transistor computer">transistor computer</a> was the Manchester Transistor Computer in November 1953. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_(computer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas (computer)">Atlas</a> was another important computer developed at the University of Manchester, largely developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Kilburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Kilburn">Tom Kilburn</a>; at the time in 1962 it was most powerful computer in the world. The government had dropped its financial support of this computer, and was only funded by Ferranti—the total development cost was around £1m. Britain was leading the world at this time in computing, with the only main competitor being IBM; after the mid-1950s America took over the industry. The spreadsheet was invented in 1974, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Works_Record_System&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Works Record System (page does not exist)">Works Record System</a>, and used an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adabas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adabas">Adabas</a> database on an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IBM_3270?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IBM 3270">IBM 3270</a> at ICI in Northwich; it was developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mais&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Robert Mais (page does not exist)">Robert Mais</a> and it was around four years before (the more well-known) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VisiCalc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a> in 1978. The University of Manchester has collected 25 Nobel prizes, though recent years have been less notable.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parsonage_Colliery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parsonage Colliery">Parsonage Colliery</a> at Leigh had the UK's deepest mine—1,260 metres in 1949. Macclesfield was the base of UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk">silk</a> weaving industry. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Benjamin_Dancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Benjamin Dancer">John Benjamin Dancer</a> of Manchester invented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microphotograph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microphotograph">microphotography</a> in 1839, which would lead to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microform">microform</a> in the 1920s. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Hornby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Hornby">Frank Hornby</a> from Liverpool invented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meccano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meccano">Meccano</a> in 1901, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meccano_Ltd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meccano Ltd">Meccano Ltd</a> would be based for over 60 years. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryant_%26_May?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryant & May">Bryant & May</a>'s site in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garston,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Garston, Merseyside">Garston</a> was the last wooden <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Match?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Match">match</a> factory in the UK, closing in 1994 to become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mersey_Match_Factory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mersey Match Factory">The Matchworks</a> business centre off the A561 west of the former Speke airport. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cottonopolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a> was the industrial name for Manchester and the local area. Manchester at one time was the world's richest city. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIS_Tower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a>, built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laing_O%27Rourke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laing O'Rourke">John Laing</a> in 1962, was Europe's tallest building, and Britain's tallest building until 1963, and Manchester's tallest building until 2006.</p> <p>Kirkby was planned in the 1950s as the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial park">trading estate</a> in Britain—1,800 acres. Trafford Park is the world's first planned industrial estate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a> opened their first co-operative outlet on 21 December 1844.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_World_of_Glass_Museum,_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg/220px-The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg/220px-The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg/330px-The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg/440px-The_World_of_Glass_Museum%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_280250.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_of_Glass_(St_Helens)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World of Glass (St Helens)">World of Glass</a> museum in October 2006 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alastair_Pilkington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a> invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Float_glass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Float glass">float glass</a> method of manufacture in 1957 at St Helens, announcing it in January 1959. It was manufactured from 1961, and 80% of the world's glass is made with the process; the former site closed in 2014 and it is made now at the Green Gate site. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pears_soap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pears soap">Pears soap</a>, made at Port Sunlight, is the world's first registered brand, and world's oldest brand in existence. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elihu_Thomson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, born in Manchester who subsequently moved to America, formed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomson-CSF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomson-CSF">Thomson-CSF</a> which became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thales_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a> in 2000. The British part (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a>) would later become part of GEC; he invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arc_lamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Brunner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Brunner">Henry Brunner</a> from Liverpool would join with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Mond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a> in the 1860s to form a chemical company which became ICI in 1926. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mossbay_Steelworks&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mossbay Steelworks (page does not exist)">Mossbay Steelworks</a> in Workington, when opened in 1877, were the world's first large-scale steelworks; its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austenite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austenite">austenitic</a> manganese steel (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mangalloy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangalloy">mangalloy</a>) was produced from 1877 until 1974, with Britain's railways converting from iron to steel by the 1880s. Track was made there for the UK's railways (exclusively from the 1970s onwards, with the steel made in Teesside) until August 2006; much of the rails made were exported (from 1882), with its main competitor being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voestalpine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voestalpine">Voestalpine</a> of Austria, and a plant (bought by British Steel in 1999) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayange">Hayange</a>, France, who make all of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SNCF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SNCF">SNCF</a>'s railway tracks, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice_Steelworks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice Steelworks">Katowice Steelworks</a> in Poland. Workington was thought to make the best quality <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">rail track</a> in the world.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_the_currents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mains_electricity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mains electricity">Mains electricity</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Ziani_de_Ferranti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti">Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti</a>, born in Liverpool in 1864, was an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrical_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a> who designed the layout for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deptford_Power_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deptford Power Station">Deptford Power Station</a>, the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AC_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AC power">alternating current</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Power_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Power station">power station</a> in the world in 1887, and whose design all others would follow; his later company <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferranti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a>, of Oldham, would later be an industry leader in Britain's defence electronics, on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FTSE_100_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a>. Ferranti's design of increasing AC voltage to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_voltage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High voltage">high tension</a> at the power station, to be stepped-down at a transformer at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrical_substation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">substations</a> before entering properties, is the system all electricity networks take today; the system reduces wasteful heating of electricity transmission cables.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_(11823864155).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/200px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2558"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/200px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/300px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/400px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Calder Hall in 1973 </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chain_Home?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> radar transmitters were built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metrovick</a> at its Trafford Park Works, which became part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated Electrical Industries">AEI</a> in 1929, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Electric_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Electric Company">GEC</a> in 1968, and as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alstom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> it was closed in June 2000. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2ZY?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2ZY">2ZY</a>, the first broadcasts in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">north of England</a>, were made from the Metrovick factory in November 1922, which became part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_National_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC National Programme">BBC National Programme</a> in 1927. GEC opened its first factory in Manchester in 1888, moving to Salford in 1895 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peel_Works&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peel Works (page does not exist)">Peel Works</a>, and had built the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osram">Osram</a> electric light company in 1893. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers_F.2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan-Vickers F.2">Metropolitan-Vickers F.2</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trafford_Park_Works&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trafford Park Works (page does not exist)">Trafford Park Works</a>, Manchester was the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axial_compressor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axial compressor">axial-flow</a> jet engine, with a nine-stage compressor, first running in 1941. It would end up as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Sapphire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire">Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire</a> and the American-built <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wright_J65?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wright J65">Wright J65</a>. The F.2 gas turbine would power <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=MGB.2009&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="MGB.2009 (page does not exist)">MGB.2009</a> the first gas-turbine-powered vessel in 1947. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No._1_Parachute_Training_School_RAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 1 Parachute Training School RAF">No. 1 Parachute Training School RAF</a>—the main parachute training site for the war—was at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAF_Ringway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAF Ringway">RAF Ringway</a> (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Landing_Establishment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Landing Establishment">Central Landing Establishment</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Airborne_Forces_Experimental_Establishment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment">Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment</a>) now Manchester Airport; many aircraft were built there too, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Trafford_Park_Factory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Trafford Park Factory">Ford Trafford Park Factory</a> built 34,000 aircraft engines—mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Merlin</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aircraft_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aircraft engine">engines</a>; the nearby Metropolitan-Vickers factory built many Lancasters.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power by country</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellafield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a> was the world's first nuclear power station in 1956. There are approximately 430 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> stations around the world, and the UK is the third most experienced operator of nuclear reactors after the US and France, and is the world's ninth largest producer of nuclear-generated electricity, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">nine stations operating in the UK</a> producing around 10GW. New-build nuclear power stations will either be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AP1000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AP1000">AP1000</a> (Toshiba Westinghouse <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NuGeneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NuGeneration">NuGeneration</a>) or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a> design (developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Areva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Areva">Areva</a>). BNFL bought Pittsburgh-based <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a> in 1999; it was sold in October 2006 for £5.4 billion to Toshiba. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Energy">British Energy</a> was sold in 2009 for £12.5 billion to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électricité de France">EDF</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrica">Centrica</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Gas">British Gas</a>) had also wanted to buy it; 26 Magnox reactors were built in the UK, followed by 14 AGR reactors.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Hurricane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Hurricane">Operation Hurricane</a> on 3 October 1952, Britain's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear bomb</a>, detonated on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Plym_(K271)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Plym (K271)">HMS <i>Plym</i></a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montebello_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montebello Islands">Montebello Islands</a> in the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, was made of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutonium-239?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> mostly made at Windscale (which began production in 1950), with some possibly from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada (where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tube_Alloys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> project was later moved).</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_(801),_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg/200px-Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg/200px-Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg/300px-Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg/400px-Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod_MR2_%28801%29%2C_UK_-_Air_Force_AN1914655.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod</a> MR2 (HS 801), built at Woodford (former Avro) and designed in Manchester in the mid-1960s, with <i>XV148</i> (former Comet 4C) making its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Cunningham_(RAF_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Cunningham (RAF officer)">first flight</a> on 23 May 1967, flying from Chester (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawarden_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawarden Airport">Broughton</a>, which had built many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Havilland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> fighter jet aircraft) to Woodford; 49 Nimrods were made for the RAF, entering service with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No._201_Squadron_RAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No. 201 Squadron RAF">201 Sqn</a> on 6 November 1970, serving until March 2010 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No._38_Squadron_RAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No. 38 Squadron RAF">38 Sqn</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=W._T._Glover_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="W. T. Glover & Co. (page does not exist)">W. T. Glover & Co.</a> of Salford were important electricity cable manufacturers throughout the early 20th century. BAE Systems <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wind_Tunnel_Department&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wind Tunnel Department (page does not exist)">Wind Tunnel Department</a> at Warton—one of its four wind tunnels—the High Speed Wind Tunnel—can test speeds intermittently up to Mach 3.8 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supersonic_speed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supersonic speed">trisonic</a>)—the second fastest in the UK, to the University of Manchester's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aero-Physics_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aero-Physics Laboratory (page does not exist)">Aero-Physics Laboratory</a> which has a hypersonic wind tunnel up to Mach 6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> of Owens College (which became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> in 1904), known worldwide for his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reynolds_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reynolds number">Reynolds number</a> (introduced elsewhere by the mathematician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a>), showed in the early 1880s that wind tunnels (invented by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Herbert_Wenham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Herbert Wenham">Francis Herbert Wenham</a> in 1871) could model large-scale objects accurately. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Regional_Aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems Regional Aircraft">BAE Systems Regional Aircraft</a> assembled Britain's last airliner, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Aerospace_146?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Aerospace 146">British Aerospace 146</a> (Avro RJX), at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodford, Greater Manchester">Woodford</a> in November 2001. The Merlin-powered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro Tudor">Avro Tudor</a> G-AGPF, which took off from what is now Manchester Airport on 14 June 1945, was Britain's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabin_pressurization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabin pressurization">pressurised</a> civilian aircraft; only 38 were built and it was designed for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transatlantic_flight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transatlantic flight">North Atlantic route</a>. On 13 May 1949, <i>VN799</i> the English Electric Canberra first flew from Warton: Warton at the time was a former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> wartime maintenance base; the German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arado_Ar_234?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a> was technically the world's first jet bomber; the Canberra would be the first jet aircraft to make a non-stop crossing of the Atlantic on 21 February 1951.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Whitehead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Whitehead">Robert Whitehead</a> of Bolton invented the modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehead torpedo">torpedo</a> in 1866. Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Pickles_Hartley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Pickles Hartley">William Pickles Hartley</a> of Lancashire founded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hartley%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hartley's">Hartley's</a> Jam in 1871, building a purpose-built village at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aintree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aintree">Aintree</a>. Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Tate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Tate">Henry Tate</a> also came from Lancashire, joining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abram_Lyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abram Lyle">Abram Lyle</a> in 1921, of whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_syrup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a> tins are claimed to be Britain's oldest brand; he established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tate">Tate</a> Gallery in 1897. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Hope-Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Hope-Jones">Robert Hope-Jones</a> of the Wirral invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wurlitzer_theatre_organs_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wurlitzer theatre organs in the United Kingdom">Wurlitzer</a> organ. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christys'_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Christys' & Co (page does not exist)">Christys' & Co</a> factory in Stockport was the largest hat-making factory in the world in the nineteenth century; it became part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_British_Hat_Manufacturers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated British Hat Manufacturers">Associated British Hat Manufacturers</a> and is now in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxfordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. The company owner's son founded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christy_(towel_manufacturer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christy (towel manufacturer)">Christy</a> in 1850 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droylsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a> (now in Tameside), which invented the industrially produced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrycloth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrycloth">towel</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg/220px-Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg/220px-Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg/330px-Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg/440px-Where_rabbits_once_hopped..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_119794.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> JLR at Halewood </figcaption> </figure> <p>Britain's most popular car, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Escort (Europe)">Ford Escort</a>, was made throughout its life (until 21 July 2000) at Halewood by Ford; 5 million were made there from 1967. In 1998, production of its replacement the Focus was transferred to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarlouis_Body_%26_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarlouis Body & Assembly">Saarlouis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Valencia_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Valencia Plant">Valencia</a>, which signalled the end of the site's ownership by Ford. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaguar_X-Type?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaguar X-Type">Jaguar X-Type</a> was first made there in May 2001, until late 2009. In the UK, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Mondeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Mondeo">Mondeo</a> has sold 1.4m since 1993, and is made in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Valencia_Plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Valencia Plant">Valencia</a> in Spain.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starchaser_Industries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starchaser Industries">Starchaser Industries</a> of Hyde is hoping to send a British citizen into space, on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_space_programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British space programme">British rocket</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a> at Preston had proposed its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MUSTARD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSTARD">MUSTARD</a> re-usable spacecraft in 1964, which although not built had given <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NASA">NASA</a> a concept.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lennon_Statue,_Liverpool.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2946"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg/330px-Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg/440px-Lennon_Statue%2C_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Lennon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Beatles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cavern_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Cavern Club">The Cavern Club</a>, Liverpool </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_(7916053494).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg/220px-LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4122" data-file-height="3102"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg/220px-LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg/330px-LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg/440px-LIVERPOOL_ANGLICAN_CATHEDRAL_SEP2012_%287916053494%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Anglican Cathedral</a>, the largest religious building in the UK </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffragette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> movement came from Manchester—the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Wynne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Wynne">Arthur Wynne</a>, born in Liverpool, invented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crossword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crossword">crossword</a> in December 1913. On 13 August 1964, Britain carried out its last two executions at Strangeways and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HM_Prison_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HM Prison Liverpool">Walton Prison</a>. Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museums_Act_1845?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museums Act 1845">Museums Act 1845</a>, the UK's second and third <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public library">public municipal libraries</a> were at Warrington in 1848 and at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Museum_and_Art_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Museum and Art Gallery">Salford Museum and Art Gallery</a> in 1850; Canterbury had been first in 1847. The first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> was held in 1868 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanics' Institute, Manchester">Mechanics' Institute, Manchester</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Pie_Eating_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Pie Eating Championship">World Pie Eating Championship</a> is held in Wigan each year.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann_Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ann Lee">Ann Lee</a> from Manchester started the USA <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> movement, founded out of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, which itself has strong links to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendle_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendle Hill">Pendle Hill</a> in Lancashire. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Livesey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Livesey">Joseph Livesey</a> of Preston was the founder of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temperance movement in the United Kingdom">Britain's temperance movement</a>, and the word <i>teetotal</i> was first coined in Preston in 1833. The crumbly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_cheese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire cheese">Cheshire cheese</a> is thought to be the oldest in Britain. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heaton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a> in north Manchester is the largest municipal park in Europe. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jelly_Babies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jelly Babies">Jelly Babies</a> were invented in Lancaster in 1864, at Fryers of Lancashire. The first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KFC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KFC">KFC</a> outlet in the UK was on Fishergate in Preston in May 1965, opened by the entrepreneur Ray Allen. Oldham claims to be the site of the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fish_and_chips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fish and chips">fried potatoes</a> in the UK in 1860. The UK's biggest dance music festival takes place on the August Bank Holiday at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creamfields?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creamfields">Creamfields</a> on Daresbury Estate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingvar_Kamprad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingvar Kamprad">Ingvar Kamprad</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IKEA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IKEA">IKEA</a> opened its first UK store in Warrington on 1 October 1987; the UK was the 20th country at the time that IKEA had been established. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Cheese_Awards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Cheese Awards">International Cheese Awards</a> are held at the end of July in Nantwich.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, the two largest cities in the North West by population, are known for being the birthplace of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beat_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beat music">beat music</a> (also called "Merseybeat") during the 1960s to 1970s, and the development of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> music scene from the 1980s, and 1990s respectively.</p> <p><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Taste_of_Honey_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Taste of Honey (film)">A Taste of Honey</a></i> was an influential 1960s film set in Salford, depicting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working class">working class</a> poverty in ways not previously seen at the cinema, known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kitchen sink realism">kitchen sink realism</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Greenwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Greenwood">Walter Greenwood</a>'s <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Love_on_the_Dole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Love on the Dole">Love on the Dole</a></i>, a 1930s book also set in Salford, was thought by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Board of Film Classification">BBFC</a> to be too sordid a depiction of poverty to be made into a film; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Leigh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a>, from Salford, has produced films on a similar subject.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg/220px-Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg/220px-Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg/330px-Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg/440px-Queensway_Mersey_Tunnel_entrance_Liverpool_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queensway_Tunnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queensway Tunnel">Queensway Tunnel</a>, Liverpool under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, Wirral peninsula </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transport_policy">Transport policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transport policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As part of the national transport planning system, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Regional_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West Regional Assembly">North West Regional Assembly</a> was, before its abolition in 2008, required to produce a Regional Transport Strategy (RTS) to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involved region wide transport schemes, such as those carried out by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highways_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Network_Rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoNW1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GoNW1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the region, the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_transport_plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local transport plan">Local Transport Plans (LTPs)</a> which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-DfT1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DfT1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the North West region, the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a> U.A,<sup id="cite_ref-BwDLTP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BwDLTP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a> U.A.,<sup id="cite_ref-BpLTP_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BpLTP-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ChLTP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChLTP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GMLTP_46-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMLTP-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Halton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a> U.A.,<sup id="cite_ref-LTP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LaLTP_48-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LaLTP-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a><sup id="cite_ref-MsLTP_49-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MsLTP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a> U.A.<sup id="cite_ref-WrLTP_50-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WrLTP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1 April 2009, when the county of Cheshire was split into two unitary councils<sup id="cite_ref-ChGOV_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChGOV-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cheshire transport authority ceased to exist, however it is the most recent LTP for the area.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Road" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg/200px-M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg/200px-M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg/300px-M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg/400px-M6_motorway_near_Carnforth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M6_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a> is one of the North West's principal roads </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Regionwide">Regionwide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Regionwide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hardknott_sign.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hardknott_sign.JPG/220px-Hardknott_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hardknott_sign.JPG/220px-Hardknott_sign.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hardknott_sign.JPG/330px-Hardknott_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hardknott_sign.JPG/440px-Hardknott_sign.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Warning signs at Hardknott Pass </figcaption> </figure> <p>Regionwide, the principal road link is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M6_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M6 motorway">M6</a>, which enters the region, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> in the north and leaves it, for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Midlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> in the south. It connects such towns and cities as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The M6 intersects many of the North West's motorways and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain road numbering scheme">A-roads</a>, carrying almost 120,000 vehicles per day (41,975,000 per year).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Britain's most severe steep road is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardknott_Pass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardknott Pass">Hardknott Pass</a> in Cumbria and the highest road in the UK is the former A6293 at 2,780 ft at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milburn,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milburn, Cumbria">Milburn, Cumbria</a>; the highest classified road in England was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A689_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A689 road">A689</a> east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nenthead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nenthead">Nenthead</a> in Cumbria on the Durham boundary.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg/200px-Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg/200px-Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg/300px-Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg/400px-Stockport_viaduct_M60.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Old meets new at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport_Viaduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport Viaduct">Stockport Viaduct</a>; designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_W._Buck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George W. Buck">George W. Buck</a>, it is the largest free-standing brick structure in the UK, built in 1840 when it was the largest viaduct in the world; it features in many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._S._Lowry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L. S. Lowry">L. S. Lowry</a> paintings. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Greater_Manchester_and_Merseyside">Greater Manchester and Merseyside</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greater Manchester and Merseyside" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Liverpool">Transport in Liverpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport in Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png/400px-Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="310"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png/400px-Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png" data-width="400" data-height="243" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Liverpool_City_Region_Motorways.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Motorways of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_City_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool City Region">Liverpool City Region</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The Greater Manchester and Merseyside areas are home to almost 4 million people; over half of the region's population. The road networks intertwining these <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> are extremely important to the economy and are largely motorway, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M62_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M62 motorway">M62</a> which crosses the entire country (east to west, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> to Liverpool); this motorway directly connects the cities of Manchester and Liverpool, carrying 78,000 vehicles in the North West per day.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Merseyside-Manchester region has many other motorways that serve many millions on a daily basis: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M61_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M61 motorway">M61</a> connects Manchester to Preston; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M56_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M56 motorway">M56</a> runs south of Manchester to Cheshire and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M57_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M57 motorway">M57</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M58_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M58 motorway">M58 motorways</a> run north of Liverpool and connect towns such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St. Helens</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a> is Manchester's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ring_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ring road">ring road</a>; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M67_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M67 motorway">M67</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M66_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M66 motorway">M66 motorways</a> run east and north respectively, both of these roads are under 10 mi (16 km) and link Manchester to smaller outlying settlements. On top of this there are countless numbers of A-roads, B-roads and minor roads which circle, entwine and serve these two major metropolises.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Cumbria">Cumbria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cumbria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Border_Scotland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Border_Scotland.jpg/200px-Border_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Border_Scotland.jpg/200px-Border_Scotland.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Border_Scotland.jpg/300px-Border_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Border_Scotland.jpg/400px-Border_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A sign marking entry to Scotland located on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M6_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a> crossing the border of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>In Cumbria the M6 runs all the way down the east of the county connecting the very north of England to the Lancashire border. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A590_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A590 road">A590</a> links <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendal">Kendal</a> with around 14,000 vehicles per day.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A595_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A595 road">A595</a> runs all the way along the West Cumbrian coast beginning near Barrow and ending in Carlisle, linking towns such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workington">Workington</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A591_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A591 road">A591 road</a> runs from Kendal to the centre of the county connecting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> settlements like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windermere,_Cumbria_(town)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windermere, Cumbria (town)">Windermere</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambleside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambleside">Ambleside</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keswick, Cumbria">Keswick</a>. Other important A-roads include the A5092, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A66_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A66 road">A66</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A596_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A596 road">A596</a> and formerly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A74_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A74 road">A74</a>, until this was upgraded to motorway standard as an extension of the M6 between 2006 and 2008 to meet the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">A74(M)</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Scottish border</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lancashire">Lancashire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lancashire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6, which also runs from north to south (Lancaster to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorley">Chorley</a>). Other motorways in the region include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M55_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M55 motorway">M55</a>, which connects the city of Preston and the town of Blackpool at 11.5 mi (18.5 km) in length. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M65_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M65 motorway">M65 motorway</a> runs from east to west, starting in the town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colne">Colne</a>, running past <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accrington">Accrington</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> and terminating in Preston. The Lancaster-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a> area is served by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A683_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A683 road">A683</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 road (Great Britain)">A6</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A588_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A588 road">A588</a> and A589 roads. The Blackpool-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Fylde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Fylde">Fylde</a>-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a> area is home to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A583_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A583 road">A583</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A584_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A584 road">A584</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A585_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A585 road">A585</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A586_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A586 road">A586</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A587_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A587 road">A587</a> and A588 roads. The city of Preston and its surroundings are served by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 road (Great Britain)">A6</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A59_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A59 road (Great Britain)">A59</a>, A582, A583, A584 and, to the very south-east, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M61_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M61 motorway">M61 motorway</a>. To the east of the county are the A59, A6119, A677, A679, A666, A680, A56, A646 and A682. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M66_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M66 motorway">M66</a> begins 500 m (0.3 mi) inside the county border near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edenfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edenfield">Edenfield</a>, providing an important link between east Lancashire and Manchester.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Cheshire">Cheshire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cheshire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Cheshire, there are four motorways: the M6, the M56 (linking Chester to the east), the M53 (linking Chester to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>) and the M62, which runs just along the county's northern border with Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The Cheshire road system is made up of 3,417 mi (5,499 km) of highway and the principal road (M6) carries 140,000<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vehicles in the county daily, linking the North West to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>.</p> <p>The county town of Chester is served by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A55_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A55 road">A55</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A483_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A483 road">A483</a> and A494 roads, amongst others. To the west of the M6, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwich">Northwich</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a> are served by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A54_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A54 road">A54</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A51_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A51 road">A51</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A49_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A49 road">A49</a>, A533, A556 and A530 roads; these all eventually link up connecting the towns to the larger cities, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> to the south. To the east of the M6 in Cheshire lies the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> and towns such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macclesfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congleton">Congleton</a>, which are served by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 road (Great Britain)">A6</a>, A537, A536, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A34_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A34 road (Great Britain)">A34</a>, A523 and A566 roads.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Air" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Airport.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/330px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/440px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> aerial view </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg/200px-Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg/200px-Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg/300px-Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg/400px-Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a> Terminal building </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="667"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 130px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="130" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg/300px-Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg/400px-Liverpool_Airport_aerial_Coleman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Aerial view of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The biggest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International airport">international airport</a> in the region is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>, which serves 28.2 million passengers annually; more than some of the world's major aviation hubs. The airport is home to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminals_and_destinations" title="Manchester Airport">three terminals</a>, plus the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_Freight_Terminal" title="Manchester Airport">World Freight Terminal</a>, which serve destinations worldwide. The largest airlines at the airport (in terms of numbers of flights in 2007) were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flybe_(1979-2020)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flybe (1979-2020)">Flybe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMI_(airline)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BMI (airline)">BMI</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Airways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jet2.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jet2.com">Jet2.com</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lufthansa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>; several long-haul carriers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Airlines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore_Airlines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirates_(airline)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a> also operate from the airport. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airports_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airports Group">Manchester Airports Group</a> is owned approximately one-third by Manchester Council and one-third by the other nine Greater Manchester councils. In 2007, Manchester had a recorded 222,703 aircraft movements.<sup id="cite_ref-caa_56-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-caa-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport is also a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Airline_hub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Airline hub">hub</a> for major holiday airlines such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Choice_Airways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Choice Airways">First Choice Airways</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomson_Airways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Airways">Thomson Airways</a>; it was previously served by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Airlines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Cook Airlines">Thomas Cook Airlines</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarch_Airlines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarch Airlines">Monarch Airlines</a>.</p> <p>The region's second largest airport, but is the oldest and fastest growing, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a>, which serves over 5 million passengers annually. The airport serves destinations primarily in the UK and Europe and is a major hub for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EasyJet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryanair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>.</p> <p>The only other significant passenger airport in the region was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool Airport">Blackpool Airport</a>, which was refurbished in 2006 and handled around half a million passengers annually. Destinations ranged from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canary_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in Spain to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. Commercial flights ended there in March 2017.</p> <dl> <dt> Cumbria </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow/Walney_Island_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow/Walney Island Airport">Barrow/Walney Island Airport</a> – Operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Submarines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems Submarines">BAE Systems Submarines</a>, private use</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle_Lake_District_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlisle Lake District Airport">Carlisle Lake District Airport</a> – Operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stobart_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stobart Group">Stobart Group</a>, public use</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Greater Manchester </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_Airport_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City Airport Manchester">City Airport Manchester</a> – Operated by City Airport Manchester Ltd, public use</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> – Major international airport operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport Group">Manchester Airport Group</a>, destinations worldwide</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodford_Aerodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodford Aerodrome">Woodford Aerodrome</a> – Operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Regional_Aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems Regional Aircraft">BAE Systems Regional Aircraft</a>, now closed</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Lancashire </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool Airport">Blackpool Airport</a> – Operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balfour_Beatty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balfour Beatty">Balfour Beatty</a>, public use (commercial flights withdrawn)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warton_Aerodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warton Aerodrome">Warton Aerodrome</a> – Operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, private use</li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Merseyside </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a> – International airport operated by Liverpool Airport plc, destinations worldwide</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAF_Woodvale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAF Woodvale">RAF Woodvale</a> – Operated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, military use</li> <li>Southport Birkdale Sands airstrip – Sand runway located on Southport beach (infrequent use, subject to prior permission)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Tramway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool Tramway">Blackpool Tramway</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyrail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseyrail">Merseyrail</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/200px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/200px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/300px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/400px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Manchester's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Piccadilly station</a> is the largest and busiest railway station in the region. </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg/200px-Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="3149"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg/200px-Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg/300px-Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg/400px-Frontage_of_Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street railway station</a> is the main inter-city and long-distance station in Liverpool </figcaption> </figure> <p>The main connection by train is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, connecting most of the North West. Other important lines are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_to_Manchester_Lines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool to Manchester Lines">Liverpool to Manchester Lines</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_TransPennine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North TransPennine">North TransPennine</a>, which connects <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester</a> through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_Central_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington Central railway station">Warrington</a>. East-west connections in Lancashire are carried via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldervale_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldervale Line">Caldervale Line</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_North_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool North railway station">Blackpool</a>. Liverpool and Manchester both have extensive local passenger rail networks operating high-frequency commuter trains. The quietest railway station in the region, by usage, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reddish_South_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reddish South railway station">Reddish South</a>, the 4th quietest in Britain.</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="InterCity (British Rail)">InterCity</a> branded service in the UK began between London and Manchester in the mid-1960s; the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euston_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a> opened in 1968. With the new electrification of the line in the late 1960s, passenger numbers doubled.</p> <p>The region saw the last steam-train service on the UK network – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifteen_Guinea_Special?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifteen Guinea Special">Fifteen Guinea Special</a> on 11 August 1968, with three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0">Black Five</a> locomotives.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Water" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port of Liverpool">Port of Liverpool</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Cruise_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Cruise Terminal">Liverpool Cruise Terminal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mersey_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mersey Ferry">Mersey Ferry</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heysham_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heysham Port">Heysham Port</a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Mersey Ferry Royal Daffodil"> <noscript> <img alt="Mersey Ferry Royal Daffodil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg/120px-Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg/120px-Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg" data-alt="Mersey Ferry Royal Daffodil" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg/180px-Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg/240px-Royal_Daffodil_ship_in_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mersey Ferry Royal Daffodil </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade,_Liverpool_(geograph_2978483).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Liverpool Cruise Terminal"> <noscript> <img alt="Liverpool Cruise Terminal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg/120px-Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg/120px-Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg" data-alt="Liverpool Cruise Terminal" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg/180px-Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg/240px-Caribbean_Princess_and_Princes_Parade%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978483%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Liverpool Cruise Terminal</i> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal"> <noscript> <img alt="Leeds and Liverpool Canal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="Leeds and Liverpool Canal" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Leeds-Liverpool_Canal_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Leeds and Liverpool Canal</i> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manannan_and_Liver_Building,_Pier_Head,_Liverpool_(geograph_2978805).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet"> <noscript> <img alt="Isle of Man Steam Packet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg/120px-Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg/120px-Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg" data-alt="Isle of Man Steam Packet" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg/180px-Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg/240px-Manannan_and_Liver_Building%2C_Pier_Head%2C_Liverpool_%28geograph_2978805%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Isle of Man Steam Packet </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Steam_packet_route_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet route map"> <noscript> <img alt="Isle of Man Steam Packet route map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Steam_packet_route_map.svg/120px-Steam_packet_route_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="503"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Steam_packet_route_map.svg/120px-Steam_packet_route_map.svg.png" data-alt="Isle of Man Steam Packet route map" data-width="120" data-height="96" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Steam_packet_route_map.svg/180px-Steam_packet_route_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Steam_packet_route_map.svg/240px-Steam_packet_route_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Isle of Man Steam Packet route map </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester Ship Canal"> <noscript> <img alt="Manchester Ship Canal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg/120px-Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3119" data-file-height="1483"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 57px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg/120px-Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg.png" data-alt="Manchester Ship Canal" data-width="120" data-height="57" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg/180px-Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg/240px-Manchester_Ship_Canal_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NORBAYslr.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="MS Norbay operates Liverpool to Dublin"> <noscript> <img alt="MS Norbay operates Liverpool to Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NORBAYslr.jpg/120px-NORBAYslr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="846"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NORBAYslr.jpg/120px-NORBAYslr.jpg" data-alt="MS Norbay operates Liverpool to Dublin" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NORBAYslr.jpg/180px-NORBAYslr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NORBAYslr.jpg/240px-NORBAYslr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MS_Norbay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MS Norbay">MS Norbay</a> operates Liverpool to Dublin </div></li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1602"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="113" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg/300px-Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg/400px-Liverpool_Pier_Head.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Liverpool <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pier_Head?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pier Head">Pier Head</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Cruise_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Cruise Terminal">Liverpool Cruise Terminal</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Sea ferries depart from the following ports: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port of Liverpool">Port of Liverpool</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gladstone_Dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gladstone Dock">Gladstone Dock</a>), Bootle to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%26O_Ferries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="P&O Ferries">P&O Ferries</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isle_of_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet">Isle of Man Steam Packet</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twelve Quays">Twelve Quays Terminal</a>) to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belfast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and Dublin (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norfolkline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norfolkline">Norfolkline Irish Sea Ferries</a> – former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norse_Merchant_Ferries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norse Merchant Ferries">Norse Merchant Ferries</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larne">Larne</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stena_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a>) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heysham_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heysham Port">Heysham Port</a> to Douglas (Isle of Man Steam Packet).</p> <p>The world's first hovercraft service took place on 20 July 1962, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leasowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leasowe">Leasowe</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moreton,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moreton, Merseyside">Moreton</a>) to Rhyl, operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_United_Airways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British United Airways">British United Airways</a> in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a> VA-3, powered by two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turboprop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> engines.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds and Liverpool Canal</a> has run into Liverpool city centre, via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Canal_Link?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Canal Link">Liverpool Canal Link</a> at Pier Head, since 2009.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Cruise_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Cruise Terminal">Liverpool Cruise Terminal</a> in the city centre provides long-distance passenger cruises; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred._Olsen_Cruise_Lines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines">Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MS_Black_Watch_(1971)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MS Black Watch (1971)">MS Black Watch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cruise_%26_Maritime_Voyages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cruise & Maritime Voyages">Cruise & Maritime Voyages</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MS_Magellan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Magellan">MS Magellan</a> all use the terminal to depart to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iceland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png/220px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="457" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="6054"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 457px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png/220px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png" data-width="220" data-height="457" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png/330px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png/440px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_West.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Regional profile of the North West </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>The North West is historically linked with the textiles industry, mainly before the mid 20th century. The Greater Manchester region produces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">the most economic output according to GVA in 2014</a> with £57,395m, followed by Merseyside £28,257m, Lancashire with £27,668m, Cheshire £25,803m and Cumbria with £10,747m.</p> <p>According to research by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cushman & Wakefield">Cushman & Wakefield</a> in 2008, Manchester is the second best city to locate a business in the UK whilst Liverpool is the eleventh best city.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> stated that the North West economy, led by the redevelopment of Manchester and Liverpool, is a genuine rival to "overheated London".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The area's electricity, formerly looked after by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MANWEB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MANWEB">MANWEB</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NORWEB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NORWEB">NORWEB</a>, is now looked after by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_Power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Power">ScottishPower Energy Networks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Utilities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a> respectively. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rampside_Gas_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rampside Gas Terminal">Morecambe Bay gas field</a> provides 6% of the UK's natural gas.</p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cheshire_2">Cheshire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cheshire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Cheshire">Economy of Cheshire</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy_and_industry" title="Cheshire">Cheshire § Economy and industry</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style> <table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"> <b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/North West England">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:North West England">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/North West England">improve this 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522North%2BWest%2BEngland%2522">"North West England"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522North%2BWest%2BEngland%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522North%2BWest%2BEngland%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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</div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg/220px-Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg/220px-Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg/330px-Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg/440px-Stanlow_from_a_distance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_684459.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essar_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanlow_Refinery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanlow Refinery">Stanlow Refinery</a>, the UK's second largest refinery after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fawley_Refinery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fawley Refinery">Fawley</a>, looking north-east from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wervin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wervin">Wervin</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vauxhall%27s,_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg/220px-Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg/220px-Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg/330px-Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg/440px-Vauxhall%27s%2C_Ellesmere_Port_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218503.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vauxhall_Ellesmere_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vauxhall Ellesmere Port">Vauxhall's plant</a> in Ellesmere Port exports 88% of its cars, although many of the components are imported, and has made over 5 million since 1962, also making the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_Vectra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opel Vectra">Vectra</a> from 1995 to 2008; it makes 686 a day (two a minute, 100,000 a year) and the latest model was designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Adams_(designer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Adams (designer)">Mark Adams</a> and Malcolm Ward. Three million Astras have been sold in the UK since 1979, and featured on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top_Gear_test_track?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Top Gear test track">Top Gear test track</a> until 2015; the production is split with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_Manufacturing_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opel Manufacturing Poland">Opel Manufacturing Poland</a> site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> in southern Poland; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_Corsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opel Corsa">Corsa</a> is made at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Opel_Zaragoza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Opel Zaragoza (page does not exist)">Opel Zaragoza</a> in north-east Spain, with 3-door versions at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_Eisenach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opel Eisenach">Opel Eisenach</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_Insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opel Insignia">Insignia</a> is made at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opel_R%C3%BCsselsheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Opel Rüsselsheim">Opel Rüsselsheim</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Cheshire is linked with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_in_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salt in Cheshire">salt industry</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AstraZeneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, the fifth largest pharmaceutical company in the world, has a manufacturing site in the north-east of Macclesfield on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hurdsfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurdsfield">Hurdsfield</a> Ind Est (former ICI Pharmaceuticals) off the A523, where it makes Zoladex (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goserelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>); it was formerly ICI until June 1993 when it became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeneca">Zeneca</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a>, home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vauxhall Astra">Astra</a>, is on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAF_Hooton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAF Hooton Park">former airfield</a> next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M53_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M53 motorway">M53</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanlow_Refinery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanlow Refinery">Essar Energy</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, partly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thornton-le-Moors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thornton-le-Moors">Thornton-le-Moors</a>) are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellesmere_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>. Industrial inspection organisation <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SGS_S.A.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SGS S.A.">SGS</a> UK is based on junction 8 of the M53 at Rossmore Business Park. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Innospec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Innospec">Innospec</a> (former Octel) is west of the refinery near junction 9 of the M53 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5032_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A5032 road">A5032</a>); Innospec also has a site at Widnes (former Aroma Fine Chemicals) which makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lilestralis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lilestralis (page does not exist)">Lilestralis</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vidrala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vidrala (page does not exist)">Encirc Glass</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aventas_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventas group">Aventas group</a>) make glass bottles to the east of the refinery at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elton, Cheshire">Elton</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shell_Technology_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shell Technology Centre">Shell Technology Centre</a> on the southern side of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_to_Warrington_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellesmere Port to Warrington Line">railway</a>, off the A5117 and the M56 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hapsford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hapsford">Hapsford</a> Interchange on the east side of the refinery, closed in 2014; to the east is the large site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kemira_GrowHow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemira GrowHow">CF Fertilisers</a> UK (former Shellstar) who make the Nitram brand of fertiliser.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lex_Autolease?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lex Autolease">Lex Autolease</a>, the UK's largest vehicle leasing company, is in the east of Chester, towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoole">Hoole</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ball_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ball Corporation">Ball Packaging Europe</a> is based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A483_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A483 road">A483</a> at Chester Business Park, near the A55 junction in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a>, which has a main office of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>; east of M&S, south of the A55 bypass is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sira_(notified_body)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sira (notified body)">Sira</a>, which issues <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ATEX_directive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ATEX directive">ATEX</a> product approvals. To the north at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk,_Cheshire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dunkirk, Cheshire (page does not exist)">Dunkirk</a> at the end of the M56 on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5117_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A5117 road">A5117</a>, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Max_Spielmann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Max Spielmann (page does not exist)">Max Spielmann</a> (including the former Klick) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lea-by-Backford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lea-by-Backford">Lea-by-Backford</a>; further north at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capenhurst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capenhurst">Capenhurst</a>, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral Line">railway</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urenco_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urenco Group">Urenco Group</a> have a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enriched_uranium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> plant, partly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ledsham,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ledsham, Cheshire">Ledsham</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a> used to be home of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ERF_(lorry_manufacturer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ERF (lorry manufacturer)">ERF</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Foden,_Sons_%26_Co.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Foden, Sons & Co.">Fodens</a> trucks. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tata_Chemicals_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tata Chemicals Europe">Tata Chemicals Europe</a> (former Brunner Mond) next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A530_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A530 road">A530</a>, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid-Cheshire_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Cheshire Line">railway</a>, is partly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lostock_Gralam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lostock Gralam">Lostock Gralam</a> just west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>; there is another main site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winnington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winnington">Winnington</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A533_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A533 road">A533</a> north-west of Northwich. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Salt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Salt">British Salt</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middlewich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bisto">Bisto</a> used to be made there by Centura Foods (RHM), but production moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worksop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worksop">Worksop</a> (Nottinghamshire) in 2008. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henkel">Henkel UK</a> (the consumer adhesive division, maker of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pritt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pritt">Pritt</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellotape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellotape">Sellotape</a>) is on the Winsford Ind Estate in the east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winsford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winsford">Winsford</a>, home of the UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_in_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salt in Cheshire">largest</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_mine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt mine">salt mine</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Meadowbank,_Cheshire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Meadowbank, Cheshire (page does not exist)">Meadowbank</a> run by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salt_Union&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salt Union (page does not exist)">Salt Union</a>, who are owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compass_Minerals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compass Minerals">Compass Minerals</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mornflake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mornflake">Mornflake</a> is in Crewe on the B5071, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Focus_(DIY)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus (DIY)">Focus</a> closed in July 2011, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Orion_Optics&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Orion Optics (page does not exist)">Orion Optics</a> make telescopes. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bentley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bentley">Bentley Motors</a> (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkswagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> since 1998) have their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bentley_Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bentley Crewe">main plant</a> in the west of the town between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A530_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A530 road">A530</a> and A532, next to the railway to Chester. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe Works">Crewe Works</a> built the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InterCity_125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="InterCity 125">HST</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Rail Class 43 (HST)">Class 43</a>) power cars, and now carries out maintenance for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unipart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unipart">Unipart</a> Rail is on the B5071 next to Crewe railway station. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bargain_Booze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bargain Booze">Bargain Booze</a> is at the A532/A5020 roundabout in the east of the town, and further along the A532 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitby_Morrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitby Morrison">Whitby Morrison</a> are the world's leading manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_cream_van?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice cream van">ice cream vans</a>. Air Products have a main HQ off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A534_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A534 road">A534</a> in central Crewe near the Virgin Trains training academy. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=UK_Fuels&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="UK Fuels (page does not exist)">UK Fuels</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuel_card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuel card">fuel cards</a>) are off the A532, north of Crewe railway station.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Land_%26_Armaments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Land & Armaments">BAE Systems Global Combat Systems</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ROF_Radway_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ROF Radway Green">Radway Green</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barthomley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barthomley">Barthomley</a> north of M6 junction 16, south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alsager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alsager">Alsager</a> makes small arms ammunition, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Freshpack&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Freshpack (page does not exist)">Freshpack</a> make pies next to the A5011 towards the east of the town; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twyford_Bathrooms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twyford Bathrooms">Twyford Bathrooms</a> (owned since 2001 by the Finnish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanitec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanitec">Sanitec</a>) are off the B5077, but their enormous factory next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_to_Derby_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe to Derby Line">railway</a> closed in early 2011, with production moving overseas. Amec is south of Knutsford at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Booths_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Booths Hall (page does not exist)">Booths Hall</a> off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A537_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A537 road">A537</a>, now the HQ of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a>; also in the town is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmundson_Electrical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmundson Electrical">Edmundson Electrical</a>. Between Knutsford and Wilmslow in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mobberley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mobberley">Mobberley</a> off the B5085, close to the southern approach of Manchester Airport, is a large site of Harman Technology (known worldwide as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilford_Photo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford Photo</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Seasons_Health_Care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Seasons Health Care">Four Seasons Health Care</a> is in central Wilmslow; north of the town on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A538_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A538 road">A538</a> is a large £60m mass spectrometry research site of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waters_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waters Corporation">Waters Corporation</a>, built in 2014 on a former research site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciba-Geigy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciba-Geigy">Ciba-Geigy</a> Pharmaceuticals (who formed Novartis in 1996), next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Bollin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Bollin">River Bollin</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pets_at_Home?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pets at Home">Pets at Home</a> is next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_to_Manchester_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe to Manchester Line">railway</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handforth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handforth">Handforth</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilmslow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a> and the Stockport boundary near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handforth_Dean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handforth Dean">Handforth Dean</a> (A34). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Boalloy_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Boalloy Industries (page does not exist)">Boalloy Industries</a> are on Radnor Park Ind Est in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Heath,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Heath, Cheshire">West Heath</a> in west Congleton north of the A534/A34 junction, make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semi-trailer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semi-trailer">trailers</a>, and pioneered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tautliner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tautliner">Tautliner</a> curtain-sided trailer design in the 1970s. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reginox&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reginox (page does not exist)">Reginox</a> UK (kitchen sinks) are in the north of Congleton; Siemens Industry Automation & Drive Technologies UK make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjustable-speed drive">variable-speed drives</a>, exporting 98% of production, on Eaton Bank Trading Est near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Dane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Dane">River Dane</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OK_Diner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OK Diner">OK Diner</a> is in Macclesfield (previously in Middlewich); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tullis_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tullis Russell">Tullis Russell</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bollington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bollington">Bollington</a> makes the paper for all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2010%E2%80%9319?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2010–19">Royal Mail stamps</a>, and has done for many years.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg/200px-View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg/200px-View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg/300px-View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg/400px-View_from_Helsby_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_250843.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ineos ChlorVinyls at Runcorn in 2006; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical industry in the United Kingdom">UK chemicals industry</a> is worth £57bn, with 180,000 people in around 3,000 companies </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ineos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ineos">Ineos</a> Fluor (the site was previously owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">ICI Chemicals</a>) is at Runcorn which produces chlorine and caustic soda from Cheshire salt, piped from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lostock_Gralam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lostock Gralam">Lostock Gralam</a>, south of Northwich; most of the chlorine in the UK comes from this plant; it also makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organofluorine chemistry">hydrofluoroalkanes</a> (HFAs) for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metered-dose inhaler">metered-dose inhalers</a> and the anaesthetic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halothane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halothane">halothane</a>. There is Ineos Chlor and Ineos Vinyls. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BNFL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BNFL">BNFL</a> and its subsidiary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellafield_Ltd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellafield Ltd">Sellafield Ltd</a> (former British Nuclear Group), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ABB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ABB">ABB</a> are based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daresbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daresbury">Daresbury</a> near Runcorn, although most of BNG's operations take place at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellafield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> in Cumbria. Daresbury is also home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EMMA_(accelerator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EMMA (accelerator)">EMMA</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ALICE_(accelerator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ALICE (accelerator)">ALICE</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FFAG_accelerator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FFAG accelerator">FFAG accelerators</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diageo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diageo">Diageo</a> bottles <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guinness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston_Brook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston Brook">Preston Brook</a>, between the A56 and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A533_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A533 road">A533</a>, and nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Gobain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a> UK make Isover insulation. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kawneer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kawneer">Kawneer</a> UK (part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a>) make architectural aluminium systems (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">curtain walls</a>) off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A533_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A533 road">A533</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astmoor">Astmoor</a> in north Runcorn. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/APPH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="APPH">APPH</a> (aircraft <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landing_gear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landing gear">undercarriage</a>) is based on the A558 on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manor_Park_(Runcorn)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Manor Park (Runcorn) (page does not exist)">Manor Park</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandymoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandymoor">Sandymoor</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=TALL_Security_Print&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="TALL Security Print (page does not exist)">TALL Security Print</a>, the UK's leading provider of business cheques; further to the west is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yokogawa_Electric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa Electric</a> UK. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schachihata&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Schachihata (page does not exist)">Schachihata</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Xstamper&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Xstamper (page does not exist)">Xstamper</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artline_(marker)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Artline (marker)">Artline</a>) are based at Ashville Ind Est on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A557_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A557 road">A557</a> at junction 12 of the M56 next to the Weaver Navigation and the 3,200 ft <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weaver_Viaduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weaver Viaduct">Weaver Viaduct</a> south of Runcorn towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutton_Weaver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sutton Weaver">Sutton Weaver</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croda_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croda International">Croda</a> Enterprise Technology Group does its important R&D in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halebank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halebank">Halebank</a>, Widnes, south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ditton,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ditton, Cheshire">Ditton</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermphos_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermphos International">Thermphos</a> factory on the A557 south of Widnes closed in 2013.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Utilities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a> is based in the west of Warrington at Lingley Mere Business Park in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Sankey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Sankey">Great Sankey</a>, next to the St Helens boundary; in Lingley Green to the south on the A57 was the former HQ of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West Water">North West Water</a>; to the north, Amazon have a fulfilment centre. Unilever makes <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persil">Persil</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surf_(detergent)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surf (detergent)">Surf</a></i> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laundry_detergent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laundry detergent">washing powders</a> next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington Bank Quay railway station">Bank Quay</a> railway station; next door between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5061_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A5061 road">A5061</a> and River Mersey is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PQ_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PQ Corporation (page does not exist)">PQ Silicas</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Crosfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Crosfield">Joseph Crosfield</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cogent_Skills&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cogent Skills (page does not exist)">Cogent Skills</a> (the UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sector_Skills_Councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sector Skills Councils">SSC</a> for science) is in the south of Warrington off the A5060, on the other side of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_to_Warrington_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellesmere Port to Warrington Line">railway</a> from Bank Quay. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Balance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Balance">New Balance</a> UK is at Centre Park, off the A5060 in south-west Warrington, with a factory at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flimby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flimby">Flimby</a>, on the Cumbria coast. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Konftel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Konftel (page does not exist)">Konftel UK</a> is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thelwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thelwall">Thelwall</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASICS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ASICS">ASICS</a> UK (sportswear) is on the Gemini Business Park, off the A574 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burtonwood_and_Westbrook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtonwood and Westbrook">Burtonwood and Westbrook</a> north of Warrington, next to the M62 and a large IKEA and M&S on Gemini Retail Park; next door is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KYB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KYB">KYB</a> UK, part of the world's largest (Japanese) manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shock_absorber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shock absorber">shock absorbers</a>; nearby is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krauss-Maffei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Krauss-Maffei">Krauss-Maffei</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Injection_molding_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Injection molding machine">injection moulding machines</a>); AlphaBiolabs provide the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DNA paternity testing">DNA paternity testing</a> for <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Jeremy_Kyle_Show?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Jeremy Kyle Show">The Jeremy Kyle Show</a></i> on Carina Park in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westbrook,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westbrook, Cheshire">Westbrook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burtonwood_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtonwood Brewery">Burtonwood Brewery</a> (the HQ of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy_Burtonwood&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thomas Hardy Burtonwood (page does not exist)">Thomas Hardy Burtonwood</a>, who developed Britain's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcopop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcopop">alcopop</a> drinks in the 1990s) is on the B5204 in the west of Burtonwood, towards St Helens borough. Birchwood Park has to be the main technical business park in the North West. The Bank of England <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">MPC</a>'s Agency for the North West is on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birchwood_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birchwood Park">Birchwood Park</a> near the HQ of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GB_Oils&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="GB Oils (page does not exist)">GB Oils</a>, the UK's leading fuel oil supplier (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DCC_Plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DCC Plc">DCC</a>), and the operator of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_Oil_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Oil UK">Gulf Oil</a> petrol stations in the UK. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electricity_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a> (the North West's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distribution_network_operator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distribution network operator">distribution network operator</a>) is near by, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ESR_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ESR Technology">ESR Technology</a>, who did work for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> space probe and owns the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=National_Centre_of_Tribology&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="National Centre of Tribology (page does not exist)">National Centre of Tribology</a> at Whittle House in Risley, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TalkTalk_Business?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TalkTalk Business">TalkTalk Business</a> to the west, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Nuclear_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Nuclear Services">International Nuclear Services</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellafield_Ltd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellafield Ltd">Sellafield Ltd</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Hinton,_Baron_Hinton_of_Bankside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of Bankside">Hinton House</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terberg_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Terberg Group">Terberg</a> Matec UK (Dutch) supply lifts for bin wagons next to M62 junction 11. Also west of the park is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nuvia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nuvia (page does not exist)">Nuvia</a> UK (part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soletanche_Freyssinet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soletanche Freyssinet">Soletanche Freyssinet</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betfred?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betfred">Betfred</a> (having the largest turnover in the region—£13.3bn) is at the western end of Birchwood itself, next to the M6 and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birchwood_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birchwood railway station">Birchwood railway station</a>. Birchwood was built on the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ROF_Risley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ROF Risley">ROF Risley</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lancashire_2">Lancashire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lancashire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience</b>. <b>Specifically, move to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy" title="Lancashire">Lancashire#Economy</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy" title="Lancashire">Lancashire § Economy</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Canberra,_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg/220px-Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg/220px-Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg/330px-Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg/440px-Canberra%2C_Samlesbury_-_geograph.org.uk_-_101508.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gate_guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gate guardian">gate guard</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Military_Air_%26_Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems Military Air & Information">BAE's</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samlesbury_Aerodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samlesbury Aerodrome">Samlesbury</a> site </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> 2010 Annual Business Survey states that 30.3% of jobs in the British aerospace industry are based in Lancashire.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main private employer in the county is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Military_Air_%26_Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems Military Air & Information">BAE Systems Military Air & Information</a> who have two sites east and west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> for the manufacture of military aircraft. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samlesbury_Aerodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samlesbury Aerodrome">Samlesbury</a> (4000 employees) makes air-frames; the front fuselage, canards and tailfin of the Eurofighter. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warton_Aerodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warton Aerodrome">Warton</a>, BAE Systems' main site (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Electric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>, then <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a>), is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryning-with-Warton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryning-with-Warton">Bryning-with-Warton</a> (6500 employees).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BAE builds a Eurofighter every two weeks (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Takt_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Takt time">takt time</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turbofan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> blades in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barnoldswick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a> (950 employees).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby Weston EU manufacture components in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foulridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foulridge">Foulridge</a> (250)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engine maintenance contractor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euravia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Euravia">Euravia</a> are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelbrook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelbrook">Kelbrook</a> (100).<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Safran">Safran</a> Aircelle make engine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacelle">nacelles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrust_reversal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrust reversal">thrust reversers</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a> (800), and mostly make thrust reversers for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Trent_700?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 700">Trent 700</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a> subsidiary Unison Engine Components (320),<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the largest of several others in the area.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a> (BNFL) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Springfields?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Springfields">Springfields</a> site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salwick">Salwick</a>, off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A583_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A583 road">A583</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newton-with-Clifton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newton-with-Clifton">Newton-with-Clifton</a>. The boiler firm <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAXI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BAXI">BAXI</a> have a factory in the south of Preston, and next door, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assystem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assystem">Assystem</a> UK (engineering consultancy) are off the B5258 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamber_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bamber Bridge">Bamber Bridge</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anheuser-Busch InBev">AB InBev</a> have a brewery on the B6230 in nearby in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samlesbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samlesbury">Samlesbury</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitbread?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a>, and brews <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stella_Artois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stella Artois">Stella Artois</a>); further east the BAE Systems factory is between the A677 and A59, mainly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balderstone,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balderstone, Lancashire">Balderstone</a>. To the north-east of Preston, Bodycare Group make toiletries at the Red Scar Business Park on the B6243, near junction 31a of the M6, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Goss_International&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Goss International (page does not exist)">Goss International</a> UK make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printing_press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Webb_Ivory&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Webb Ivory (page does not exist)">Webb Ivory</a> (charity fundraising, owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Findel_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Findel plc">Findel plc</a>) is off the A6 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avenham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avenham">Avenham</a>, in the south of Preston. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alstom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> Transport (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GEC_Traction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GEC Traction">GEC Traction</a>) is at TLS Preston; company's main Trafford Park site closed in the early 1990s. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bosal_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bosal (company) (page does not exist)">Bosal</a> was the UK's leading manufacturer of car exhausts on Walton Summit, between the M6 and M61 until they closed operations. The Pilkington European Technical Centre is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lathom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lathom">Lathom</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voith">Voith</a> Paper has a site in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stubbins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stubbins">Stubbins</a>, at the northern end of the M66, off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A676_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A676 road">A676</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silentnight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silentnight">Silentnight</a> (600)<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barnoldswick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a>, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hope_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hope Technology">Hope Technology</a> make mountain bike components; nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johnson_Matthey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> makes automotive catalysts. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitworth, Lancashire">Whitworth</a> on the A671, BCH engineer equipment for the food processing industry (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (company)">Mars</a>).</p> <p>Brands originating in Lancashire include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TVR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TVR">TVR</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reebok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reebok">Reebok</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaguar_Cars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar Cars</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warburtons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warburtons">Warburtons</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyland_Trucks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyland Trucks">Leyland Trucks</a> manufactures several truck ranges from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leyland, Lancashire">Leyland</a>, home of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enterprise_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enterprise plc">Enterprise plc</a>, and where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albion_Motors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albion Motors">Albion Automotive</a> (part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Axle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Axle">American Axle</a>) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crankshaft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crankshaft">crankshafts</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Farington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Farington">Farington</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=CCA_Occasions&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="CCA Occasions (page does not exist)">CCA Occasions</a> makes greeting cards on the B5253 on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moss_Side,_South_Ribble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moss Side, South Ribble">Moss Side</a> Ind Estate and nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dr_Oetker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Oetker">Dr Oetker</a> makes Chicago Town and Pizza Ristorante pizzas (330);<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40% of the UK's frozen pizzas are made here, and the Pizza Ristorante brand, solely made in Lancashire, is Italy's best-selling frozen pizza with 20% of the Italian market.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nitecrest&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nitecrest (page does not exist)">Nitecrest</a> is the UK's leading manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gift_card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gift card">gift</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Payment_card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Payment card">payment</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loyalty_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loyalty program">loyalty</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephone card">phone cards</a>, and exports most of its products.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walkers_(snack_foods)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walkers (snack foods)">Walker's</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monster_Munch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monster Munch">Monster Munch</a> at junction 5 of the M58 on the Pimbo Ind Est in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Up_Holland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Up Holland">Up Holland</a>; nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svenska_Cellulosa_Aktiebolaget?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget">SCA Hygiene</a> has their Skelmersdale Mill which makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paper_towel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paper towel">kitchen towel</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Uretek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Uretek (page does not exist)">Uretek</a> UK (polyurethane). To the east is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick%27s_Dairies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick's Dairies">Frederick's Dairies</a> in East Pimbo, who make Cadbury's ice creams, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=TAAG_Steelwork&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="TAAG Steelwork (page does not exist)">TAAG Steelwork</a>, who built the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Olympic_Energy_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Olympic Energy Centre (page does not exist)">Olympic Energy Centre</a>. To the west, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turtle_Wax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turtle Wax">Turtle Wax</a> Europe are next to M58 junction 4 on Gillibrands Ind Est. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a> are administered from Delf House in the centre of Skelmersdale.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victrex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victrex">Victrex</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PEEK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">PEEK</a> (a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermoplastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a>) just north of Blackpool at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cleveleys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cleveleys">Cleveleys</a>. Next door, AGC Chemicals Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asahi_Glass_Co.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Glass Co.">Asahi Glass Co.</a>, makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ETFE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ETFE">ETFE</a> (fluon) for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrical_wiring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrical wiring">electrical wire insulation</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silica_gel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a> off the B5268 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thornton-Cleveleys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thornton-Cleveleys">Thornton-Cleveleys</a>. HTI Group in Fleetwood makes toys and owns <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbie">Barbie</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ennis_Prismo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ennis Prismo (page does not exist)">Ennis Prismo</a> make traffic white line products at Chorley; Walmsleys is a paper manufacturer off the A675 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Withnell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Withnell">Withnell</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DXC_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DXC Technology">DXC Technology</a> (former CSC) have sites in Chorley and Preston. Along the M65, Fort Vale based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simonstone,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simonstone, Lancashire">Simonstone</a> (near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a>) (300) are a world leader in valves and fittings for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tank_truck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tank truck">road tankers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close by, office furniture manufacturer Senator International (800)<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the largest in the UK in their field. Off the A646 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habergham_Eaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habergham Eaves">Habergham Eaves</a>, east of Burnley, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AMS_Neve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AMS Neve">AMS Neve</a>, a renowned manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixing_console?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixing console">audio mixing desks</a>. Telecoms provider <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daisy_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daisy Group">Daisy Group</a> (former Pipex, 400),<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nelson, Lancashire">Nelson</a> is one of the UK's fastest growing companies, on Lomeshaye Ind Est north of M65 junction 12 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brierfield,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brierfield, Lancashire">Brierfield</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cott">Cott Beverages</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Macaw_Soft_Drinks&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Macaw Soft Drinks (page does not exist)">Macaw Soft Drinks</a> before 2006) is off junction 12 of the M65 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brierfield,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brierfield, Lancashire">Brierfield</a>, west of Nelson, next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendle_Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendle Water">Pendle Water</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jura_Elektroapparate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jura Elektroapparate">Jura</a> UK (Swiss coffee machines) is off the A6068 in Colne. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Horrocksford&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Horrocksford (page does not exist)">Horrocksford</a> near Clitheroe, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanson_Cement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanson Cement">Hanson Cement</a> have their large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ribblesdale_Cement&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ribblesdale Cement (page does not exist)">Ribblesdale Cement</a> works, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Ribble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Ribble">River Ribble</a>, which supplied construction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral">Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bensons_for_Beds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bensons for Beds">Bensons for Beds</a> (previously in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burtonwood_and_Westbrook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtonwood and Westbrook">Burtonwood</a> near Warrington) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sleepmasters&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sleepmasters (page does not exist)">Sleepmasters</a> (both owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steinhoff_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steinhoff International">Steinhoff International</a>) are in the north of Accrington, off junction 8 (A56) of the M65, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huncoat_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huncoat railway station">Huncoat railway station</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleeneze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleeneze">Kleeneze</a> (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Findel_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Findel plc">Findel plc</a>) is based with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Express_Gifts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Express Gifts (page does not exist)">Express Gifts</a> off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A678_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A678 road">A678</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clayton-le-Moors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clayton-le-Moors">Clayton-le-Moors</a> off the M65 Hyndburn Interchange between Blackburn and Burnley, north of Accrington with a main distribution centre off the A679 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church, Lancashire">Church</a> on the other side of the M65 in the west of Accrington, with both sites next to the Leeds-Liverpool Canal. Off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A678_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A678 road">A678</a> near the River Calder in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altham,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altham, Lancashire">Altham</a> (north east of Clayton le Moors) is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Senator_(furniture)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Senator (furniture) (page does not exist)">Senator</a> who claim to be the UK's largest manufacturer of office furniture; Simon Jersey designed and made the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Team_GB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Team GB">Team GB</a> clothing for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Olympics</a> opening and closing ceremonies.</p> <p>In Blackpool is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a> (FSB), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amber_Taverns&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Amber Taverns (page does not exist)">Amber Taverns</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premium_Bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium Bond">Premium Bonds</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Savings_and_Investments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Savings and Investments">National Savings and Investments</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Eagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Eagle">Dennis Eagle</a> makes bin wagons in Marton; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tangerine_Confectionery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangerine Confectionery">Tangerine Confectionery</a> are based at Little Marton, with another factory to the east, just south of the main government building site. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_Personnel_and_Veterans_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Service Personnel and Veterans Agency">Service Personnel and Veterans Agency</a> (MoD's pensions, former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veterans_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veterans Agency">Veterans Agency</a>) is off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A585_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A585 road">A585</a> in east Blackpool at the B268 roundabout at Norcross in the south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anchorsholme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anchorsholme">Anchorsholme</a>. The NS & I office of Blackpool is on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A583_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A583 road">A583</a>, off the M55 Marton Circle, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marton,_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marton, Blackpool">Little Marton</a> on the eastern edge of the town. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a>, replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_Independence_Payment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal Independence Payment">Personal Independence Payment</a>, is administered by the DWP, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Disablement_Services_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Disablement Services Authority (page does not exist)">Disablement Services Authority</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Warbreck_House&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Warbreck House (page does not exist)">Warbreck House</a> west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A587_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A587 road">A587</a>, accessed from the B5265 and next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bispham_High_School_Arts_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bispham High School Arts College">Bispham High School</a>. At the end of the M55 (junction 4) off the A5230 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westby-with-Plumptons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westby-with-Plumptons">Westby-with-Plumptons</a> is DWP's large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peel_Park_Control_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peel Park Control Centre (page does not exist)">Peel Park Control Centre</a>, on the Blackpool boundary. Amber Taverns is near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_North_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool North railway station">Blackpool North railway station</a>. To the north of Peel Park, next to the Clifton Retail Park in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mereside&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mereside (page does not exist)">Mereside</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Glasdon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Glasdon (page does not exist)">Glasdon</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Street_furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Street furniture">roadside furniture</a>), off the A583. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burton%27s_Biscuit_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burton's Biscuit Company">Burton's Biscuit Company</a> (owned since November 2013 by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontario_Teachers%27_Pension_Plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan">Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan</a>) have many head office functions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Layton,_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Layton, Blackpool">Layton, Blackpool</a> and a factory off the B5124, in the south of Warbreck, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Branch_Lines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool Branch Lines">railway line</a>, which makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryland_Cookies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryland Cookies">Maryland Cookies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cadbury_Fingers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadbury Fingers">Cadbury Fingers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wagon_Wheels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wagon Wheels">Wagon Wheels</a> (with another main factory in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torfaen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torfaen">Torfaen</a>, south Wales); it is the UK's second largest biscuit maker and was founded in Blackpool.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Paints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Paints">Crown Paints</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darwen">Darwen</a> (500).<sup id="cite_ref-LTRecr_64-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DS_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DS Smith">DS Smith</a> have the Hollins paper mill just south of junction 4 of the M65, off the A666 in Darwen, which is set to close. Across the M65 to the north <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apeks">Apeks</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diving_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackamoor,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackamoor, Lancashire">Blackamoor</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Graham_%26_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Graham & Brown (page does not exist)">Graham & Brown</a> at Blackburn make fancy wallpaper, next to the Leeds & Liverpool Canal, and off the A6077 is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=CWV_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="CWV (company) (page does not exist)">CWV</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coloroll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coloroll">Coloroll</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Wallpaper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Wallpaper">Crown Wallpaper</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capita_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capita Group">Capita Group</a> runs <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">TV Licensing</a> in the middle of the town; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lucite_International&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lucite International (page does not exist)">Lucite International</a> has its main plant on the A666 in the north of the town centre, where it makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucite">Lucite</a>; this site, under ICI Acrylics, manufactured the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perspex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspex">perspex</a> for wartime aircraft canopies from 1940, becoming Ineos Acrylics from 1999 until 2002 and the company is the world's largest manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methyl_methacrylate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methyl methacrylate">methyl methacrylate</a> (MMA); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ICI_Acrylics&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ICI Acrylics (page does not exist)">ICI Acrylics</a> invented the process to make perspex in 1936; the granular form of Perspex was known by ICI as Leukon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tensar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tensar (page does not exist)">Tensar International</a>, invented and manufacture <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geogrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geogrid">geogrids</a> for construction, off the A6077 near junction 5 of the M65 in Blackburn near the B6231 roundabout; nearby is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=A._M._Castle_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="A. M. Castle & Co. (page does not exist)">Castle Metals</a> UK; also on the Shadsworth Business Park is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Evertaut&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Evertaut (page does not exist)">Evertaut</a>, who make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auditorium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a> seating.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Greater_Manchester">Greater Manchester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greater Manchester" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester § Economy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Manchester">Economy of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of companies based in Greater Manchester">List of companies based in Greater Manchester</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool%E2%80%93Manchester_rivalry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool–Manchester rivalry">Liverpool–Manchester rivalry</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyco_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyco International">Tyco</a> UK is based on the A62 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newton_Heath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newton Heath">Newton Heath</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Holt%27s_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Holt's Brewery">Joseph Holt's Brewery</a> is off the A665 next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_(HM_Prison)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester (HM Prison)">Strangeways prison</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boddingtons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddingtons">Boddingtons</a>' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strangeways_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strangeways Brewery">Strangeways Brewery</a> closed in 2006. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avecia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avecia">Avecia</a> (biotechnology) is off the A664 in the Hexagon Tower in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackley">Blackley</a> near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Manchester_General_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Manchester General Hospital">North Manchester General Hospital</a>. North of the hospital at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crumpsall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crumpsall">Crumpsall</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=B3_Cable_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="B3 Cable Solutions (page does not exist)">B3 Cable Solutions</a>, the UK's only former manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telecommunications_cable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telecommunications cable">telecommunications cables</a>, based next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irk">River Irk</a>. Heineken (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scottish & Newcastle">Scottish & Newcastle</a>) have their large Royal Brewery in Moss Side next to the A5103, north of the B5219 junction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral Sportswear">Admiral Sportswear</a> are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northenden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northenden">Northenden</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=British_Textile_Technology_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="British Textile Technology Group (page does not exist)">British Textile Technology Group</a> is in Didsbury. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timpson_(retailer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timpson (retailer)">Timpson</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wythenshawe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharwood%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharwood's">Sharwood's</a> used to make their sauces there until Premier Foods moved production to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a> in 2008. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duerr%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Duerr's">Duerr's</a> make honey and jam at the Roundthorn Ind Estate in Wythenshawe, off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A560_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A560 road">A560</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shell_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell UK">Shell UK</a> (retail) was at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rowlandsway_House&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rowlandsway House (page does not exist)">Rowlandsway House</a> in Wythenshawe until 2011 and has moved to Brabazon House nearby on the Concord Business Park; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of largest companies by revenue">by revenue</a> ($458bn) in 2010, was the world's largest company, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ExxonMobil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> second. Electrium make their Wylex <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distribution_board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distribution board">fuse boxes</a> on the B5168 and B5166 in Wythenshawe, north of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharston">Sharston</a> Interchange of the M56; to the west is a plant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heimbach_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heimbach Group">Heimbach Group</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PZ_Cussons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PZ Cussons">PZ Cussons</a> (formerly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_Heath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle Heath">Cheadle Heath</a>) is off the Airport Interchange of the M56, with a manufacturing site on the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agecroft_Colliery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agecroft Colliery">Agecroft Colliery</a> next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribble_Valley_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribble Valley Line">railway</a> in Pendlebury, Salford, off the A6044. Nearby in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Moss_Nook&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Moss Nook (page does not exist)">Moss Nook</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franke_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franke (company)">Franke UK</a>, the world's largest manufacturer of domestic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sink">sinks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Carves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Carves">Simon Carves</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Process_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Process engineering">process engineering</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renold">Renold plc</a> is an international chain company based on the B5166, off the Manchester Airport spur of the M56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> have a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fulfillment_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fulfillment house">fulfilment centre</a> off the A538 west of the airport, south of the Hale Four Seasons Roundabout of the M56.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N_Brown_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="N Brown Group">N Brown Group</a> (JD Williams) is one of Britain's main clothing manufacturers and retailers, and based in central Manchester near the A62/A665 junction and Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Owen_Williams_(engineer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Owen Williams (engineer)">Owen William</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Daily Express Building</a>, and owns well-known brands. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazprom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazprom">Gazprom Energy</a> is on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quay_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quay Street">Quay Street</a> (A34) towards the River Irwell.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg/220px-Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg/220px-Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg/330px-Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg/440px-Heinz_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1224705.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H._J._Heinz_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Heinz Company">Heinz</a>, although based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayes,_Hillingdon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayes, Hillingdon">Hayes</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middlesex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H._J._Heinz,_Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="H. J. Heinz, Wigan">largest food processing complex</a> in Europe at a 55-acre (22 ha) site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kitt_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kitt Green">Kitt Green</a> in Wigan, which produces 1.4 billion cans of food each year; it is accessed to the east of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orrell,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orrell, Greater Manchester">Orrell</a> Interchange of the M6 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A577_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A577 road">A577</a>); the 38-acre Heinz NDC is next door </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JJB_Sports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JJB Sports">JJB Sports</a> is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Green,_Wigan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marsh Green, Wigan (page does not exist)">Marsh Green</a> near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">River Douglas</a>, set up by former footballer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dave_Whelan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dave Whelan">Dave Whelan</a> who owns <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan Athletic F.C.">Wigan Athletic F.C.</a>; also in Wigan are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Tote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Tote">The Tote</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shearings_Holidays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shearings Holidays">Shearings Holidays</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girobank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girobank">Girobank</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%26R_Ice_Cream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="R&R Ice Cream">R&R Ice Cream</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richmond_Foods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Foods">Richmond Foods</a>) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Roma">De Roma</a> ice cream. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Contitech&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Contitech (page does not exist)">Contitech</a> UK (part of Continental AG) makes industrial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belt (mechanical)">belts</a> off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A587_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A587 road">A587</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bickershaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bickershaw">Bickershaw</a>, between Wigan and Leigh. Bulldog Tools make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spade">spades</a> on the A577 in the east of Wigan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrium">Electrium</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Volex&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Volex (page does not exist)">Volex</a>) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrical_wiring_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom">electrical wiring</a> off the A578, north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westleigh,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westleigh, Greater Manchester">Westleigh</a>. Ainscough Crane Hire is the UK's largest lifting services company on Bradley Hall Est in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standish,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standish, Greater Manchester">Standish</a>, next to the WCML. Off the A580 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A573_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A573 road">A573</a> roundabout at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golborne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golborne">Golborne</a>, at Stone Cross Park south of the borough, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpla">Alpla</a> UK (plastic bottles) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofology">Sofology</a> (furniture).</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Makro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Makro">Makro</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Akcros_Chemicals&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Akcros Chemicals (page does not exist)">Akcros Chemicals</a> are off the A576. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cooper_%26_Stollbrand&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cooper & Stollbrand (page does not exist)">Cooper & Stollbrand</a> make premium garments next to the River Irwell on Cambridge Ind Est in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broughton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton, Greater Manchester">Lower Broughton</a>. On the Bolton boundary in north of the borough in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Little_Hulton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Little Hulton">Little Hulton</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eaton_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton Transmissions</a> closed in 2006, with production moving to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tczew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tczew">Tczew</a> in Poland. Colgate closed its toothpaste factory in October 2008, on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5066_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A5066 road">A5066</a>, and is now called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Soapworks&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Soapworks (page does not exist)">Soapworks</a>, near the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Docks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Docks">Pomona Docks</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordsall,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordsall, Greater Manchester">Ordsall</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentair">Pentair</a> Safety Systems have a main site in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linnyshaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linnyshaw">Linnyshaw</a>, west of the M61 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worsley_Braided_Interchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worsley Braided Interchange">Worsley Braided Interchange</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House,_Hereford_St,_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg/220px-Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg/220px-Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg/330px-Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg/440px-Back_o%27_th%27_Bank_House%2C_Hereford_St%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_158440.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Head office of Warburtons in Bolton in April 2006 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sock_Shop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sock Shop">Sock Shop</a> is in Bolton, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MBDA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MBDA">MBDA</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matra">Matra</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAe_Dynamics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAe Dynamics">BAe Dynamics</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alenia_Marconi_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alenia Marconi Systems">Alenia</a>, owned 37.5% by BAE Systems) makes missiles in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lostock,_Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lostock, Bolton">Lostock</a> near the Horwich Link Interchange of the M61; it is the historic main manufacturing site of Britain's aircraft-launched missiles; MBDA Lostock is MBDA's largest production site (of the whole company) and makes the air-to-air <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASRAAM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASRAAM">ASRAAM</a> (found on the Eurofighter) and the air-to-surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Active_radar_homing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Active radar homing">active radar homing</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brimstone_(missile)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brimstone (missile)">Brimstone (missile)</a> designed by GEC-Marconi in the 1990s, and previously made the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapier_(missile)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapier (missile)">Rapier</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Havilland Firestreak">De Havilland Firestreak</a>, Britain's first (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infrared_homing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infrared homing">infrared homing</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air-to-air_missile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missile</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cash_Generator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cash Generator">Cash Generator</a> is south of the borough off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A575_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A575 road">A575</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Farnworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a>, north of the Salford boundary; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cosatto&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cosatto (page does not exist)">Cosatto</a> (nursery equipment) is on the A575 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moses_Gate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moses Gate">Moses Gate</a>, in East Farnworth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dabs.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dabs.com">dabs.com</a>, an e-commerce site owned by BT, is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wingates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wingates">Wingates</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westhoughton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westhoughton">Westhoughton</a>), west of Bolton off the A6 and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horwich">Horwich</a> Link Interchange of the M61, next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krones">Krones</a> UK (German) on the Wingates Ind Est, which produces machinery for bottling manufacture; nearby is a hologram factory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_La_Rue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benteler_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benteler International">Benteler</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_steel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> tubes) is next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Croal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Croal">River Croal</a> off the A58 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonge_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonge Moor">Tonge Moor</a> next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astley_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astley Bridge">Astley Bridge</a> in north Bolton and to the south <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMT_Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PMT Italia">PMT Industries</a> makes paper drying machines. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Watson_Steel_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Watson Steel Structures (page does not exist)">Watson Steel Structures</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severfield">Severfield</a>, opposite MBDA in Lostock) built steel structures for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(London)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium (London)">Olympic Stadium</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lee_Valley_VeloPark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lee Valley VeloPark">Velodrome</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basketball_Arena_(London)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basketball Arena (London)">Basketball Arena</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper_Box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Box">Handball Centre</a>, as well as numerous well-known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structural_steel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structural steel">steel structures</a> around the UK, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspire_(sculpture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspire (sculpture)">Aspire</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clyde_Arc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clyde Arc">Clyde Arc</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> built aircraft in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chadderton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a> and Woodford in Stockport (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro">Avro</a>) off the A5102 (the eastern half of the airfield is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a>); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Aerospace_146?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Aerospace 146">BAe 146</a> (Avro RJ) was manufactured at Woodford until 2001. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senior_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senior plc">Senior Aerospace BWT</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adlington,_Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adlington, Cheshire">Adlington, Cheshire</a> off the A523 at the eastern end of Woodford Aerodrome, make air-conditioning systems for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_jet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Business jet">business jets</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Norske Veritas">DNV</a> UK (engineering standards), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Tyres_and_Autocare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Tyres and Autocare">National Tyre Service</a> (at the A5145/A6 junction) and Britain's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet bank">internet bank</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smile_(bank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smile (bank)">Smile</a> (founded by the Co-op in 1999) are nearby in Stockport. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wienerberger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wienerberger">Wienerberger</a> UK, the Austrian brick company who own Baggeridge, are based at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cheadle_Royal_Business_Park&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cheadle Royal Business Park (page does not exist)">Cheadle Royal Business Park</a> at the B5358/A34 junction, as is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umbro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umbro">Umbro</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agilent_Technologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a> UK (biomedical equipment), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chiesi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chiesi (page does not exist)">Chiesi</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulmonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulmonology">respiratory medicine</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DBS_Civilian_HR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DBS Civilian HR">DBS Civilian HR</a> (the former Pay and Personnel Agency) is off A555 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle Hulme">Cheadle Hulme</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adidas">Adidas UK</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bramhall_Moor&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bramhall Moor (page does not exist)">Bramhall Moor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazel Grove">Hazel Grove</a> off the A5143, and further south is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a> UK which make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MOSFET?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a>; on the opposite side of the railway is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MAN_Diesel_%26_Turbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MAN Diesel & Turbo">MAN Diesel & Turbo</a>, which is next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stepping_Hill_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stepping Hill Hospital">Stepping Hill Hospital</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BASF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BASF">BASF UK</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handforth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handforth">Handforth</a> next to the A34/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A555_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A555 road">A555</a> junction on the Cheshire boundary. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thales_Underwater_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thales Underwater Systems">Thales Underwater Systems</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomson_Marconi_Sonar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomson Marconi Sonar">Ferranti Thomson Sonar Systems</a>) is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_Heath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle Heath">Cheadle Heath</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McVitie%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McVitie's">McVitie's</a> make their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaffa_Cakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaffa Cakes">Jaffa Cakes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penguin_(biscuit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penguin (biscuit)">Penguins</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digestive_biscuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digestive biscuit">chocolate digestives</a> at a factory in South Manchester on the A6.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jysk_(store)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jysk (store)">JYSK</a> UK (mattresses) are off the A523 near the A6 junction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pilkington's_Tiles&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pilkington's Tiles (page does not exist)">Pilkington's Tiles</a> are based on Bredbury Park Ind Est, near a main factory of Renold Chain on the A6017 off the M60 Bredbury Interchange; also in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bredbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bredbury">Bredbury</a> off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6017_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A6017 road">A6017</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janome">Janome</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sewing_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sewing machine">sewing machines</a>).</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russell_Hobbs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russell Hobbs">Russell Hobbs</a> is in the south of the borough at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Failsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A62_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A62 road">A62</a>, west of the M60 Hollinwood Interchange; nearby to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hollinwood_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollinwood railway station">Hollinwood railway station</a> in Oldham, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinity_Mirror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a> (former Mirror Colour Print before 2006) prints the <i>Mirror</i> and <i>Independent</i> for the north of England, as well as the <i>Manchester Evening News</i> and <i>Liverpool Echo</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diodes_Incorporated?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diodes Incorporated">Diodes Semiconductors</a> (former Zetex) based off the A669 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alder_Root&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alder Root (page does not exist)">Alder Root</a>, Chadderton, is a leader in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LED_lamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LED lamp">LED lighting</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Money_Controls&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Money Controls (page does not exist)">Money Controls</a>, in Royton in the north of the borough, make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Currency_detector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Currency detector">currency detectors</a>, being owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crane_Merchandising_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane Merchandising Systems">Crane Payment Solutions</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulse_Home_Products?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse Home Products">Pulse Home Products</a> (makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breville">Breville</a>, owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jarden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jarden">Jarden</a> in Florida) is on the B6195. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Chadderton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BAE Chadderton">BAE Chadderton</a> was next to the M60 and B6393, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldervale_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldervale Line">railway</a>, and closed in March 2012; later a repair facility, it built the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro_Lancaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro_Vulcan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro Vulcan">Vulcan</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%B6lnlycke_Health_Care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mölnlycke Health Care">Mölnlycke Health Care</a> UK on the B6194 in central Oldham make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scrubs (clothing)">surgical clothing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surgical_mask?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surgical mask">masks</a>. Shop Direct have their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaw_National_Distribution_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaw National Distribution Centre">Shaw National Distribution Centre</a>.</p> <p>Revolution Bars Group (former Inventive Leisure before December 2014), who own the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolution_(vodka_bars)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution (vodka bars)">Revolution</a> pub chain, are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerry_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerry Group">Kerry Foods</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godley,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godley, Greater Manchester">Godley Hill</a> (Hyde) on the A57 make Richmond and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wall%27s_(meat)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wall's (meat)">Wall's</a> sausages. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robertson%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robertson's">Robertson's</a> (now owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Foods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier Foods">Premier Foods</a> since it was bought from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rank_Hovis_McDougall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rank Hovis McDougall">Rank Hovis McDougall</a>) moved their marmalade (Golden Shred) and jam processing from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droylsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histon">Histon</a> (Cambridgeshire) in October 2008. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brother_Industries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a> Europe (typewriters and sewing machines) are at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hooley_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hooley Hill (page does not exist)">Hooley Hill</a> on the A6017 next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guide_Bridge_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guide Bridge railway station">Guide Bridge railway station</a>, east of the Snipe Interchange of the M60. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_Sports_Company&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Outdoor Sports Company (page does not exist)">Outdoor Sports Company</a> owner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Equipment_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mountain Equipment (company) (page does not exist)">Mountain Equipment</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ronhill&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ronhill (page does not exist)">Ronhill</a> (running clothing), and Sprayway, are based off the B6468 in Hyde.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotton_Traders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotton Traders">Cotton Traders</a> are in Altrincham, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dulux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dulux">Dulux Decorator Centres</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timperley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timperley">West Timperley</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia_Hotels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia Hotels">Britannia Hotels</a> is on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A538_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A538 road">A538</a> in Hale near the A5144 junction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LyondellBasell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LyondellBasell">LyondellBasell</a> UK (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basell_Polyolefins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basell Polyolefins">Basell Polyolefins</a>), makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypropylene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> resin at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Carrington_Works&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Carrington Works (page does not exist)">Carrington Works</a>, off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6144(M)_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A6144(M) motorway">A6144</a> (former motorway) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrington,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrington, Greater Manchester">Carrington</a>, off the Carrington Interchange of the M60, which was set up to exploit the British-invented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Catarole_process&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Catarole process (page does not exist)">Catarole process</a>, later bought by Shell in 1955. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethel_Austin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethel Austin">Ethel Austin</a> is in Altrincham (formerly Knowsley until 2010). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Virtalis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Virtalis (page does not exist)">Virtalis</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtual_reality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>) is off the B5397 near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dane_Road_Metrolink_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dane Road Metrolink station">Dane Road Metrolink station</a> in Sale. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=S2Blue&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="S2Blue (page does not exist)">S2Blue</a>, a radio jingles company run by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steve_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steve England">Steve England</a>, is off the A6144 near the B5165 junction, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton_upon_Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton upon Mersey">Ashton upon Mersey</a> in the former studios of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfasound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfasound">Alfasound</a> (having moved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leek,_Staffordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leek, Staffordshire">Leek</a> in 2013). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HomeForm_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HomeForm Group">HomeForm Group</a>, owner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moben_Kitchens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moben Kitchens">Möben Kitchens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharps_Bedrooms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharps Bedrooms">Sharps Bedrooms</a> and Dolphin Bathrooms until 2011, was on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A56_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A56 road">A56</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Trafford_(district)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Trafford (district)">Old Trafford</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itron">Itron</a> UK (flow metering) have a plant at the A56/A5014 junction at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorse_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorse Hill">Gorse Hillin</a> Stretford; further along the A5014 there is Kelloggs UK HQ next to the Old Trafford cricket ground. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatta_(clothing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatta (clothing)">Regatta</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craghoppers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craghoppers">Craghoppers</a> are on Barton Dock Road (B5211), near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a> (the base of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Peel_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Peel Group">The Peel Group</a>), on the other side of the A5081. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Holt_Lloyd&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Holt Lloyd (page does not exist)">Holt Lloyd</a>, known as Holts, the largest car care company in the world in the 1980s, now owned by Honeywell Consumer Products Group, is based on Barton Dock Road (B5211), at Merlin Park on the south of Trafford Park, off the M60 Lostock Circle. On Trafford Park near the A576 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Centenary_Bridge_(Manchester)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Centenary Bridge (Manchester) (page does not exist)">Centenary Bridge</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svenska_Cellulosa_Aktiebolaget?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget">SCA</a> makes household tissue products (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procter & Gamble">P&G</a> before 2007), and next door is P&G's Manchester Plant which makes its <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pampers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pampers">Pampers</a></i> nappies. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Fragrance_Shop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Fragrance Shop">The Fragrance Shop</a> is based near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trafford_Ecology_Park&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trafford Ecology Park (page does not exist)">Trafford Ecology Park</a>, on Trafford Park. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soreen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soreen">Soreen</a> is made south of Trafford Park, next to the Bridgewater Canal off the A5081 Parkway Circle roundabout; next door UK Data Capture (Lockheed Martin) processed all the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> census data.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg/220px-The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg/220px-The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg/330px-The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg/440px-The_Best_to_You_Each_Morning%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47831.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Kelloggs in Manchester, looking north along the A5181 next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Fire_and_Rescue_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service">GMFRS</a>'s Stretford Area Command HQ; the site is the largest producer of cereals in Europe </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelloggs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelloggs">Kelloggs</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a> (Manchester); to the north Adidas have their European distribution centre, and nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TDG_Limited?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TDG Limited">TDG</a> was on the industrial estate, until bought by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norbert_Dentressangle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norbert Dentressangle">Norbert Dentressangle</a> in 2011. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DHL_Freight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Freight">DHL Freight</a> UK is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Manchester_International_Freight_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Manchester International Freight Terminal (page does not exist)">Manchester International Freight Terminal</a>, west of the Old Trafford football ground. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemtura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemtura">Chemtura</a> (chemicals, former site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciba-Geigy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciba-Geigy">Ciba-Geigy</a>) is between the A576 and B5214 towards the north end of the industrial park. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucchini_RS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucchini RS">Lucchini</a> UK (railway <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheelsets</a> and axles) are on Trafford Park off the B5214, and are a main supplier for UK trains. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ocean_Finance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ocean Finance">Ocean Finance</a> is on Trafford Park (previously in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hot_Animation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Animation">Hot Animation</a>, who made <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bob_the_Builder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bob the Builder">Bob the Builder</a></i>, are on Hanover Business Park in the east of Altrincham, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broadheath,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broadheath, Greater Manchester">Broadheath</a>; to the south towards the Bridgewater Canal, across a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_and_Altrincham_Junction_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington and Altrincham Junction Railway">former railway</a>, on the Altrincham Ind Est, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girlguiding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girlguiding">Girlguiding</a> UK run their trading service.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:JD_Sports,_Belfast,_March_2011.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG/150px-JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG/150px-JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG/225px-JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG/300px-JD_Sports%2C_Belfast%2C_March_2011.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> JD Sports (in Belfast), the largest company in Bury </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JD_Sports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a> is west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilsworth">Pilsworth</a> Interchange of the M66 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unsworth">Unsworth</a> south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birthdays_(retailer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birthdays (retailer)">Birthdays</a> is west of the Heap Bridge Interchange; Tetrosyl Group Ltd, UK maker of car care products are at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walmersley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walmersley">Walmersley</a>, off the A56 and also at junction 2 (A58) of the M66. At A6053/A56 junction in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redvales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redvales">Redvales</a>, to the south of Bury is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Swintex&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Swintex (page does not exist)">Melba Swintex</a>, a main supplier of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Street_furniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Street furniture">street furniture</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traffic_cone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traffic cone">traffic cones</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traffic_barrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traffic barrier">barriers</a>, claiming to be a world leader. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milliken_%26_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milliken & Company">Milliken</a> make airbags on the A58, south-west of Bury.</p> <p>PTG (Holroyd Machine Tools) are based off the M62 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milnrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milnrow">Milnrow</a> Interchange; nearby off the A6193 are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Takeuchi_Manufacturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Takeuchi Manufacturing">Takeuchi Manufacturing</a> UK (construction equipment). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Foods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier Foods">Premier Foods</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarson%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarson's">Sarson's</a> on the A669 near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mills_Hill_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mills Hill railway station">Mills Hill railway station</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a>; on the opposite side of the railway <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vita_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vita Group (page does not exist)">Vita Group</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_polyurethane_applications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of polyurethane applications">polyurethane foam</a> (Vitafoam, the largest supplier in the UK). Voith Paper have a servicing centre on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A576_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A576 road">A576</a>, west of Middleton town centre. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Co-op_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op UK">Co-op</a> is based in Manchester and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Minky_Homecare&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Minky Homecare (page does not exist)">Minky Homecare</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Housekeeping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Housekeeping">household cleaning</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freudenberg_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freudenberg Group">Freudenberg Household Products</a> UK is in the centre of Rochdale off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A671_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A671 road">A671</a>. Zen Internet is at Sandbrook House on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sandbrook_Park&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sandbrook Park (page does not exist)">Sandbrook Park</a> at end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A627(M)_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A627(M) motorway">A627(M)</a> off the A664 in Stoneyfield in the south of Rochdale, and next door is the HQ of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Co-operative_Pharmacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Pharmacy">The Co-operative Pharmacy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/We_Buy_Any_Car?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="We Buy Any Car">We Buy Any Car</a> is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castleton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castleton, Greater Manchester">Castleton</a> near the A664, in the south-west of Rochdale, the same site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carcraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carcraft">Carcraft</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=C.H._Guenther&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="C.H. Guenther (page does not exist)">Guenther Bakeries</a> (owned by Golden West, part of RHM, until 2005) in the south of Heywood, east of the large Heywood Distribution Park, makes the bread buns for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McDonald%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> (with another site in Banbury).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Merseyside">Merseyside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Merseyside" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy" title="Merseyside">Merseyside § Economy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Liverpool">Economy of Liverpool</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Littlewoods_Building.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Littlewoods_Building.jpg/220px-Littlewoods_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Littlewoods_Building.jpg/220px-Littlewoods_Building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Littlewoods_Building.jpg/330px-Littlewoods_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Littlewoods_Building.jpg/440px-Littlewoods_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The 1938 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Littlewoods_Pools_building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littlewoods Pools building">Littlewood's Building</a> next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wavertree_Technology_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wavertree Technology Park">Wavertree Technology Park</a>, on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edge_Lane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edge Lane">Edge Lane</a>, looking east from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilkington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St. Helens</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knauf_Insulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knauf Insulation">Knauf Insulation</a> UK, is south-west of the town centre. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alumasc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alumasc (page does not exist)">Alumasc</a> Exterior Building Products is on B5204 near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_Junction_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens Junction railway station">St Helens Junction railway station</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutton,_St_Helens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sutton, St Helens">Sutton</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalzip&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalzip (page does not exist)">Kalzip</a>, a division of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a>, make aluminium roofs in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haydock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haydock">Haydock</a>; GCE Group UK, who make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medical_gas_supply?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medical gas supply">medical gas controllers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diving_regulator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diving regulator">diving regulators</a>, are on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A599_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A599 road">A599</a> near the M6 Haydock Island; to the north-west is a large Sainsbury's RDC; further up the A49 before Ashton-in-Makerfield and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byrchall_High_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byrchall High School">Byrchall High School</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speedy_Hire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speedy Hire">Speedy Hire</a>, the biggest hire firm in the UK. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vimto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vimto">Vimto</a> is owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichols_plc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nichols plc">Nichols plc</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newton-le-Willows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newton-le-Willows">Newton-le-Willows</a>, although actually made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cott">Cott Beverages</a> in north <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leicestershire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Littlewoods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littlewoods">Littlewoods</a> are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garston,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Garston, Merseyside">Garston</a>, who are owned by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shop_Direct_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shop Direct Group">Shop Direct Group</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speke">Speke</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princes_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes (company)">Princes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johnsons_Cleaners_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johnsons Cleaners UK">Johnsons Cleaners UK</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._P._Moller-Maersk_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. Moller-Maersk Group">Maersk Line UK</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beetham_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beetham Organization">Beetham Organization</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_West_Foods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John West Foods">John West Foods</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibby_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibby Line">Bibby Line</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Bargains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Bargains">Home Bargains</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Liver_Friendly_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Liver Friendly Society">Royal Liver Assurance</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T_J_Hughes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="T J Hughes">T J Hughes</a> have their headquarters in Liverpool. Towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aintree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aintree">Aintree</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob's">Jacob's</a> and their crackers are historically based, and also make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twiglets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twiglets">Twiglets</a> at their site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hartley%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hartley's">Hartley's</a> Village in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fazakerley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fazakerley">Fazakerley</a>, and nearby is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sportech_PLC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportech PLC">Sportech PLC</a>, owner of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football_pool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Football pool">football pools</a>; Trigon Snacks make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_D_(peanuts)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big D (peanuts)">Big D (peanuts)</a> in Aintree, and have done since the 1970s on the Greylaw Ind Est off the B5187, near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archbishop_Beck_Catholic_Sports_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Beck Catholic Sports College">Archbishop Beck Catholic Sports College</a>. HMRC's (former Inland Revenue) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=National_Insolvency_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="National Insolvency Unit (page does not exist)">National Insolvency Unit</a> is at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regian_House&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regian House (page does not exist)">Regian House</a> (previously at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen%27s_Dock,_Port_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen's Dock, Port of Liverpool">Queen's Dock</a>) opposite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_James_Street_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool James Street railway station">Liverpool James Street railway station</a> and next to Liverpool's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Careers_Office&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Armed Forces Careers Office (page does not exist)">Armed Forces Careers Office</a>. The Criminal Records Bureau is on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince%27s_Dock,_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince's Dock, Liverpool">Prince's Dock</a>, since 2013 part of the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disclosure_and_Barring_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disclosure and Barring Service">Disclosure and Barring Service</a> (with the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_Safeguarding_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent Safeguarding Authority">ISA</a> in Darlington). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Bills_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Bills Agency">Defence Bills Agency</a> was at Mersey House next to St James railway station, now part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Business_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Business Services">DBS Finance</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tangerine_Confectionery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangerine Confectionery">Tangerine Confectionery</a> makes its Princess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marshmallow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marshmallow">marshmallows</a> off <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edge_Lane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edge Lane">Edge Lane</a> (A5047) in east Liverpool, west of Wavertree Technology Park. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Bargains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Bargains">Home Bargains</a> are off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A580_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A580 road">A580</a> west of junction 4 of the M57, on the Knowsley boundary at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonebridge_Park,_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stonebridge Park, Liverpool">Stonebridge Park</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=JF_Renshaw&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="JF Renshaw (page does not exist)">JF Renshaw</a> (Renshaw Napier), who have a Royal warrant, make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icing_(food)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icing (food)">cake icing</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A562_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A562 road">A562</a> next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Women%27s_NHS_Foundation_Trust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust">Liverpool Women's Hospital</a> in Edge Hill; 90% of the UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marzipan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a> comes from this factory. At Speke on the A561, west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaguar Land Rover">JLR</a> plant, partly in Knowsley, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novartis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> make vaccines such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Influenza_vaccine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Influenza vaccine">Fluvirin</a>, and directly to the south <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MedImmune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MedImmune">MedImmune</a> (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AstraZeneca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>) makes components of influenza vaccine (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">FluMist</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Briggs_Automotive_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Briggs Automotive Company">Briggs Automotive Company</a> is on Speke Hall Ind Est, with HP Chemie Pelzer UK (automobile <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absorption_(acoustics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absorption (acoustics)">acoustics</a>). At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunts_Cross?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunts Cross">Hunts Cross</a> on the northern side of the railway line, the large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly</a> Speke Operations manufacturing plant produces antibiotics such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capreomycin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capreomycin">Capreomycin</a>, and in 1981 produced the world's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthetic</a> product, by manufacturing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biologic_medical_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologic medical product">biologic</a> insulin, and has also produced biosynthetic human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Growth_hormone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> since 1985; the plant was owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Distillers_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Distillers Company">The Distillers Company</a> after the war until 1962, where it made penicillin and later made <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thalidomide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a>. Near the A561/A562 junction, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwest_Regional_Development_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwest Regional Development Agency">NWDA</a>-funded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=National_Biomanufacturing_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="National Biomanufacturing Centre (page does not exist)">National Biomanufacturing Centre</a> was built in 2006. On the south side of the A561 in Speke is Estuary Commerce Park. Further to south is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prinovis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prinovis (page does not exist)">Prinovis</a> UK and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B_%26_M?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="B & M">B & M</a> (previously in Blackpool) on the Liverpool International Business Park; on the former Speke Aerodrome is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shop_Direct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shop Direct">Shop Direct</a> near the National Biomanufacturing Centre.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory,_Bromborough.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Cereal_Partners_UK_factory%2C_Bromborough.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cereal_Partners_Worldwide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cereal Partners Worldwide">Cereal Partners</a> UK (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheerios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheerios">Cheerios</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Nuggets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Nuggets">Golden Nuggets</a> on the A41 opposite Port Sunlight at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bromborough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bromborough">Bromborough</a>, also the base of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CSM_N.V.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CSM N.V.">CSM</a> UK, the baking ingredients company based at a former Unilever <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stork_(margarine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stork (margarine)">Stork</a> margarine site. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a> has 166 acres of its main <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood_Body_%26_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halewood Body & Assembly">production site</a> (formerly owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford of Europe">Ford</a>) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halewood">Halewood</a>, making the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_Rover_Freelander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land Rover Freelander">Freelander</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Range_Rover_Evoque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Range Rover Evoque">Range Rover Evoque</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Getrag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Getrag">Getrag Ford Transmissions</a>, make 400,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automatic_transmission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Automatic transmission">automatic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manual_transmission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manual transmission">manual transmissions</a> next door to the east of JLR's Halewood plant, for Ford, Volvo and Mazda vehicles. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magna_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magna International">Magna Decoma</a>, west of JLR Halewood and east of Novartis, make car interiors and exteriors. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dairy_Crest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitalite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitalite">Vitalite</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utterly_Butterly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Utterly Butterly">Utterly Butterly</a> on the A5207 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirkby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirkby">Kirkby</a>, off the M57 Randles Farm Interchange, opposite a former site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethel_Austin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethel Austin">Ethel Austin</a>; to the east of Dairy Crest is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Copper_Tube&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yorkshire Copper Tube (page does not exist)">Yorkshire Copper Tube</a>, Britain's main manufacturer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper_tubing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper tubing">copper tubing</a>, owned by Italian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KME_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KME Group">KME Group</a>; Counterline make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foodservice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foodservice">foodservice</a> counters on Knowsley Business Park; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarke_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clarke Energy">Clarke Energy</a> is on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5208_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A5208 road">A5208</a>. Further north on the estate next to the A5208 is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/QVC_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="QVC (UK)">QVC UK</a>'s distribution centre, with all three in Kirkby. Further north, next to the Lancashire boundary is Goodrich Actuation Systems on the Huyton Ind Est (in former Huyton Quarry) on the north-west side of the M62 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarbock_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarbock Island">Tarbock Island</a> (off the A5080) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarbock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarbock">Tarbock</a>. Next door <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halewood International">Halewood International</a>, who make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambrini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lambrini">Lambrini</a>, Red Square, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lamb%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lamb's">Lamb's</a> Navy Rum and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcopop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcopop">alcopops</a>, are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Whitefield_Lane_End&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Whitefield Lane End (page does not exist)">Whitefield Lane End</a>, in the south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huyton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huyton">Huyton</a> at the M62/M57 junction. Belling Ltd (owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glen_Dimplex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Dimplex">Glen Dimplex</a>) is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whiston,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whiston, Merseyside">Whiston</a>, next to the large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whiston_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whiston Hospital">Whiston Hospital</a>; Glen Dimplex Whiston is the UK's only manufacturer of cookers, around 350,000 a year (Stoves plc before 2001), and also owns <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LEC_Refrigeration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LEC Refrigeration">LEC</a> fridges. Manesty manufactures medicine tablets off the B5194 on the Knowsley Business Park. Nationwide fashion retailer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matalan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matalan">Matalan</a> has its head office and main distribution centre in the north of the Knowsley Ind Est (at Skelmersdale until 2014); the Knowsley Ind Estate is all on the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ROF_Kirkby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ROF Kirkby">ROF Kirkby</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camelot_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camelot Group">Camelot Group</a> have their Liverpool Prize Payout Centre on the Kings Business Park on the A57, west of the M57 Forest House Interchange.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg/220px-Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg/220px-Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg/330px-Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg/440px-Unilever_Research_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_524705.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unilever_Research_%26_Development_Port_Sunlight_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory">Unilever Research Laboratory</a> at Port Sunlight (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bebington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bebington">Bebington</a>) looking west, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral Line">Wirral Line</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typhoo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Typhoo">Typhoo</a> tea is made in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moreton,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moreton, Merseyside">Moreton</a> off the A551 next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moreton_(Merseyside)_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreton (Merseyside) railway station">Moreton railway station</a>, and on the same site there is Manor Bakeries (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Foods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier Foods">Premier Foods</a>, former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. Lyons and Co.">Lyons Cakes</a>, before April 1995) who make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Cadbury_products?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cadbury products">mini rolls</a>, and a factory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burton%27s_Biscuit_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burton's Biscuit Company">Burton's Biscuit Company</a> closed in December 2011 which made Cadbury's biscuits (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cadbury_Fingers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadbury Fingers">Cadbury Fingers</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wagon_Wheels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wagon Wheels">Wagon Wheels</a>, where they still have a chocolate refinery. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a> UK have their main research laboratories east of the Moreton bakery, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leasowe_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leasowe railway station">Leasowe railway station</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=CML_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="CML Group (page does not exist)">CML Group</a> (part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teledyne Technologies">Teledyne</a>) makes composites and aircraft components off the A41 at Bromborough near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastham,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastham, Merseyside">Eastham Country Park</a>; to the south is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Einhell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Einhell">Einhell</a> UK (power tools). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stiebel_Eltron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stiebel Eltron">Stiebel Eltron</a> UK (heat pumps) nearby, are near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meyer_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyer Corporation">Meyer</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prestige_(cookware)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prestige (cookware) (page does not exist)">Prestige</a> who make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cookware and bakeware">cookware</a> (who also own Circulon and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anolon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anolon (page does not exist)">Anolon</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Givaudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Givaudan">Givaudan</a> UK have a fragrances factory. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithium_Corporation_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithium Corporation of America">FMC Lithium</a>, east of the A41 at Wirral International Business Park, makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Butyllithium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Butyllithium">butyllithium</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic</a> compounds. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_Sunlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unilever?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> make and research detergents and shampoo, such as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timotei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timotei">Timotei</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunsilk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunsilk">Sunsilk</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comfort_(fabric_softener)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comfort (fabric softener)">Comfort</a></i> and <i>Persil Liquid</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cammell_Laird?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cammell Laird">Cammell Laird</a> at Birkenhead build ships, including two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resolution-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resolution-class submarine">Resolution-class submarines</a> in the 1960s; on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twelve Quays">Twelve Quays</a> off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A554_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A554 road">A554</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faiveley_Transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faiveley Transport">Faiveley Transport</a> UK (railway electrical components). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Survitec_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Survitec Group">RFD Beaufort</a> (known as Beaufort Air-Sea Equipment in the 1980s) make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G-suit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G-suit">G-suits</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fighter_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">liferafts</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastham_Oil_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastham Oil Terminal">Eastham Refinery</a> off junction 6 of the M53, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastham,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastham, Merseyside">Eastham</a> in Wirral, just north of Hooton Park (in Cheshire), is owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nynas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nynas">Nynas</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:National_Girobank_(Alliance_and_Leicester)_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="285"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/National_Girobank_%28Alliance_and_Leicester%29_HQ_-_geograph.org.uk_-_105597_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Former head office of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girobank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girobank">Girobank</a> in Bootle; it closed in 2003; it was taken over by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alliance_%26_Leicester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alliance & Leicester">Alliance & Leicester</a> in 1990; it was established in Bootle in the late 1960s with help from Hugh Baird; it was the first financial institution in Europe to be fully computerised from the start </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontins">Pontins</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ainsdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ainsdale">Ainsdale</a>, Sefton. HMRC at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St_John's_House,_Bootle&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="St John's House, Bootle (page does not exist)">St John's House</a> on the A5057 in Bootle, is the national office for dealing with tax for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Individual_savings_account?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Individual savings account">individual savings accounts</a> (ISAs) and other savings schemes, charities (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gift_Aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gift Aid">Gift Aid</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Non-resident_trust&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Non-resident trust (page does not exist)">non-resident trusts</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domicile_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domicile (law)">domicile</a> status; opposite is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sefton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council">Sefton Council</a>'s Magdalen House. Nearby to the west on the A5057, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health and Safety Executive">HSE</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a> have their head office at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Redgrave_Court&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Redgrave Court (page does not exist)">Redgrave Court</a>, near the main site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Baird_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh Baird College">Hugh Baird College</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inland_Revenue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inland Revenue">Inland Revenue</a> had its main office at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Triad,_Bootle&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Triad, Bootle (page does not exist)">The Triad</a> in Bootle, next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Strand_Shopping_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Strand Shopping Centre">Strand Shopping Centre</a>, and the site is still run by HMRC. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Unipart_Dorman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Unipart Dorman (page does not exist)">Unipart Dorman</a> make LED traffic lights near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meols_Cop_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meols Cop railway station">Meols Cop railway station</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blowick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blowick">Blowick</a>, east of Southport; to the north at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crossens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crossens">Crossens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Railex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Railex">Railex</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filing_cabinet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filing cabinet">filing cabinets</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cumbria_2">Cumbria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cumbria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy" title="Cumbria">Cumbria § Economy</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> submarines and ships are made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BAE_Systems_Submarine_Solutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Submarine Solutions">BAE Systems Submarine Solutions</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>. The coast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> is known as Britain's Energy Coast due to the large amounts of energy being produced along the coast of the county; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sellafield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> is a power station which is located in West Cumbria and is a major contributor to the "Energy Coast" also, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> is major town in contributing to the "Energy Coast" with a power station (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roosecote_Power_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roosecote Power Station">Roosecote Power Station</a>), Gas Terminals (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rampside_Gas_Terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rampside Gas Terminal">Rampside Gas Terminal</a>) and an offshore wind farm (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walney_Wind_Farm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walney Wind Farm">Walney Wind Farm</a>) which is approximately 14 km (8.6 miles) west of the town's coastline with some of the largest wind turbines on Earth. On the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Westlakes_Science_%26_Technology_Park&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Westlakes Science & Technology Park (page does not exist)">Westlakes Science & Technology Park</a> off the A595 south of Whitehaven, is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a> (in Herdus House).</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Cattle_Movement_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Cattle Movement Service">British Cattle Movement Service</a> is at Workington next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Projects</a>, near a site of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a> on Derwent Howe Ind Est. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iggesund_Paperboard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggesund Paperboard">Iggesund Paperboard</a> is south of Workington, off the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A596_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A596 road">A596</a>; next door is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastman Chemical Company">Eastman Chemical</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amcor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amcor">Amcor Flexibles Cumbria</a> (former Alcan before 2009) in the south of Workington prints <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potato_chip?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potato chip">crisp packets</a> and confectionery wrappers, for distribution around the UK's factories.</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> is popular with holiday makers. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a> is near Whitehaven. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lakeland_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lakeland (company)">Lakeland</a>, who make kitchenware, are in Windermere. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stobart_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stobart Group">Stobart Group</a> is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M-Sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M-Sport">M-Sport</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rallying?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rallying">rally team</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dovenby_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dovenby Hall">Dovenby Hall</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jennings_Brewery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jennings Brewery">Jennings Brewery</a> are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cockermouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cockermouth">Cockermouth</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=James_Cropper_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="James Cropper (company) (page does not exist)">James Cropper</a>, Europe's leading manufacturer of coloured paper, is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burneside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burneside">Burneside</a>, north of Kendal, on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Kent">River Kent</a> near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A591_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A591 road">A591</a>. Pirelli have their main UK tyre plant (for prestige cars) on the B5299 in south Carlisle; to the south in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cummersdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cummersdale">Cummersdale</a> next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Caldew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Caldew">River Caldew</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stead_McAlpin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stead McAlpin (page does not exist)">Stead McAlpin</a> have a large textile site, formerly owned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Lewis Partnership">John Lewis</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=BSW_Timber&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="BSW Timber (page does not exist)">BSW Timber</a>, the UK's largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sawmill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a> company, has a large site north of Carlisle at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cargo,_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cargo, Cumbria">Cargo</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingmoor">Kingmoor</a>, next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle_Kingmoor_TMD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlisle Kingmoor TMD">Carlisle Kingmoor TMD</a> on the WCML. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BillerudKorsn%C3%A4s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BillerudKorsnäs">BillerudKorsnäs</a> had a paper mill at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beetham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beetham">Beetham</a> on the A6 next to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Bela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Bela">River Bela</a> in the south of the county. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sealy_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sealy Corporation">Sealy</a> UK make beds and mattresses on the B5031 next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspatria_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspatria railway station">Aspatria railway station</a> in north Cumbria, west of Carlisle; next door <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Milk_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Milk (company)">First Milk</a> make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_District_Cheddar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lake District Cheddar (page does not exist)">Lake District Cheddar</a>. Further east along the A596, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Innovia_Films?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Innovia Films">Innovia Films</a> (former British Rayophane) have a large site at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigton">Wigton</a>. GSK Ulverston, built in 1949 as Glaxo to produce penicillin with a new plant to be built, makes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cephalosporin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a> antibiotics including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cefuroxime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cefuroxime">cefuroxime</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceftazidime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceftazidime">ceftazidime</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#North_West_of_England" title="Lists of schools in England">Lists of schools in England § North West of England</a>. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, but Trafford retains a wholly selective school system, and there are some other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammar_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> in Lancashire, Wirral, Liverpool and Cumbria.</p> <p>There are around 345,000 at secondary school in the region, the third highest in England, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South East England">South East England</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. This is around three times as much as there are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East England</a>. For school <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Truancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Truancy">truancy</a> the most persistent truants are in Manchester with a rate of 7.3%, followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a> with 6.9%, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a> with 6.6%. The lowest truancy rate is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Ribble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a> with 2.4% followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribble_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a> with 2.9% (both in Lancashire).</p> <p>At A level in 2010, Trafford performed the best and, again like its results at GCSE, is one of the best areas in England. The lowest performing area is, again, Knowsley but followed by Rochdale. Knowsley has had some dreadful results at A-level; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halewood_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halewood Academy">Halewood Academy</a>, its last school sixth-form, closed in 2016; there is now no school-based A-level provision in Knowsley, it is provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knowsley_Community_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knowsley Community College">Knowsley Community College</a>. For traditional counties, Lancashire gets excellent results at A-level, being one of the best in England. Areas also performing above the England average, in order of results, are Blackpool, Warrington, Wigan, Cheshire West and Chester, Bury, Cumbria, Wirral, and Stockport. Blackpool performs not particularly well at GCSE, yet produces much better results at A level—even better than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>, and the third-best in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg/220px-Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg/220px-Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg/330px-Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg/440px-Winstanley_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19340.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Winstanley College </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_(Lower_School)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg/220px-Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg/220px-Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg/330px-Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg/440px-Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School_%28Lower_School%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_71877.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Clitheroe Royal Grammar School </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sir_john_deane_college.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_john_deane_college.jpg/220px-Sir_john_deane_college.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_john_deane_college.jpg/220px-Sir_john_deane_college.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_john_deane_college.jpg/330px-Sir_john_deane_college.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_john_deane_college.jpg/440px-Sir_john_deane_college.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Sir John Deane's College </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> Top ten state schools in the North West (2015 A level results) </dt> </dl> <ol> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altrincham_Grammar_School_for_Girls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altrincham Grammar School for Girls">Altrincham Grammar School for Girls</a> (1223)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altrincham_Grammar_School_for_Boys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altrincham Grammar School for Boys">Altrincham Grammar School for Boys</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Blue_Coat_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Blue Coat School">Blue Coat School</a>, Liverpool</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster_Girls%27_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster Girls' Grammar School">Lancaster Girls' Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Blue_Coat_School,_Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Blue Coat School, Oldham">The Blue Coat CofE School</a>, Oldham</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_Grammar_School_for_Girls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wirral Grammar School for Girls">Wirral Grammar School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirral_Grammar_School_for_Boys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wirral Grammar School for Boys">Wirral Grammar School for Boys</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loreto_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loreto Grammar School">Loreto Grammar School</a>, Altrincham</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Kirby_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Kirby Grammar School">West Kirby Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clitheroe_Royal_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clitheroe Royal Grammar School">Clitheroe Royal Grammar School</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> </ol> <p>The areas that have school children most likely to attend university are Trafford and Cheshire, followed by Wirral, Sefton, Stockport and Bury. Four of these areas are or were part of Cheshire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Colleges">Colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Carmel_College,_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg/220px-Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg/220px-Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg/330px-Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg/440px-Carmel_College%2C_St_Helens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_123861.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Carmel College </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG/220px-Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG/220px-Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG/330px-Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG/440px-Blackburn_-_DSC03767.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Blackburn College </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg/220px-North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg/220px-North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg/330px-North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg/440px-North_Trafford_College_of_Further_Education_-_geograph.org.uk_-_47852.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Trafford College </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:City_College_Didsbury.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/City_College_Didsbury.jpg/220px-City_College_Didsbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/City_College_Didsbury.jpg/220px-City_College_Didsbury.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/City_College_Didsbury.jpg/330px-City_College_Didsbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/City_College_Didsbury.jpg/440px-City_College_Didsbury.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Manchester City College, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didsbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquinas_College,_Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquinas College, Stockport">Aquinas College</a>, Stockport</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton_Sixth_Form_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton Sixth Form College">Ashton Sixth Form College</a>, Ashton-under-Lyne</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow_6th_form?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow 6th form">Barrow-in-Furness Sixth Form College</a>, Barrow-in-Furness</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_College_(Blackburn_with_Darwen)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackburn College (Blackburn with Darwen)">Blackburn College</a>, Blackburn</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool and The Fylde College">Blackpool and The Fylde College</a>, Blackpool</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Sixth_Form_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool Sixth Form College">Blackpool Sixth Form College</a>, Blackpool</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton College">Bolton College</a>, Bolton</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_Sixth_Form_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton Sixth Form College">Bolton Sixth Form College</a>, Bolton</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley College">Burnley College</a>, Burnley</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bury College">Bury College</a>, Bury</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlisle College">Carlisle College</a>, Carlisle</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carmel_College_(St_Helens)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carmel College (St Helens)">Carmel College</a>, St Helens</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheadle_and_Marple_Sixth_Form_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College">Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College</a>, Cheadle</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furness_College,_Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furness College, Barrow-in-Furness">Furness College</a>, Barrow-in-Furness</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazel_Grove_High_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazel Grove High School">Hazel Grove High School</a> Sixth Form, Stockport</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Cross_College_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Cross College (UK)">Holy Cross College (UK)</a>, Bury</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hopwood_Hall_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hopwood Hall College">Hopwood Hall College</a>, Rochdale</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Baird_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh Baird College">Hugh Baird College</a>, Bootle</li> <li>Kendal College, Kendal</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_George_V_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King George V College">King George V College</a>, Southport</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster_and_Morecambe_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster and Morecambe College">Lancaster and Morecambe College</a>, Lancaster</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Community_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Community College">Liverpool Community College</a>, Liverpool</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loreto_College,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loreto College, Manchester">Loreto College</a>, Manchester</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macclesfield_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macclesfield College">Macclesfield College</a>, Macclesfield</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Manchester_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Manchester College">The Manchester College</a>, Manchester</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid_Cheshire_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid Cheshire College">Mid Cheshire College</a>, Northwich</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Oldham_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oldham College">The Oldham College</a>, Oldham</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham_Sixth_Form_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham Sixth Form College">Oldham Sixth Form College</a>, Oldham</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston College">Preston College</a>, Preston</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priestley_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priestley College">Priestley College</a>, Warrington</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainford_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainford College">Rainford College</a>, St Helens</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riverside_College,_Widnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riverside College, Widnes">Riverside College</a>, Widnes</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Runshaw_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Runshaw College">Runshaw College</a>, Leyland</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_City_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford City College">Salford City College</a>, Salford</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Cheshire_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Cheshire College">South Cheshire College</a>, Crewe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southport_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southport College">Southport College</a>, Southport</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sir_John_Deane%27s_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sir John Deane's College">Sir John Deane's College</a>, Northwich</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport College">Stockport College</a>, Stockport</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens College">St Helens College</a>, St Helens</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_John_Rigby_College_(Wigan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Rigby College (Wigan)">St John Rigby College</a>, Wigan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College,_Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's College, Blackburn">St. Mary's College</a>, Blackburn</li> <li>St. Wilfrids C of E Sixth Form College, Blackburn</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Whitham_Sixth_Form?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Whitham Sixth Form">Thomas Whitham Sixth Form</a>, Burnley</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford College">Trafford College</a>, Trafford</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Cheshire_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Cheshire College">West Cheshire College</a>, Ellesmere Port</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_and_Leigh_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan and Leigh College">Wigan and Leigh College</a>, Wigan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winstanley_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winstanley College">Winstanley College</a>, Wigan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xaverian_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xaverian College">Xaverian College</a>, Manchester</li> </ul> <p>The two main higher education colleges in the region are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_College_(Blackburn_with_Darwen)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackburn College (Blackburn with Darwen)">Blackburn College</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool and The Fylde College">Blackpool and The Fylde College</a>. There are forty three FE colleges. The regional LSC was in central Manchester; this is now the SFA and the YPLA.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg/220px-Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg/220px-Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg/330px-Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg/440px-Victoria_Building_Liverpool_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_Building,_University_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria Building, University of Liverpool">Victoria Building, University of Liverpool</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg/220px-Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg/220px-Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg/330px-Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg/440px-Hollings_Campus_aka_The_Toast_Rack_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3765.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Manchester Metropolitan University's Hollings Campus – the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toast_Rack_(building)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toast Rack (building)">Toast Rack</a></i> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The universities in the North West are listed below:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, Manchester – The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrolment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment">largest single-site university in the UK</a> with 36,907 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>, Manchester – Also one of the country's largest universities with 40,420 students – second-largest university in the region</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Central Lancashire">UCLAN</a>, Preston – The University of Central Lancashire in Preston, 28,850 students – third-largest university in the region</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores University</a>, Liverpool – 24,085 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, Liverpool – 20,765 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a>, Salford – 20,185 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, Lancaster – 17,415 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_University_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Law">The University of Law</a>, Chester, Manchester</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edge_Hill_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill University</a>, Ormskirk – 15,645 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>, Chester and Warrington – 15,095 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bolton">University of Bolton</a>, Bolton – 8,540 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Hope University">Liverpool Hope University</a>, Liverpool – 8,205 students</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Cumbria">University of Cumbria</a> – The region's newest university located across Cumbria, parts of Lancashire and London, and formerly known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria_Institute_of_the_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria Institute of the Arts">Cumbria Institute of the Arts</a></li> </ul> <p>Over 60% of university students in the region are native to the region. The region with the next-highest number of students in the North-West is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a>, so approximately 80% of university students in the area are from the north of England. The region's students have the highest proportion of students from so-called low-participation neighbourhoods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Local_media">Local media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Granada_TV.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/220px-Granada_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/220px-Granada_TV.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/330px-Granada_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/440px-Granada_TV.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> ITV Granada former studios in Castlefield, Manchester </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> TV </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool TV">Liverpool TV</a> is a local television station serving Liverpool City Region and surrounding areas. The station is owned and operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Television_Limited?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Television Limited">Local Television Limited</a> and is required to broadcast 35 hours a week of first-run local programming.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/That%27s_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="That's Manchester">That's Manchester</a> is a local television station serving Greater Manchester. It is owned and operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/That%27s_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="That's TV">That's TV</a> and broadcasts on Freeview channel 7 from studios at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats suburb of Manchester.</li> <li>Regional news programmes for the Isle of Man, North West England and south of Cumbria – <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_North_West_Tonight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC North West Tonight">North West Tonight</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC North West">BBC North West</a>) and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granada_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granada Reports">Granada Reports</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_Granada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV Granada">ITV Granada</a>), both based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a> since Autumn 2011 and Spring 2013 respectively.</li> <li>Regional news programmes for the north of Cumbria – <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Look_North_(North_East_and_Cumbria)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)">Look North</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC North East and Cumbria</a>) based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lookaround?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lookaround">Lookaround</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees_%26_Border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV Tyne Tees & Border">ITV Tyne Tees & Border</a>) based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gateshead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>.</li> <li>Regional news programmes for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Craven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Craven">West Craven</a> area of Lancashire, historically in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> – <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Look_North_(Yorkshire_and_North_Midlands)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Look North (Yorkshire and North Midlands)">Look North</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_News_Calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV News Calendar">ITV News Calendar</a></i> both based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. Both are broadcast from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skipton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skipton">Skipton</a> transmitter which is part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emley_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emley Moor">Emley Moor</a> transmitter group. <ul> <li>N.B. Digital TV comes from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winter Hill transmitting station">Winter Hill</a> for the south of the region, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldbeck_transmitting_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caldbeck transmitting station">Caldbeck</a> for Cumbria. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_switchover_dates_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom">Digital switchover</a> took place in mid-2009 for Cumbria and late-2009 for the south of the region.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Radio </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC Local Radio</a> services for the region include BBC Radios <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Cumbria">Cumbria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Stoke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Stoke">Stoke</a> (covering south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>).</li> <li>National radio comes from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holme_Moss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holme Moss">Holme Moss</a> (for Merseyside, Greater Manchester, and Cheshire) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandale_transmitting_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandale transmitting station">Sandale</a> for Cumbria. There is a main MW transmitter for the region (and England), over the border in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirklees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a>, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moorside_Edge_transmitting_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moorside Edge transmitting station">Moorside Edge</a>.</li> <li>Commercial radio stations include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart North West">Heart North West</a> (broadcast to Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside via a regional service – formerly 105.4 Century FM and Real Radio – and to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>, formerly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_North_Lancashire_and_Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart North Lancashire and Cumbria">The Bay</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a> network is based at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>, Manchester; its stations include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio Manchester">Hits Radio Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio Lancashire">Hits Radio Lancashire</a> (Preston) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio Liverpool">Hits Radio Liverpool</a>, with the Castlefield studios also providing the majority of programmes for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio UK">Hits Radio UK</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_Manchester_and_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital Manchester and Lancashire">Capital Manchester and Lancashire</a> (created from the former Galaxy Manchester and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2BR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2BR">2BR</a>, the latter having earlier absorbed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/106.5_Central_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="106.5 Central Radio">106.5 Central Radio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Bee_(radio_station)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Bee (radio station)">The Bee</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital Liverpool">Capital Liverpool</a> (former Juice FM), with the Wirral and Cheshire served as part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_North_West_and_North_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital North West and North Wales">Capital North West and North Wales</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smooth_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smooth North West">Smooth North West</a> (regional service) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smooth_Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smooth Lake District">Smooth Lake District</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greatest Hits Radio North West">Greatest Hits Radio North West</a> broadcasts to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Liverpool_%26_The_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greatest Hits Radio Liverpool & The North West">Merseyside</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Revolution_(radio_station)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Revolution (radio station)">Oldham and Rochdale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tower_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tower FM">Bolton and Bury</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/104.9_Imagine_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="104.9 Imagine FM">Stockport</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wish_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wish FM">Wigan and St. Helens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Wave_96.5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Wave 96.5">Blackpool</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wire_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wire FM">Warrington and Runcorn</a> on FM, and to Liverpool, Manchester and central Lancashire via DAB and formerly AM. A localised version for Cumbria launched on DAB in 2021, then in April 2023, CFM was rebranded as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Cumbria_%26_South_West_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland">Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland</a> while the DAB feed now carries Hits Radio. Some programmes for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a> network are broadcast from Castlefield or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_John%27s_Beacon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's Beacon">St John's Beacon</a>, Liverpool.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dee_106.3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee 106.3">Chester's Dee Radio</a> (Chester) and sibling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_106.9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk 106.9">Cheshire's Silk 106.9</a> (Macclesfield)</li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>The UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time signal</a> comes from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthorn_Radio_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthorn Radio Station">Anthorn Radio Station</a> on the north-west Cumbrian coast, where there are three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_clock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MediaCity-UK_(Feb_2010).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg/220px-MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg/220px-MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg/330px-MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg/440px-MediaCity-UK_%28Feb_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MediaCityUK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> being built at Salford Quays </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="3889"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg/330px-Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg/440px-Liverpool_Echo_building_13_March_2013_004_stitch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Echo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Echo">Liverpool Echo</a> building </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> Newspapers </dt> </dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">List of newspapers in the United Kingdom</a>. </div> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_Gazette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool Gazette">Blackpool Gazette</a></i>, Blackpool</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Bolton_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Bolton News">Bolton News</a></i>, Bolton</li> <li><i>Bury Times</i>, Bury</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire Post">Lancashire Post</a></i>, Preston</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire Telegraph">Lancashire Telegraph</a></i>, Blackburn</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Echo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Echo">Liverpool Echo</a></i>, Liverpool</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>, Manchester</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/News_and_Star?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="News and Star">News and Star</a></i>, Carlisle</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Mail_(Cumbria)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Mail (Cumbria)">The Mail</a></i>, Barrow-in-Furness</li> <li><i>Southport Visiter</i>, Southport</li> <li><i>The Reporter</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Helens</li> <li><i>The Star</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Helens</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westmorland_Gazette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Westmorland Gazette">Westmorland Gazette</a></i>, Kendal</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_Evening_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigan Evening Post">Wigan Evening Post</a></i>, Wigan</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Express_Building_Manchester.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/220px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/220px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/330px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/440px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 1939 Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Owen_Williams_(engineer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Owen Williams (engineer)">Owen Williams</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Daily Express Building, Manchester</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Guardian Media Group have a printing site at Trafford Park Printers off the A5081 (M60 junction 9) between the Bridgewater Canal and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A576_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A576 road">A576</a> roundabout which prints the <i>Guardian</i> (it is owned 50% with the Telegraph and 50% by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guardian_Print_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Guardian Print Centre (page does not exist)">Guardian Print Centre</a>); it printed the <i>Telegraph</i> until 2008, and is known also as GPC Manchester. From 2008, the <i>Telegraph</i> has been printed at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Newsprinters&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Newsprinters (page does not exist)">Newsprinters</a> huge site at Knowsley. Newsprinters have a site near Dairy Crest at Knowsley, and prints the <i>Times</i>, <i>Telegraph</i> and <i>Sun</i> titles, near the B5202.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Broughton_Printers&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Broughton Printers (page does not exist)">Broughton Printers</a>, owned by Northern & Shell, print the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express">Express</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Star_(British_newspaper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Star (British newspaper)">Star</a></i> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fulwood,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fulwood, Lancashire">Fulwood</a> on the B6241 south of the M55/M6 junction, on the same site as the <i>Lancashire Evening Post</i>.</p> <dl> <dt> Magazines </dt> </dl> <p>Prinovis in Liverpool (Speke) prints <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OK!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OK!">OK!</a></i>, the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">Sun on Sunday</a></i> magazine (<i>Fabulous</i>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_Magazine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Sunday Times Magazine">the <i>Sunday Times</i> magazine</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Town_and_city_twinnings">Town and city twinnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Town and city twinnings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:85%;"> <tbody> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaumont,_Haute-Marne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaumont, Haute-Marne">Chaumont</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altena">Altena</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bottrop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton">Bolton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Mans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paderborn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitry_Sur_Seine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitry Sur Seine">Vitry Sur Seine</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datong">Datong</a>, China <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulle">Tulle</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schorndorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schorndorf">Schorndorf</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodbury,_New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodbury, New Jersey">Woodbury</a>, New Jersey, US</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Carlisle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%82upsk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>, Poland</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnforth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sailly-sur-la-Lys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sailly-sur-la-Lys">Sailly-sur-la-Lys</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chadderton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geesthacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geesthacht">Geesthacht</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sens">Sens</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%B6rrach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lörrach">Lörrach</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senigallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senigallia">Senigallia</a>, Italy</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorley">Chorley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a>, Hungary</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalton-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalton-in-Furness">Dalton-in-Furness</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalton,_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalton, Pennsylvania">Dalton</a>, Pennsylvania, US</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denton, Greater Manchester">Denton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montigny-le-Bretonneux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montigny-le-Bretonneux">Montigny-le-Bretonneux</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droylsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villemomble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villemomble">Villemomble</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukinfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champagnole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champagnole">Champagnole</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellesmere_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reutlingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Failsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg am Lech</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood,_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood, Pennsylvania">Fleetwood</a>, Pennsylvania, US</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halton_(borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiria">Leiria</a>, Portugal <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marzahn-Hellersdorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marzahn-Hellersdorf">Marzahn-Hellersdorf</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tongling">Tongling</a>, China <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ústí nad Labem">Ústí nad Labem</a>, Czech Republic</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heywood, Greater Manchester">Heywood</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peine">Peine</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kendal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kendal">Kendal</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Killarney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Killarney">Killarney</a>, Ireland <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rinteln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rinteln">Rinteln</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moers">Moers</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster,_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster, England">Lancaster</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aalborg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rendsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine <br> Shanghai, China</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longdendale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longdendale">Longdendale</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruppichteroth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruppichteroth">Ruppichteroth</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faisalabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, Pakistan <br> Los Angeles, California, US<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puerto Cabezas">Puerto Cabezas</a>, Nicaragua <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rehovot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, Israel <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Petersburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mossley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mossley">Mossley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hem,_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hem, Nord">Hem</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kranj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kranj">Kranj</a>, Slovenia</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oswaldtwistle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falkenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falkenberg">Falkenberg</a>, Sweden</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Almelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Almelo">Almelo</a>, Netherlands <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalisz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>, Poland <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%AEmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recklinghausen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bielefeld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lviv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sahiwal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a>, Pakistan <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourcoing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunen">Lunen</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narbonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Ouen</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sedbergh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sedbergh">Sedbergh</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zre%C4%8De?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zreče">Zreĉe</a>, Slovenia</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mons,_Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, Belgium <br></td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalybridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armentières">Armentières</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, France <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilbronn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, Germany</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St. Helens</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a>, China <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutare">Mutare</a>, Zimbabwe</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulverston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert,_Somme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert, Somme">Albert</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington">Warrington</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilden">Hilden</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_County,_Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake County, Illinois">Lake County</a>, Illinois, US <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1chod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Náchod">Náchod</a>, Czech Republic</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kozloduy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kozloduy">Kozloduy</a>, Bulgaria</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angers">Angers</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#ffffec;"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workington">Workington</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selm">Selm</a>, Germany <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Val-de-Reuil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Val-de-Reuil">Val-de-Reuil</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrea_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrea Green">Wrea Green</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Bris_le_Vineux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bris le Vineux">St Bris le Vineux</a>, France</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg/220px-2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg/220px-2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg/330px-2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg/440px-2011_Grand_National_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_National?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand National">Grand National</a>, Aintree Racecourse </figcaption> </figure> <p>The modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darts">dart board</a> was invented in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brian_Gamlin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brian Gamlin (page does not exist)">Brian Gamlin</a> from Bury, aged 44. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oulton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oulton Park">Oulton Park</a>, in central Cheshire, is the home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Touring Car Championship">British Touring Car Championship</a> in June. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Netball_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Netball Federation">International Netball Federation</a> is situated in Manchester, home to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Squash_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Squash Centre">National Squash Centre</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Cycling_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Cycling Centre">National Cycling Centre</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Velodrome">Manchester Velodrome</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Cycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Cycling">British Cycling</a>) at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sportcity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sportcity">Sportcity</a>. The first greyhound racing in the UK was in July 1926 in Manchester at the purpose-built oval <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belle_Vue_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belle Vue Stadium">Belle Vue Stadium</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Football_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a> is in Manchester.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Football" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following football clubs are based in the North West, and compete in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> (the top four division of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_football_league_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>) going into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_in_English_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2023–24 in English football">2023–24</a> season. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_League_(division)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National League (division)">National League</a> is also included.</p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Team</th> <th>Location</th> <th>League 2022–23</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley_F.C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnley F.C">Burnley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnley">Burnley</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="1">Premier League</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everton_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everton F.C.">Everton</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Merseyside</td> <td data-sort-value="1">Premier League</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Merseyside</td> <td data-sort-value="1">Premier League</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="1">Premier League</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="1">Premier League</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn Rovers F.C.">Blackburn Rovers</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="2">Championship</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston North End F.C.">Preston North End</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston, Lancashire</a></td> <td data-sort-value="2">Championship</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool F.C.">Blackpool</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="2">League One</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton Wanderers F.C.">Bolton Wanderers</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League One</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlisle United F.C.">Carlisle United</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlisle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, Cumbria</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League One</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood Town F.C.">Fleetwood Town</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleetwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="3">League One</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan Athletic F.C.">Wigan Athletic</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="3">League One</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accrington Stanley F.C.">Accrington Stanley</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accrington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accrington">Accrington</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="3">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow A.F.C.">Barrow</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, Cumbria</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe Alexandra F.C.">Crewe Alexandra</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>, Cheshire</td> <td data-sort-value="3">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe F.C.">Morecambe</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morecambe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a>, Lancashire</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_City_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford City F.C.">Salford City</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford">Salford</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport County F.C.">Stockport County</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tranmere Rovers F.C.">Tranmere Rovers</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkenhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, Merseyside</td> <td data-sort-value="4">League Two</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale A.F.C.">Rochdale</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, Greater Manchester</td> <td data-sort-value="3">National League</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Teams in the North West have won 64 out of 124 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_football_champions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="English football champions">English football League titles</a> (just over 50%), more than any other region, with Manchester United having won more than any other team.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rugby_League">Rugby League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rugby League" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following rugby league clubs are based in the North West, and compete in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Super_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Super League">Super League</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFL_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RFL Championship">Championships</a> (the top three division of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_rugby_league_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British rugby league system">British rugby league system</a>) as of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=2021_in_rugby_league&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="2021 in rugby league (page does not exist)">2021</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Super_League_teams">Super League teams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Super League teams" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leigh_Centurions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh Centurions">Leigh Centurions</a> (Leigh, Greater Manchester)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Red Devils">Salford City Reds</a> (Salford, Greater Manchester)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens R.F.C.">St. Helens</a> (St Helens, Mersyside)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_Wolves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington Wolves">Warrington Wolves</a> (Warrington, Cheshire)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_Warriors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan Warriors</a> (Wigan, Greater Manchester)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Championship_teams">Championship teams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Championship teams" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swinton_Lions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swinton Lions">Swinton Lions</a> (Swinton, Greater Manchester)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham_Roughyeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldham Roughyeds">Oldham Roughyeds</a> (Oldham, Greater Manchester)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehaven_R.L.F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehaven R.L.F.C.">Whitehaven</a> (Whitehaven, Cumbria)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Widnes_Vikings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Widnes Vikings">Widnes Vikings</a> (Widnes, Cheshire)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="League_1_teams">League 1 teams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: League 1 teams" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrow_Raiders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrow Raiders">Barrow Raiders</a> (Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rochdale Hornets">Rochdale Hornets</a> (Rochdale, Greater Manchester)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workington_Town?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workington Town">Workington Town</a> (Workington, Cumbria)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Swimming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Swimming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Swimming">British Swimming</a> have one of its three Intensive Training Centres at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Central_Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Central Stockport">Grand Central Pools</a> in Stockport.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Golf" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Birkdale_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Birkdale Golf Club">Royal Birkdale Golf Club</a> is at Southport and there is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Lytham_%26_St_Annes_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club">Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Golf_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Liverpool Golf Club">Royal Liverpool Golf Club</a> is at Hoylake.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:North West England">North West England portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbric_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric language</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Envirolink_Northwest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Envirolink Northwest">Envirolink Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_North_West_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in the North West of England">List of schools in the North West of England</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwest_Development_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Development Agency">Northwest Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of England">Outline of England</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leaders'_board-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Leaders'_board_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.sthelens.gov.uk/media/8541/nwrlb-consituiton-july-2018.pdf">"NORTH WEST REGIONAL LEADERS BOARD CONSTITUTION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_Borough_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens Borough Council">St Helens Borough Council</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Helens+Borough+Council&rft.atitle=NORTH+WEST+REGIONAL+LEADERS+BOARD+CONSTITUTION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.sthelens.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F8541%2Fnwrlb-consituiton-july-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about">"Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+%28Latest%29+for+Administrative+Areas+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-popstats_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E12000002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare%3DE12000002">"2021 Census Area Profile – North West Region (E12000002)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+North+West+Region+%28E12000002%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE12000002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.archive.org/web/20231014105132/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/7451602/nuts-map-UK.pdf">"Wayback Machine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/7451602/nuts-map-UK.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Wayback+Machine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F345175%2F7451602%2Fnuts-map-UK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dfzljdn9uc3pi.cloudfront.net/2020/9797/1/fig-2-full.png">"Figure 2: Interannual variation trends of the (A) average annual precipitation(mm) and (B) annual average temperature (°C) from 2001–2015"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.7717%252Fpeerj.9797%252Ffig-2">10.7717/peerj.9797/fig-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+2%3A+Interannual+variation+trends+of+the+%28A%29+average+annual+precipitation%28mm%29+and+%28B%29+annual+average+temperature+%28%C2%B0C%29+from+2001%E2%80%932015.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.9797%2Ffig-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdfzljdn9uc3pi.cloudfront.net%2F2020%2F9797%2F1%2Ffig-2-full.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk%3D15106">"Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>Statistics.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216083533/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk%3D15106">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2FProduct.asp%3Fvlnk%3D15106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213020732/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157104/report.aspx%23tabrespop">"Labour Market Profile – Liverpool"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 5 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157104/report.aspx%23tabrespop">the original</a> on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labour+Market+Profile+%E2%80%93+Liverpool&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Freports%2Flmp%2Fla%2F1946157104%2Freport.aspx%23tabrespop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2009ethnicity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2009ethnicity_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810102910/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/lad-tables-2009.xls">"Current Estimates – Population Estimates by Ethnic Group Mid-2009 (experimental)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/lad-tables-2009.xls">the original</a> on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+Estimates+%E2%80%93+Population+Estimates+by+Ethnic+Group+Mid-2009+%28experimental%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ftheme_population%2Flad-tables-2009.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Collinson, Dawn (28 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-davids-day-liverpools-welsh-8738182">"St David's Day: why are Liverpool's Welsh links so strong?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011313/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-davids-day-liverpools-welsh-8738182">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+David%27s+Day%3A+why+are+Liverpool%27s+Welsh+links+so+strong%3F&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fst-davids-day-liverpools-welsh-8738182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203420/http://www.ashtoninmakerfieldanddistrictu3a.co.uk/About%2520Ashton-in-Makerfield.html">"About Ashton-in-Makerfield"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ashtoninmakerfieldanddistrictu3a.co.uk/About%2520Ashton-in-Makerfield.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Ashton-in-Makerfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashtoninmakerfieldanddistrictu3a.co.uk%2FAbout%2520Ashton-in-Makerfield.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"UK Government Web Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316031524/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Government+Web+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Furban-areas-in-england-and-wales%2Furban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s"><i>Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain</i></a> (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. 2003. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252Fj.ctt1t8915s">10.2307/j.ctt1t8915s</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s">j.ctt1t8915s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+ethnic+differences%3A+Changing+patterns+of+disadvantage+in+Britain&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Bristol+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1t8915s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8915s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8915s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. <i>Commission for Racial Equality</i>: Table 2.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.1&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:412-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:412_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data">"Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2003" class="citation news cs1">Green, . David (29 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3223776.stm">"Italians revolt over church closure"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122111600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3223776.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italians+revolt+over+church+closure&rft.date=2003-11-29&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fmanchester%2F3223776.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-E&W_CoB22-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-E&W_CoB22_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS012/editions/2021/versions/2/filter-outputs/ba18881b-a88f-432f-89be-af1fee321107%23get-data">"TS012: Country of birth (detailed)"</a>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TS012%3A+Country+of+birth+%28detailed%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS012%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F2%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fba18881b-a88f-432f-89be-af1fee321107%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/qs203ew">"QS203EW: Country of birth (detailed)"</a>. <i>nomisweb.co.uk</i>. Nomis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=QS203EW%3A+Country+of+birth+%28detailed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fqs203ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2001/uv008">"UV008: Country of birth"</a>. <i>nomisweb.co.uk</i>. Nomis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=UV008%3A+Country+of+birth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2001%2Fuv008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030">"TS030 – Religion Edit query"</a>. <i>nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=TS030+%E2%80%93+Religion+Edit+query&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fc2021ts030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew">"KS209EW (Religion) – Nomis – 2011"</a>. <i>nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS209EW+%28Religion%29+%E2%80%93+Nomis+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fks209ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007">"KS007 – Religion – Nomis – 2001"</a>. <i>nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS007+%E2%80%93+Religion+%E2%80%93+Nomis+%E2%80%93+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fks007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/newsevents/ca/247/The-Catholic-Vote-In-Britain-Helped-Carry-Blair-To-Victory.aspx">"The Catholic Vote in Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory"</a>. <i>Ipsos MORI</i>. 23 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104203539/https://www.ipsos-mori.com/newsevents/ca/247/The-Catholic-Vote-In-Britain-Helped-Carry-Blair-To-Victory.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>There are considerable regional variations, of course, Catholics being most widespread in London, Scotland and particularly the North-West (where one in five is Catholic)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ipsos+MORI&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Vote+in+Britain+Helped+Carry+Blair+To+Victory&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos-mori.com%2Fnewsevents%2Fca%2F247%2FThe-Catholic-Vote-In-Britain-Helped-Carry-Blair-To-Victory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney" class="citation web cs1">Cheney, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scgb1.html">"Great Britain, Statistics by Diocese, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115214456/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scgb1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%2C+Statistics+by+Diocese%2C+by+Catholic+Population+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fcountry%2Fscgb1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Phillips, <i>The Cousins' Wars</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 480–84. Phillips notes: "The subjugation [of the Irish] of the seventeenth century was almost complete.... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century [after the Treaty of Union], Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register. Catholics lost their right to vote, hold office, own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds, or live in towns without paying special fees... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands, an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries."</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206165428/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">"LSOA data 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSOA+data+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunities%2Fpdf%2F576659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206165428/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">"2007 deprivation data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+deprivation+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunities%2Fpdf%2F576659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/elmr/downloads/Table6-18.xls">Claimant count</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvotes" class="citation web cs1">votes, North west. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.northwestvotes.gov.uk/info/11/results">"North west votes Results Information"</a>. <i>northwestvotes.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509203250/http://www.northwestvotes.gov.uk/info/11/results">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=northwestvotes.gov.uk&rft.atitle=North+west+votes+Results+Information&rft.aulast=votes&rft.aufirst=North+west&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestvotes.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F11%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl%3DLST_NOM_DTL%26StrNom%3DNUTS_2013L%26StrLanguageCode%3DEN%26IntPcKey%3D33916483%26StrLayoutCode%3DHIERARCHIC">NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics), by regional level, version 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072721/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nomenclatures/index.cfm?TargetUrl%3DLST_NOM_DTL%26StrNom%3DNUTS_2013L%26StrLanguageCode%3DEN%26IntPcKey%3D33916483%26StrLayoutCode%3DHIERARCHIC">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 11 March 2016</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/eurostat/north-west--england-/index.html">NUTS: North West (England) Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016085250/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/eurostat/north-west--england-/index.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office for National Statistics, accessed 11 March 2016</span></li> <li id="cite_note-j-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-j_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf%23page%3D119">"British urban pattern: population data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Spatial_Planning_Observation_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Spatial Planning Observation Network">European Spatial Planning Observation Network</a>. March 2007. p. 119. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf%23page%3D119">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPON+project+1.4.3+Study+on+Urban+Functions&rft.atitle=British+urban+pattern%3A+population+data&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espon.eu%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2FESPON2006Projects%2FStudiesScientificSupportProjects%2FUrbanFunctions%2Ffr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf%23page%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425150854/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:89997">"Shrinking cities and growing regions – emerging trends of new rural-urban relationships in the UK and Germany (Manchester eScholar – The University of Manchester)"</a>. Escholar.manchester.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:89997">the original</a> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrinking+cities+and+growing+regions+%E2%80%93+emerging+trends+of+new+rural-urban+relationships+in+the+UK+and+Germany+%28Manchester+eScholar+%E2%80%93+The+University+of+Manchester%29&rft.pub=Escholar.manchester.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A89997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20130105182544/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D1122670315%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-81%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dadhoq%26msz%3D1500%26va%3D%26pt%3Da">"World Gazetteer: United Kingdom – largest cities (per geographical en..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D1122670315%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-81%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dadhoq%26msz%3D1500%26va%3D%26pt%3Da">the original</a> on 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Gazetteer%3A+United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+largest+cities+%28per+geographical+en...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D1122670315%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-81%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dadhoq%26msz%3D1500%26va%3D%26pt%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Wainwright2006" class="citation news cs1">Martin Wainwright (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/23/ruralaffairs.britishidentity">"Seeking peace and quiet? Here's where to find it | UK news"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215220517/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/23/ruralaffairs.britishidentity">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Seeking+peace+and+quiet%3F+Here%27s+where+to+find+it+%26%23124%3B+UK+news&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.au=Martin+Wainwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Foct%2F23%2Fruralaffairs.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thetopmatters.com/2021/08/north-West-england.html">"North West England – Cities History Map Weather Places to Visit"</a>. <i>The Top Matters – Know About Our World More</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817081922/https://www.thetopmatters.com/2021/08/north-West-england.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Top+Matters+%E2%80%93+Know+About+Our+World+More&rft.atitle=North+West+England+%E2%80%93+Cities+History+Map+Weather+Places+to+Visit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetopmatters.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fnorth-West-england.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-GoNW1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GoNW1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611144459/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gonw/Transport/RegionalTransportStrategy/?a%3D42496">"Regional Transport Strategy: the National Picture"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_Offices_for_the_English_Regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Offices for the English Regions">Government Office for Yorkshire and The Humber</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gonw/Transport/RegionalTransportStrategy/?a%3D42496">the original</a> on 11 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Transport+Strategy%3A+the+National+Picture&rft.pub=Government+Office+for+Yorkshire+and+The+Humber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gos.gov.uk%2Fgonw%2FTransport%2FRegionalTransportStrategy%2F%3Fa%3D42496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DfT1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DfT1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009193023/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess">"The LTP Process"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_for_Transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess">the original</a> on 9 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+LTP+Process&rft.pub=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Fregional%2Fltp%2Ftheltpprocess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BwDLTP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BwDLTP_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607025029/http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/server.php?show%3DConWebDoc.22943%26viewPage%3D2">"Blackburn with Darwen 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council">Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/server.php?show%3DConWebDoc.22943%26viewPage%3D2">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackburn+with+Darwen+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Blackburn+with+Darwen+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackburn.gov.uk%2Fserver.php%3Fshow%3DConWebDoc.22943%26viewPage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BpLTP-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BpLTP_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20070503104148/http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Services/S-Z/TransportPolicy/FAQs/WhatisaLocalTransportPlan.htm">"Blackpool 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackpool">Blackpool Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Services/S-Z/TransportPolicy/FAQs/WhatisaLocalTransportPlan.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackpool+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Blackpool+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpool.gov.uk%2FServices%2FS-Z%2FTransportPolicy%2FFAQs%2FWhatisaLocalTransportPlan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ChLTP-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChLTP_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019020114/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/localtransportplan/home.htm%23localtransportplan">"Cheshire 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/localtransportplan/home.htm%23localtransportplan">the original</a> on 19 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheshire+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Cheshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.gov.uk%2Flocaltransportplan%2Fhome.htm%23localtransportplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411155959/http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/roads-transport/transportplan/ltp2from2006.asp">"Cumbria 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria_County_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria County Council">Cumbria County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/roads-transport/transportplan/ltp2from2006.asp">the original</a> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumbria+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Cumbria+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumbria.gov.uk%2Froads-transport%2Ftransportplan%2Fltp2from2006.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-GMLTP-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GMLTP_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164951/http://www.gmltp.co.uk/">"Greater Manchester2006-11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. Greater Manchester LTP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gmltp.co.uk/">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Manchester2006-11+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Greater+Manchester+LTP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmltp.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-LTP-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTP_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614071507/http://www2.halton.gov.uk/content/transportandstreets/localtransport/?a%3D5441">"Halton 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton Borough Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.halton.gov.uk/content/transportandstreets/localtransport/?a%3D5441">the original</a> on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halton+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.halton.gov.uk%2Fcontent%2Ftransportandstreets%2Flocaltransport%2F%3Fa%3D5441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-LaLTP-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LaLTP_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810060840/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/ltp/">"Lancashire 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire County Council">Lancashire County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/ltp/">the original</a> on 10 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lancashire+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Lancashire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fltp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MsLTP-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MsLTP_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509194409/http://www.letstravelwise.org/content83_The-Local-Transport-Plan.html">"Merseyside 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. Merseyside LTP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.letstravelwise.org/content83_The-Local-Transport-Plan.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merseyside+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Merseyside+LTP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letstravelwise.org%2Fcontent83_The-Local-Transport-Plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-WrLTP-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WrLTP_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108155056/http://www.warrington.gov.uk/Transportandstreets/Transportpolicy/Documents/LTP2.aspx">"Warrington 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrington Borough Council">Warrington Borough Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.warrington.gov.uk/Transportandstreets/Transportpolicy/Documents/LTP2.aspx">the original</a> on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warrington+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Warrington+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warrington.gov.uk%2FTransportandstreets%2FTransportpolicy%2FDocuments%2FLTP2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ChGOV-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChGOV_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227152139/http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/">"Cheshire County Council Home Page"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/">the original</a> on 27 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheshire+County+Council+Home+Page&rft.pub=Cheshire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201501/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/7204.aspx">"Final strategy report – Area 9, M6 (Jct 11a to Jct 20)"</a>. <i>Route Management Strategy</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highways_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/7204.aspx">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Route+Management+Strategy&rft.atitle=Final+strategy+report+%E2%80%93+Area+9%2C+M6+%28Jct+11a+to+Jct+20%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highways.gov.uk%2Froads%2Fprojects%2F7204.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080306140831/http://www.dft.gov.uk/172974/173025/221412/221546/227050/261688/roadtraffdata.xls">"Road Traffic Statistics 2006"</a>. Department for Transport. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dft.gov.uk/172974/173025/221412/221546/227050/261688/roadtraffdata.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Traffic+Statistics+2006&rft.pub=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2F172974%2F173025%2F221412%2F221546%2F227050%2F261688%2Froadtraffdata.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183447/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5066.aspx">"A590 High and Low Newton Bypass"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highways_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5066.aspx">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A590+High+and+Low+Newton+Bypass&rft.pub=Highways+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highways.gov.uk%2Froads%2Fprojects%2F5066.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230217/http://www.cheshire.police.uk/showcontent.php?pageid%3D76">"Road Policing"</a>. Cheshire Police Web Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cheshire.police.uk/showcontent.php?pageid%3D76">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Policing&rft.pub=Cheshire+Police+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.police.uk%2Fshowcontent.php%3Fpageid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-caa-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-caa_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid%3D80%26pagetype%3D88%26sglid%3D3%26fld%3D2007Annual">"CAA 2007 Annual Airport Statistics"</a>. Caa.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516005138/http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid%3D80%26pagetype%3D88%26sglid%3D3%26fld%3D2007Annual">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA+2007+Annual+Airport+Statistics&rft.pub=Caa.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcatid%3D80%26pagetype%3D88%26sglid%3D3%26fld%3D2007Annual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127031929/http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?repId%3Dc19200007p%26LanId%3DEN%26LocId%3DGLOBAL">"London and Manchester lead UK business survey"</a>. <i>Cushman & Wakefield web pages</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cushman & Wakefield">Cushman & Wakefield</a>. 24 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?repId%3Dc19200007p%26LanId%3DEN%26LocId%3DGLOBAL">the original</a> on 27 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cushman+%26+Wakefield+web+pages&rft.atitle=London+and+Manchester+lead+UK+business+survey&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cushwake.com%2Fcwglobal%2Fjsp%2FnewsDetail.jsp%3FrepId%3Dc19200007p%26LanId%3DEN%26LocId%3DGLOBAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025623/http://careers.astrazeneca.co.uk/working-here/our-locations/alderley-park/living-in-the-North-West/">"Living in the North West"</a>. <i>AstraZeneca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://careers.astrazeneca.co.uk/working-here/our-locations/alderley-park/living-in-the-North-West/">the original</a> on 26 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AstraZeneca&rft.atitle=Living+in+the+North+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcareers.astrazeneca.co.uk%2Fworking-here%2Four-locations%2Falderley-park%2Fliving-in-the-North-West%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.alphabiolabs.co.uk/blog/who-does-jeremy-kyle-dna-testing/">"Who does Jeremy Kyle DNA testing?"</a>. <i>AlphaBiolabs</i>. 29 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AlphaBiolabs&rft.atitle=Who+does+Jeremy+Kyle+DNA+testing%3F&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphabiolabs.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fwho-does-jeremy-kyle-dna-testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901174044/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/office_of_the_chief_executive/lancashireprofile/main/aerospace.asp">"The aerospace industry"</a>. Lancashire County Council – Office of the chief executive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/office_of_the_chief_executive/lancashireprofile/main/aerospace.asp">the original</a> on 1 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+aerospace+industry&rft.pub=Lancashire+County+Council+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+chief+executive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Foffice_of_the_chief_executive%2Flancashireprofile%2Fmain%2Faerospace.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17054577">"BAE Systems' annual sales fall by 14%"</a>. BBC News. 16 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511013950/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17054577">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BAE+Systems%27+annual+sales+fall+by+14%25&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-17054577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231194001/http://www.rolls-royce.com/careers/where_in_the_world/uk/barnoldswick.jsp">"Where in the world? Barnoldswick"</a>. Rolls-Royce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rolls-royce.com/careers/where_in_the_world/uk/barnoldswick.jsp">the original</a> on 31 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+in+the+world%3F+Barnoldswick&rft.pub=Rolls-Royce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolls-royce.com%2Fcareers%2Fwhere_in_the_world%2Fuk%2Fbarnoldswick.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/pendle/foulridge/9393282.Pendle_aero_firm_Weston_EU_sold_for___54m/">"Pendle aero firm Weston EU sold for £54m"</a>. <i>Lancashire Telegraph</i>. 30 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327012351/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/pendle/foulridge/9393282.Pendle_aero_firm_Weston_EU_sold_for___54m/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pendle+aero+firm+Weston+EU+sold+for+%C2%A354m&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpendle%2Ffoulridge%2F9393282.Pendle_aero_firm_Weston_EU_sold_for___54m%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-LTRecr-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LTRecr_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/rossendale/8779739.East_Lancashire_s_biggest_firms_plan_to_recruit_staff_in_2011/">"East Lancashire's biggest firms plan to recruit staff in 2011"</a>. <i>Lancashire Telegraph</i>. 9 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114450/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/rossendale/8779739.East_Lancashire_s_biggest_firms_plan_to_recruit_staff_in_2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=East+Lancashire%27s+biggest+firms+plan+to+recruit+staff+in+2011&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frossendale%2F8779739.East_Lancashire_s_biggest_firms_plan_to_recruit_staff_in_2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041503/http://www.aircelle.com/spip.php?article288">"Aircelle Ltd. wins the "Business of the Year" recognition in Lancashire, England"</a>. Aircelle. 18 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aircelle.com/spip.php?article288">the original</a> on 16 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircelle+Ltd.+wins+the+%22Business+of+the+Year%22+recognition+in+Lancashire%2C+England&rft.pub=Aircelle&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircelle.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602101912/http://www.leylandguardian.co.uk/news/local/40-new-jobs-are-just-what-the-dr-ordered-1-2011714">"40 new jobs are just what the Dr ordered"</a>. Leyland Guardian. 25 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.leylandguardian.co.uk/news/local/40-new-jobs-are-just-what-the-dr-ordered-1-2011714">the original</a> on 2 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+new+jobs+are+just+what+the+Dr+ordered&rft.pub=Leyland+Guardian&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leylandguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F40-new-jobs-are-just-what-the-dr-ordered-1-2011714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2011" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (21 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jun/21/how-good-dr-oetkers-pizza">"How good is Dr Oetker's pizza?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827011847/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jun/21/how-good-dr-oetkers-pizza">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+good+is+Dr+Oetker%27s+pizza%3F&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2011%2Fjun%2F21%2Fhow-good-dr-oetkers-pizza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvidge2023" class="citation web cs1">Salvidge, Rachel (29 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/29/pfas-forever-chemical-river-wyre-lancashire-environment-agency">"Firm releases almost 800 kg of 'forever chemical' a year into Lancashire river"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Firm+releases+almost+800+kg+of+%27forever+chemical%27+a+year+into+Lancashire+river&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft.aulast=Salvidge&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fapr%2F29%2Fpfas-forever-chemical-river-wyre-lancashire-environment-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/business/9363225.Lancashire_Telegraph_Business_Awards__Export_winner_Fort_Vale_Engineering/">"Lancashire Telegraph Business Awards: Export winner Fort Vale Engineering"</a>. <i>Lancashire Telegraph</i>. 14 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234708/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/business/9363225.Lancashire_Telegraph_Business_Awards__Export_winner_Fort_Vale_Engineering/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Lancashire+Telegraph+Business+Awards%3A+Export+winner+Fort+Vale+Engineering&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F9363225.Lancashire_Telegraph_Business_Awards__Export_winner_Fort_Vale_Engineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120156/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/hyndburn/altham/1059647.Senator_scoops_business_of_year_award/">"Senator scoops business of year award"</a>. <i>Lancashire Telegraph</i>. 6 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/hyndburn/altham/1059647.Senator_scoops_business_of_year_award/">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Senator+scoops+business+of+year+award&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhyndburn%2Faltham%2F1059647.Senator_scoops_business_of_year_award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.commsbusiness.co.uk/News_Article_JS1.cfm?NewsID%3D14670">"Group Celebrates a Daisy Decade"</a>. Comms Business. 5 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214041417/https://www.commsbusiness.co.uk/news/group-celebrates-a-daisy-decade/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+Celebrates+a+Daisy+Decade&rft.pub=Comms+Business&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commsbusiness.co.uk%2FNews_Article_JS1.cfm%3FNewsID%3D14670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527220829/http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/about-us.php">"About"</a>. United Biscuits. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unitedbiscuits.com/about-us.php">the original</a> on 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=United+Biscuits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedbiscuits.com%2Fabout-us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513203631/http://www.sthelensreporter.co.uk/">"St Helens Today: News, Sport, Jobs, Property, Cars, Entertainments & More"</a>. <i>Sthelensreporter.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sthelensreporter.co.uk/">the original</a> on 13 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sthelensreporter.co.uk&rft.atitle=St+Helens+Today%3A+News%2C+Sport%2C+Jobs%2C+Property%2C+Cars%2C+Entertainments+%26+More&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sthelensreporter.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521183324/http://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/">"St Helens Star – News, Sport, Saints Rugby League, Property for sale, rent in St Helens, Merseyside"</a>. <i>Sthelensstar.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/">the original</a> on 21 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sthelensstar.co.uk&rft.atitle=St+Helens+Star+%E2%80%93+News%2C+Sport%2C+Saints+Rugby+League%2C+Property+for+sale%2C+rent+in+St+Helens%2C+Merseyside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sthelensstar.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNorth_West_England%26oldid%3D1277334429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&oldid=1277334429</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_West_England&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Thirdman" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1740360709"> <span>Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 01:31</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small 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title="Nord-ueste d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nord-ueste d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_d%2527Inglaterra" title="Noroeste d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Noroeste d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_Kal%25C3%25A9r_Kauh" title="Inggris Kalér Kauh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Inggris Kalér Kauh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai-pak_Eng-l%25C3%25A2n" title="Sai-pak Eng-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai-pak Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Северозападна Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северозападна Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalarn_Bro-Saoz" title="Gwalarn Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwalarn Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25C3%25A7%25C4%2595%25D1%2580-%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25C4%2583%25C3%25A7_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Çурçĕр-Анăç Англи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр-Анăç Англи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severoz%25C3%25A1padn%25C3%25AD_Anglie" title="Severozápadní Anglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severozápadní Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd-orllewin_Lloegr" title="Gogledd-orllewin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd-orllewin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B4%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2591%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Βορειοδυτική Αγγλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βορειοδυτική Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%25C3%25B3n_del_Noroeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Región del Noroeste de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región del Noroeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordokcidenta_Anglio" title="Nordokcidenta Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordokcidenta Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar-mendebaldeko_Ingalaterra" title="Ipar-mendebaldeko Ingalaterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar-mendebaldeko Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="شمال غربی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال غربی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre_du_Nord-Ouest" title="Angleterre du Nord-Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre du Nord-Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardwest-Ingel%25C3%25A2n" title="Noardwest-Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardwest-Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarthuaisceart_Shasana" title="Iarthuaisceart Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarthuaisceart Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Noroeste de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Noroeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25AE-pet_England" title="Sî-pet England – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-pet England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%2585%25B8%25EC%258A%25A4%25EC%259B%25A8%25EC%258A%25A4%25ED%258A%25B8%25EC%259E%2589%25EA%25B8%2580%25EB%259E%259C%25EB%2593%259C" title="노스웨스트잉글랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노스웨스트잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="उत्तर पश्चिमी इंग्लैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर पश्चिमी इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverozapadna_Engleska" title="Sjeverozapadna Engleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverozapadna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_Barat_Laut" title="Inggris Barat Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris Barat Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%25C3%25B0vestur-England" title="Norðvestur-England – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðvestur-England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Ovest_(Inghilterra)" title="Nord Ovest (Inghilterra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nord Ovest (Inghilterra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259F-%25D7%259E%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591_%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="צפון-מערב אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון-מערב אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza_Kaskazini-Magharibi" title="Uingereza Kaskazini-Magharibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza Kaskazini-Magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%25C4%25BCrietumanglija" title="Ziemeļrietumanglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļrietumanglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B5%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D3%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Кефердинни рагъакӀидай Англия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кефердинни рагъакӀидай Англия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0iaur%25C4%2597s_Vakar%25C5%25B3_Anglija" title="Šiaurės Vakarų Anglija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Vakarų Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="वायव्य इंग्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वायव्य इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_de_la_Anglaterra" title="Noroeste de la Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Noroeste de la Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%258E%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A7%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B0%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589" title="ノース・ウェスト・イングランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノース・ウェスト・イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurd_Waast_Ingelun" title="Nuurd Waast Ingelun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurd Waast Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordvest-England" title="Nordvest-England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordvest-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordvest-England" title="Nordvest-England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordvest-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroeste_da_Inglaterra" title="Noroeste da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noroeste da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_kunti_Inlatirra_suyu" title="Chinchay kunti Inlatirra suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay kunti Inlatirra suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE-%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Северо-Западная Англия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северо-Западная Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wast_Ingland" title="North Wast Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Wast Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2595%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Северозападна Енглеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северозападна Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverozapadna_Engleska" title="Sjeverozapadna Engleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverozapadna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoteis-Englanti" title="Luoteis-Englanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luoteis-Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordv%25C3%25A4stra_England" title="Nordvästra England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordvästra England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%258C" title="นอร์ทเวสต์อิงแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์ทเวสต์อิงแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Bat%25C4%25B1_%25C4%25B0ngiltere" title="Kuzey Batı İngiltere – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Batı İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE-%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Північно-Західна Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північно-Західна Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="شمال مغربی انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمال مغربی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="North West England" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E5%2585%25B0" title="西北英格兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西北英格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E8%2598%25AD" title="西北英格蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西北英格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%258C%2597%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E8%2598%25AD" title="西北英格蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西北英格蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 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