CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "read.dukeupress.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92bad33c3b6dfd08',cH: '8MBFohArKZSzVpHUid4hRNs5JvayIaWRvePxP7LNWz8-1743874769-1.2.1.1-jTengzGu4Z9qNPFuA9l35l84gNFZ31EBLrHqIX5bj6He.Z8K.01frQ7Yqrjsaceg',cUPMDTk: "\/journal-of-asian-studies\/article\/59\/1\/145\/337939?__cf_chl_tk=oOt4LKO6LtP6BMTwOkQqVxXRWaTdPuYrdeE_9RHIDOA-1743874769-1.0.1.1-_I_xBOpm8g.WFkzwzwPOoiClHz0AElBhHAo0Rb_cH1s",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743874769',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/journal-of-asian-studies\/article\/59\/1\/145\/337939?__cf_chl_f_tk=oOt4LKO6LtP6BMTwOkQqVxXRWaTdPuYrdeE_9RHIDOA-1743874769-1.0.1.1-_I_xBOpm8g.WFkzwzwPOoiClHz0AElBhHAo0Rb_cH1s",md: "1W2s2K5IxczFMAvWVJnfd2AxCYg8_E2e.APTAmj0Syk-1743874769-1.2.1.1-05J2KM1NP1wfIkXJOxuYmgOMKIJEyZQ_wANA3efyDfNGaeUmRwffbk991ulmL.W95LCbzb2N.V3I4tNQ9AWdLyzW2jvWOwUUJwdP_B.LOMpyc8pKHKpXq0FIgtVXhzCXSjRD4VJ.DIzYVXh2jPt_prCGHaBcHeaU4GRpxgLPxhHSDWozTcDgF8TyCZfuK9iopzyjZQF3WhW3eIEwHnHpqWgSb5MT3mHPKHsXzviAYIvObyHoki6WwI3.LDwcunBqCKcHmQx0YfTjpMfd1QapU2wM3jsxnb7ihVJpOQPnP0rgN4eTWkJ_b70WTPGStTFnjkhnf8QJCghWxscugr39Cx.2ebnc9fyMgQuD1Ej51pZom6mMFnc3PDaxXfkwVICCbq.6ZQqFD9W6cHBP2CLYhBCQsGIMQvLZrtCFqJuxBjj0ZKHLh_RueKduk0.C3PXyqbCYXF2ICsQrINTgewD4IRJasQCC3dWfoPsD7xOQM9mdIxhb91Sg4fDJVw__nfW8nQyO2Odk7h08dka_iftuy1T2ZXSr1WSQkSdtSNtLdxSjRsAh3b9pezidJaNxH6ghDGtjo.f0qrZYjZShXZSMMKU4F.9ZSzqfuxXTVL.vtSTv0FPRkzaBjdJ3mM8XOfJZ0y2_vLVvx1oARfORA2hbfUycQPB2hdj39qbBWIQwF5AWJbYSDU0vKxztxQUFjgv1J5k2M7GmRV76JZ4qUqfbTppGvNN.IqRNC4uW_t0ZGTrU64V1iTHXG9N1QuTqPajUV_w7myGESCJwgRQ6Q1at9ZdzsW3pyKumeR_fjPRyUWhdiw_n2OG0BjmrIaGSPMU12L1zd21_CBSjJUwOvkJlbVm8fL0CbUwwaUlSc3w931SCpxcgaQWXLC8EK4UDeb8WLYlm.yi5VVQ6uHjmw9057noWkHfWZ2MvZrf8FOdUikaO9Ow0sWnJi8mJCbFZqUKhyTiwDCgUZFXsdMjTYdoNmNJEXXhFI5M.7E0XegvTrtelqJ6.z0gMvFFIBxHkA_rMMG7OoGQvHyW_uUw8Vg2w9glTJG6lXMt2kwSudVR08zpHf7ifGyFBRqb.Znv34RU.kGk0WrI3TlSzPEdx7IxayPvYBnZ7LcxcesQEfhve.4Hu_BgiEDHblDpwtNShAre7klp.tnvw.axjrpDySCTYwpTpj6SzJ8LIOOLzPxGPTXbAX6mw.5sdCVGdMZ.Xd9TfDPd_xK_wGtzre2kQpDO.tGYKaJaPyG1b1aShy.ATg.N1uTRoqvFL9FQabdfHzLScWE_t1ez2MsGIbFNHvDSGW9axuiUiWaQyGxnd4WK2lWuV0TPmQIlOr.kYaFnxKAeQuMke_K50T_GLjgvDjpT5tg",mdrd: "XAxnRAsrEMGEUijTmg6HhCErSpz2yggRJVWKFYX1Jws-1743874769-1.2.1.1-WFFRer2lplRdVgd1fiRvCOLHQE2LcHfYLBzKOr8_yV1wjsgqskQHVL9wMcxx965N78NnfOMjvptEnhQfpdnGYjHmJRICXUOWhLS.J1AiSOWYp7U58GpF_mxYu72yCXNpzLIt1J1LFxTvO9BGszFkO0Hn1D5WwKbD53XapsKkY4GjyIo3I9r6npn7HrPSgHQzUzhs9fmo51q1VFu9Mt15TlMGT3yZE1UXCCZzWB8Ha28l0k2hvlKSDIK7hIkf61X7b.hCwB8aaDM1CsmtV5QTecySJGThJiv1.MuxeryEUeCqyoVT1ocONUmT_CRPRBdTPLgCVmUi2dSQ0IrIUGQbGxRcwCL1VMtMKRM5mELsPc1Wwle30_YNieSYd7fQQyimCOXJPo7JK0N3_LsW.LJEZlyM72xlMwYLzdUOh9_LvvxnUY6P8YaJYQIHuaeMrwKf5dZAVyz46QIJtW.0eVpAZyseaNj1362O.WOKOygwrdyh8ED62jFzxWjbTcFH_YYYe_AHuG615.L7reboB0pB8l9tezboFjT7W_71gRCtrIdgYFivYVvqgbMvQR6WwjtreZgFzdxUQlhFELExITlIMRFWadQwppSjZqWdxwTx_NiggPH0IN9YIweNPl3Sf5bY7rJLEMdmWg8UopXNkSPo3z.Jeq4wRFwQR35lWe0mUvGDSAZH5QseSj.S4Ka.TdqUkQU4zwUzgYnwYUlby9sCcVjazKzHNtUSiTWQKDjACr31q_2xlDn.x9lnxfPxEeg5lF236Ilt2TTK4gBKMbff5QIDCKpRqP1jOpGjrlPWmzlhpRlqCOhVQT6x4FJRzCPoN6qgPSL9DouJnc26ovUN7R4bHcab3ADPC24UA6g4O3xpRRUFosWpnViGXB9gIN7oRA2RT6MJCKhNgzYLUdn5edviUhzFRGe395ZmDDKJ2EkTinbcK6aGfaBZ4t4gfV1FqBDyAES2LOf_xrj_hpuvO3OPsg4mCvtyaDCUCtSIe4GeZWJW7j1ECoVjRd2kjNE5JQXJaJ69QmJWdMoh5SvM3Tz0BveXw8_hxOAuuSmADAvuehhbbvgqPA1JMtqLYISGmBED8ERwNGaN5kvT.VfJdxftfs4GdWyKf8SabvsOXRAbRKIjzEe1RiE4Yl.R4kPUDocY5VdDt3iTIL1ySdAG6saisqVkEokOUmjNDZFsgqExzPnfo3oh5uF6_GHqWUWFPalGzdSFUT2YIFtWK5KPQFw4XFH53CzL9hu0zeP7D3kcRE7QNOXcuKw_geMhi1wrNLHuBz6bIHQIxB_R_Y6lOcjlYGWhNKKY6NsWXe5p1BBYvOKK.pTv8yUHU0duJV3gnHrmMD.b_X1jc0NSg1mrXc1NGsKQ9fmT3aiMF8cGd_wFVjIt3LIjZMIdHyHg4OPZGLcaK7LaxWRqaIZs8V4Txs69Dn.Zka43OzNBdybavYSA.Im.BD2hXmmF5zB9xw064kxlvf0hPwtFmcIkWx6F68iA2doiD1yFtd48hgxNQXNrMNOx20ml3QIeFLf8xrld6CIIzm5zr4T8ZVgGV22r.Pxl2YbqjI0zKWpomtXjajK6RqlKlYyHvrcCm9EBWuM5eaE9lF3mz9fL7N7BMiQ7NNOI1lHstvU6Vne2O_pfnVN9R9uZ6KCdEHj2eeV4jK4Vo0_Qd7RxTLu19Zc_NbfKkdQKIjdHMS.7fzQUHfwhIa_dyg9oWdqzLfv34Ah36IskMDJyRzkUIdKGkzg7E0_5eqTSmMG9aJXHUQfqBipsAdbYKoVFZSS_7gnMNLIv_BKdbT5yqOA7tc9pxs1G3UgR5LzcvDTBplR0dUjrd4UuN3r64_oBpLb.cRJVMDqw2yK3bzHbIMTtWrT.gDqPxsTg_4HFvBkrCsZyU8BXU9I8n_6FpF4zF7sLnc7NsDlEMIOJswbT6TnHyEBePxikXH7gpnZNdlPwDxSjdtNKdzx1U27C8qpfocJTdj9a2gJp8LHJ4btcw0CQXadDJstBteoqpq7En3633Z.E.cqzE3wAj9EQwDoeHo7.ykhuk1kDSwHjgFRjUgusOkr6Lx0znUp.hg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92bad33c3b6dfd08';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/journal-of-asian-studies\/article\/59\/1\/145\/337939?__cf_chl_rt_tk=oOt4LKO6LtP6BMTwOkQqVxXRWaTdPuYrdeE_9RHIDOA-1743874769-1.0.1.1-_I_xBOpm8g.WFkzwzwPOoiClHz0AElBhHAo0Rb_cH1s" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>