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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Extension_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extension_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Extension syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extension_syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extension syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul 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vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runtime_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Runtime classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runtime_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Partial classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Generics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runtime_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runtime_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Runtime library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runtime_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preprocessor-based_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preprocessor-based_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preprocessor-based detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preprocessor-based_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">C++/CX</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="C++/CX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q197708#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language extension for C++ compilers</div> <p><b>C++/CX</b> <i>(C++ component extensions)</i> is a language projection for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> platform. It takes the form of a language extension for <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, and it enables C++ programmers to write programs that call <a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> (WinRT) <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a>. C++/CX is superseded by the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a> language projection, which is <i>not</i> an extension to the C++ language; rather, it's an entirely standard modern ISO C++17 header-file-based library.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroToCppWinRT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroToCppWinRT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language extensions borrow syntax from <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a> but target the Windows Runtime <a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Native code">native code</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed code</a>. It brings a set of syntax and library abstractions that project <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a>'s WRL subset-based WinRT <a href="/wiki/Programming_model" title="Programming model">programming model</a> in a way that is intuitive to C++/CLI managed extensions' coders. </p><p>It is possible to call the Windows Runtime from native ISO <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> via the lower level <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh438466.aspx">Windows Runtime C++ Template Library</a> (WRL). However, WRL is also superseded by <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroToCppWinRT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroToCppWinRT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extension_syntax">Extension syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extension syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C++/CX introduces syntax extensions for programming for the Windows Runtime. The overall non platform-specific syntax is compatible with the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objects">Objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WinRT objects are created, or <i>activated</i>, using <code>ref new</code> and assigned to variables declared with the <code>^</code> (hat) notation inherited from C++/CLI. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">();</span> </pre></div> <p>A WinRT variable is simply a pair of a pointer to <a href="/wiki/Virtual_method_table" title="Virtual method table">virtual method table</a> and pointer to the object's <a href="/wiki/Opaque_pointer" title="Opaque pointer">internal data</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reference_counting">Reference counting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reference counting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A WinRT object is <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counted</a> and thus handles similarly to ordinary C++ objects enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Smart_pointer#shared_ptr_and_weak_ptr" title="Smart pointer">shared_ptrs</a>. An object will be deleted when there are no remaining references that lead to it. </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> involved. Nevertheless, the keyword <code>gcnew</code> has been reserved for possible future use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classes">Classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Runtime_classes">Runtime classes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Runtime classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are special kinds of <i>runtime classes</i> that may contain component extension constructs. These are simply referred to as <i>ref classes</i> because they are declared using <code>ref class</code>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MyClass</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Partial_classes">Partial classes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partial classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C++/CX introduces the concept of <a href="/wiki/Partial_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial classes">partial classes</a>. The feature allows a single class definition to be split across multiple files, mainly to enable the <a href="/wiki/XAML" class="mw-redirect" title="XAML">XAML</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> design tools to auto-generate code in a separate file in order not to break the logic written by the developer. The parts are later merged at compilation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/.NET_language" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET language">.NET languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> have had this feature for many years. Partial classes have not yet made it into the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> standard and cannot therefore be used, even in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>. </p><p>A file that is generated and updated by the GUI-designer, and thus should not be modified by the programmer. Note the keyword <code>partial</code>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// foo.private.h</span> <span class="cp">#pragma once</span> <span class="n">partial</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">foo</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">private</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id_</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name_</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <p>The file where the programmer writes user-interface logic. The header in which the compiler-generated part of the class is defined is imported. Note that the keyword <code>partial</code> is not necessary. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// foo.public.h</span> <span class="cp">#pragma once</span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"foo.private.h"</span> <span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">foo</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetId</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetName</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <p>This is the file in which the members of the partial class are implemented. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// foo.cpp</span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"pch.h"</span> <span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"foo.public.h"</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">foo::GetId</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id_</span><span class="p">;}</span> <span class="n">Platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">GetName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name_</span><span class="p">;}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generics">Generics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Generics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windows Runtime and thus C++/CX supports runtime-based <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a>. Generic type information is contained in the metadata and instantiated at runtime, unlike <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_template" class="mw-redirect" title="C++ template">C++ templates</a> which are compile-time constructs. Both are supported by the compiler and can be combined. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">generic</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">typename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">bag</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metadata">Metadata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata (CLI)</a></div> <p>All WinRT programs expose their declared classes and members through <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. The format is the same that was standardized as part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI), the standard created from the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. Because of this, code can be shared across C++/CX, <a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">CLI languages</a>, and JavaScript that target Windows Runtime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Runtime_library">Runtime library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Runtime library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The C++/CX has a set of libraries that target the Windows Runtime. These help bridge the functionality of the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a> and WinRT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preprocessor-based_detection">Preprocessor-based detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preprocessor-based detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>You can detect if C++/CX extension is turned on by testing existence of <code>__cplusplus_winrt</code> preprocessor symbol. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#ifdef __cplusplus_winrt</span> <span class="c1">// C++/CX specific code goes here...</span> <span class="cp">#endif</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IntroToCppWinRT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntroToCppWinRT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntroToCppWinRT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/uwp/cpp-and-winrt-apis/intro-to-using-cpp-with-winrt/">Introduction to C++/WinRT</a> docs.microsoft.com</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B/CX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vcblog/archive/2011/10/20/10228473.aspx">Inside the C++/CX Design - Visual C++ Team Blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/C9-GoingNative/GoingNative-3-The-CCX-Episode-with-Marian-Luparu">GoingNative 3: The C++/CX Episode with Marian Luparu - Channel 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507060153/http://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/C9-GoingNative/GoingNative-3-The-CCX-Episode-with-Marian-Luparu">Archived</a> 2012-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mariusbancila.ro/blog/tag/ccx/">WinRT and winmd Files - Marius Bancila's Blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/hh699871(v=vs.110).aspx">Visual C++ Language Reference (C++/CX)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Microsoft_Expression_Web" title="Microsoft Expression Web">Expression Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FxCop" title="FxCop">FxCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_MACRO-80" title="Microsoft MACRO-80">MACRO-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Macro Assembler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickC" title="QuickC">QuickC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Developer_Studio" title="Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio">Robotics Developer Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer" title="Microsoft SharePoint Designer">SharePoint Designer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_WebMatrix" title="Microsoft WebMatrix">WebMatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_Studio" title="Windows App Studio">Windows App Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_SDK" title="Microsoft Windows SDK">Windows SDK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILAsm" title="ILAsm">ILAsm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinDiff" title="WinDiff">WinDiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAMLPad" class="mw-redirect" title="XAMLPad">XAMLPad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_AX" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Dynamics AX">Dynamics AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">BASIC</a></li> <li>Visual Basic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">VB.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Visual C++</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++/CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexterity_(programming_language)" title="Dexterity (programming language)">Dexterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">J++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">VPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APIs and<br />frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">UWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Development_Kit" title="Xbox Development Kit">Xbox Development Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUI" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUI">WinUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Communication Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Identity_Foundation" title="Windows Identity Foundation">Identity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Workflow Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Kit" title="Windows Driver Kit">WDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">WDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Lab_Kit" title="Windows Hardware Lab Kit">Windows HLK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">WDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Database</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">Management Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Intelligence_Development_Studio" title="Business Intelligence Development Studio">Business Intelligence Development Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSDE" title="MSDE">MSDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">SQL services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Analysis_Services" title="Microsoft Analysis Services">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Reporting_Services" title="SQL Server Reporting Services">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Integration_Services" title="SQL Server Integration Services">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Notification_Services" title="SQL Server Notification Services">Notification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe" title="Microsoft Visual SourceSafe">Visual SourceSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">Team Foundation Version Control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and<br />debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Script_Debugger" title="Microsoft Script Debugger">Script Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinDbg" title="WinDbg">WinDbg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Setup" title="Active Setup">Active Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Platform_Installer" title="Web Platform Installer">Web Platform Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_development_tools" title="Category:Microsoft development tools">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C++" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Template:C++ programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Template talk:C++ programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C%2B%2B_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C++ programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="C++" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_C%2B%2B" title="Outline of C++">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B#Standardization" title="C++">C++98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B26" title="C++26">C++26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:C%2B%2B_libraries" title="Category:C++ libraries">Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_classes" title="C++ classes">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepts_(C%2B%2B)" title="Concepts (C++)">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_constructor_(C%2B%2B)" title="Copy constructor (C++)">Copy constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B#Exception_handling" title="C++">Exception handling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exception_safety" title="Exception safety">Exception safety</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">Function overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11#Rvalue_references_and_move_constructors" title="C++11">Move semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_and_delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="New and delete (C++)">new and delete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Operators in C and C++">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(C%2B%2B)" title="Reference (C++)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B)" title="Template (C++)">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_function" title="Virtual function">Virtual functions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">Standard Library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Input/output_(C%2B%2B)" title="Input/output (C++)">I/O Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_pointer" title="Smart pointer">Smart pointers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_string_handling" title="C++ string handling">Strings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-if_rule" title="As-if rule">As-if rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%E2%80%93Nackman_trick" title="Barton–Nackman trick">Barton–Nackman trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern" title="Curiously recurring template pattern">Curiously recurring template pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_vexing_parse" title="Most vexing parse">Most vexing parse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Definition_Rule" title="One Definition Rule">One Definition Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">Resource acquisition is initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_three_(C%2B%2B_programming)" title="Rule of three (C++ programming)">Rule of three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_slicing" title="Object slicing">Slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_functions" title="Special member functions">Special member functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_failure_is_not_an_error" title="Substitution failure is not an error">Substitution failure is not an error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template metaprogramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:C%2B%2B_compilers" title="Category:C++ compilers">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compilers#C++_compilers" title="List of compilers">Comparison of C++ compilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B" title="Borland C++">Borland C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_C%2B%2B" title="Borland C++">Borland Turbo C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">C++Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Oracle Solaris Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C++">Visual C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">Watcom C/C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Integrated_development_environments" title="Category:Integrated development environments">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#C/C++" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of C IDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLion" class="mw-redirect" title="CLion">CLion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-C%2B%2B" title="Dev-C++">Dev-C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superset languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective-C++">Objective-C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C++/CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(computer_programming)" title="Ch (computer programming)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYCL" title="SYCL">SYCL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">Embedded C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relative to<br />other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of Java and C++">Comparison of Java and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ALGOL_68_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++">Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_C%2B%2B" title="Criticism of C++">Criticism of C++</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Designer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li></ul> 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