CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135510b6f5dfd96',cH: 'qmLi4qHkeBuUXptsMKzlv5Rh32XgpObwGPJl7VIoR_E-1739790476-1.2.1.1-njJyuNpvL2edLVBOnCLOtuJkaaYTyGg3wLvm16fHZFmrpmdUk2sc.VBdqDjbKYG5',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school%20teachers&__cf_chl_tk=Go9thnm5Q9IDemPUJZTjwwELXj9ToShxgBIFTr2u8KM-1739790476-1.0.1.1-VXNW0Yl8L3LUZEkisw0tVEspFV5mCDh2SO.jroffTWY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790476',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school%20teachers&__cf_chl_f_tk=Go9thnm5Q9IDemPUJZTjwwELXj9ToShxgBIFTr2u8KM-1739790476-1.0.1.1-VXNW0Yl8L3LUZEkisw0tVEspFV5mCDh2SO.jroffTWY",md: "69rZihrd6MQy9LcpoAqo2x_.3Dgii.OPH7PvPI4Q3jE-1739790476-1.2.1.1-W7YlqwYMFhnJGw_hYA2U3Dqr94vv.4mLCApvUR0utNSc8Q_YQdaTECkmBShXPcMCDfw_Y36zETryV1_7QLAGhiaXu2gp9ncTAqpLif2mDC4_2_9U.5WaMNEEUE8kod5NFNVrqPHw1RQtHXL_HALMHPTcrviqnyTP4QPv79pm6.DvS2xPhyHfUCq8MAru9bCbSt5Evs.WkaGj68_93nOpI.X5L1Jcll1ZgDHkbIhggo3Zd2owSMqwlw5mm7aLMMn.y2x_c0LNb8VJcyLgOCdfVsE2MWDFzW8QX16SnZ_Ba05tSzRtI1vs3GNwxaW3nX7CFuvOX9sQ8RJ_7MeTmIExmsaeN5h_XG8lKK8ROKo4nJbcwhLCch1u0Ksu0zGYArUdiaRmG_jqqN55Ph1mINbSs.D_0aKDB1TKMw.rF7knYU8mN40MXr1nT9uqHEVVfN3nqyy6SeEA_gT2KZam.5zZ41neRdcVnCTDRNJF9E_acSLCjzyqCcxc96Lb8Y3We3wVvgXLwRXZkr.LMwo1a7GItcmV.4RopXViBjIWO9A3GwbMrBgIP7NKJgjBMP4o1RE.V6tSt7OYzfXkxL1A0Dc8IFLb1BIO9gp1rohZk9IO3.fBOPkYCNXRoD4UcfhBE2OqQRIp7a0E7MdsYgnr7NlP5VaHhZQR31sm.ZuN7iznoyIqDwKtdvcjOqaUfeUK5Kdo7T7YLFXGQzHNc1Wec6B4w0YWH8cDj_OAzrVEEtyqKfjIRQK3Qj.u9B.aLLm.CfHnFZSHKSIKBOeLv17WUIwdkYc.mAgEwu5KNCAC7Jz3xaO0LrHi14l7eeN48gDzUc3yDZ6VEbuOQYLZomL9RnoF6HRK1qPagslXvD.RweCBrrwnHefewEiZ0JKlsJyJRjE.QOtsbvaKkLBYIZfF__eXD_jM29MoyTCVtRA.q5ZccdRkMoqlqbOJSxaRsNnm4Iooxhqim.2Oybzs5Buln4Zjd2bAKrfltjzGkBFFbeS7yZHNlNvzKNUQvHiphNGCC9TyvSmY7dGJQWi.mbv9E65AFlcTu2LKhscWY67V2tcPsYLOHwRzBFaCK6MNaWVvmTg9i9q007g7PyRf7XhgvYRDP0S0hYRIziaJctBzUwgjQoppKh7pJ5YPE.DBqr8VFkDnSeYdq_Y6wLOVR9.SbjD2t6PXzXdaYUVwQHw8oQ2meg4I6VAEdjBJoEx6gvumHmjfMTDHWsrvAkS4wcRLVWm2qFs2pDDpEIWMut649Xs9ptjwCCMDcO363fs8fpYaC01hITF2o7WdYml0JeIpZiWPIw_.7L9GjfFKlMeGQB0HXakoIpeIJvFjdctWPjLp1R6lL0nvpBTIpPQ32qGOi_UNj6zdh61ttwuSkZ4CTVwSXf5fpfTcKA2vrvkQQYiCd5IB5_ksp7jll7vY909yZ4uciGr44X23Neo8A2H4UjWbdyMOLMbZpjZuzVWdmUSG8v.be9znN4M_JpRGdDcyB_aQuOdkgHrN8Xcj7HwAVvq_e55v.TpwBnZkYIr.ND44rk5yL3Pa.3DbYEp0dgb7Bq1QriXktgzvmzjO8TKT7dJMBGf.qOfkRqpdRzAfQIyYU6mRvOvZr88CL.CakLA1hXrEfKSFlCYeo8h42.e66AFBvLFj7bnR9kJBlm7yUG7Tl3FnpNyN.pJx.fWgJOCKZPvAzaQy9l.FklTEaIHKcZhizuOfr2W_ax.esRiJam_ILc39Tq_bcrEtHAQyXomXGx7yW1x2skB_9jArK9EI9zHzaciJbB0ONw3MGVhtonOQwHcTtktx1yb7wSWg_fW_uf7K6I.9ax.IALLTbmRfM.Am9x1oqj4GBDutADIOCP.oZ23kYvej55VdQSTKt5VGCil2solMDeAE4D5q5x5chlD9VeUCIvVoTSBDy60792njugtEqPqpQ0YA7Y4VcgdZ4rMRhOB7MUduc5Rmb2RfjPYFlqrgtqd1l1rHVaBlmG7Gt7n8",mdrd: "VyWrSdhfd2hymdWwHORKHs3zrpryEY9HwD1DjnKA0SI-1739790476-1.2.1.1-jdeY1HcpDKucCxXVErsKkAj4jR8Dbssxa.mtmVin6.sqU1ezMEWuUp2Cn0vIn6VbxVjRHFM.ju7eSOUccHtaZa2Hwg172p.AqjJV0EvqHb.NNjWDZR5nIqSWohukangnxyW2q63HoO00TWdSVE08aT9RhOP.jSLcxFuN73RWZY3ZfDdhhBRx8vDj6XjkKIQ4A7baBCy1BbWD1okIMAWsQwjPrWvHA3cgsGls7p1r3o2NlEEIUiPNF2O_tk5IARDDh3eSBoZbE9abV5akvVKUw1rbAf0x2stnfXw9z09wPT5G6DlD3lrYh1Y2rNFIuKz_kOKx1fJgtknpDvmCtbO5wBybHd7FdycX8eWyQu5zDL3F_bS1bpOEiZDS9WwhiM5dWZfXVxC59SwlIr9OaABeV68kHp_A09dbjUW.87rrrKk_46yr6TM0yOFSn8CDsB4kLLFU8eLIlE9ZILJV9XNZrBD6jZXtKOL_dzeXxn7GDRva7ShX14vDFwXE03crVlJ4qBF9WlF0X5KvP96zoOb6L_hulo2Dv864t7cAg8iQlEqFig7uCk15rVAgfCD2bVz81hTcuKNRn1ylg_sXVkRGJ78AETvK1trnPo6jtA2vhwiwRZL.fZN0e8czJz5T.kCUd2h.DyQe7plsk_pjSyezGifTUM_w2LIAfCNZ7BDXXtljXw7vn_TVZyshsxRhY1Iv2LWNU7xjOvaj1xWYOES_MtaMABU1x_GoGMMa3Nz4cJxGVHmoGHZh_3an69gJ6QWbxIIRhqZJZAn0ib32u_UjyL55gzUUhy.8a0UxLkqFGtEG9Mkn1pd5QNvaVQh4RlZNQLW80pk0Yz2hvrLX9WEcRyhD6lxxR0NwY295sRFyTHVNmw5TN64zz53gMeb5iYSMxd.5oftY8ZVXfjhIYKndAJEJ.J6lvv9jq13VrXR5nHpnSswEnymbKdYmzLtoi.Iwpn4qW_2HZO0lVAb_EeKNMBipqPWboAWnUXBCsJmXAmv69i91L04HFRkl5DVrIVO1MlfEh9rlIVtG8Q8iYUtcqNlmPRfEqOrT3VJFJ9n_4JS80FPBGMcmyHEFwL4iH8_4HTwIy4oW3RIKvwFNnJ5uqsgUuNgbiON.Nrz7IT2KnWESYwAxJQKDHWugwpawieXduWsfbnRrDqVu2wjDSoP3Yar7iCVPgk35ZuXO8fFOp1uLMyL8XFmiPSW5ZMZu5tmI8eCWq58uarqi0ESXQNXsQRO47wOXn.ZM53U9EnHJvLWnzbpjoG443oQ8SIEBLJfun6G0Rx7bQvLn9a6N1SDPnh1SyoLI1BeFcnm0HLujqIqniTT9rvKdwelYSyWWebudG2dt9pa4RsHjuA7JMCI1.5tMivIBNsEYVWQDGvUyaUs55JgZESBx6plr4Sdjfpk9_MvUNxMjWQ_JwFV_qHOMlWH1xx3xs9gbb5BP74ZyWvb0OP7ak5q_oj6z_OQ0QQPAO5OW9PBrK8sKcE8duoTEILGYIbQZ1r0Yjxol3EFhggaG1A13QCAqJ4LUqRWsOjfFM6wzDgoByoR_3J9ZWWcuGPx1bexblehSD.i8c839cK6z1oNfrG.TYH.M4RoZE5k42ADz_bOmnDy8sVjK00Vd_EjPh.e1JEuKOz3.F9Z1xpB1z5px0drRQr3w0TijSbAy6moaBl4JWzrmBtEopyqp7XCuO85dk_XhB.ztQvue2t4cS_kDbogO4Cp9ttasrpc.cdx7AImqmt.un4.q7FXc_fIhuL7eUlzkHLm7tQ9ZeimgIXnafNCkruvYm04I3DGb33g7.8wsWx9o1A9SZuVcDD8CqPR1cTwI0MS9TQolbX6WBgYVhs7G9q1S_8XFfCMTApadI1onVEI8ddBf22SqkEvjG7SO35fmeI60HRd1GEmMPfCGn3spYi4fnsfp2SGdrAAEi1YGXw7Yqjj5TyrCj0sgUf7T7zL6IVhSv6vrzDQ6NlwUqATqwO2sSrBvQrIH"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135510b6f5dfd96';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=primary%20school%20teachers&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Go9thnm5Q9IDemPUJZTjwwELXj9ToShxgBIFTr2u8KM-1739790476-1.0.1.1-VXNW0Yl8L3LUZEkisw0tVEspFV5mCDh2SO.jroffTWY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>