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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background and establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shanghai_as_de_facto_capital,_1939–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai_as_de_facto_capital,_1939–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shanghai as de facto capital, 1939–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai_as_de_facto_capital,_1939–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_expand_Japanese_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_expand_Japanese_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Efforts to expand Japanese recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_expand_Japanese_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakthrough,_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakthrough,_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Breakthrough, 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakthrough,_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_on_Opium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_Opium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>War on Opium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_Opium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nanjing_Government_and_the_northern_Chinese_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nanjing_Government_and_the_northern_Chinese_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The Nanjing Government and the northern Chinese areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nanjing_Government_and_the_northern_Chinese_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_recognition_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognition_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>International recognition and foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_recognition_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>State ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>National defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_methods_of_recruiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_methods_of_recruiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Japanese methods of recruiting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_methods_of_recruiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_under_the_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_under_the_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Life under the regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_under_the_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wang Jingwei regime</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A" title="نظام وانغ جين وي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام وانغ جين وي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Cheng-o%C4%93_Ch%C3%A8ng-kho%C3%A2n" title="Ong Cheng-oē Chèng-khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ong Cheng-oē Chèng-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Рэжым Ван Цзінвэя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэжым Ван Цзінвэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Режим на Уан Дзинуей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Режим на Уан Дзинуей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_Nacionalista_de_Nanjing" title="Govern Nacionalista de Nanjing – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern Nacionalista de Nanjing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_republika_(Wang_%C5%A4ing-wej%C5%AFv_re%C5%BEim)" title="Čínská republika (Wang Ťing-wejův režim) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská republika (Wang Ťing-wejův režim)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Kinas_reformerede_regering" title="Republikken Kinas reformerede regering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Kinas reformerede regering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuorganisierte_Regierung_der_Republik_China" title="Neuorganisierte Regierung der Republik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuorganisierte Regierung der Republik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_nacionalista_de_Nank%C3%ADn" title="Gobierno nacionalista de Nankín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno nacionalista de Nankín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciisma_Registaro_de_Nankino" title="Naciisma Registaro de Nankino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naciisma Registaro de Nankino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="رژیم وانگ جینگ وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رژیم وانگ جینگ وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_national_r%C3%A9organis%C3%A9_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine" title="Gouvernement national réorganisé de la république de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement national réorganisé de la république de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EC%A7%95%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%95%EA%B6%8C" title="왕징웨이 정권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왕징웨이 정권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Nasional_Direorganisasi_Republik_Tiongkok" title="Pemerintahan Nasional Direorganisasi Republik Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Nasional Direorganisasi Republik Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_di_Nanchino" title="Repubblica di Nanchino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica di Nanchino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92-%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99" title="ממשלת ואנג ג'ינג-ויי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת ואנג ג'ינג-ויי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Wang_Jingwei" title="Kerajaan Wang Jingwei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Wang Jingwei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans-China" title="Japans-China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japans-China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E5%85%86%E9%8A%98%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="汪兆銘政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汪兆銘政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingweis_regjering" title="Wang Jingweis regjering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wang Jingweis regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_nacionalista_de_Nanquim" title="Governo nacionalista de Nanquim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo nacionalista de Nanquim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Режим Ван Цзинвэя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Режим Ван Цзинвэя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" title="Reorganized National Government of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Reorganized National Government of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwein_hallitus" title="Wang Jingwein hallitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wang Jingwein hallitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiken_Kina_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Republiken Kina (Wang Jingwei) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Republiken Kina (Wang Jingwei)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ระบอบวาง จิงเว่ย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบอบวาง จิงเว่ย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Cumhuriyeti_Yeniden_D%C3%BCzenlenmi%C5%9F_Ulusal_H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" title="Çin Cumhuriyeti Yeniden Düzenlenmiş Ulusal Hükûmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Cumhuriyeti Yeniden Düzenlenmiş Ulusal Hükûmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wang_Jingwei_regime&params=32_03_N_118_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">118°46′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.050°N 118.767°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.050; 118.767</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Puppet state of Japan in China (1940–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of China</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Chunghwa Minkuo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Chinese postal</a>)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Chūka Minkoku</i> (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese <i>rōmaji</i></a>)</span></li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1940–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_(Peace,_Anti-Communism,_National_Construction).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Reorganized National Government of China"><img alt="Flag of Reorganized National Government of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Reorganized National Government of China">Top: 1940–1943 version of the flag <br /> Bottom: 1943–1945 version of the flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Emblem of Reorganized National Government of China"><img alt="National Emblem of Reorganized National Government of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg/135px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_1940-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">National Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">和平、反共、建國</span></span><br /><i>Hépíng, Fǎngòng, Jiànguó</i><br />"Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />中華民國國歌,<br /><i>Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guógē</i><br />"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wang Jingwei regime (dark red) and Mengjiang (light red) within the Empire of Japan (pink) at its furthest extent"><img alt="The Wang Jingwei regime (dark red) and Mengjiang (light red) within the Empire of Japan (pink) at its furthest extent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Japanese_China.svg/250px-Japanese_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Japanese_China.svg/375px-Japanese_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Japanese_China.svg/500px-Japanese_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Wang Jingwei regime (dark red) and <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (light red) within the Empire of Japan (pink) at its furthest extent</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> presidential republic under a <a href="/wiki/Tridemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridemism">Tridemist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Republic_of_China#National_Government_(Nanjing,_1940–1945)" title="List of leaders of the Republic of China">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1944–1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized by Japan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Dissolved</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">Soviet occupation of Manchuria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Reorganised National Government of the Republic of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">改組中華民國國民政府</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gǎizǔ zhōnghuá mínguó guómín zhèngfǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄍㄞˇㄗㄨˇ ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄥˋㄈㄨˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gaetzuu jonghwa ming gwomin jenqfuu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kai3-tsu3 chung1-hua2 min2-kuo2 kuo2-min2 cheng4-fu3</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Wang Jingwei regime</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">汪精衛政府</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wāngjīngweì zhèngfǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄨㄤㄐㄧㄥㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄥˋㄈㄨˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Uangjingwey jenqfuu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wang1-ching1-wei4 cheng4-fu3</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly described as the <b>Wang Jingwei regime</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It existed coterminous with the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, which was fighting Japan alongside the other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>. The country functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, formerly a high-ranking official of the Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT). The region it administered was initially seized by Japan during the late 1930s at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>Wang, a rival of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and member of the pro-peace faction of the KMT, defected to the Japanese side and formed a <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">collaborationist</a> government in occupied <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1940, as well as a concurrent <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">collaborationist Kuomintang</a> that ruled the new government. The new state claimed the entirety of China (outside the Japanese puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>) during its existence, portraying itself as the legitimate inheritors of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s legacy as opposed to Chiang's government in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, but effectively only Japanese-occupied territory was under its direct control. Its <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> was limited to other members of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, of which it was a signatory. The Reorganized National Government existed until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in August 1945, at which point the regime was dissolved and many of its leading members were <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. </p><p>The state was formed by <a href="/wiki/Political_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Political unification">combining</a> the previous <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government</a> (1938–1940) and <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government</a> (1937–1940) of the Republic of China, puppet regimes which ruled the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">northern regions</a> of China that were under Japanese control, respectively. Unlike Wang Jingwei's government, these regimes were not much more than arms of the Japanese military leadership and received no recognition even from Japan itself or its allies. However, after 1940 the former territory of the Provisional Government remained semi-autonomous from Nanjing's control, under the name "North China Political Council". The region of <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (puppet government in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) was under Wang Jingwei's government only nominally. His regime was also hampered by the fact that the powers granted to it by the Japanese were extremely limited, and this was only partly changed with the signing of a new treaty in 1943 which gave it more <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> from Japanese control. The Japanese largely viewed it as not an end in itself but the means to an end, a bridge for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek, which led them to often treat Wang with indifference. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regime is informally also known as the <i>Nanjing Nationalist Government</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:民">民</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:政">政</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Nánjīng Guómín Zhèngfǔ</span></i>), the <i>Nanjing Regime</i>, or by its leader <i>Wang Jingwei Regime</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:汪">汪</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:精">精</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:衛">衛</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:政">政</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:權">權</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wāng Jīngwèi Zhèngquán</span></i>). As the government of the Republic of China and subsequently of the People's Republic of China regard the regime as illegal, it is also commonly known as <i>Wang's Puppet Regime</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:汪">汪</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:偽">偽</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:政">政</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:權">權</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wāng Wěi Zhèngquán</span></i>) or <i>Puppet Nationalist Government</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:偽">偽</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:民">民</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:政">政</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:府">府</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wěi Guómín Zhèngfǔ</span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>. Other names used are the <i>Republic of China-Nanjing</i>, <i>China-Nanjing</i>, or <i>New China</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_establishment">Background and establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Wang Jingwei was widely regarded as a favorite to inherit <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s position as leader of the Nationalist Party, based upon his faithful service to the party throughout the 1910s and 20s and based on his unique position as the one who accepted and recorded Sun's last will and testament, he was rapidly overtaken by Chiang Kai-shek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate194180–84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate194180–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s, Wang Jingwei had taken the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek. This put him in control over the deteriorating Sino-Japanese relationship. While Chiang Kai-shek focused his primary attentions against the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, Wang Jingwei diligently toiled to preserve the peace between China and Japan, repeatedly stressing the need for a period of extended peace in order for China to elevate itself economically and militarily to the levels of its neighbor and the other <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great powers</a> of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941130–135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941130–135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his efforts, Wang was unable to find a peaceful solution to prevent the Japanese from commencing an invasion into Chinese territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg/220px-Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg/330px-Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg/440px-Wang_Jingwei_1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="3427" /></a><figcaption>Wang Jingwei was head of the Reorganized National Government.</figcaption></figure> <p>By April 1938, the national conference of the KMT, held in retreat at the temporary capital of Chongqing, appointed Wang as vice-president of the party, reporting only to Chiang Kai-shek himself. Meanwhile, the Japanese advance into Chinese territory as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> continued unrelentingly. From his new position, Wang urged Chiang Kai-shek to pursue a peace agreement with Japan on the sole condition that the hypothetical deal "did not interfere with the territorial integrity of China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang Kai-shek was adamant, however, that he would countenance no surrender, and that it was his position that, were China to be united completely under his control, the Japanese could readily be repulsed. On December 18, 1938, Wang Jingwei and several of his closest supporters resigned from their positions and boarded a plane to <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> in order to seek alternative means of ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941144_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this new base, Wang began pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the conflict independent of the Nationalist Party in exile. In June 1939, Wang and his supporters began negotiating with the Japanese for the creation of a new Nationalist Government which could end the war despite Chiang's objections. To this end, Wang sought to discredit the Nationalists in Chongqing on the basis that they represented not the republican government envisioned by Sun, but rather a "one-party dictatorship", and subsequently call together a Central Political Conference back to the capital of Nanjing in order to formally transfer control over the party away from Chiang Kai-shek. In August, Wang secretly convened the <a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">6th National Congress of the KMT</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, effectively creating a new <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">collaborationist Kuomintang</a> with Wang as its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-B_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts were stymied by Japanese refusal to offer backing for Wang and his new government. Ultimately, Wang Jingwei and his allies would establish their almost entirely powerless new government in Nanjing on 30 March 1940 during the "Central Political Conference",<sup id="cite_ref-B_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the hope that Tokyo might eventually be willing to negotiate a deal for peace, which, though painful, might allow China to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972149–160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972149–160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dedication occurred in the Conference Hall, and both the "blue-sky white-sun red-earth" national flag and the "blue-sky white-sun" <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Kuomintang flag</a> were unveiled, flanking a large portrait of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. </p><p>On the day the new government was formed, and just before the session of the "Central Political Conference" began, Wang visited Sun's tomb in Nanjing's <a href="/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(Nanjing)" title="Purple Mountain (Nanjing)">Purple Mountain</a> to establish the legitimacy of his power as Sun's successor. Wang had been a high-level official of the Kuomintang government and, as a confidant to Sun, had transcribed Sun's last will, the <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E9%81%97%E5%98%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:总理遗嘱">Zongli's Testament</a>. To discredit the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> government, Wang adopted Sun's flag in the hope that it would establish him as the rightful successor to Sun and bring the government back to Nanjing. </p><p>Wang and his group were damaged early on by the defection of the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Gao_Zongwu" title="Gao Zongwu">Gao Zongwu</a>, who played a critical role in arranging Wang's defection after two years of negotiations with the Japanese, in January 1940. He had become disillusioned and believed that Japan did not see China as an equal partner, taking with him the documents of the Basic Treaty that Japan had signed with the Wang Jingwei government. He revealed them to the Kuomintang press, becoming a major propaganda coup for Chiang Kai-shek and discrediting Wang's movement in the eyes of the public as mere puppets of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972277–280_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972277–280-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanghai_as_de_facto_capital,_1939–1941"><span id="Shanghai_as_de_facto_capital.2C_1939.E2.80.931941"></span>Shanghai as de facto capital, 1939–1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shanghai as de facto capital, 1939–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> With Nanjing still rebuilding itself after the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">devastating assault and occupation</a> by the Japanese Imperial Army, the fledgling Reorganized Nationalist Government turned to Shanghai as its primary focal point. With its key role as both an economic and media center for all China, close affiliation to Western Imperial powers even despite the Japanese invasion, and relatively sheltered position from attacks by KMT and Communist forces alike, Shanghai offered both sanctuary and opportunity for Wang and his allies' ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once in Shanghai, the new regime quickly moved to take control over those publications already supportive of Wang and his peace platform, while also engaging in violent, gang-style attacks against rival news outlets. By November 1940, the Reorganized Nationalist Party had secured enough local support to begin hostile takeovers of both Chinese courts and banks still under nominal control by the KMT in Chongqing or Western powers. Buoyed by this rapid influx of seized collateral, the Reorganized Government under its recently appointed Finance Minister, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a>, was able to issue a new currency for circulation. Ultimately however, the already limited economic influence garnered by the new banknotes was further diminished by Japanese efforts to contain the influence of the new regime, at least for a time, to territories firmly under Japanese control like Shanghai and other isolated regions of the Yangtze Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG/220px-Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG/330px-Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG/440px-Protect_Wang_Jingwei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Wall bearing a government slogan that proclaims: "Support Mr. Wang Jingwei!"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_(Nankin_no_Zen_Cho).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg/220px-Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg/330px-Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg/440px-Water_Resource_Committee_of_Wang_Jingwei%27s_puppet_government_%28Nankin_no_Zen_Cho%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Water Resource Committee of Wang Jingwei's puppet government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_expand_Japanese_recognition">Efforts to expand Japanese recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Efforts to expand Japanese recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg/440px-Advertisement_of_congratulation_towards_the_establishment_of_the_new_Nationalist_government_on_Taiwan_Nichi_Nichi_Shimp%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement of congratulation towards the establishment of the new Nationalist government on Taiwan Nichi Nichi Shimpō</figcaption></figure> <p>While Wang had been successful in securing from Japan a "basic treaty" recognizing the foundation of his new party in November 1940, the produced document granted the Reorganized Nationalist Government almost no powers whatsoever. This initial treaty precluded any possibility for Wang to act as intermediary with Chiang Kai-shek and his forces in securing a peace agreement in China. Likewise, the regime was afforded no extra administrative powers in occupied China, save those few previously carved out in Shanghai. Indeed, official Japanese correspondence regarded the Nanjing regime as trivially important, and urged any and all token representatives stationed with Wang and his allies to dismiss all diplomatic efforts by the new government which could not directly contribute to a total military victory over Chiang and his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to expand the treaty in such a way as to be useful, Wang formally traveled to Tokyo in June 1941 in order to meet with prime minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> and his cabinet to discuss new terms and agreements. Unfortunately for Wang, his visit coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, a move which further emboldened officials in Tokyo to pursue total victory in China, rather than accept a peace deal. In the end, Konoe eventually agreed to provide a substantial loan to the Nanjing government as well as increased sovereignty; neither of which came to fruition, and indeed, neither of which were even mentioned to military commanders stationed in China. As a slight conciliation, Wang was successful in persuading the Japanese to secure official recognition for the Nanjing Government from the other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakthrough,_1943"><span id="Breakthrough.2C_1943"></span>Breakthrough, 1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breakthrough, 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg/164px-Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg/247px-Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg/328px-Wang_Jingwei_in_uniform_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Wang Jingwei at a military parade</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Japanese offensive stalled around the Pacific, conditions remained generally consistent under Wang Jingwei's government. The regime continued to represent itself as the legitimate government of China, continued to appeal to Chiang Kai-shek to seek a peace deal, and continued to chafe under the extremely limited sovereignty afforded by the Japanese occupiers. Yet by 1943, Japanese leaders including <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, recognizing that the tide of war was turning against them, sought new ways to reinforce the thinly stretched Japanese forces. To this end, Tokyo finally found it expedient to fully recognize Wang Jingwei's government as a full ally, and a replacement Pact of Alliance was drafted for the basic treaty. This new agreement granted the Nanjing government markedly enhanced administrative control over its own territory, as well as increased ability to make limited self-decisions. Despite this windfall, the deal came far too late for the Reorganized government to have sufficient resources to take advantage of its new powers, and Japan was in no condition to offer aid to its new partner.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_Opium">War on Opium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War on Opium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of general chaos and wartime various profiteering efforts of the conquering Japanese armies, already considerable illegal opium smuggling operations expanded greatly in the Reorganized Nation Government's territory. Indeed, Japanese forces themselves became arguably the largest and most widespread traffickers within the territory under the auspices of semi-official narcotics monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003365–410_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003365–410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While initially too politically weak to make inroads into the Japanese operations, as the war began to turn against them, the Japanese government sought to incorporate some collaborationist governments more actively into the war effort. To this end in October 1943 the Japanese government signed a treaty with the Reorganized Nationalist Government of China offering them a greater degree of control over their own territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003385_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Wang Jingwei and his government were able to gain some increased control over the opium monopolies. Negotiations by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a> were successful in reaching an agreement to cut opium imports from Mongolia in half, as well as an official turnover of state-sponsored monopolies from Japan over to the Reorganized Nationalist Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003392–394_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003392–394-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, perhaps due to financial concerns, the regime sought only limited reductions in the distribution of opium throughout the remainder of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nanjing_Government_and_the_northern_Chinese_areas">The Nanjing Government and the northern Chinese areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Nanjing Government and the northern Chinese areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg/220px-Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg/330px-Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg/440px-Japanese_Occupation_of_China_1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:thistle; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Area of control of the invading Japanese forces</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tongzhou administration (East Ji Anti-Communist Autonomous Administration) was under the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Northern_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Northern China Area Army">Japanese Northern China Area Army</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> area fell inside the sphere of influence of the Japanese Central China Area Army. During this same period the area from middle <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> was administered by the Japanese North China Area Army. These small, largely independent fiefdoms had local money and local leaders, and frequently squabbled. </p><p>Wang Jingwei traveled to Tokyo in 1941 for meetings. In Tokyo the Reorganized National Government Vice President <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a> commented to the <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i> newspaper that the Japanese establishment was making little progress in the Nanjing area. This quote provoked anger from <a href="/wiki/Kumataro_Honda" title="Kumataro Honda">Kumataro Honda</a>, the Japanese ambassador in Nanjing. Zhou Fohai petitioned for total control of China's central provinces by the Reorganized National Government. In response, Imperial Japanese Army Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Teiichi_Suzuki" title="Teiichi Suzuki">Teiichi Suzuki</a> was ordered to provide military guidance to the Reorganized National Government, and so became part of the real power that lay behind Wang's rule. </p><p>With the permission of the Japanese Army, a monopolistic economic policy was applied, to the benefit of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> and local representatives. Though these companies were supposedly treated the same as local Chinese companies by the government, the president of the Yuan legislature in Nanjing, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a>, complained that this was untrue to the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiz%C5%8D" title="Kaizō">Kaizō</a></i> Japanese review. The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China also featured its own embassy in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan (as did <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)</a></div> <p>Wang Jingwei nominally ruled the government as the Chairman of the Central Political Committee, Chairman of the National Government Committee, and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">President of the Executive Yuan</a> (commonly called the Premier), until his death in 1944, after which <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a> succeeded him until Japan's defeat in 1945. His collaborationist Kuomintang was the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole-ruling party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supreme national ruling body was officially the Central Political Committee (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中央政治委員會</span>), under which was the National Government Committee (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">國民政府委員會</span>). The administrative structure of the Reorganized National Government also included a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>; they were respectively led by Chen Gongbo and Wang Jingwei until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-B_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, actual political power remained with the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Central_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Central China Area Army">Japanese Central China Area Army</a> and Japanese political entities formed by Japanese political advisors. A principal goal of the new regime was to portray itself as the legitimate continuation of the former Nationalist government, despite the Japanese occupation. To this end, the Reorganized government frequently sought to revitalize and expand the former policies of the Nationalist government, often to mixed success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2003365–410_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2003365–410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_recognition_and_foreign_relations">International recognition and foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International recognition and foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg/220px-Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg/330px-Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg/440px-Signing_of_Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Wang Jingwei, Japanese ambassador <a href="/wiki/Abe_Nobuyuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Abe Nobuyuki">Abe Nobuyuki</a>, and Manchukuo ambassador <a href="/wiki/Zang_Shiyi" title="Zang Shiyi">Zang Shiyi</a> sign the joint declaration, 30 November 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/220px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/330px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/440px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>Wang Jingwei with ambassador <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Stahmer" title="Heinrich Georg Stahmer">Heinrich Georg Stahmer</a> at the German embassy in 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg/220px-Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg/330px-Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg/440px-Unused_example_of_a_Wang_Jingwei_regime_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Unused example of a Wang Jingwei regime passport, circa 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nanjing Nationalist Government received little international recognition as it was seen as a Japanese puppet state, being recognized only by Japan and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Initially, its main sponsor, Japan, hoped to come to a peace accord with Chiang Kai-shek and held off official diplomatic recognition for the Wang Jingwei regime for eight months after its founding, not establishing formal diplomatic relations with the National Reorganized Government until 30 November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972301_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972301-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty was signed on 20 November 1940, by which Japan recognised the Nationalist Government,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201175_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201175-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it also included a Japan–Manchukuo–China joint declaration by which China recognized the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Great Manchuria">Empire of Great Manchuria</a> and the three countries pledged to create a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">New Order in East Asia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201177_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201177-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and Britain immediately denounced the formation of the government, seeing it as a tool of Japanese imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201175_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201175-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1941, after negotiations by Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Chu_Minyi" title="Chu Minyi">Chu Minyi</a>, the Nanjing Government was recognized as the government of China by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> also recognized and established relations with the Wang Jingwei regime as the government of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn1974243_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn1974243-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotterell2009217_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotterell2009217-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodsgaard2003111_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodsgaard2003111-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China under the Reorganized National Government also became a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> on 25 November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 671–672">: 671–672 </span></sup> </p><p>After Japan established diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1942, they and their ally Italy pressured <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> to recognize the Nanjing regime and allow a Chinese envoy to be appointed to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">the Vatican</a>, but he refused to give in to these pressures. Instead the Vatican came to an informal agreement with Japan that their <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic delegate">apostolic delegate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> would pay visits to Catholics in the Nanjing government's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2014329_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2014329-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pope also ignored the suggestion of the aforementioned apostolic delegate, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Zanin_(bishop)" title="Mario Zanin (bishop)">Mario Zanin</a>, who recommended in October 1941 that the Vatican recognize the Wang Jingwei regime as the legitimate government of China. Zanin would remain in the Wang Jingwei regime's territory as apostolic delegate while another bishop in Chongqing was to represent Catholic interests in Chiang Kai-shek's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Axis-aligned <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>'s increasing yielding to Japanese pressure, such as granting them economic and military facilities and privileges in Indochina and handing over in July 1943 the keys of Shanghai's French concession to Mayor Chen Gongbo, appointed by the Wang Jingwei government, Chiang Kai-shek broke diplomatic relations with Vichy the same month and moved closer to the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French.</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reorganized National Government had its own Foreign Section or Ministry of Foreign Affairs for managing international relations, although it was short on personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January 1943, the Reorganized National Government signed the "Treaty on Returning Leased Territories and Repealing Extraterritoriality Rights" with Japan, which abolished all foreign concessions within occupied China. Reportedly the date was originally to have been later that month, but was moved to January 9 to be before the United States concluded a similar treaty with Chiang Kai-shek's government. The Nanjing Government then took control of all of the international concessions in Shanghai and its other territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201631–32_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201631–32-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year Wang Jingwei attended the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> as the Chinese representative. </p><p>The Wang Jingwei government sent Chinese athletes, including the <a href="/wiki/China_national_football_team" title="China national football team">national football team</a>, to compete in the <a href="/wiki/1940_East_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 East Asian Games">1940 East Asian Games</a>, which were held in Tokyo for the 2,600th anniversary of the legendary founding of the Japanese Empire by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a>, and were a replacement for the cancelled <a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1940j_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1940j-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsssf_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsssf-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_ideology">State ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang Jingwei's government promoted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">pan-Asianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> directed against the West after Japan's pivot towards joining the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> (which included signing the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>), an idea aimed at establishing a "New Order in East Asia" together with Japan, Manchukuo, and other Asian nations that would expel <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western colonial powers</a> from Asia, particularly the "Anglo-Saxons" (the U.S. and Britain) that dominated large parts of Asia. Wang Jingwei used pan-Asianism, basing his views on Sun Yat-sen's advocacy for Asian people to unite against the West in the early 20th century, partly to justify his efforts at working together with Japan. He claimed it was natural for Japan and China to have good relations and cooperation because of their close affinity, describing their conflicts as a temporary aberration in both nation's history. Furthermore, the government believed in the unity of all Asian nations with Japan as their leader as the only way to achieve their goals of removing Western colonial powers from Asia. There was no official description of which Asian peoples were considered to be included in this, but Wang, members of the Propaganda Ministry, and other officials of his regime writing for collaborationist media had different interpretations, at times listing Japan, China, Manchukuo, Thailand, the Philippines, Burma, Nepal, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Arabia as potential members of an "East Asian League."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201178–80_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201178–80-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1940 onwards, the Wang Jingwei government depicted <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a struggle by Asians against the West, more specifically the Anglo-American powers. The Reorganized National Government had a Propaganda Ministry, which exerted control over local media outlets and used them to disseminate pan-Asianist and anti-Western propaganda. British and American diplomats in Shanghai and Nanjing noted by 1940 that the Wang Jingwei-controlled press was publishing anti-Western content. These campaigns were aided by the Japanese authorities in China and also reflected pan-Asian thought as promoted by Japanese thinkers, which intensified after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in December 1941. Pro-regime newspapers and journals published articles which cited instances of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> towards immigrant Asian communities living in the West and Western colonies in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Chu_Minyi" title="Chu Minyi">Chu Minyi</a>, the minister of foreign affairs of the Nanjing Government, asserted in an article written shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> that the Sino-Japanese conflict and other wars among Asians were the result of secret manipulation by the Western powers. Lin Baisheng, the minister of propaganda from 1940 to 1944, also made these claims in several of his speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201181–83_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201181–83-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Japan was aligned with Germany, Italy, and other European Axis countries, the Nanjing Government's propaganda did not portray the conflict as a war against all white people and focused on the U.S. and Britain in particular. Their newspapers like <i>Republican Daily</i> praised the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> as a great race for their technological and organizational advancements and glorified the Nazi regime for supposedly transforming Germany into a great power over the past decade. The publications of the Nanjing Government also agreed with the anti-Jewish views held by Nazi Germany, with Wang Jingwei and other officials seeing Jews as dominating the American government and being conspirators with the Anglo-American powers to control the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201186–88_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201186–88-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government also took measures to ban the spread of Anglo-American culture and lifestyle among Chinese people in its territory and promoted traditional Confucian culture. Generally it considered Eastern spiritual culture to be superior to the Western culture of materialism, individualism, and liberalism. Christian missionary schools and missionary activities were banned, the study of English language in schools was reduced, and the usage of English in the postal and customs system was gradually reduced as well. Vice minister of education <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Yingfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Yingfu (page does not exist)">Tai Yingfu</a> called for a campaign against the Anglo-American nations in education. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Huaren" title="Zhou Huaren">Zhou Huaren</a>, vice minister of propaganda, blamed Chinese students that studied in the West for spreading Western values among the population and disparaging traditional Chinese culture. Wang Jingwei blamed communism, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> (which Wang considered Anglo-American thinking) for making other peoples despise their own culture and embracing the Anglo-American culture. He believed it was necessary to promote <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> to oppose Anglo-American "cultural aggression." At the same time, Zhou Huaren and others also thought that it was necessary to adopt Western scientific advancements while combining them with traditional Eastern culture to develop themselves, as he said Japan did in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, seeing that as a model for others to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201189–92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201189–92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its pan-Asianism, nationalism was part of the regime ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_defense">National defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG/220px-Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG/330px-Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG/440px-Wang_Jingwei_Regime_3rd_anniversary_parade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>President Wang Jingwei at a military parade on the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of the government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png/220px-Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png/330px-Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png/440px-Nanjing_Government_Army_Type_94_tankettes.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Type 94 tankettes on parade (note the driver's Stahlhelm and the KMT blue and white sun emblem on the tanks)</figcaption></figure> <p>During its existence, the Reorganized National Government nominally led a large army often called the "Nanjing Army" that was estimated to have included 300,000 to 500,000 men, along with a smaller navy and air force. Although its land forces possessed limited armor and artillery, they were primarily an infantry force. Military aid from Japan was also very limited despite Japanese promises to assist the Nanjing regime in the "Japan–China Military Affairs Agreement" that they signed. All military matters were the responsibility of the Central Military Commission, but in practice that body was mainly a ceremonial one. In reality, many of the army's commanders operated outside of the direct command of the central government in Nanjing. The majority of its officers were either former <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> personnel or warlord officers from the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">early Republican era</a>. Thus their reliability and combat capability was questionable, and Wang Jingwei was estimated to only be able to count on the loyalty of about 10% to 15% of his nominal forces. Among the reorganized government's best units were three Capital Guards divisions based in Nanjing, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a>'s Taxation Police Corps, and the 1st Front Army of <a href="/wiki/Ren_Yuandao" title="Ren Yuandao">Ren Yuandao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jowett65_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowett65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the government's forces were armed with a mix of captured Nationalist weaponry and a small amount of Japanese equipment, the latter mainly being given to Nanjing's best units. The lack of local military industry for the duration of the war meant that the Nanjing regime had trouble arming its troops. While the army was mainly an infantry force, in 1941 it did receive 18 <a href="/wiki/Type_94_tankette" title="Type 94 tankette">Type 94 tankettes</a> for a token armored force, and reportedly they also received 20 <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored cars</a> and 24 motorcycles. The main type of artillery in use were medium <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, but they also possessed 31 field guns (which included Model 1917 <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">mountain guns</a>)—mainly used by the Guards divisions. Oftentimes, the troops were equipped with the German <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm</a>, which were used in large quantities by the Chinese Nationalist Army. For small arms, there was no standard rifle and a large variety of different weapons were used, which made supplying them with ammunition difficult. The most common rifles in use was the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle" title="Chiang Kai-shek rifle">Chinese version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mauser_98k" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser 98k">Mauser 98k</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_88" title="Hanyang 88">Hanyang 88</a>, while other notable weapons included Chinese copies of the Czechoslovakian <a href="/wiki/ZB-26" class="mw-redirect" title="ZB-26">ZB-26</a> machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowett65_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowett65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the great variation in equipment, there was also a disparity in sizes of units. Some "armies" had only a few thousand troops while some "divisions" several thousand. There was a standard divisional structure, but only the elite Guards divisions closer to the capital actually had anything resembling it. In addition to these regular army forces, there were multiple police and local militia, which numbered in the tens of thousands, but were deemed to be completely unreliable by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the units located around <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in northern China remained, in effect, under the authority of the North China Political Council rather than that of the central government. In an attempt to improve the quality of the officer corps, multiple military academies had been opened, including a Central Military Academy in Nanjing and a Naval Academy in Shanghai. In addition there was a military academy in Beijing for the North China Political Council's forces, and a branch of the central academy in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small navy was established with naval bases at <a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei">Weihaiwei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, but it mostly consisted of small patrol boats that were used for coastal and river defense. Reportedly, the captured Nationalist cruisers <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Ning_Hai" title="Chinese cruiser Ning Hai">Ning Hai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cruiser_Ping_Hai" title="Chinese cruiser Ping Hai">Ping Hai</a></i> were handed over to the government by the Japanese, becoming important propaganda tools. However, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> took them back in 1943 for its own use. In addition there were two regiments of marines, one at Canton and the other at Weihaiwei. By 1944, the navy was under direct command of Ren Yuandao, the naval minister.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Air Force of the Reorganized National Government was established in May 1941 with the opening of the Aviation School and receiving three aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9" title="Tachikawa Ki-9">Tachikawa Ki-9</a> trainers. In the future the air force received additional Ki-9 and <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55" title="Tachikawa Ki-55">Ki-55</a> trainers as well as multiple transports. Plans by Wang Jingwei to form a fighter squadron with <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Nakajima Ki-27s</a> did not come to fruition as the Japanese did not trust the pilots enough to give them combat aircraft. Morale was low and a number of defections took place. The only two offensive aircraft they did possess were <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_SB" title="Tupolev SB">Tupolev SB</a> bombers which were flown by defecting Nationalist crews.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reorganized National Government's army was primarily tasked with garrison and police duties in the occupied territories. It also took part in anti-<a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> operations against <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> guerrillas, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a>, or played supporting roles for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanjing Government undertook a "rural pacification" campaign to eradicate communists from the countryside, arresting and executing many people suspected of being communists, with support from the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanasi2008747_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanasi2008747-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_methods_of_recruiting">Japanese methods of recruiting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese methods of recruiting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the conflicts in central China, the Japanese utilized several methods to recruit Chinese volunteers. Japanese sympathisers including Nanjing's pro-Japanese governor, or major local landowners such as <a href="/wiki/Ni_Daolang" title="Ni Daolang">Ni Daolang</a>, were used to recruit local peasants in return for money or food. The Japanese recruited 5,000 volunteers in the Anhui area for the Reorganized National Government Army. Japanese forces and the Reorganized National Government used slogans like "Lay down your guns and take up the plough", "Oppose the Communist Bandits" or "Oppose Corrupt Government and Support the Reformed Government" to dissuade guerrilla attacks and buttress its support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmedley1943223_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmedley1943223-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese used various methods for subjugating the local populace. Initially, fear was used to maintain order, but this approach was altered following appraisals by Japanese military ideologists. In 1939, the Japanese army attempted some populist policies, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> by dividing the property of major landowners into small holdings, and allocating them to local peasants;</li> <li>providing the Chinese with medical services, including vaccination against cholera, typhus, and varicella, and treatments for other diseases;</li> <li>ordering Japanese soldiers not to violate women or laws;</li> <li>dropping leaflets from aeroplanes, offering rewards for information (with parlays set up by use of a white surrender flag), the handing over of weapons or other actions beneficial to the Japanese cause. Money and food were often incentives used; and</li> <li>dispersal of candy, food and toys to children</li></ul> <p>Buddhist leaders inside the occupied Chinese territories ("Shao-Kung") were also forced to give public speeches and persuade people of the virtues of a Chinese alliance with Japan, including advocating the breaking-off of all relations with Western powers and ideas. </p><p>In 1938, a manifesto was launched in Shanghai, reminding the populace the Japanese alliance's track-record in maintaining "moral supremacy" as compared to the often fractious nature of the previous Republican control, and also accusing Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek of treason for maintaining the Western alliance. </p><p>In support of such efforts, in 1941 Wang Jingwei proposed the Qingxiang Plan to be applied along the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. A Qingxiang Plan Committee (<i>Qingxiang Weiyuan-hui</i>) was formed with himself as chairman, and Zhou Fohai and Chen Gongbo (as first and second vice-chairmen respectively). Li Shiqun was made the committee's secretary. Beginning in July 1941, Wang maintained that any areas to which the plan was applied would convert into "model areas of peace, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and rebuilders of the country" (<i>heping fangong jianguo mofanqu</i>). It was not a success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_boundaries">Political boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China-nanjing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/China-nanjing.png/330px-China-nanjing.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/China-nanjing.png/495px-China-nanjing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/China-nanjing.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Republic of China that was controlled by the reorganized national government in 1939 (dark green) <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> was incorporated in 1940 (light green)</figcaption></figure> <p>In theory, the Reorganized National Government claimed all of China with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, which it recognized as an independent state. In actuality, at the time of its formation, the Reorganized Government controlled only <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, and the north sector of <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, all being Japanese-controlled territories after 1937. </p><p>Thereafter, the Reorganized Government's actual borders waxed and waned as the Japanese gained or lost territory during the course of the war. During the December 1941 Japanese offensive the Reorganized Government extended its control over <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> provinces. The port of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hankou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District">Hankou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang, Hubei">Wuchang</a> were also placed under control of the Reformed Government after 1940. </p><p>The Japanese-controlled provinces of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> were <i>de jure</i> part of this political entity, though they were <i>de facto</i> under military administration of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Northern_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Northern China Area Army">Japanese Northern China Area Army</a> from its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Likewise, the Japanese-controlled territories in central China were under military administration of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sixth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Sixth Area Army">Japanese Sixth Area Army</a> from its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>). Other Japanese-controlled territories had military administrations directly reporting to the Japanese military headquarters in Nanjing, with the exception of Guangdong and Guangxi which briefly had its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. The central and southern zones of military occupation were eventually linked together after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a> in 1944, though the Japanese garrison had no effective control over most of this region apart from a narrow strip around the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Hankou_railway" title="Guangzhou–Hankou railway">Guangzhou–Hankou railway</a>. </p><p>The Reorganized Government's control was mostly limited to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>: 41,818 sq mi (108,310 km<sup>2</sup>); capital: <a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> (also included the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>: 51,888 sq mi (134,390 km<sup>2</sup>); capital: <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>: 39,780 sq mi (103,000 km<sup>2</sup>); capital: <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li></ul> <p>According to other sources, total extension of territory during 1940 period was 1,264,000 km<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>In 1940 an agreement was signed between the Inner Mongolian puppet state of Mengjiang and the Nanjing regime, incorporating the former into the latter as an autonomous part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnonLary2007162_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnonLary2007162-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_China_Transportation_Company" title="North China Transportation Company">North China Transportation Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_China_Railway" title="Central China Railway">Central China Railway</a> were established by the former Provisional Government and Reformed Government, which had nationalised private railway and bus companies that operated in their territories, and continued to function providing railway and bus services in the Nanjing regime's territory. </p><p>After its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom, Japan moved into the foreign areas of the city that it had not previously occupied after the Battle of Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup> It seized most of the banks in these areas of Shanghai (and occupied Tianjin) and declared that the Nationalist currency <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency#Fabi" title="History of Chinese currency">fabi</a> had to be exchanged for bank notes of the Wang Jingwei regime at a mandated rate of 2:1 before June 1, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> For most Chinese in these occupied areas, the exchange meant that their fabi lost half its value and a major blow to the economy of the lower Yangzi resulted.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_under_the_regime">Life under the regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Life under the regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Special:EditPage/Wang Jingwei regime">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Japanese under the regime had greater access to coveted wartime luxuries, and the Japanese enjoyed things like matches, rice, tea, coffee, cigars, foods, and alcoholic drinks, all of which were scarce in Japan proper. However, consumer goods became more scarce after Japan entered World War II. In Japanese-occupied Chinese territories the prices of basic necessities rose substantially as Japan's war effort expanded. By 1941, these prices in Shanghai increased eleven-fold. </p><p>Daily life was often difficult in the Nanjing Nationalist Government-controlled Republic of China, and grew increasingly so as the war turned against Japan (c. 1943). Local residents resorted to the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> in order to obtain needed items or to influence the ruling establishment. The <a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a> (Japanese Military Police Corps), <a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu</a> (Special Higher Police), collaborationist Chinese police, and Chinese citizens in the service of the Japanese all worked to censor information, monitor any opposition, and torture enemies and dissenters. A "native" secret agency, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tewu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tewu (page does not exist)">Tewu</a></i>, was created with the aid of Japanese Army "advisors". The Japanese also established prisoner-of-war detention centres, concentration camps, and <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> training centres to indoctrinate pilots. </p><p>Since Wang's government held authority only over territories under Japanese military occupation, there was a limited amount that officials loyal to Wang could do to ease the suffering of Chinese under Japanese occupation. Wang himself became a focal point of anti-Japanese resistance. He was demonised and branded as an "arch-traitor" in both KMT and Communist rhetoric. Wang and his government were deeply unpopular with the Chinese populace, who regarded them as traitors to both the Chinese state and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang's rule was constantly undermined by resistance and sabotage. </p><p>The strategy of the local education system was to create a workforce suited for employment in factories and mines, and for manual labor. The Japanese also attempted to introduce their culture and dress to the Chinese. Complaints and agitation called for more meaningful Chinese educational development. Shinto temples and similar cultural centers were built in order to instill Japanese culture and values. These activities came to a halt at the end of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local administration: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>: President and Head of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a>: President and Head of State after the death of Wang. Also, President of the Legislative Yuan (1940–1944) and Mayor of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> occupied sector.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a>: Vice President and Finance Minister in the Executive Yuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tsungyao" class="mw-redirect" title="Wen Tsungyao">Wen Tsungyao</a>: Chief of the Judicial Yuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a>: Internal Affairs Minister, previously head of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Hongzhi" title="Liang Hongzhi">Liang Hongzhi</a>: Head of the Legislative Yuan (1944–1945), previously head of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Ju-keng" title="Yin Ju-keng">Yin Ju-keng</a>: Member of the Legal Affairs Department, previously head of the <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yitang" title="Wang Yitang">Wang Yitang</a>: Minister of the Examination Yuan, Chairman of the North China Political Council (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Kanghu" title="Jiang Kanghu">Jiang Kanghu</a>: Chief of the Education Yuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Qifeng" title="Xia Qifeng">Xia Qifeng</a>: Chief of the Auditing Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Yuandao" title="Ren Yuandao">Ren Yuandao</a>: Minister of the Navy (1940–1945) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Shuxuan" title="Xiao Shuxuan">Xiao Shuxuan</a>: Minister of Military Affairs (1945) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kuiyi" title="Yang Kuiyi">Yang Kuiyi</a>: Chief of General Staff (1940–1942) & Chairman of the National Military Council (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Wenyue" title="Bao Wenyue">Bao Wenyue</a>: Minister of Military Affairs (1940–1943) & Chief of General Staff (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Peng" title="Ye Peng">Ye Peng</a>: Minister of Military Affairs (1943–1945) & Chief of General Staff (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhizhuang" title="Xiang Zhizhuang">Xiang Zhizhuang</a>: Commander of the 5th Group Army, Commander of the 12th Army, Governor and Commander of Security in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> Province, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Zhen" title="Rong Zhen">Rong Zhen</a>: Chief of the Committee for Subjugation Communists, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> Province (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Yingjie" title="Kou Yingjie">Kou Yingjie</a>: Councilor of the General Staff office</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yufen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yufen (page does not exist)">Liu Yufen</a>: Chief of General Staff (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yukun" title="Hu Yukun">Hu Yukun</a>: Chief of General Staff (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Pengju" title="Hao Pengju">Hao Pengju</a>: Chief of Staff of the 1st Army group, Governor of Huaihai, General commander of the 6th Route Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Huawen" title="Wu Huawen">Wu Huawen</a>: Commander in Chief of the 3rd Front Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xieyuan" title="Qi Xieyuan">Qi Xieyuan</a>: Commander-in-Chief of the North China Appeasement army, Supervisor of the General administration of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dianying" title="Sun Dianying">Sun Dianying</a>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a> 6th group army district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Mocun" title="Ding Mocun">Ding Mocun</a>: Chief of the Collaborationist Secret police, Minister of Society, Minister of Transport, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shiqun" title="Li Shiqun">Li Shiqun</a>: Head of <i>No. 76</i>, the regime's secret service stationed in No. 76 Jessefield Road in Shanghai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xingyuan" title="Zhu Xingyuan">Zhu Xingyuan</a>: Chief of the Agency of Political Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Erho" title="Tang Erho">Tang Erho</a>: Chairman of the North China Political Affairs Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhongchen" title="Gu Zhongchen">Gu Zhongchen</a>: Vice-Chief of the Examination Yuan (1940–1944), Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a> (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thung_Liang_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Thung Liang Lee">Thung Liang Lee</a>: director of the International Publicity Bureau (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Suchu" title="Xia Suchu">Xia Suchu</a>: Executive Vice-chief to the Evaluation Department of the Examination Yuan, Chief Secretary of the Examination Yuan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Qun_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Qun (politician) (page does not exist)">Chen Qun</a>: Interior Minister (1940–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Junqiang" title="Luo Junqiang">Luo Junqiang</a>: Minister of Justice (1942–1943), Governor of Anhui (1943–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yusong" title="Zhao Yusong">Zhao Yusong</a>: Minister of Agriculture (1940–1941), Minister of Justice (1941–1942), Minister of Civil Service (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei_Siping" title="Mei Siping">Mei Siping</a>: Interior Minister (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Tiren" title="Su Tiren">Su Tiren</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> (1938–1943), Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Special city (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhengping" title="Zhao Zhengping">Zhao Zhengping</a>: Minister of Education (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shijing" title="Wang Shijing">Wang Shijing</a>: Executive Member and Governor to the General Office for Finance, Governor of the General Office for Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Huaren" title="Zhou Huaren">Zhou Huaren</a>: Executive Vice-Minister of Railways, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> Special Municipality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Bosheng" title="Lin Bosheng">Lin Bosheng</a>: Propaganda Minister (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Zhuyue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Zhuyue (page does not exist)">Zhao Zhuyue</a>: Propaganda Minister (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Guanwu" title="Gao Guanwu">Gao Guanwu</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> Special City (1938–1940), Governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> (1940–1943), Governor of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> (1943), Governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zemin" title="Chen Zemin">Chen Zemin</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Jinhe" title="Yu Jinhe">Yu Jinhe</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Special City (1938–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_(born_1889)" title="Lin Biao (born 1889)">Lin Biao (born 1889)</a>: Chief of the Administrative High Court</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_Okinori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaya Okinori">Kaya Okinori</a>: Japanese nationalist, merchant, and commercial adviser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Minyi" title="Chu Minyi">Chu Minyi</a>: Foreign Minister (1940; 1941–1945), ambassador to Japan (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Pei" title="Cai Pei">Cai Pei</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> Special City (1940–1942), ambassador to Japan (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Liang" title="Xu Liang">Xu Liang</a>: Foreign Minister (1940–1941), ambassador to Japan (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shengwu_(politician)" title="Li Shengwu (politician)">Li Shengwu</a>: Foreign Minister (1945), ambassador to Germany</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Renli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Renli (page does not exist)">Zhang Renli</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Special City (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiachi" title="Yan Jiachi">Yan Jiachi</a>: Vice-Minister for Finance, Control Officer of the Control Yuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiuzhi" title="Xu Xiuzhi">Xu Xiuzhi</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Special City (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lian_Yu" title="Lian Yu">Lian Yu</a>: ambassador to Manchukuo (1940–1943), ambassador to Japan (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_L%C3%BChe" title="Zhu Lühe">Zhu Lühe</a>: Vice-Chief of the Judicial Yuan, Chairperson of the Disciplinary Action Committee for Central Public Servants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Shizhen_(born_1877)" title="Wen Shizhen (born 1877)">Wen Shizhen</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Special City (1939–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xugao" title="Wang Xugao">Wang Xugao</a>: Governor of Jinhaidao, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Special City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yintai" title="Wang Yintai">Wang Yintai</a>: Governor of the General Office for Business, Governor of the General Office for Agriculture, Chairperson of the North China Political Council</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Jicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Jicheng (page does not exist)">Chen Jicheng</a>: ambassador to Manchukuo (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiang_(Republic_of_China_politician)" title="Wang Xiang (Republic of China politician)">Wang Xiang (Republic of China politician)</a>: Chief of the Agency for Education in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, Governor and Security Commander of Shanxi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Peirong" title="He Peirong">He Peirong</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province (1938–1942), Commander of Security in Hubei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Daolang" title="Ni Daolang">Ni Daolang</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruikai" title="Wang Ruikai">Wang Ruikai</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province (1938–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Qinglai" title="Zhu Qinglai">Zhu Qinglai</a>: Minister of Transport, Chairman of the Irrigation Commission, Vice-Chief of the Legislative Yuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zanzhou" title="Wu Zanzhou">Wu Zanzhou</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province (1939–1943), President of the Police High School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Wenkai" title="Shao Wenkai">Shao Wenkai</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Mo" title="Wang Mo">Wang Mo</a>: Chief of the General Office for Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Kung">Chao Kung</a>: (Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln), purported Buddhist leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Longxiang" title="Zhou Longxiang">Zhou Longxiang</a>: Diplomat, Chief Secretary of the Executive Yuan, Chief of the Civil Servants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xuechang" title="Zhou Xuechang">Zhou Xuechang</a>: Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> Special City (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shen" title="Zhu Shen">Zhu Shen</a>: Executive Member and Chief of the Agency for Political Affairs, Chairperson of the North China Political Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Baoxuan" title="Yu Baoxuan">Yu Baoxuan</a>: Observer to the Commission for High Ranking Officers Examination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fang_(diplomat)" title="Li Fang (diplomat)">Li Fang (diplomat)</a>: Foreign minister to Romania and Hungary, Ambassador to Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Tong" title="Yin Tong">Yin Tong</a>: Governor of the General Office for Construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Peng_(ROC)" title="Hao Peng (ROC)">Hao Peng (ROC)</a>: Chief Executive of the Suhuai Special Region, Commander of the Suhuai Special Region Security forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Songgao" title="Wu Songgao">Wu Songgao</a>: Secretary of the Central Political Committee, Vice-Minister for Judicial Administrating, Chairman of the committee for <a href="/wiki/Baojia_system" title="Baojia system">Baojia system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Kaixian" title="Yue Kaixian">Yue Kaixian</a>: Chief of the General Office for Business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zuyu" title="Deng Zuyu">Deng Zuyu</a>: Governor of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> province (1943)</li></ul> <p>Foreign representatives and diplomatic personnel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a>: Japanese ambassador to the Reorganized National Government (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumataro_Honda" title="Kumataro Honda">Kumataro Honda</a>: Japanese ambassador (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Mamoru Shigemitsu</a>: Japanese ambassador (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayuki_Tani" title="Masayuki Tani">Masayuki Tani</a>: Japanese ambassador (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiichi_Suzuki" title="Teiichi Suzuki">Teiichi Suzuki</a>: Japanese military and political adviser</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadaaki_Kagesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadaaki Kagesa (page does not exist)">Sadaaki Kagesa</a>: Japanese military advisor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang_Shiyi" title="Zang Shiyi">Zang Shiyi</a>: Manchukuo ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shaogeng" title="Li Shaogeng">Li Shaogeng</a>: Manchukuo special envoy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Stahmer" title="Heinrich Georg Stahmer">Heinrich Georg Stahmer</a>: German ambassador (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kordt" title="Erich Kordt">Erich Kordt</a>: German ambassador (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Woermann" title="Ernst Woermann">Ernst Woermann</a>: German ambassador (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Taliani_de_Marchio" title="Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio">Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio</a>: Italian ambassador (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Maldonado_y_de_Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Álvaro de Maldonado y de Liñán">Álvaro de Maldonado y de Liñán</a>: Spanish minister (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Gregorio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José González de Gregorio (page does not exist)">José González de Gregorio</a>: Spanish chargé d'affaires (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialmar_Collin" title="Hialmar Collin">Hialmar Collin</a>: Danish minister (1941–1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having died before the war had ended, Wang Jingwei was unable to join his fellow Reorganized Nationalist Government leaders on trial for treason in the months that followed the Japanese surrender. Instead he, alongside his presidential successor Chen Gongbo (who was tried and sentenced to death by the victorious Nationalists) and his vice president Zhou Fohai (who had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment), was given the title Hanjian meaning arch-traitor to the Han people. In the following decades, Wang Jingwei and the entire reputation of the collaborationist government have undergone considerable scholastic debate. </p><p>Characterizations of the regime are a matter of historical debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> In general, evaluations produced by scholars working under the People's Republic of China have held the most critical interpretations of the failed regime, Western scholars typically holding the government and Wang Jingwei especially in a sympathetic light, with Taiwanese scholars falling somewhere in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western characterization of the regime is generally as collaborationist, while Chinese sources have often characterized it as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lust,_Caution_(novella)" title="Lust, Caution (novella)">Lust, Caution</a></i> is a 1979 novella by Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Chang" title="Eileen Chang">Eileen Chang</a> which was later turned into an award-winning <a href="/wiki/Lust,_Caution" title="Lust, Caution">film</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a>. The story is about a group of young university students who attempt to assassinate the Minister of Security of the Reorganized National Government. During the war, Ms. Chang was married to <a href="/wiki/Hu_Lancheng" title="Hu Lancheng">Hu Lancheng</a>, a writer who worked for the Reorganized National Government and the story is believed to be largely based on actual events.</li> <li>The 2009 Chinese film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(2009_film)" title="The Message (2009 film)">The Message</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a> in the vein of a number of <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> novels. The main characters are all <a href="/wiki/Codebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Codebreakers">codebreakers</a> serving in the Reorganized National Government's military, but one of them is a <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> double-agent. A Japanese intelligence officer detains the group in a castle and attempts to uncover which of them is the spy using psychological and physical coercion, uncovering the protagonists' bitter rivalries, jealousies, and secrets as he does so.</li> <li>The TV series <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(TV_series)" title="Sparrow (TV series)">Sparrow</a> is a spy genre thriller. During Shanghai's Reorganised Government, communist agent Chen Shen infiltrates the Japanese' base and adopts the code name "Sparrow". His mission is to obtain the "zero" intel, a secret plan that could destroy China. To do so, he becomes the assistant of Bi Zhongliang, the leader of the Special Operations Team under the Public Security Bureau.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Great Way Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_China_Garrison_detachment_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_(to_1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the China Garrison detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army (to 1937)">Organization of the China Garrison detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army (to 1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Japanese_Expeditionary_forces_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Japanese Expeditionary forces in China">Organization of Japanese Expeditionary forces in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_East_Asian_leaders_in_the_Japanese_sphere_of_influence_(1931%E2%80%931945)" title="List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)">List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the Republic of China">List of leaders of the Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The yellow pennant, which reads <i>Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction</i>, was not attached to the flag itself but flew separately on the flagpole immediately above it. In 1943, the pennant, which was previously mandatory for outdoor use of the flag, was removed. This made the flag identical to that of the rival <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> based in the wartime capital <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國國民政府</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guómín Zhèngfǔ</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxsXo_06_S0"><span class="plainlinks">Japanese Newsreel with the national anthem</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). <i>Fascism Outside of Europe</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-988-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-988-8">0-88033-988-8</a>. p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate194180–84-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate194180–84_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBate1941">Bate (1941)</a>, p. 80–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941130–135-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941130–135_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBate1941">Bate (1941)</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941136-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941136_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBate1941">Bate (1941)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBate1941144-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBate1941144_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBate1941">Bate (1941)</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF高雲昉1994" class="citation journal cs1">高雲昉 (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513080046/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1994-LISI199404006.htm">"汪偽國民黨"六大"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> ["Sixth Party Congress" of Wang's Puppet Kuomintang]. <i>China National Knowledge Infrastructure</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1994-LISI199404006.htm">the original</a> on 2019-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+National+Knowledge+Infrastructure&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%AA%E5%81%BD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%22%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%22&rft.date=1994&rft.au=%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%B2%E6%98%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFD1994-LISI199404006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972149–160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972149–160_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunker1972">Bunker (1972)</a>, pp. 149–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972277–280-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972277–280_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 277–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972252–263_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunker1972">Bunker (1972)</a>, pp. 252–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunker1972264–280_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunker1972">Bunker (1972)</a>, pp. 264–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatosCaprio2015" class="citation book cs1">Matos, Christine; Caprio, Mark (2015). <i>Japan as the Occupier and the Occupied</i>. 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Retrieved 19 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn1974243-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn1974243_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorn1974">Dorn (1974)</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotterell2009217-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotterell2009217_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCotterell2009">Cotterell (2009)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrodsgaard2003111-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodsgaard2003111_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodsgaard2003">Brodsgaard (2003)</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythLambertBaumont1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smyth, Howard M.; et al., eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00045908_00001.html"><i>15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941</i></a>. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918-1945 (in German). Vol. D-13-2. Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=15.+September+bis+11.+Dezember+1941&rft.series=Akten+zur+deutschen+ausw%C3%A4rtigen+Politik+1918-1945&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%2B+Ruprecht&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi20.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Ffs1%2Fobject%2Fdisplay%2Fbsb00045908_00001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2014329-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2014329_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard2014">Pollard (2014)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LYiAAAAMAAJ&dq=apostolic+zanini&pg=SL1-PA460">The "Magic" Background to Pearl Harbor, Volume 4</a>. Japanese diplomatic cables published by US Department of Defense, p. A-460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabienne Mercier-Bernadet, <i>Vichy face à Chiang Kay-Shek 1940-1944</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rharm_0035-3299_2003_num_230_1_5215#:~:text=De%201940%20%C3%A0%201944%2C%20la,de%20la%20Grande%20Asie%20orientale.">[1]</a> Revue Historique des Armées, no 230 (2003), p. 26-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LYiAAAAMAAJ&q=foreign+section&pg=SL1-PA460">The "Magic" Background to Pearl Harbor, Volume 4</a>. Japanese diplomatic cables published by US Department of Defense, pp. A-456–A-465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201631–32-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201631–32_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2016">Wang (2016)</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1940j-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1940j_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Sandra (2014). <i>1940 TOKYO GAMES – COLLINS: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement</i>. 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Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2600th+Anniversary+of+the+Japanese+Empire+1940+%28Tokyo%29&rft.pub=Rec.Sport.Soccer+Statistics+Foundation&rft.aulast=Veroeveren&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Ftablesj%2Fjap2600-40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2023" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Zhiyi (2023). <i>Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan Press">The University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7"><bdi>978-0-472-05650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry%2C+History%2C+Memory%3A+Wang+Jingwei+and+China+in+Dark+Times&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05650-7&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zhiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201178–80-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201178–80_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSo2011">So (2011)</a>, p. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201181–83-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201181–83_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSo2011">So (2011)</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201186–88-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201186–88_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSo2011">So (2011)</a>, pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESo201189–92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo201189–92_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSo2011">So (2011)</a>, pp. 89–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Barret2002">Barret (2002)</a>, pp. 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jowett65-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jowett65_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jowett65_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 94–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 80–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanasi2008747-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanasi2008747_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZanasi2008">Zanasi (2008)</a>, p. 747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmedley1943223-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmedley1943223_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmedley1943">Smedley (1943)</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnonLary2007162-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnonLary2007162_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKinnonLary2007">MacKinnon & Lary (2007)</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoble2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parks_M._Coble" title="Parks M. Coble">Coble, Parks M.</a> (2023). <i>The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War</i>. Cambridge New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5"><bdi>978-1-009-29761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+Nationalist+China%3A+How+Chiang+Kai-shek+Lost+China%27s+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-29761-5&rft.aulast=Coble&rft.aufirst=Parks+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman,_Jr.2000" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, Jr., Frederic (2000). "Hanjian (Traitor) Collaboration and Retribution in Wartime Shanghai". In Wen-hsin Yeh (ed.). <i>Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520219236.003.0009">10.1525/california/9780520219236.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520219236" title="Special:BookSources/9780520219236"><bdi>9780520219236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hanjian+%28Traitor%29+Collaboration+and+Retribution+in+Wartime+Shanghai&rft.btitle=Becoming+Chinese%3A+Passages+to+Modernity+and+Beyond&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520219236.003.0009&rft.isbn=9780520219236&rft.aulast=Wakeman%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Jian-Yue (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3111">"American Studies of Wang Jingwei: Defining Nationalism"</a>. <i>World History Review Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Review+Journal&rft.atitle=American+Studies+of+Wang+Jingwei%3A+Defining+Nationalism&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jian-Yue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.txstate.edu%2Fhandle%2F10877%2F3111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Journal articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Brian G. (2003-01-01). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'in My Heart I Opposed Opium': Opium and The Politics of the Wang Jingwei Government, 1940–45". <i>European Journal of East Asian Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 365–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006103771378464">10.1163/157006103771378464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615144">23615144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27in+My+Heart+I+Opposed+Opium%27%3A+Opium+and+The+Politics+of+the+Wang+Jingwei+Government%2C+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-410&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006103771378464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23615144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Brian+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSo2011" class="citation journal cs1">So, Wai Chor (January 2011). "Race, Culture, and the Anglo-American Powers: The Views of Chinese Collaborators". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 69–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700410382542">10.1177/0097700410382542</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25759539">25759539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220605241">220605241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Anglo-American+Powers%3A+The+Views+of+Chinese+Collaborators&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-103&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220605241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25759539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700410382542&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=Wai+Chor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanasi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zanasi, Margherita (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.113.3.731">"Globalizing Hanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post-World War II Discourse on Collaboration"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>113</b> (3): 731–751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.113.3.731">10.1086/ahr.113.3.731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30223050">30223050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Globalizing+Hanjian%3A+The+Suzhou+Trials+and+the+Post-World+War+II+Discourse+on+Collaboration&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=731-751&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.113.3.731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30223050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zanasi&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fahr.113.3.731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBate1941" class="citation book cs1">Bate, Don (1941). <i>Wang Ching Wei: Puppet or Patriot</i>. Chicago, IL: RF Seymour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wang+Ching+Wei%3A+Puppet+or+Patriot&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=RF+Seymour&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bate&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettShyu2001" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, David P.; Shyu, Larry N., eds. (2001). <i>Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation</i>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Collaboration+with+Japan%2C+1932%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Limits+of+Accommodation&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)" title="Edward Behr (journalist)">Behr, Edward</a> (1987). <i>The Last Emperor</i>. Recorded Picture Co. (Productions) Ltd and Screenframe Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Emperor&rft.pub=Recorded+Picture+Co.+%28Productions%29+Ltd+and+Screenframe+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1972" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, John H. (1972). <i>China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Japan+at+War%2C+1937%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Politics+of+Collaboration&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodsgaard2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodsgaard, Kjeld Erik (2003). <i>China and Denmark: Relations since 1674</i>. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Denmark%3A+Relations+since+1674&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brodsgaard&rft.aufirst=Kjeld+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker1972" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Gerald (1972). <i>The Peace Conspiracy: Wang Ching-wei and the China War, 1937–1941</i>. 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New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=1942-03&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2014" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, John (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/papacyinageoftot0000poll"><i>The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199208565" title="Special:BookSources/0199208565"><bdi>0199208565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+in+the+Age+of+Totalitarianism%2C+1914%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=0199208565&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpapacyinageoftot0000poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedley1943" class="citation book cs1">Smedley, Agnes (1943). <i>Battle Hymn of China</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Hymn+of+China&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Wei (2016). <i>China's Banking Law and the National Treatment of Foreign-Funded Banks</i>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 250–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199924622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199924622"><bdi>978-0199924622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+Colony%3A+China%27s+Catholic+Church+and+the+French+Religious+Protectorate&rft.pages=250-251&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199924622&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Jingwei+regime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jingwei_regime&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdoc.enpchina.eu/">Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_j_tp.html#ccrc">Central China Railway Company Flag, under Japanese Army control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_j_nj2.html">Flags of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_6a_sloga.htm">Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cotca.org/case-studies/japanese-occupied-china/">Visual cultures of occupation in wartime China</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%9340)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1937–40)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1938–40)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China </b><br />1940–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1927–1948)</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template talk:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <small>(limited)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States and territories in the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Shanghai Great Way Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Occupied Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Occupied West Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Occupied Malaya</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Occupied British Borneo</a></div></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Occupied Hong Kong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Occupied Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Occupied Guam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Occupied Nauru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Occupied Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Occupied Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Occupied New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wang_Jingwei_regime&params=32_03_N_118_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span 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