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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Usi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formazione_durante_test_nucleari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formazione_durante_test_nucleari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formazione durante test nucleari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formazione_durante_test_nucleari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decadimento_e_radioattività" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decadimento_e_radioattività"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decadimento e radioattività</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decadimento_e_radioattività-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbonio-14</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 49 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof-14" title="Koolstof-14 - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof-14" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86-14" title="كربون-14 - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون-14" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu-14" title="Carbonu-14 - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu-14" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-14" title="Вуглярод-14 - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод-14" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-14" title="Въглерод-14 - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод-14" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA" title="কার্বন-১৪ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন-১৪" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni_14" title="Carboni 14 - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni 14" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86-%D9%A1%D9%A4" title="کاربۆن-١٤ - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن-١٤" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk-14" title="Uhlík-14 - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík-14" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulstof_14" title="Kulstof 14 - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulstof 14" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82-14" title="Άνθρακας-14 - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας-14" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14 - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon-14" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14 - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono-14" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono-14" title="Carbono-14 - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono-14" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik-14" title="Süsinik-14 - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik-14" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14 - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono-14" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86-%DB%B1%DB%B4" title="کربن-۱۴ - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن-۱۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone_14" title="Carbone 14 - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone 14" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radacarb%C3%B3n" title="Radacarbón - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Radacarbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono-14" title="Carbono-14 - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono-14" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F-14" title="פחמן-14 - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן-14" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA" title="कार्बन-१४ - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन-१४" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik-14" title="Ugljik-14 - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik-14" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14 - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon-14" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14 - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon-14" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A014" title="炭素14 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素14" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C-14" title="탄소-14 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소-14" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14 - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon-14" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof-14" title="Koolstof-14 - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof-14" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni_14" title="Carbòni 14 - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni 14" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel-14" title="Węgiel-14 - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel-14" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono-14" title="Carbono-14 - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono-14" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14 - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon-14" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-14" title="Углерод-14 - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод-14" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14 - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon-14" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik-14" title="Ogljik-14 - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik-14" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni_14" title="Karboni 14 - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni 14" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-14" title="Угљеник-14 - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник-14" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14 - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon-14" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni_14" title="Kaboni 14 - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni 14" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-14" title="கரிமம்-14 - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்-14" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-14" title="కార్బన్-14 - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్-14" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14 - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon-14" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C-14" title="Вуглець-14 - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець-14" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14 - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon-14" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof-14" title="Koolstof-14 - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Koolstof-14" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳-14" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="碳十四 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳十四" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳-14" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando il metodo di datazione, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Metodo_del_carbonio-14" title="Metodo del carbonio-14">Metodo del carbonio-14</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#C0DDDD">Carbonio-14</th></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#C0DDDD">Generalità</th></tr><tr><th>Simbolo</th><td><sup>14</sup>C </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protoni</a></th><td>6 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutroni</a></th><td>8 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Peso_atomico" class="mw-redirect" title="Peso atomico">Peso atomico</a></th><td>14,0032419887 </td></tr><tr><th>Abbondanza isotopica</th><td><10<sup>−12</sup>% </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:#C0DDDD">Proprietà fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a></th><td>0 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">Emivita</a></th><td>5 730 anni </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Decadimento_radioattivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadimento radioattivo">Decadimento</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Decadimento_beta" title="Decadimento beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td></tr><tr><th>Prodotto di decadimento</th><td><a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto"><sup>14</sup>N</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Energia_di_legame" title="Energia di legame">Energia di legame</a></th><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988120488782765393♠"></span>7,520319 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th>Energia in eccesso</th><td>3,01989305 MeV </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840660" class="extiw" title="d:Q840660"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Carbonio-14 su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopo/man" title="Template:Isotopo/man"><span title="Manuale del template Isotopo">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Il <b>carbonio-14</b> (<b><sup>14</sup>C</b>) o <b>radiocarbonio</b> è un <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">isotopo radioattivo</a> del <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">carbonio</a> avente 6 <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">protoni</a> e 8 <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutroni</a>. Fu scoperto il 27 febbraio <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> da <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ruben" title="Sam Ruben">Sam Ruben</a> al laboratorio radiologico dell'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_California_-_Berkeley" title="Università della California - Berkeley">Università della California di Berkeley</a>, ma la sua esistenza era già stata ipotizzata da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Kurie (la pagina non esiste)">Franz Kurie</a> nel 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presenza_in_natura">Presenza in natura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Presenza in natura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Presenza in natura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tre isotopi del carbonio naturalmente presenti sulla <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> sono: <sup>12</sup>C (99%), <sup>13</sup>C (<1%) e in tracce il <sup>14</sup>C. Il carbonio-14 è presente in natura con un'abbondanza relativa di 1 parte su mille miliardi di tutto il carbonio presente sulla <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a>, a causa di un <a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">tempo di dimezzamento</a> di soli 5730 anni.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La principale fonte di carbonio-14 sulla Terra è la reazione tra i <a href="/wiki/Raggi_cosmici" title="Raggi cosmici">raggi cosmici</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> gassoso presente nell'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">atmosfera</a> (nella <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposfera</a> e nella <a href="/wiki/Stratosfera" title="Stratosfera">stratosfera</a>): l'assorbimento di <a href="/wiki/Neutrone_termico" title="Neutrone termico">neutroni termici</a> da parte dell'azoto forma un atomo di carbonio-14: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><sup>14</sup>N + <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">n</a> → <sup>14</sup>C + <a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">p</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg/510px-Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg/765px-Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg/1020px-Radiocarbon_bomb_spike.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><sup>14</sup>C atmosferico in <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Zelanda" title="Nuova Zelanda">Nuova Zelanda</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La curva della nuova Zelanda è rappresentativa per l'emisfero sud, la curva austriaca è rappresentativa per l'emisfero nord. Gli esperimenti atmosferici di armi nucleari hanno raddoppiato la concentrazione di <sup>14</sup>C nell'emisfero nord.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>La produzione maggiore di carbonio-14 avviene ad una quota tra i 9 e i <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004150000000000000♠"></span>15 <a href="/wiki/Chilometro" title="Chilometro">km</a></span> e ad alte latitudini geomagnetiche. Il carbonio-14 così prodotto reagisce con l'ossigeno per dare <a href="/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica">anidride carbonica</a> <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, che viene riutilizzata dalle piante durante la <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana">fotosintesi clorofilliana</a>. In questo modo il carbonio-14 si trasferisce nei composti organici e, attraverso la rete alimentare, è presente ovunque secondo un preciso rapporto (abbondanza isotopica).<sup id="cite_ref-Bosco_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essa penetra anche negli <a href="/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano">oceani</a>, sciogliendosi nell'<a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a>. </p><p>Il carbonio-14 è anche prodotto nel <a href="/wiki/Ghiaccio" title="Ghiaccio">ghiaccio</a> da <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">neutroni</a> che causano reazioni di <a href="/wiki/Spallazione_nucleare" class="mw-redirect" title="Spallazione nucleare">spallazione nucleare</a> nell'ossigeno. </p><p>Il carbonio-14 può inoltre essere prodotto dai <a href="/wiki/Fulmine" title="Fulmine">fulmini</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ma in quantità trascurabili in confronto ai raggi cosmici. </p><p>Occasionalmente possono verificarsi dei picchi. Per esempio, vi è la prova di un aumento insolitamente alto del tasso di produzione nel <a href="/wiki/Picco_del_carbonio-14_del_774-775" title="Picco del carbonio-14 del 774-775">periodo compreso tra il 774 e il 775 d.C.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causato probabilmente da un evento estremo, rappresentato dal <a href="/wiki/Brillamento" title="Brillamento">brillamento</a> solare più forte degli ultimi dieci millenni.<sup id="cite_ref-us13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mek15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mek15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usi">Usi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Usi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Usi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Metodo_del_carbonio-14" title="Metodo del carbonio-14">Metodo del carbonio-14</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Grazie alla sua lunga emivita rispetto alla vita degli organismi viventi, il carbonio-14 rimane integrato in ogni sistema organico vivente. Dopo la morte, l'organismo smette di assumere carbonio-14. La quantità dell'isotopo presente nell'organismo nell'istante della sua morte andrà via via affievolendosi negli anni a causa del decadimento radioattivo. </p><p>Questo principio è sfruttato nella <a href="/wiki/Datazione_radiometrica" title="Datazione radiometrica">datazione radiometrica</a> di campioni organici, tecnica con la quale si misura la quantità residua di carbonio-14 presente in un reperto archeologico organico (come un fossile o una struttura in legno): conoscendo la curva di decadimento e la quantità iniziale di carbonio-14 presente nel reperto quando la sua struttura organica era ancora vitale (ovvero un istante prima di morire), si può facilmente stabilire quanti anni sono trascorsi dalla morte dell'organismo. In generale, è possibile radiodatare solo reperti risalenti fino a 40 000-60 000 anni fa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosco_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La maggior parte dei prodotti chimici prodotti dall'uomo sono ottenuti a partire da <a href="/wiki/Combustibili_fossili" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustibili fossili">combustibili fossili</a> come il <a href="/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio">petrolio</a> o il <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a>, dove il carbonio-14 è <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_beta" title="Decadimento beta">decaduto</a>. La presenza di tracce isotopiche di carbonio-14 in un campione di materiale carbonaceo indica quindi una possibile origine biogenica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formazione_durante_test_nucleari">Formazione durante test nucleari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Formazione durante test nucleari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Formazione durante test nucleari"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Test_nucleare" title="Test nucleare">test nucleari</a> superficiali che vennero eseguiti in molti paesi tra il 1945 e il 1980 hanno drammaticamente aumentato la quantità di carbonio-14 nell'atmosfera e quindi anche nella <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosfera</a>. Da quando i test sono stati sospesi la concentrazione dell'isotopo ha cominciato a diminuire. Infatti la concentrazione di carbonio-14 in atmosfera corrisponde attualmente ad un'attività di 238 Bq/Kg[13] (prima dei test nucleari avvenuti a partire dal 1950 corrispondeva a 226 Bq/Kg[13]).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decadimento_e_radioattività"><span id="Decadimento_e_radioattivit.C3.A0"></span>Decadimento e radioattività</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Decadimento e radioattività" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Decadimento e radioattività"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il carbonio-14 ha un'attività specifica (definita come il rapporto tra l’attività, A (Bq), di una sostanza radioattiva contenente un radionuclide e la massa in grammi quel radionuclide presente nella sostanza) di 1,66<sup>.</sup>10<sup>11</sup> Bq/g.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il carbonio-14 subisce un decadimento beta- e decade quindi per emissione di un elettrone dando origine al nucleo figlio di azoto-14: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><sup>14</sup>C → <sup>14</sup>N + <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">e<sup>−</sup></a> + <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" title="Antineutrino"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a> + <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986250702167979812♠"></span>156,476 <a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">keV</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg/510px-Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg/765px-Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg/1020px-Carbon_14_formation_and_decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> 1: Formazione del carbonio-14<br />2: Decadimento del carbonio-14<br />3: L'equazione con l'<i>uguale</i> è per gli organismi viventi, mentre quella con il <i>diverso</i> è a ciclo vitale terminato, nel quale il <sup>14</sup>C decade (Vedi 2).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Martin D. 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Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center</span>, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1994. <small>URL consultato l'11 giugno 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/welling.html">url originale</abbr> il 1º febbraio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Levin, I., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923105819/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/cent-verm.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">δ<sup>14</sup>C record from Vermunt</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. 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Nature, Nov. 22, 2017.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Fusa Miyake, Kentaro Nagaya, Kimiaki Masuda e Toshio Nakamura, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706121714/http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/c14-774-apr%C3%A8s-jc.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 486, 2012, pp. 240-2, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.486..240M">2012Natur.486..240M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11123">10.1038/nature11123</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699615">22699615</a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/c14-774-apr%C3%A8s-jc.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 6 luglio 2015)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us13-10"><a href="#cite_ref-us13_10-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Usoskin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321080"><span style="font-style:italic;">The AD775 cosmic event revisited: the Sun is to blame</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Astron. Astrophys.</span>, vol. 552, 2013, pp. L3, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...552L...3U">2013A&A...552L...3U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201321080">10.1051/0004-6361/201321080</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mek15-11"><a href="#cite_ref-mek15_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Mekhaldi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639793">Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4</a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature Communications</span>, vol. 6, 2015, p. 8611, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9611">10.1038/ncomms9611</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639793">4639793</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497389">26497389</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">I <a href="/wiki/Test_nucleare" title="Test nucleare">test nucleari</a> superficiali che vennero eseguiti in molti paesi tra il 1945 e il 1980 hanno drammaticamente aumentato la quantità di carbonio-14 nell'atmosfera e quindi anche nella <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosfera</a>. Da quando i test sono stati sospesi la concentrazione dell'isotopo ha cominciato a diminuire. Infatti la concentrazione di carbonio-14 in atmosfera corrisponde attualmente ad un'attività di 238 Bq/Kg[13] (prima dei test nucleari avvenuti a partire dal 1950 corrispondeva a 226 Bq/Kg[13])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. F. Laitano, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enea.it/it/seguici/pubblicazioni/pdf-volumi/2019/fondamenti-dosimetria-radiazioni-ionizzanti-5a-ed.pdf">https://www.enea.it/it/seguici/pubblicazioni/pdf-volumi/2019/fondamenti-dosimetria-radiazioni-ionizzanti-5a-ed.pdf</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url_capitolo</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">FONDAMENTI DI DOSIMETRIA DELLE RADIAZIONI IONIZZANTI</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554517">.mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:#ffeaea;color:#444444}.mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#EE0700}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento{background:rgba(179,36,36,0.21);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .chiarimento-apice{color:#b32424}}</style><span class="chiarimento" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. 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Kamen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1126/science.140.3567.584"><span style="font-style:italic;">Early History of Carbon-14: Discovery of this supremely important tracer was expected in the physical sense but not in the chemical sense</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Science</span>, vol. 140, n. 3567, 1963, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.140.3567.584">10.1126/science.140.3567.584</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metodo_del_carbonio-14" title="Metodo del carbonio-14">Metodo del carbonio-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_carbonio" title="Isotopi del carbonio">Isotopi del carbonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">Carbonio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Carbon-14"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbon-14?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carbon-14?uselang=it">carbonio-14</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonio-14&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWolfram_Alpha_Computational_Knowledge_Engine_-_Carbon-14" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Wolfram Alpha LLC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=carbon-14&t=crmtb01"><span style="font-style:italic;">Carbon-14 - WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">wolframalpha.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 24 giugno 2011</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705182336/http://www.nosams.whoi.edu/about/carbon_dating.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">What is carbon dating?</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nosams.whoi.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato l'11 giugno 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.nosams.whoi.edu/about/carbon_dating.html">url originale</abbr> il 5 luglio 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFP._Bosco,_A._Giovannini,_G._Plancher,_M._Vulcan" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> P. Bosco, A. Giovannini, G. Plancher, M. Vulcan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ips.it/scuola/concorso_99/radon/isotopi.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Atomi, isotopi, datazioni radiometriche</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ips.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 24 giugno 2011</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) University of Utrecht, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.phys.uu.nl/ams/Radiocarbon.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Radiocarbon dating</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www1.phys.uu.nl</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2008</small>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Isotopi"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopi" title="Template:Isotopi"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Isotopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Isotopi (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Isotopi&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">Isotopi</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Isotopi per elemento</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27idrogeno" title="Isotopi dell'idrogeno">Isotopi dell'idrogeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27elio" title="Isotopi dell'elio">Isotopi dell'elio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_litio" title="Isotopi del litio">Isotopi del litio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_berillio" title="Isotopi del berillio">Isotopi del berillio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_boro" title="Isotopi del boro">Isotopi del boro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_carbonio" title="Isotopi del carbonio">Isotopi del carbonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27azoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopi dell'azoto">Isotopi dell'azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27ossigeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopi dell'ossigeno">Isotopi dell'ossigeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopi_del_fluoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotopi del fluoro (la pagina non esiste)">Isotopi del fluoro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopi_del_neon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotopi del neon (la pagina non esiste)">Isotopi del neon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_cesio" title="Isotopi del cesio">Isotopi del cesio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27oro" title="Isotopi dell'oro">Isotopi dell'oro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27afnio" title="Isotopi dell'afnio">Isotopi dell'afnio</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altri approfondimenti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Abbondanza_isotopica" title="Abbondanza isotopica">Abbondanza isotopica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Delta-O-18" title="Delta-O-18">Delta-O-18</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_stabilit%C3%A0" title="Isola di stabilità">Isola di stabilità</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_stabile" title="Isotopo stabile">Isotopo stabile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lista_di_elementi_per_stabilit%C3%A0_degli_isotopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista di elementi per stabilità degli isotopi">Lista di elementi per stabilità degli isotopi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Notazione_isotopica" title="Notazione isotopica">Notazione isotopica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radionuclide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tabella_degli_isotopi" title="Tabella degli isotopi">Tabella degli isotopi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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