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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapatronic-Kamera" title="Rapatronic-Kamera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rapatronic-Kamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapatronic" title="Rapatronic – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rapatronic" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دوربین راپاترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین راپاترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg/220px-RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg/330px-RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg/440px-RapatronicCameraAWTM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Original Rapatronic Camera on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Atomic_Testing_Museum" title="National Atomic Testing Museum">National Atomic Testing Museum</a> in Las Vegas, NV.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg/220px-Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg/330px-Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg/440px-Tumbler_Snapper_rope_tricks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear explosion from the Tumbler-Snapper test series in Nevada, circa 1952 photographed by a rapatronic camera less than 1 millisecond after detonation. In this shot, the fireball is about 20 m (66 ft) across. The spikes at the bottom of the fireball are known as the <a href="/wiki/Rope_trick_effect" title="Rope trick effect">rope trick effect</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rapatronic camera</b> (a portmanteau of <i>rap</i>id <i>a</i>ction elec<i>tronic</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">high-speed camera</a> capable of recording a still image with an exposure time as brief as 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanoseconds</a>. </p><p>The camera was developed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Edgerton">Harold Edgerton</a> in the 1940s and was first used to photograph the rapidly changing matter in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosions</a> within <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a> of detonation, using exposures of several microseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To overcome the speed limitation of a conventional camera's mechanical <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a>, the rapatronic camera uses two <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarizing filters</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_effect" title="Faraday effect">Faraday cell</a> (or in some variants a <a href="/wiki/Kerr_effect" title="Kerr effect">Kerr cell</a>). The two filters are mounted with their polarization angles at 90° to each other, to block all incoming light. The Faraday cell sits between the filters and changes the polarization plane of light passing through it depending on the level of magnetic field applied, acting as a shutter when it is energized at the right time for a very short amount of time, allowing the film to be properly exposed. </p><p>In magneto-optical shutters, the active material of the Faraday cell (e.g., dense <a href="/wiki/Flint_glass" title="Flint glass">flint glass</a>, which reacts well to a strong magnetic field<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is located inside an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> coil, formed by a few loops of thick wire. The coil is powered from a <a href="/wiki/Pulse_forming_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse forming network">pulse forming network</a> by discharging a high-voltage capacitor (e.g., 2 microfarads at 1000 volts), into the coil via a <a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">trigatron</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a> switch. In electro-optical shutters, the active material is a liquid, typically <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a>, located in a cell between two electrodes. A brief impulse of high voltage is applied to rotate the polarization of the passing light. </p><p>For a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>-like sequence of high-speed photographs, as used in the photography of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear and thermonuclear tests</a>, arrays of up to 12 cameras were deployed, with each camera carefully timed to record sequentially. Each camera was capable of recording only one exposure on a single sheet of film. Therefore, in order to create <a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">slow motion</a> images, banks of four to ten cameras were set up to take photos in rapid succession. The average exposure time used was three microseconds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapatronic_camera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_cell_shutter" title="Kerr cell shutter">Kerr cell shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_effect" title="Kerr effect">Kerr effect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapatronic_camera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/docs-life/egg-the-company">"EG&G the Company: 1947 Onwards"</a>. <i>Harold "Doc" Edgerton</i>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. 2009-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harold+%22Doc%22+Edgerton&rft.atitle=EG%26G+the+Company%3A+1947+Onwards&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedgerton-digital-collections.org%2Fdocs-life%2Fegg-the-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapatronic+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212931/http://classiccameras-photography.blogspot.com/2010/08/magneto-optical-shutter.html">"Magneto-optical Shutter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiccameras-photography.blogspot.com/2010/08/magneto-optical-shutter.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magneto-optical+Shutter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiccameras-photography.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fmagneto-optical-shutter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapatronic+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapatronic_camera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_taken_with_Rapatronic_cameras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos taken with Rapatronic cameras"><span style="font-style:italic; 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