CINXE.COM

The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution | Scientific.Net

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.921.13" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution | Scientific.Net" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.921.13" /> <meta property="og:image" content="/Content/app/scinet5/images/metadata_logo.png" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="261" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="260" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific.Net Logo" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Trans Tech Publications Ltd" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/04/26" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Applied Mechanics and Materials" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1662-7482" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="921" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="13" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="26" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.921.13.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.scientific.net/AMM.921.13" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Chemical Compound;FTIR;Mussel Shell Powder;Pozzolan;Strength Concrete" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4028/p-7bAFDx" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Andi Yusra" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Husni Husin" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Samsunan Samsunan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Muttaqin Hasan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Teuku Budi Aulia" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fachruddin Fachruddin" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bambang Tripoli" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The environmental impact of cement production in Europe: A holistic review of existing EPDs; citation_author=Roberto Ivan Cruz Juarez; citation_author=Stephen Finnegan; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=2021/12; citation_pages=100053; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100053" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="C. T. G. Awodiji, D. O. Onwuka, and S. Sule, &quot;Forecasting the shear strength of binary blended concrete containing hydrated lime using artificial intelligence,&quot; J. Soft Comput. Civ. Eng., vol. 5, no. 2, p.135–151, 2021." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="B. P. Ong and U. Kassim, &quot;Performance of Concrete Incorporating of Clam Shell as Partially Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),&quot; vol. 55, no. 1, 2019." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Calcined Mussel Shell Powder (CMSP) via Modification with Surfactants: Application for Antistatic Oil-Removal; citation_author=Danyi Wei; citation_author=Hailong Zhang; citation_author=Lu Cai; citation_author=Jian Guo; citation_author=Yaning Wang; citation_author=Lili Ji; citation_author=Wendong Song; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2018/8/11; citation_pages=1410; citation_doi=10.3390/ma11081410" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="F. A. Olutoge, O. M. Okeyinka, and O. S. Olaniyan, &quot;Assessment of the suitability of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete,&quot; Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 3, p.428–434, 2012." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Cold sintering of calcium carbonate derived from seashells; citation_author=Keitaro Yamaguchi; citation_author=Shinobu Hashimoto; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2022/12; citation_pages=100302; citation_doi=10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100302" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Recycling of seashell waste in concrete: A review; citation_author=Kim Hung Mo; citation_author=U. Johnson Alengaram; citation_author=Mohd Zamin Jumaat; citation_author=Siew Cheng Lee; citation_author=Wan Inn Goh; citation_author=Choon Wah Yuen; citation_volume=162; citation_publication_date=2018/2; citation_pages=751-764; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.009" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="R. Y. Bharathi, S. Subhashini, T. Manvitha, and S. H. Lessly, &quot;Experimental study on partial replacement of coarse aggregate by seashell &amp; partial replacement of cement by flyash,&quot; Int. J. Latest Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 3, p.69–76, 2016." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Characteristics Strength of groundnut shell ash (GSA) and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) blended Concrete in Nigeria.; citation_author=Buari T.A; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2013/7; citation_pages=01-07; citation_doi=10.9790/3021-03760107" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Clinker Powder and Cockleshell Powder as Cement Replacement on Durability Properties of the Concrete Mortar; citation_author=A A Qasem; citation_author=M A Almekhlafi; citation_author=F M Yahaya; citation_volume=682; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2021/2/1; citation_pages=012037; citation_doi=10.1088/1755-1315/682/1/012037" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Oyster shell waste as a concrete ingredient: A review; citation_author=Hanis Nadiah Ruslan; citation_author=Khairunisa Muthusamy; citation_author=Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin; citation_author=Rajan Jose; citation_author=Roslina Omar; citation_volume=48; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=713-719; citation_doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.208" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="M. S. Sainudin, N. H. Othman, N. N. Ismail, M. H. W. Ibrahim, and M. A. Rahim, &quot;Utilization of cockle shell (anadara granosa) powder as partial replacement of fine aggregates in cement brick,&quot; Int. J. Integr. Eng., vol. 12, no. 9, p.161–168, 2020." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium; citation_author=Ali Hendi; citation_author=Hamid Rahmani; citation_author=Davood Mostofinejad; citation_author=Ali Tavakolinia; citation_author=Mohsen Khosravi; citation_volume=152; citation_publication_date=2017/10; citation_pages=192-205; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Properties of concrete containing recycled seashells as cement partial replacement: A review; citation_author=Bassam A. Tayeh; citation_author=Mohammed W. Hasaniyah; citation_author=A.M. Zeyad; citation_author=Moruf Olalekan Yusuf; citation_volume=237; citation_publication_date=2019/11; citation_pages=117723; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117723" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="N. N. Hisham, N. Razali, N. Razali, A. Gajah, and A. Keroh, &quot;Utilization of cockle shells as partial binder replacement in concrete,&quot; J Eng Technol, vol. 8, no. 2, p.1–14, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A sustainable environmental study on clamshell powder, slag, bagasse ash, fly ash, and corn cob ash as alternative cementitious binder; citation_author=N O Abdullah; citation_author=Fakhruddin; citation_author=R D W Bachtiar; citation_author=N K Rusni; citation_volume=841; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2021/8/1; citation_pages=012003; citation_doi=10.1088/1755-1315/841/1/012003" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Effect of recycled seashells on concrete properties: A comprehensive review of the recent studies; citation_author=Hussein M. Hamada; citation_author=Farid Abed; citation_author=Bassam Tayeh; citation_author=Mohammed S. Al Jawahery; citation_author=Ali Majdi; citation_author=Salim T. Yousif; citation_volume=376; citation_publication_date=2023/5; citation_pages=131036; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131036" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Fabrication of amphiphobic concrete coating with good abrasion resistance and anti-oil adhesion properties by using waste clam powder; citation_author=Lulu Lei; citation_author=Qing Wang; citation_author=Xiaodong Li; citation_author=Zengqin Shi; citation_volume=327; citation_publication_date=2022/4; citation_pages=126862; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126862" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sustainable use of seashells as binder in concrete production: Prospect and challenges; citation_author=Gideon O. Bamigboye; citation_author=Austin T. Nworgu; citation_author=Abimbola O. Odetoyan; citation_author=Mutiu Kareem; citation_author=David O. Enabulele; citation_author=Daniel E. Bassey; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2021/2; citation_pages=101864; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101864" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="R. A. M. Villarrial and M. G. Farf&#225;n C&#243;rdova, &quot;Structural concrete modified with fan seashell lime,&quot; Rev. Ing. Constr., vol. 36, no. 3, p.380–388, 2021." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Effect of Mixing Anadara Granosa Shells Ash and Fly Ash as a Cement Replacement on Foamed Concrete Properties; citation_author=Sarina Zein Keumala Citra; citation_author=Wahyuni; citation_author=Munawir; citation_author=Rizqy F. Vito; citation_author=Tamim I. Rais; citation_volume=943; citation_publication_date=2023/3/29; citation_pages=233-240; citation_doi=10.4028/p-77jq49" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Durability of pervious concrete using crushed seashells; citation_author=Dang Hanh Nguyen; citation_author=Mohamed Boutouil; citation_author=Nassim Sebaibi; citation_author=Fabienne Baraud; citation_author=Lydia Leleyter; citation_volume=135; citation_publication_date=2017/3; citation_pages=137-150; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.219" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sea Shells And Natural Fibres Composites: A Review; citation_author=B. Vijaya Ramnath; citation_author=J. Jeykrishnan; citation_author=G. Ramakrishnan; citation_author=B. Barath; citation_author=E. Ejoelavendhan; citation_author=P. Arun raghav; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1846-1851; citation_doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.284" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Waste shell powders as valuable bio- filler in gypsum plaster&#160;–&#160;Efficient waste management technique by effective&#160;utilization; citation_author=M. Sophia; citation_author=N. Sakthieswaran; citation_volume=220; citation_publication_date=2019/5; citation_pages=74-86; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.119" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Development of Optimum Mix for Laterite Soil Brick by Adding Clam Shell Powder and Metakaolin; citation_author=Devika Sudhakaran; citation_author=Emy Poulose; citation_publisher=Springer International Publishing; citation_publication_date=2020/11/21; citation_pages=297-306" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="F. P. Alishah and M. M. Razaei, &quot;Effect of Natural Pozzolan on Concrete&#39;s Mechanical Properties and Permeability in Various Grades of Cement&quot;." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Utilization of ground waste seashells in cement mortars for masonry and plastering; citation_author=Pusit Lertwattanaruk; citation_author=Natt Makul; citation_author=Chalothorn Siripattarapravat; citation_volume=111; citation_publication_date=2012/11; citation_pages=133-141; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.032" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Physical and mechanical properties of fired industrial waste-clay bricks from clam shells and soda lime silica glass; citation_author=Maryam Mohammad; citation_author=Rabiatul Adawiyah Abdul Wahab; citation_author=Mazlini Mazlan; citation_author=Nur Nisa Syuhaidah Mohamad Fazil; citation_author=Nur Suraya Hanim Ibrahim; citation_author=Uswatul Najiha Muhamad Nizam; citation_author=Ahmad Humaidi Abu Hanifah; citation_author=Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid; citation_volume=75; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=151-155; citation_doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.275" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Waste Cockle and Clam Seashells; citation_author=Monita Olivia; citation_author=Revina Oktaviani; citation_author=Ismeddiyanto; citation_volume=171; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=658-663; citation_doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.404" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="S. Syafwandi and R. A. Cerra, &quot;The Effect of Substitution of Coarse and Fine Aggregates with Shells of Blood Clams and Cement With Fly Ash and The Additional of Superplasticizer Against The Compressive Test,&quot; IJTI Int. J. Transp. Infrastruct. EISSN 2597-4769 PISSN 2597-4734, vol. 4, no. 2, p.148–156, 2021." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Green Concrete: An Eco-Friendly Alternative to the OPC Concrete; citation_author=Dr. Ahmad Fuzail Hashmi; citation_author=M.S. Khan; citation_author=M. Bilal; citation_author=M. Shariq; citation_author=A. Baqi; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2022/12/7; citation_pages=93-103; citation_doi=10.15282/construction.v2i2.8710" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Preparation of Porous Materials Derived from Waste Mussel Shell with High Removal Performance for Tableware Oil; citation_author=Yi Yang; citation_author=Zhaodi Wu; citation_author=Lili Ji; citation_author=Shiyao Lu; citation_author=Hua Jing; citation_author=Jiaxing Sun; citation_author=Jian Guo; citation_author=Wendong Song; citation_author=Yaning Wang; citation_author=Lu Cai; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=1869-1881; citation_doi=10.32604/jrm.2021.015952" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="S. M. Siregar, &quot;Pemanfaatan kulit kerang dan resin epoksi terhadap karakteristik beton polimer,&quot; Univ. Sumat. Utara, 2009." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Role of the filler on Portland cement hydration at early ages; citation_author=V. Rahhal; citation_author=V. Bonavetti; citation_author=L. Trusilewicz; citation_author=C. Pedrajas; citation_author=R. Talero; citation_volume=27; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012/2; citation_pages=82-90; citation_doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.021" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement; citation_author=Wan Ahmad Soffian Bin Wan Mohammad; citation_author=Nor Hazurina Othman; citation_author=Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim; citation_author=Masazurah A Rahim; citation_author=Shahiron Shahidan; citation_author=Raha Abd Rahman; citation_volume=271; citation_publication_date=2017/12/7; citation_pages=012059; citation_doi=10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012059" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Composition, Technological, and Microstructural Aspects of Concrete Modified with Finely Ground Mussel Shell Powder; citation_author=Sergey Stel’makh; citation_author=Evgenii Shcherban’; citation_author=Alexey Beskopylny; citation_author=Levon Mailyan; citation_author=Besarion Meskhi; citation_author=Salikh Tashpulatov; citation_author=Andrei Chernil’nik; citation_author=Natalya Shcherban’; citation_author=Anastasia Tyutina; citation_volume=16; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2022/12/22; citation_pages=82; citation_doi=10.3390/ma16010082" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="A. ACI, Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. 2014." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Unified calculation method and its application in determining the uniaxial mechanical properties of concrete; citation_author=Faxing Ding; citation_author=Xiaoyong Ying; citation_author=Linchao Zhou; citation_author=Zhiwu Yu; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2011/9/11; citation_pages=381-393; citation_doi=10.1007/s11709-011-0118-6" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Properties evaluation of fiber reinforced polymers and their constituent materials used in structures – A review; citation_author=Imad Shakir Abbood; citation_author=Sief aldeen Odaa; citation_author=Kamalaldin F. Hasan; citation_author=Mohammed A. Jasim; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=1003-1008; citation_doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.636" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="E. G. Nawy, Concrete construction engineering handbook. CRC press, 2008." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Current development of geopolymer cement with nanosilica and cellulose nanocrystals; citation_author=Cut Rahmawati; citation_author=Sri Aprilia; citation_author=Taufiq Saidi; citation_author=Teuku Budi Aulia; citation_volume=1783; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2021/2/1; citation_pages=012056; citation_doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1783/1/012056" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="E. G. NAWY, A. MORETON, B. MATHER, M. MALHOTRA, and M. SPRINKEL, &quot;Concrete Properties,&quot; Transp. New Millenn., 2000." /> <meta name="person" content="Andi Yusra, Husni Husin, Samsunan Samsunan, Muttaqin Hasan, Teuku Budi Aulia, Fachruddin Fachruddin, Bambang Tripoli" /> <meta name="description" content="Pozzolan is a material that increases the strength of concrete. The pozzolan used in this study is mussel shell powder. The purpose of this study was to find out how MSP substitution affects concrete strength. Mussel shell powder (MSP) contains important levels of calcium oxide and silicon oxide (SiO2) and used as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) to reduce the amount of PC needed to make concrete will perform. The concrete designed according to the Standard Indonesian Method (SNI) and the slump should be between 75mm and 100mm. As a prototype, he built a concrete cylinder measuring 15 cm x 30 cm. The percentage changes when replacing PC with MSP were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, respectively, with 0% substitute used as the control mixture. The samples evaluated for compressive and tensile strength after 7 and 28 days, respectively. As a result, in terms of compressive strength, the best replacement level for 28-day-old concrete is 6%, with a strength value of 32.46MPa. This resulted in a 21.98% increase in force compared to control. In contrast, replacing 2% PC with MSP achieved the highest shear strength after 28 days, with a strength value of about 2.584MPa, 10.48% higher than witnessed. The two samples all have slightly different chemical group bonds O-H, CH2, and C-H. The absorption range of the chemical bond of alkene is 1638.21cm-1, and group functional C=O of shell concrete of 1638.21cm-1. The group functional of C=O in the sample, but there is no functional group C in the shell." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Chemical Compound, FTIR, Mussel Shell Powder, Pozzolan, Strength Concrete" /> <meta name="copyright" content="2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved" /> <title>The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution | Scientific.Net</title> <link href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="/Content/public.min.css?v=BKBihgCkUm340JBGsNjEPtWz8I22CUsubMPC3V1WYzw" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.gstatic.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="icon" href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/Content/app/scinet5/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open&#x2B;Sans&#x2B;Condensed:300,700%7COpen&#x2B;Sans:300i,400,400i,600,600i,700&amp;display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- HTML5 shim support of HTML5 elements and media queries --> <!--[if lte IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T3VDKWV');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body> <noscript> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T3VDKWV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <div class="sc-content-container"> <div class="sc-content"> <div class="header-menu-container"> <div class="identity-menu-container header-menu-container-not-logged-in"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <ul class="role-menu"> <li class="user-menu between normal-user-menu"> <div class="hdivider-100"></div> <div class="cart-info"> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Payment/Cart"> <i class="inline-icon cart-icon-white"></i> <span id="cartInfoTotalItemsCount"></span> </a> </div> <div class="user-menu-login-or-register"> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Account/Registration?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.921.13" rel="nofollow"> Registration </a> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.921.13" rel="nofollow"> Log In </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="block-header"> <div class="logo-block"> <a href="/" class="application-logo inline-icon logo-icon"></a> <div class="burger-menu-button visible-xs"> <div class="hamburger-box"> <div class="hamburger-inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-and-search-block"> <div class="burger-menu"> <nav class="burger-menu-items"> <div class="public-menu"> <ul> <li><a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="/news/all">News</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="header-menu-top"> <div class="header-menu-list"> <a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a> <a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a> <a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a> <a href="/news/all">News</a> <a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a> <a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> <div class="search-block"> <input class="search-control" type="search" placeholder="Search" data-url="/Search"> <button class="button button-95 button-grey search-btn button-simple"> <span class="hidden-xs">Search</span> <i class="inline-icon search-icon-grey visible-xs"></i> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="banner-new"></div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row content-container"> <div class="left-content col-md-4 col-sm-5"> <div class="left-content-first-line icon-container mobile-collapse-button"> <div class="page-name-block underline-begin sibling-name-block"> <div class="page-name-block-text"> Paper Titles <a class="left-content-expand-button"><i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-hover-icon on-focus-arrow-down-black"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mobile-collapse-content"> <a href="/AMM.921.-1" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Preface </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.1" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Nano Biomaterial Coating of Stainless Steel Alloys (316 and 304) as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Saliva Medium <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.1</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.13" class="normal-large-text icon-container active-element active"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.13</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.27" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Augmenting Material Characterisation via Numerical Analysis to Improve Robustness in Mechanical Property Evaluation <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.27</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.39" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Enhancing Structural Vibration Damping in Marine Machinery: A Comprehensive Numerical Investigation with Modal and Harmonic Analysis <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.39</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.57" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Development of the Extrusion Based Food 3D Printer Machine by Modifying Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Printer <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.57</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.67" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Experimental Study of the Liquid Cold Plate Cooling System for Lithium-Ion Battery in Electric Vehicle <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.67</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/AMM.921.75" class="normal-large-text icon-container"> <div class="element-list"> <div class="element-list-text"> Research on the Effect of Thermal Coating Temperature on the Fatigue Performance of Wind Turbine Blade Bolts <br /> <span class="paper-volume-number">p.75</span> </div> <div class="element-list-arrow"> <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black no-focus-icon on-hover-arrow-left-red"></i> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="right-content col-md-8 col-sm-7 col-xs-12 paper-title-main-page"> <div class="bread-crumbs hidden-xs"> <a class="bread-crumbs-first" href="/">Home</a><i class="inline-icon arrow-breadcrumbs"></i><a class="bread-crumbs-first" href="/AMM">Applied Mechanics and Materials</a><i class="inline-icon arrow-breadcrumbs"></i><a class="bread-crumbs-first" href="/AMM.921">Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 921</a><i class="inline-icon arrow-breadcrumbs"></i><span class="bread-crumbs-second">The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete...</span></div> <div class="page-name-block underline-begin"> <h1 class="page-name-block-text">The FTIR Test and Behavior Mechanical Concrete with Pozzolan Substitution</h1> </div> <div class="paper-statistics"> <div class="loading"> <i class="inline-icon download-and-visitor-statistics-icon"></i> <span class="normal-text" id="paperDownloadsAndVisitorsCount"></span> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="page-paper-title"> <div class="preview-block"> <img alt="Article Preview" width="128" height="180" src="/AMM.921.13/thumbnail.gif"> <div id="preview-button" data-url-preview-log="/Paper/PreviewImageLog?paperId=605469"> <i class="inline-icon preview-icon"></i> </div> <!--Modal window for article preview--> <div id="paper-preview-modal" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="popup-page-name underline-begin"> <div class="page-name-block-text">Article Preview</div> </div> <img alt="Article Preview" class="preview-image lazyload" data-src="/AMM.921.13/preview.gif"> <a data-dismiss="modal" title="Close" class="inline-icon close-icon"></a> </div> </div> <!--End modal--> </div> <div class="abstract-block-description"> <h3 class="page-paper-first-header">Abstract:</h3> <p class="normal-text"> Pozzolan is a material that increases the strength of concrete. The pozzolan used in this study is mussel shell powder. The purpose of this study was to find out how MSP substitution affects concrete strength. Mussel shell powder (MSP) contains important levels of calcium oxide and silicon oxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and used as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) to reduce the amount of PC needed to make concrete will perform. The concrete designed according to the Standard Indonesian Method (SNI) and the slump should be between 75mm and 100mm. As a prototype, he built a concrete cylinder measuring 15 cm x 30 cm. The percentage changes when replacing PC with MSP were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, respectively, with 0% substitute used as the control mixture. The samples evaluated for compressive and tensile strength after 7 and 28 days, respectively. As a result, in terms of compressive strength, the best replacement level for 28-day-old concrete is 6%, with a strength value of 32.46MPa. This resulted in a 21.98% increase in force compared to control. In contrast, replacing 2% PC with MSP achieved the highest shear strength after 28 days, with a strength value of about 2.584MPa, 10.48% higher than witnessed. The two samples all have slightly different chemical group bonds O-H, CH<sub>2</sub>, and C-H. The absorption range of the chemical bond of alkene is 1638.21cm<sup>-1</sup>, and group functional C=O of shell concrete of 1638.21cm<sup>-1</sup>. The group functional of C=O in the sample, but there is no functional group C in the shell. </p> </div> <div class="paper-access-buttons col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="sa-button-wrap"> <a id="sa-button" class="wayfinder-login d-flex sa-button" href="javascript:;"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <i class="inline-icon sa-white"></i> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="title-button-pdf"> <button id="readPaperButton" data-url-read-paper-log="/Paper/ReadThePaperLog?paperId=605469" class="button button-160"> <span class="inline-element">Read The Paper</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="row"> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="connected-title-container"> <div class="connected-title-text semibold-middle-text">You might also be interested in these eBooks</div> <div class="connected-title-list-container"> <div class="connected-title-list-item"> <a href="/book/achievements-in-mechanical-engineering-and-green-building-materials/978-3-0364-1574-1" title="Achievements in Mechanical Engineering and Green Building Materials"> <img class="ls-is-cached lazyloaded" src="/Image/TitleCover/7174?width=190" alt="Achievements in Mechanical Engineering and Green Building Materials" /> </a> <a id="downloadPdfButton" href="/book/achievements-in-mechanical-engineering-and-green-building-materials/978-3-0364-1574-1/ebook" class="button"> <span>View Preview</span> <i class="inline-icon book-icon-white small-icon button-icon-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info-title"> <h2>Info:</h2> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="papers-block-info-list"> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Periodical:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <a href="/AMM">Applied Mechanics and Materials</a> <span>(Volume 921)</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Pages:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p>13-26</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>DOI:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.4028/p-7bAFDx">https://doi.org/10.4028/p-7bAFDx</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Citation:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p><a id="paperCitationsButton" href="#">Cite this paper</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Online since:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p>April 2024</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Authors:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <a class="inline-icon mail-icon-red author-send-message" href="#" data-url="/Paper/_Message?paperId=605469&amp;personId=1646698&amp;urlSent=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.921.13" title="Send message to Corresponding Author"> </a> <a href="/author-papers/andi-yusra">Andi Yusra</a>*, <a href="/author-papers/husni-husin-1">Husni Husin</a>, <a href="/author-papers/samsunan-samsunan">Samsunan Samsunan</a>, <a href="/author-papers/muttaqin-hasan-1">Muttaqin Hasan</a>, <a href="/author-papers/teuku-budi-aulia-2">Teuku Budi Aulia</a>, <a href="/author-papers/fachruddin-fachruddin">Fachruddin Fachruddin</a>, <a href="/author-papers/bambang-tripoli">Bambang Tripoli</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Keywords:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <a href="/paper-keyword/chemical-compound">Chemical Compound</a>, <a href="/paper-keyword/ftir">FTIR</a>, <a href="/paper-keyword/mussel-shell-powder">Mussel Shell Powder</a>, <a href="/paper-keyword/pozzolan">Pozzolan</a>, <a href="/paper-keyword/strength-concrete">Strength Concrete</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Export:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <a href="/AMM.921.13.ris">RIS</a>, <a href="/AMM.921.13.bib">BibTeX</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Price:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p id="paper-price-info"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Permissions:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p> <i class="inline-icon icon-permission"></i> <a href="https://marketplace.copyright.com/rs-ui-web/mp/search/article/10.4028%2Fp-7bAFDx" target="_blank"> Request Permissions </a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>&#x421;opyright:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <p> © 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Share:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content share-icons semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <!-- AddToAny BEGIN --> <div id="" class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style"> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"></a> <a class="a2a_button_mendeley"></a> <a class="a2a_button_email"></a> <a class="a2a_button_x"></a> <a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a> <a class="a2a_button_whatsapp"></a> <a class="a2a_button_microsoft_teams"></a> <a class="a2a_button_skype"></a> <a class="a2a_button_outlook_com"></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a> </div> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> <!-- AddToAny END --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="papers-block-info col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="info-row-name normal-text-gray col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-4"> <div class="row"> <p>Citation:</p> </div> </div> <div class="info-row-content semibold-middle-text col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-8"> <div class="row"> <div class="scite-badge" data-doi="10.4028/p-7bAFDx" data-layout="horizontal" data-show-zero="true" data-small="false" data-show-labels="false" data-tally-show="true"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block-corresponding-buttons col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="block-corresponding normal-text-gray col-md-4 col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <p><span>*</span> - Corresponding Author</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="related-article reference-collapse col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="view"> <div class="panel-group" id="references-panel"> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <a class="panel-title bold-large-text icon-container" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#references-panel" href="#reference-panel-element"> References <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black"></i> </a> </div> <div id="reference-panel-element" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="references-block"> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[1]</span> R. I. C. Juarez and S. Finnegan, &quot;The environmental impact of cement production in Europe: A holistic review of existing EPDs,&quot; Clean. Environ. Syst., vol. 3, p.100053, 2021. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100053">10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100053</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20environmental%20impact%20of%20cement%20production%20in%20Europe%3A%20A%20holistic%20review%20of%20existing%20EPDs&amp;author=Roberto%20Ivan%20Cruz%20Juarez&amp;author=Stephen%20Finnegan&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=Cleaner%20Environmental%20Systems&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=100053&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cesys.2021.100053">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[2]</span> C. T. G. Awodiji, D. O. Onwuka, and S. Sule, &quot;Forecasting the shear strength of binary blended concrete containing hydrated lime using artificial intelligence,&quot; J. Soft Comput. Civ. Eng., vol. 5, no. 2, p.135&#x2013;151, 2021. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C.%20T.%20G.%20Awodiji%2C%20D.%20O.%20Onwuka%2C%20and%20S.%20Sule%2C%20%22Forecasting%20the%20shear%20strength%20of%20binary%20blended%20concrete%20containing%20hydrated%20lime%20using%20artificial%20intelligence%2C%22%20J.%20Soft%20Comput.%20Civ.%20Eng.%2C%20vol.%205%2C%20no.%202%2C%20p.135%E2%80%93151%2C%202021.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[3]</span> B. P. Ong and U. Kassim, &quot;Performance of Concrete Incorporating of Clam Shell as Partially Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),&quot; vol. 55, no. 1, 2019. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B.%20P.%20Ong%20and%20U.%20Kassim%2C%20%22Performance%20of%20Concrete%20Incorporating%20of%20Clam%20Shell%20as%20Partially%20Replacement%20of%20Ordinary%20Portland%20Cement%20%28OPC%29%2C%22%20vol.%2055%2C%20no.%201%2C%202019.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[4]</span> D. Wei et al., &quot;Calcined mussel shell powder (CMSP) via modification with surfactants: Application for antistatic oil-removal,&quot; Materials, vol. 11, no. 8, p.1410, 2018. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081410">10.3390/ma11081410</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Calcined%20Mussel%20Shell%20Powder%20%28CMSP%29%20via%20Modification%20with%20Surfactants%3A%20Application%20for%20Antistatic%20Oil-Removal&amp;author=Danyi%20Wei&amp;author=Hailong%20Zhang&amp;author=Lu%20Cai&amp;author=Jian%20Guo&amp;author=Yaning%20Wang&amp;author=Lili%20Ji&amp;author=Wendong%20Song&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Materials&amp;volume=11&amp;issue=8&amp;pages=1410&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fma11081410">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[5]</span> F. A. Olutoge, O. M. Okeyinka, and O. S. Olaniyan, &quot;Assessment of the suitability of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete,&quot; Int. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 3, p.428&#x2013;434, 2012. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=F.%20A.%20Olutoge%2C%20O.%20M.%20Okeyinka%2C%20and%20O.%20S.%20Olaniyan%2C%20%22Assessment%20of%20the%20suitability%20of%20periwinkle%20shell%20ash%20%28PSA%29%20as%20partial%20replacement%20for%20ordinary%20Portland%20cement%20%28OPC%29%20in%20concrete%2C%22%20Int.%20J.%20Res.%20Rev.%20Appl.%20Sci.%2C%20vol.%2010%2C%20no.%203%2C%20p.428%E2%80%93434%2C%202012.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[6]</span> K. Yamaguchi and S. Hashimoto, &quot;Cold sintering of calcium carbonate derived from seashells,&quot; Open Ceram., vol. 12, p.100302, 2022. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100302">10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100302</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cold%20sintering%20of%20calcium%20carbonate%20derived%20from%20seashells&amp;author=Keitaro%20Yamaguchi&amp;author=Shinobu%20Hashimoto&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;journal=Open%20Ceramics&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=100302&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.oceram.2022.100302">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[7]</span> K. H. Mo, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, S. C. Lee, W. I. Goh, and C. W. Yuen, &quot;Recycling of seashell waste in concrete: A review,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 162, p.751&#x2013;764, 2018. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.009">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.009</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Recycling%20of%20seashell%20waste%20in%20concrete%3A%20A%20review&amp;author=Kim%20Hung%20Mo&amp;author=U.%20Johnson%20Alengaram&amp;author=Mohd%20Zamin%20Jumaat&amp;author=Siew%20Cheng%20Lee&amp;author=Wan%20Inn%20Goh&amp;author=Choon%20Wah%20Yuen&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=162&amp;pages=751-764&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2017.12.009">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[8]</span> R. Y. Bharathi, S. Subhashini, T. Manvitha, and S. H. Lessly, &quot;Experimental study on partial replacement of coarse aggregate by seashell &amp; partial replacement of cement by flyash,&quot; Int. J. Latest Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 3, p.69&#x2013;76, 2016. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R.%20Y.%20Bharathi%2C%20S.%20Subhashini%2C%20T.%20Manvitha%2C%20and%20S.%20H.%20Lessly%2C%20%22Experimental%20study%20on%20partial%20replacement%20of%20coarse%20aggregate%20by%20seashell%20%26%20partial%20replacement%20of%20cement%20by%20flyash%2C%22%20Int.%20J.%20Latest%20Res.%20Eng.%20Technol.%2C%20vol.%202%2C%20no.%203%2C%20p.69%E2%80%9376%2C%202016.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[9]</span> T. C. Nwofor and S. Sule, &quot;Stability of groundnut shell ash (GSA)/ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete in Nigeria,&quot; Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 3, no. 4, p.2283&#x2013;2287, 2012. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.9790/3021-03760107">10.9790/3021-03760107</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characteristics%20Strength%20of%20groundnut%20shell%20ash%20%28GSA%29%20and%20Ordinary%20Portland%20cement%20%28OPC%29%20blended%20Concrete%20in%20Nigeria.&amp;author=Buari%20T.A&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;journal=IOSR%20Journal%20of%20Engineering&amp;volume=3&amp;issue=7&amp;pages=01-07&amp;doi=10.9790%2F3021-03760107">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[10]</span> A. A. Qasem, M. A. Almekhlafi, and F. M. Yahaya, &quot;The Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Clinker Powder and Cockleshell Powder as Cement Replacement on Durability Properties of the Concrete Mortar,&quot; in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2021, p.012037. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/682/1/012037">10.1088/1755-1315/682/1/012037</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Effect%20of%20Palm%20Oil%20Fuel%20Clinker%20Powder%20and%20Cockleshell%20Powder%20as%20Cement%20Replacement%20on%20Durability%20Properties%20of%20the%20Concrete%20Mortar&amp;author=A%20A%20Qasem&amp;author=M%20A%20Almekhlafi&amp;author=F%20M%20Yahaya&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=IOP%20Conference%20Series%3A%20Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Science&amp;volume=682&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=012037&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F682%2F1%2F012037">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[11]</span> H. N. Ruslan, K. Muthusamy, S. M. S. Mohsin, R. Jose, and R. Omar, &quot;Oyster shell waste as a concrete ingredient: A review,&quot; Mater. Today Proc., vol. 48, p.713&#x2013;719, 2022. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.208">10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.208</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oyster%20shell%20waste%20as%20a%20concrete%20ingredient%3A%20A%20review&amp;author=Hanis%20Nadiah%20Ruslan&amp;author=Khairunisa%20Muthusamy&amp;author=Sharifah%20Maszura%20Syed%20Mohsin&amp;author=Rajan%20Jose&amp;author=Roslina%20Omar&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;journal=Materials%20Today%3A%20Proceedings&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=713-719&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2021.02.208">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[12]</span> M. S. Sainudin, N. H. Othman, N. N. Ismail, M. H. W. Ibrahim, and M. A. Rahim, &quot;Utilization of cockle shell (anadara granosa) powder as partial replacement of fine aggregates in cement brick,&quot; Int. J. Integr. Eng., vol. 12, no. 9, p.161&#x2013;168, 2020. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M.%20S.%20Sainudin%2C%20N.%20H.%20Othman%2C%20N.%20N.%20Ismail%2C%20M.%20H.%20W.%20Ibrahim%2C%20and%20M.%20A.%20Rahim%2C%20%22Utilization%20of%20cockle%20shell%20%28anadara%20granosa%29%20powder%20as%20partial%20replacement%20of%20fine%20aggregates%20in%20cement%20brick%2C%22%20Int.%20J.%20Integr.%20Eng.%2C%20vol.%2012%2C%20no.%209%2C%20p.161%E2%80%93168%2C%202020.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[13]</span> A. Hendi, H. Rahmani, D. Mostofinejad, A. Tavakolinia, and M. Khosravi, &quot;Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 152, p.192&#x2013;205, 2017. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simultaneous%20effects%20of%20microsilica%20and%20nanosilica%20on%20self-consolidating%20concrete%20in%20a%20sulfuric%20acid%20medium&amp;author=Ali%20Hendi&amp;author=Hamid%20Rahmani&amp;author=Davood%20Mostofinejad&amp;author=Ali%20Tavakolinia&amp;author=Mohsen%20Khosravi&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=152&amp;pages=192-205&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2017.06.165">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[14]</span> B. A. Tayeh, M. W. Hasaniyah, A. M. Zeyad, and M. O. Yusuf, &quot;Properties of concrete containing recycled seashells as cement partial replacement: A review,&quot; J. Clean. Prod., vol. 237, p.117723, Nov. 2019. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117723">10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117723</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Properties%20of%20concrete%20containing%20recycled%20seashells%20as%20cement%20partial%20replacement%3A%20A%20review&amp;author=Bassam%20A.%20Tayeh&amp;author=Mohammed%20W.%20Hasaniyah&amp;author=A.M.%20Zeyad&amp;author=Moruf%20Olalekan%20Yusuf&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production&amp;volume=237&amp;pages=117723&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.117723">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[15]</span> N. N. Hisham, N. Razali, N. Razali, A. Gajah, and A. Keroh, &quot;Utilization of cockle shells as partial binder replacement in concrete,&quot; J Eng Technol, vol. 8, no. 2, p.1&#x2013;14, 2017. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=N.%20N.%20Hisham%2C%20N.%20Razali%2C%20N.%20Razali%2C%20A.%20Gajah%2C%20and%20A.%20Keroh%2C%20%22Utilization%20of%20cockle%20shells%20as%20partial%20binder%20replacement%20in%20concrete%2C%22%20J%20Eng%20Technol%2C%20vol.%208%2C%20no.%202%2C%20p.1%E2%80%9314%2C%202017.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[16]</span> N. O. Abdullah, R. D. W. Bachtiar, and N. K. Rusni, &quot;A sustainable environmental study on clamshell powder, slag, bagasse ash, fly ash, and corn cob ash as alternative cementitious binder,&quot; in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2021, p.012003. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/841/1/012003">10.1088/1755-1315/841/1/012003</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20sustainable%20environmental%20study%20on%20clamshell%20powder%2C%20slag%2C%20bagasse%20ash%2C%20fly%20ash%2C%20and%20corn%20cob%20ash%20as%20alternative%20cementitious%20binder&amp;author=N%20O%20Abdullah&amp;author=Fakhruddin&amp;author=R%20D%20W%20Bachtiar&amp;author=N%20K%20Rusni&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=IOP%20Conference%20Series%3A%20Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Science&amp;volume=841&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=012003&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F841%2F1%2F012003">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[17]</span> H. M. Hamada, F. Abed, B. Tayeh, M. S. A. Jawahery, A. Majdi, and S. T. Yousif, &quot;Effect of recycled seashells on concrete properties: A comprehensive review of the recent studies,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 376, p.131036, 2023. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131036">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131036</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect%20of%20recycled%20seashells%20on%20concrete%20properties%3A%20A%20comprehensive%20review%20of%20the%20recent%20studies&amp;author=Hussein%20M.%20Hamada&amp;author=Farid%20Abed&amp;author=Bassam%20Tayeh&amp;author=Mohammed%20S.%20Al%20Jawahery&amp;author=Ali%20Majdi&amp;author=Salim%20T.%20Yousif&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=376&amp;pages=131036&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2023.131036">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[18]</span> L. Lei, Q. Wang, X. Li, and Z. Shi, &quot;Fabrication of amphiphobic concrete coating with good abrasion resistance and anti-oil adhesion properties by using waste clam powder,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 327, p.126862, 2022. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126862">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126862</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fabrication%20of%20amphiphobic%20concrete%20coating%20with%20good%20abrasion%20resistance%20and%20anti-oil%20adhesion%20properties%20by%20using%20waste%20clam%20powder&amp;author=Lulu%20Lei&amp;author=Qing%20Wang&amp;author=Xiaodong%20Li&amp;author=Zengqin%20Shi&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=327&amp;pages=126862&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2022.126862">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[19]</span> G. O. Bamigboye, A. T. Nworgu, A. O. Odetoyan, M. Kareem, D. O. Enabulele, and D. E. Bassey, &quot;Sustainable use of seashells as binder in concrete production: Prospect and challenges,&quot; J. Build. Eng., vol. 34, p.101864, 2021. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101864">10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101864</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sustainable%20use%20of%20seashells%20as%20binder%20in%20concrete%20production%3A%20Prospect%20and%20challenges&amp;author=Gideon%20O.%20Bamigboye&amp;author=Austin%20T.%20Nworgu&amp;author=Abimbola%20O.%20Odetoyan&amp;author=Mutiu%20Kareem&amp;author=David%20O.%20Enabulele&amp;author=Daniel%20E.%20Bassey&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Building%20Engineering&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=101864&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2020.101864">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[20]</span> R. A. M. Villarrial and M. G. Farf&#xE1;n C&#xF3;rdova, &quot;Structural concrete modified with fan seashell lime,&quot; Rev. Ing. Constr., vol. 36, no. 3, p.380&#x2013;388, 2021. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R.%20A.%20M.%20Villarrial%20and%20M.%20G.%20Farf%C3%A1n%20C%C3%B3rdova%2C%20%22Structural%20concrete%20modified%20with%20fan%20seashell%20lime%2C%22%20Rev.%20Ing.%20Constr.%2C%20vol.%2036%2C%20no.%203%2C%20p.380%E2%80%93388%2C%202021.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[21]</span> S. Z. Keumala Citra, W. Wahyuni, M. Munawir, R. F. Vito, and T. I. Rais, &quot;Effect of Mixing Anadara Granosa Shells Ash and Fly Ash as a Cement Replacement on Foamed Concrete Properties,&quot; Key Eng. Mater., vol. 943, p.233&#x2013;240, Apr. 2023. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.4028/p-77jq49">10.4028/p-77jq49</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect%20of%20Mixing%20Anadara%20Granosa%20Shells%20Ash%20and%20Fly%20Ash%20as%20a%20Cement%20Replacement%20on%20Foamed%20Concrete%20Properties&amp;author=Sarina%20Zein%20Keumala%20Citra&amp;author=Wahyuni&amp;author=Munawir&amp;author=Rizqy%20F.%20Vito&amp;author=Tamim%20I.%20Rais&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;journal=Key%20Engineering%20Materials&amp;volume=943&amp;pages=233-240&amp;doi=10.4028%2Fp-77jq49">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[22]</span> D. H. Nguyen, M. Boutouil, N. Sebaibi, F. Baraud, and L. Leleyter, &quot;Durability of pervious concrete using crushed seashells,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 135, p.137&#x2013;150, 2017. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.219">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.219</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Durability%20of%20pervious%20concrete%20using%20crushed%20seashells&amp;author=Dang%20Hanh%20Nguyen&amp;author=Mohamed%20Boutouil&amp;author=Nassim%20Sebaibi&amp;author=Fabienne%20Baraud&amp;author=Lydia%20Leleyter&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=135&amp;pages=137-150&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2016.12.219">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[23]</span> B. V. Ramnath, J. Jeykrishnan, G. Ramakrishnan, B. Barath, E. Ejoelavendhan, and P. A. raghav, &quot;Sea Shells And Natural Fibres Composites: A Review,&quot; Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, no. 1, Part 1, p.1846&#x2013;1851, 2018. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.284">10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.284</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sea%20Shells%20And%20Natural%20Fibres%20Composites%3A%20A%20Review&amp;author=B.%20Vijaya%20Ramnath&amp;author=J.%20Jeykrishnan&amp;author=G.%20Ramakrishnan&amp;author=B.%20Barath&amp;author=E.%20Ejoelavendhan&amp;author=P.%20Arun%20raghav&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;journal=Materials%20Today%3A%20Proceedings&amp;volume=5&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=1846-1851&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2017.11.284">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[24]</span> M. Sophia and Njj. Sakthieswaran, &quot;Waste shell powders as valuable bio-filler in gypsum plaster&#x2013;Efficient waste management technique by effective utilization,&quot; J. Clean. Prod., vol. 220, p.74&#x2013;86, 2019. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.119">10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.119</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Waste%20shell%20powders%20as%20valuable%20bio-%20filler%20in%20gypsum%20plaster%C2%A0%E2%80%93%C2%A0Efficient%20waste%20management%20technique%20by%20effective%C2%A0utilization&amp;author=M.%20Sophia&amp;author=N.%20Sakthieswaran&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production&amp;volume=220&amp;pages=74-86&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.02.119">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[25]</span> D. Sudhakaran and E. Poulose, &quot;Development of Optimum Mix for Laterite Soil Brick by Adding Clam Shell Powder and Metakaolin,&quot; in Proceedings of SECON 2020: Structural Engineering and Construction Management 4, Springer, 2021, p.297&#x2013;306. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55115-5_28">10.1007/978-3-030-55115-5_28</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development%20of%20Optimum%20Mix%20for%20Laterite%20Soil%20Brick%20by%20Adding%20Clam%20Shell%20Powder%20and%20Metakaolin&amp;author=Devika%20Sudhakaran&amp;author=Emy%20Poulose&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;pages=297-306">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[26]</span> F. P. Alishah and M. M. Razaei, &quot;Effect of Natural Pozzolan on Concrete&#x27;s Mechanical Properties and Permeability in Various Grades of Cement&quot;. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=F.%20P.%20Alishah%20and%20M.%20M.%20Razaei%2C%20%22Effect%20of%20Natural%20Pozzolan%20on%20Concrete%27s%20Mechanical%20Properties%20and%20Permeability%20in%20Various%20Grades%20of%20Cement%22.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[27]</span> P. Lertwattanaruk, N. Makul, and C. Siripattarapravat, &quot;Utilization of ground waste seashells in cement mortars for masonry and plastering,&quot; J. Environ. Manage., vol. 111, p.133&#x2013;141, Nov. 2012. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.032">10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.032</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Utilization%20of%20ground%20waste%20seashells%20in%20cement%20mortars%20for%20masonry%20and%20plastering&amp;author=Pusit%20Lertwattanaruk&amp;author=Natt%20Makul&amp;author=Chalothorn%20Siripattarapravat&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=133-141&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2012.06.032">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[28]</span> M. Mohammad et al., &quot;Physical and mechanical properties of fired industrial waste-clay bricks from clam shells and soda lime silica glass,&quot; Mater. Today Proc., vol. 75, p.151&#x2013;155, 2023. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.275">10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.275</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Physical%20and%20mechanical%20properties%20of%20fired%20industrial%20waste-clay%20bricks%20from%20clam%20shells%20and%20soda%20lime%20silica%20glass&amp;author=Maryam%20Mohammad&amp;author=Rabiatul%20Adawiyah%20Abdul%20Wahab&amp;author=Mazlini%20Mazlan&amp;author=Nur%20Nisa%20Syuhaidah%20Mohamad%20Fazil&amp;author=Nur%20Suraya%20Hanim%20Ibrahim&amp;author=Uswatul%20Najiha%20Muhamad%20Nizam&amp;author=Ahmad%20Humaidi%20Abu%20Hanifah&amp;author=Mohd%20Hafiz%20Mohd%20Zaid&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;journal=Materials%20Today%3A%20Proceedings&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=151-155&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2022.10.275">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[29]</span> M. Olivia and R. Oktaviani, &quot;Properties of concrete containing ground waste cockle and clam seashells,&quot; Procedia Eng., vol. 171, p.658&#x2013;663, 2017. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.404">10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.404</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Properties%20of%20Concrete%20Containing%20Ground%20Waste%20Cockle%20and%20Clam%20Seashells&amp;author=Monita%20Olivia&amp;author=Revina%20Oktaviani&amp;author=Ismeddiyanto&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=Procedia%20Engineering&amp;volume=171&amp;pages=658-663&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2017.01.404">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[30]</span> S. Syafwandi and R. A. Cerra, &quot;The Effect of Substitution of Coarse and Fine Aggregates with Shells of Blood Clams and Cement With Fly Ash and The Additional of Superplasticizer Against The Compressive Test,&quot; IJTI Int. J. Transp. Infrastruct. EISSN 2597-4769 PISSN 2597-4734, vol. 4, no. 2, p.148&#x2013;156, 2021. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S.%20Syafwandi%20and%20R.%20A.%20Cerra%2C%20%22The%20Effect%20of%20Substitution%20of%20Coarse%20and%20Fine%20Aggregates%20with%20Shells%20of%20Blood%20Clams%20and%20Cement%20With%20Fly%20Ash%20and%20The%20Additional%20of%20Superplasticizer%20Against%20The%20Compressive%20Test%2C%22%20IJTI%20Int.%20J.%20Transp.%20Infrastruct.%20EISSN%202597-4769%20PISSN%202597-4734%2C%20vol.%204%2C%20no.%202%2C%20p.148%E2%80%93156%2C%202021.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[31]</span> A. F. Hashmi, M. S. Khan, M. Bilal, M. Shariq, and A. Baqi, &quot;Green concrete: an eco-friendly alternative to the OPC concrete,&quot; Construction, vol. 2, no. 2, p.93&#x2013;103, 2022. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v2i2.8710">10.15282/construction.v2i2.8710</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Green%20Concrete%3A%20An%20Eco-Friendly%20Alternative%20to%20the%20OPC%20Concrete&amp;author=Dr.%20Ahmad%20Fuzail%20Hashmi&amp;author=M.S.%20Khan&amp;author=M.%20Bilal&amp;author=M.%20Shariq&amp;author=A.%20Baqi&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;journal=CONSTRUCTION&amp;volume=2&amp;issue=2&amp;pages=93-103&amp;doi=10.15282%2Fconstruction.v2i2.8710">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[32]</span> Y. Yang et al., &quot;Preparation of porous materials derived from waste mussel shell with high removal performance for tableware oil,&quot; J. Renew. Mater., vol. 9, no. 11, p.1869&#x2013;1881, 2021. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.015952">10.32604/jrm.2021.015952</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Preparation%20of%20Porous%20Materials%20Derived%20from%20Waste%20Mussel%20Shell%20with%20High%20Removal%20Performance%20for%20Tableware%20Oil&amp;author=Yi%20Yang&amp;author=Zhaodi%20Wu&amp;author=Lili%20Ji&amp;author=Shiyao%20Lu&amp;author=Hua%20Jing&amp;author=Jiaxing%20Sun&amp;author=Jian%20Guo&amp;author=Wendong%20Song&amp;author=Yaning%20Wang&amp;author=Lu%20Cai&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Renewable%20Materials&amp;volume=9&amp;issue=11&amp;pages=1869-1881&amp;doi=10.32604%2Fjrm.2021.015952">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[33]</span> S. M. Siregar, &quot;Pemanfaatan kulit kerang dan resin epoksi terhadap karakteristik beton polimer,&quot; Univ. Sumat. Utara, 2009. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S.%20M.%20Siregar%2C%20%22Pemanfaatan%20kulit%20kerang%20dan%20resin%20epoksi%20terhadap%20karakteristik%20beton%20polimer%2C%22%20Univ.%20Sumat.%20Utara%2C%202009.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[34]</span> V. Rahhal, V. Bonavetti, L. Trusilewicz, C. Pedrajas, and R. Talero, &quot;Role of the filler on Portland cement hydration at early ages,&quot; Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 27, no. 1, p.82&#x2013;90, 2012. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.021">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.021</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Role%20of%20the%20filler%20on%20Portland%20cement%20hydration%20at%20early%20ages&amp;author=V.%20Rahhal&amp;author=V.%20Bonavetti&amp;author=L.%20Trusilewicz&amp;author=C.%20Pedrajas&amp;author=R.%20Talero&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;journal=Construction%20and%20Building%20Materials&amp;volume=27&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=82-90&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2011.07.021">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[35]</span> W. A. S. B. W. Mohammad, N. H. Othman, M. H. W. Ibrahim, M. A. Rahim, S. Shahidan, and R. Abd Rahman, &quot;A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement,&quot; in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 2017, p.012059. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012059">10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012059</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20review%20on%20seashells%20ash%20as%20partial%20cement%20replacement&amp;author=Wan%20Ahmad%20Soffian%20Bin%20Wan%20Mohammad&amp;author=Nor%20Hazurina%20Othman&amp;author=Mohd%20Haziman%20Wan%20Ibrahim&amp;author=Masazurah%20A%20Rahim&amp;author=Shahiron%20Shahidan&amp;author=Raha%20Abd%20Rahman&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;journal=IOP%20Conference%20Series%3A%20Materials%20Science%20and%20Engineering&amp;volume=271&amp;pages=012059&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1757-899x%2F271%2F1%2F012059">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[36]</span> S. A. Stel&#x27;makh et al., &quot;Composition, technological, and microstructural aspects of concrete modified with finely ground mussel shell powder,&quot; Materials, vol. 16, no. 1, p.82, 2022. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010082">10.3390/ma16010082</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Composition%2C%20Technological%2C%20and%20Microstructural%20Aspects%20of%20Concrete%20Modified%20with%20Finely%20Ground%20Mussel%20Shell%20Powder&amp;author=Sergey%20Stel%E2%80%99makh&amp;author=Evgenii%20Shcherban%E2%80%99&amp;author=Alexey%20Beskopylny&amp;author=Levon%20Mailyan&amp;author=Besarion%20Meskhi&amp;author=Salikh%20Tashpulatov&amp;author=Andrei%20Chernil%E2%80%99nik&amp;author=Natalya%20Shcherban%E2%80%99&amp;author=Anastasia%20Tyutina&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;journal=Materials&amp;volume=16&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=82&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fma16010082">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[37]</span> A. ACI, Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. 2014. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A.%20ACI%2C%20Building%20code%20requirements%20for%20structural%20concrete%20and%20commentary.%202014.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[38]</span> F. Ding, X. Ying, L. Zhou, and Z. Yu, &quot;Unified calculation method and its application in determining the uniaxial mechanical properties of concrete,&quot; Front. Archit. Civ. Eng. China, vol. 5, p.381&#x2013;393, 2011. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-011-0118-6">10.1007/s11709-011-0118-6</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unified%20calculation%20method%20and%20its%20application%20in%20determining%20the%20uniaxial%20mechanical%20properties%20of%20concrete&amp;author=Faxing%20Ding&amp;author=Xiaoyong%20Ying&amp;author=Linchao%20Zhou&amp;author=Zhiwu%20Yu&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;journal=Frontiers%20of%20Architecture%20and%20Civil%20Engineering%20in%20China&amp;volume=5&amp;issue=3&amp;pages=381-393&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs11709-011-0118-6">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[39]</span> I. S. Abbood, S. aldeen Odaa, K. F. Hasan, and M. A. Jasim, &quot;Properties evaluation of fiber reinforced polymers and their constituent materials used in structures&#x2013;A review,&quot; Mater. Today Proc., vol. 43, p.1003&#x2013;1008, 2021. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.636">10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.636</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Properties%20evaluation%20of%20fiber%20reinforced%20polymers%20and%20their%20constituent%20materials%20used%20in%20structures%20%E2%80%93%20A%20review&amp;author=Imad%20Shakir%20Abbood&amp;author=Sief%20aldeen%20Odaa&amp;author=Kamalaldin%20F.%20Hasan&amp;author=Mohammed%20A.%20Jasim&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=Materials%20Today%3A%20Proceedings&amp;volume=43&amp;pages=1003-1008&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2020.07.636">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[40]</span> E. G. Nawy, Concrete construction engineering handbook. CRC press, 2008. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E.%20G.%20Nawy%2C%20Concrete%20construction%20engineering%20handbook.%20CRC%20press%2C%202008.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[41]</span> C. Rahmawati, S. Aprilia, T. Saidi, and T. B. Aulia, &quot;Current development of geopolymer cement with nanosilica and cellulose nanocrystals,&quot; in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing, 2021, p.012056. </p> <p> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1783/1/012056">10.1088/1742-6596/1783/1/012056</a> </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Current%20development%20of%20geopolymer%20cement%20with%20nanosilica%20and%20cellulose%20nanocrystals&amp;author=Cut%20Rahmawati&amp;author=Sri%20Aprilia&amp;author=Taufiq%20Saidi&amp;author=Teuku%20Budi%20Aulia&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;journal=Journal%20of%20Physics%3A%20Conference%20Series&amp;volume=1783&amp;issue=1&amp;pages=012056&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F1783%2F1%2F012056">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="reference-text volume-info-text"> <p> <span>[42]</span> E. G. NAWY, A. MORETON, B. MATHER, M. MALHOTRA, and M. SPRINKEL, &quot;Concrete Properties,&quot; Transp. New Millenn., 2000. </p> <p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E.%20G.%20NAWY%2C%20A.%20MORETON%2C%20B.%20MATHER%2C%20M.%20MALHOTRA%2C%20and%20M.%20SPRINKEL%2C%20%22Concrete%20Properties%2C%22%20Transp.%20New%20Millenn.%2C%202000.">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="related-article cited-collapse col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="view"> <div class="panel-group" id="cited-panel"> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <a id="citedby-link" class="panel-title bold-large-text icon-container" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#cited-panel-" data-paper-id="605469" href="#citedby-root"> Cited by <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black"></i> </a> </div> <div id="citedby-root" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <span class="busy-icon"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="related-article related-collapse col-xs-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="view"> <div class="panel-group" id="related-articles-panel"> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <a id="related-articles-link" class="panel-title bold-large-text icon-container" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#related-articles-panel" href="#related-articles-root"> Related Articles <i class="inline-icon arrow-right-black"></i> </a> </div> <div id="related-articles-root" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <span class="busy-icon"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="author-message-modal" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"></div> <div id="citations-modal" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog popup"> <div class="popup-page-name underline-begin"> <div class="page-name-block-text">Citation</div> </div> <a class="inline-icon close-icon" data-dismiss="modal" title="Close"></a> <div class="modal-body"> <div id="citations-modal-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="addToCart" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="popup-page-name underline-begin"> <div class="page-name-block-text">Add To Cart</div> </div> <div class="shopping-cart-block"> <div class="popup-cart-block-image"> <i class="inline-icon add-paper-icon"></i> </div> <div class="popup-cart-block-text"> <p>Paper price: <span id="popup-paper-price"></span></p> <p>After payment, you will receive an email with instructions and a link to download the purchased paper.</p> <p>You may also check the possible access via personal account by logging in or/and check access through your institution.</p> </div> </div> <div class="popup-block-buttons clearfix"> <div class="three-buttons-block"> <a data-dismiss="modal" class="button button-95 button-grey icon-container"> <i class="inline-icon button-arrow-back-black button-icon-left"></i> <span class="inline-element">Back</span> </a> <button data-url="/Cart/AddPaper" data-paperid="605469" id="addPaperButton" class="button button-160" disabled> <span class="inline-element">Add to Cart</span> <i class="inline-icon cart-icon-white button-icon-right"></i> </button> </div> </div> <a data-dismiss="modal" title="Close" class="inline-icon close-icon"></a> </div> </div> <div id="addedToCart" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="popup-page-name underline-begin"> <div class="page-name-block-text">Add To Cart</div> </div> <div class="shopping-cart-block"> <div class="popup-cart-block-image"> <i class="inline-icon add-paper-icon"></i> </div> <div class="popup-cart-block-text"> <p>This paper has been added to your cart</p> </div> </div> <div class="popup-block-buttons clearfix"> <div class="three-buttons-block"> <a data-dismiss="modal" class="button button-95 button-grey icon-container"> <i class="inline-icon button-arrow-back-black button-icon-left"></i> <span class="inline-element">Back</span> </a> <a href="https://main.scientific.net/Payment/Cart" class="button button-160"> <span class="inline-element">To Cart</span> <i class="inline-icon cart-icon-white button-icon-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <a data-dismiss="modal" title="Close" class="inline-icon close-icon"></a> </div> </div> <div class="social-icon-popup"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-popup-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="sc-footer"> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-menu col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <ul class="list-inline menu-font"> <li><a href="/ForLibraries">For Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/ForPublication/Paper">For Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/insights" target="_blank">Insights</a></li> <li><a href="/DocuCenter">Downloads</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/PolicyAndEthics/PublishingPolicies">Policy &amp; Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Contacts">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Imprint">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Home/Sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/Conferences">All Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/special-issues">All Special Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/news/all">All News</a></li> <li><a href="/read-and-publish-agreements">Read &amp; Publish Agreements</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Scientific.Net.Ltd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon facebook-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Scientific_Net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon twitter-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Scientific.Net"><i class="inline-icon linkedin-footer-icon social-icon"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="line-footer"></div> <div class="footer-fluid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-copyright"> <p> &#169; 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For open access content, terms of the Creative Commons licensing CC-BY are applied. <br />Scientific.Net is a registered trademark of Trans Tech Publications Ltd. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="scrollTop inline-icon scroll-top-icon" href="#" style="display: none"></a> </div> <script src="/Scripts/public.min.js?v=BtSq2PJEHRTW2PekpQGgIQKs7-OSPiKhsoI9rMs6kTU"></script> <script src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js" async></script> <script async type="application/javascript" src="https://cdn.scite.ai/badge/scite-badge-latest.min.js"></script> <script> $(function () { var statisticsDownloadedHandler = function ($element) { return function (count) { $element.text(count); $element.parent().removeClass("loading"); }; }; $.get("/Paper/GetDownloadsAndVisitorsCount?paperId=605469", statisticsDownloadedHandler($("#paperDownloadsAndVisitorsCount"))); $.ajax({method: "GET", url: "/Paper/GetPrice?paperId=605469" }) .retry({times: 3, timeout: 3000 }) .done(function (price) { $("#paper-price-info").html(price); $("#popup-paper-price").html(price); $("#addPaperButton").removeAttr("disabled"); }); $("#paperCitationsButton").on("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); Scinet.busy.lock(); var $modal = $("#citations-modal"), $modalContent = $("#citations-modal-content"); $.get("/Paper/Citations?doi=10.4028%2Fp-7bAFDx") .done(function (content) { Scinet.busy.unlock(); $modalContent.html(content); $modal.modal(); }) .fail(function () { Scinet.busy.unlock(); Scinet.error("The DOI has not been activated yet. Please try again later."); }); }); $("#ask-by-email-button") .on("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var url = $(this).data("url"); $("#ask-by-email-modal") .load(url, function () { $("#ask-by-email-modal").modal(); }); }); $("#downloadPdfButton").on("click", function () { Scinet.busy.lock(); setTimeout(Scinet.busy.unlock, 8000); }); var readThePaperLogged = false; $("#readPaperButton").on( "click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $("#addToCart").modal(); if (!readThePaperLogged) { var url = $("#readPaperButton").data("urlReadPaperLog"); $.ajax({ url: url }); readThePaperLogged = true; } }); $("#addPaperButton").on( "click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var $button = $(this), url = $button.data("url"), paperId = $button.data("paperid"); $.post(url, { paperId: paperId }) .done( function () { Scinet.public.loadCartInfo(); $('#addToCart').modal('hide'); $("#addedToCart").modal(); }); }); $(".paper-title-main-page a.panel-title").on("click", function () { $(this).toggleClass("active"); }); $(".author-send-message").on("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var url = $(this).data("url"), $modal = $("#author-message-modal"); $modal.load(url, function () { $modal.modal(); }); }); var previewLogged = false; $("#preview-button") .on("click", function () { $("#paper-preview-modal").modal(); if (!previewLogged) { var url = $(this).data("url-preview-log"); $.ajax({ url: url }); previewLogged = true; } }); function getCitedByInfo(page) { var $citedbyroot = $("#citedby-root"); var paperId = $("#citedby-link").data("paper-id"); if (paperId && page) { $.ajax( { method: "GET", url: "/Paper/CitedBy", data: { paperId: paperId, pageNumber: page } }) .done( function (response) { $citedbyroot.html(response); $(".citedby-paginator").on("click", function () { var pageNumber = $(this).attr("page"); getCitedByInfo(pageNumber); }); }) .fail( function (request, status, error) { $citedbyroot .html('<div style="color: red; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;"><p>' + error + "</p></div>"); }); } } $("#citedby-link") .on("click", function () { var $citedbyroot = $("#citedby-root"); if (!$citedbyroot.data("loaded")) { getCitedByInfo(1); $citedbyroot.data("loaded", true); } }); $("#citations-modal-content") .on("click", ".citations-list-item-value a", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); }); var clipboard = new ClipboardJS("#citations-modal-content .citations-list-item .inline-icon"); clipboard.on("success", function (e) { var $icon = $(e.trigger); var originalName = "data-original-title"; var prevTitle = $icon.attr(originalName); $icon.addClass("icon-copied").removeClass("icon-copy"); $icon.attr(originalName, "Copied!").tooltip("show"); setTimeout(function () { $icon.attr(originalName, prevTitle).tooltip("hide"); $icon.addClass("icon-copy").removeClass("icon-copied"); }, 3000); e.clearSelection(); }); function getRelatedArticles() { var $releatedArticlesRoot = $("#related-articles-root"); $.ajax( { method: "GET", url: "/Paper/RelatedArticles?paperId=605469" }) .done( function (response) { $releatedArticlesRoot.html(response); }) .fail( function (request, status, error) { $releatedArticlesRoot .html('<div style="color: red; padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 30px;"><p>Server Error. Sorry for the inconvenience. Our team is working to fix this internal error. Please check back shortly.</p></div>'); }); } $("#related-articles-link") .on("click", function () { var $releatedArticlesRoot = $("#related-articles-root"); if (!$releatedArticlesRoot.data("loaded")) { getRelatedArticles(); $releatedArticlesRoot.data("loaded", true); } }) $("body").tooltip({ selector: "[data-toggle=tooltip]" }); }); $(document) .ready( function () { var isHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('isPublicMessagesHidden'); if (isHidden === 'true') { $('.message-container').hide(); } $('#hide-button') .click( function (event) { event.preventDefault(); $('.message-container').hide(); sessionStorage.setItem('isPublicMessagesHidden', 'true'); }); }); </script> <script asp-render-component-scripts> (function (w, a, y, f) { w._wayfinder = w._wayfinder || function () { (w._wayfinder.q = w._wayfinder.q || []).push(arguments) }; p = { oaDomain: 'scientific.net', oaAppId: '9a54dd64-0769-4f59-a7ec-b249515c9de7' }; w._wayfinder.settings = p; w._wayfinder.options = { rememberCrossSite: false }; h = a.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; s = a.createElement('script'); s.async = 1; q = Object.keys(p).map(function (key) { return key + '=' + p[key] }).join('&'); s.src = y + 'v1' + f + "?" + q; h.appendChild(s); } )(window, document, 'https://wayfinder.openathens.net/embed/', '/loader.js'); $(function () { var wayfinderEnabled = true; $("#sa-button").on("click", function (e) { if (wayfinderEnabled) { setTargetPageCookie(); } else { e.preventDefault(); setTargetPageCookie(); window.location.href = this.href; } }); function setTargetPageCookie() { var in5Minutes = 1 / 3600 * 5; Cookies.set("Scinet.TargetPage", window.location.href, { domain: ".scientific.net", expires: in5Minutes, secure: true }); } }); Scinet.public = (function () { function loadCartInfo(onLoad) { var formatCartItemCount = function (count) { var format = (count > 1 || count === 0) ? "{0} items" : "{0} item"; $("#cartInfoTotalItemsCount").html(Scinet.stringFormat(format, count)); }, cookieCartItemCount = Cookies.get("Scinet5.CartItemsCount"); if (onLoad && cookieCartItemCount != null) { formatCartItemCount(parseInt(cookieCartItemCount, 10)); } else { $.ajax({ url: "/Cart/GetItemsCount", cache: false }) .done( function (count) { Cookies.set("Scinet5.CartItemsCount", count, { domain: ".scientific.net", secure: true }); formatCartItemCount(count); }); } } return { loadCartInfo: loadCartInfo }; })(); $(function () { Scinet.public.loadCartInfo(true); $("[data-add-book-to-cart]").on("click", function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(this).data("add-book-to-cart"); console.log(data); var url = "/Cart/AddBook"; $.post(url, data) .done( function () { Scinet.public.loadCartInfo(); $("#addToCart").modal(); }) .fail( function (xhr) { Scinet.error(xhr.responseText); }); }) }); </script> <script> var $buoop = { required: { e: 11, f: -6, o: -6, s: -3, c: -6 }, insecure: false, unsupported: false, api: 2019.11, reminder: 0, onshow: function () { window.browserUpdateOutdated = true; } }; function $buo_f() { var e = document.createElement("script"); e.src = "//browser-update.org/update.min.js"; document.body.appendChild(e); }; try { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", $buo_f, false) } catch (e) { window.attachEvent("onload", $buo_f) } </script> <!-- IE polyfills--> <!--[if lt IE 10]> <script src="/Scripts/lib/flexibility/flexibility.js"></script> <script> flexibility(document.documentElement); </script> <![endif]--> <script> window.clientErrorLogActionUrl = "/Errors/LogClientError"; </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10