CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Falsafah sains - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"e3b9c777-1ea9-4337-a12b-c2642ba0ea7c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Falsafah_sains","wgTitle":"Falsafah sains","wgCurRevisionId":6236628,"wgRevisionId":6236628,"wgArticleId":746854,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: unsupported parameter","CS1 maint: ref=harv","Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN","Sains"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Falsafah_sains","wgRelevantArticleId":746854,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q59115","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles": "ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap" ,"ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Falsafah sains - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah_sains"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah_sains"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Falsafah_sains rootpage-Falsafah_sains skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Falsafah+sains" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Falsafah+sains" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Falsafah+sains" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Falsafah+sains" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teks_dipetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teks_dipetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teks dipetik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teks_dipetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Falsafah sains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 74 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskapsfilosofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftstheorie" title="Wissenschaftstheorie – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wissenschaftstheorie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%93" title="የሳይንስ ፍልስፍና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሳይንስ ፍልስፍና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="فلسفة العلوم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة العلوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞানৰ দৰ্শন – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিজ্ঞানৰ দৰ্শন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_ciencia" title="Filosofía de la ciencia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía de la ciencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmin_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99si" title="Elmin fəlsəfəsi – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmin fəlsəfəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_ilmu" title="Filsafat ilmu – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat ilmu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞানের দর্শন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজ্ঞানের দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho-ha%CC%8Dk_tiat-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kho-ha̍k tiat-ha̍k – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kho-ha̍k tiat-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="बिज्ञान के दर्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिज्ञान के दर्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Философия на науката – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философия на науката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_ci%C3%A8ncia" title="Filosofia de la ciència – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia de la ciència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Ăслав философийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăслав философийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie_v%C4%9Bdy" title="Filozofie vědy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofie vědy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videnskabsfilosofi" title="Videnskabsfilosofi – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Videnskabsfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftstheorie" title="Wissenschaftstheorie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaftstheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadusfilosoofia" title="Teadusfilosoofia – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusfilosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Φιλοσοφία της επιστήμης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφία της επιστήμης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosophy of science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_de_la_ciencia" title="Filosofía de la ciencia – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía de la ciencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio_de_scienco" title="Filozofio de scienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio de scienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientziaren filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="فلسفه علم – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه علم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_des_sciences" title="Philosophie des sciences – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie des sciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feals%C3%BAnacht_na_heola%C3%ADochta" title="Fealsúnacht na heolaíochta – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fealsúnacht na heolaíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_da_ciencia" title="Filosofía da ciencia – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía da ciencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="과학철학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտության փիլիսոփայություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտության փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान का दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञान का दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio_di_la_cienco" title="Filozofio di la cienco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filozofio di la cienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_del_scientia" title="Philosophia del scientia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philosophia del scientia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindaheimspeki" title="Vísindaheimspeki – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindaheimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_della_scienza" title="Filosofia della scienza – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia della scienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="פילוסופיה של המדע – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה של המדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فِلاسفی – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِلاسفی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ғылым философиясы – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылым философиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi_si_s%C3%A9_syans" title="Filozofi si sé syans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi si sé syans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_dla_sci%C3%ABnza" title="Filosofia dla sciënza – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Filosofia dla sciënza" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_scientiae" title="Philosophia scientiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia scientiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tnes_filozofija" title="Zinātnes filozofija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātnes filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslo_filosofija" title="Mokslo filosofija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslo filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudom%C3%A1nyfiloz%C3%B3fia" title="Tudományfilozófia – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tudományfilozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Филозофија на науката – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофија на науката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschapsfilosofie" title="Wetenschapsfilosofie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschapsfilosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="科学哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskapsteori" title="Vitenskapsteori – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapsteori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskapsteori" title="Vitskapsteori – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskapsteori" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د ساینس فلسفه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ساینس فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filasafi_a_sayans" title="Filasafi a sayans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Filasafi a sayans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_nauki" title="Filozofia nauki – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia nauki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_da_ci%C3%AAncia" title="Filosofia da ciência – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia da ciência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bei" title="Filozofia științei – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofia științei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Философия науки – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философия науки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_e_shkenc%C3%ABs" title="Filozofia e shkencës – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia e shkencës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="විද්‍යාවේ දර්ශනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යාවේ දර්ශනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philosophy of science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88" title="سائنس جو فلسفو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنس جو فلسفو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_vedy" title="Filozofia vedy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofia vedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فەلسەفەی زانست – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی زانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Филозофија науке – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозофија науке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija_nauke" title="Filozofija nauke – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozofija nauke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_%C3%89lmu" title="Filsafat Élmu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Filsafat Élmu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieteenfilosofia" title="Tieteenfilosofia – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieteenfilosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskapsteori" title="Vetenskapsteori – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskapsteori" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya_ng_agham" title="Pilosopiya ng agham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiya ng agham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிவியலின் மெய்யியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவியலின் மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Triết học khoa học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim_felsefesi" title="Bilim felsefesi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilim felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Філософія науки – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософія науки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科学哲学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科學哲學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科学哲学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Falsafah_sains" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Falsafah_sains" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Falsafah_sains"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Falsafah_sains"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Falsafah_sains" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Falsafah_sains" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&oldid=6236628" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Falsafah_sains&id=6236628&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFalsafah_sains"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFalsafah_sains"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Falsafah+sains"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Falsafah_sains&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q59115" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.8em;">Sebahagian daripada siri</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Sains" title="Sains"><span style="color:black;">Sains</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0.5em 1.5em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="metadata"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ikon portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sains" title="Portal:Sains">Portal Sains</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_kasar_sains" title="Garis kasar sains">Garis kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sains" title="Kategori:Sains">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Indeks_rencana_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Indeks rencana sains (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Glosari_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Glosari sains (laman tidak wujud)">Glosari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_(nyahkekaburan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains (nyahkekaburan) (laman tidak wujud)">Nyahkekaburan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah sains (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesusasteraan_saintifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesusasteraan saintifik">Kesusasteraan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falsafah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Bidang akademik</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sains_gunaan" title="Sains gunaan">Sains gunaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_budaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains budaya (laman tidak wujud)">Sains budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_formal" title="Sains formal">Sains formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_matematik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains matematik (laman tidak wujud)">Matematik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_komputer" title="Sains komputer">Komputer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_semula_jadi" title="Sains semula jadi">Sains semula jadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_sains_hayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai sains hayat (laman tidak wujud)">Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_kasar_sains_fizikal" title="Garis kasar sains fizikal">Fizikal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profesion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profesion (laman tidak wujud)">Profesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_sosial" title="Sains sosial">Sains sosial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sains_politik" title="Sains politik">Politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Bidang rentas disiplin</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antaradisiplin" title="Antaradisiplin">Antaradisiplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">Antropologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemanusiaan" title="Kemanusiaan">Kemanusiaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengajian_komunikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengajian komunikasi">Pengajian komunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengajian_urban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengajian urban (laman tidak wujud)">Pengajian urban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengurusan_ilmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengurusan ilmu (laman tidak wujud)">Pengurusan ilmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyelidikan_dan_pembangunan" title="Penyelidikan dan pembangunan">Penyelidikan dan pembangunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudosains" title="Pseudosains">Pseudosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_alam_sekitar" title="Sains alam sekitar">Sains alam sekitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains_manusia" title="Sains manusia">Sains manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni" title="Seni">Seni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_seni_liberal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan seni liberal (laman tidak wujud)">Seni liberal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_falsafah" title="Senarai falsafah">Aliran</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipositivisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipositivisme (laman tidak wujud)">Antipositivisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirisisme" title="Empirisisme">Empirisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falibilisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falibilisme (laman tidak wujud)">Falibilisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstruktivisme_(falsafah_sains)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstruktivisme (falsafah sains) (laman tidak wujud)">Konstruktivisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panrationalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panrationalisme (laman tidak wujud)">Panrationalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascapositivisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascapositivisme (laman tidak wujud)">Pascapositivisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatisme" title="Pragmatisme">Pragmatisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivisme (laman tidak wujud)">Positivisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realisme_falsafah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realisme falsafah (laman tidak wujud)">Realisme</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realisme_kritikal_(falsafah_sains_sosial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realisme kritikal (falsafah sains sosial) (laman tidak wujud)">Realisme kritikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realisme_halus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realisme halus (laman tidak wujud)">Realisme halus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalisme_kritikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalisme kritikal (laman tidak wujud)">Rationalisme kritikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalisme_pankritikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalisme pankritikal (laman tidak wujud)">Rationalisme pankritikal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Peralatan</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasar_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasar sains (laman tidak wujud)">Dasar sains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaedah_saintifik" title="Kaedah saintifik">Kaedah saintifik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunikasi_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikasi sains (laman tidak wujud)">Komunikasi sains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendanaan_penyelidikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendanaan penyelidikan (laman tidak wujud)">Pendanaan sains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan sains (laman tidak wujud)">Pendidikan sains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyelidikan" title="Penyelidikan">Penyelidikan sains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_sains" title="Ahli sains">Profesion sains</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em;"> Ini ialah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_bar_sisi_falsafah_dan_pemikiran" title="Kategori:Templat bar sisi falsafah dan pemikiran">subsiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah">falsafah</a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sains" title="Templat:Sains"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Sains (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sains&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Falsafah sains</b> merupakan cabang falsafah yang berkaitan dengan asas, kaedah, dan implikasi sains. Soalan utama membabitkan apa yang di kira sebagai sains, kebolehpercayaan teori-teori saintifik, dan tujuan sains. Disiplin ini bertindih dengan metafizik, ontologi dan epistemologi, sebagai contoh, apabila ia menyiasat hubungan di antara sains dan kebenaran. Tidak ada kata sepakat mengenai kebanyakan masalah utama dalam falsafah sains, termasuk sama ada sains dapat mendedahkan kebenaran mengenai perkara-perkara yang ghaib dan sama ada hujah saintifik boleh justifikasi atau tidak. Selain soalan-soalan umum mengenai sains secara keseluruhan, ahli falsafah sains menimbang masalah yang termasuk dalam cabang sains tertentu seperti biologi atau fizik . Sesetengah ahli falsafah sains turut menggunakan keputusan kontemporari dalam bidang sains untuk mencapai kesimpulan tentang falsafah. </p><p>Sungguhpun sejarah berkaitan dengan falsafah bertarikh sejak sekurang-kurangnya hingga tempoh Aristotle, falsafah sains muncul sebagai satu disiplin yang berbeza hanya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 semasa kebangkitan -positivisme logik, sebuah gerakan yang bertujuan untuk merumuskan kriteria untuk memastikan semua kenyataan falsafah bermaknanya dan menilai mereka secara objektif. Buku Thomas Kuhn, Struktur Revolusi Saintifik membawa perkataan "paradigma" ke dalam arus perdana, bermakna set amalan yang menentukan disiplin saintifik dalam tempoh tertentu. Kuhn mencabar pandangan umum bahawa sains mencapai kemajuan yang jelas dari masa ke masa. </p><p>Hari ini, beberapa pemikir berusaha untuk menetapkan sains dalam andaian disangkal seperti keseragaman alam semula jadi. Majoriti ahli falsafah sains, bagaimanapun, mengambil pendekatan coherentist kepada sains di mana teori disahkan sekiranya ia menjelaskan pemerhatian sebagai sebahagian daripada keseluruhan yang koheren. Sungguhpun begitu, yang lain, dan khususnya Paul Feyerabend, berhujah bahawa tidak ada sesuatu yang khusus dianggap sebagai "kaedah saintifik", oleh itu semua pendekatan kepada sains harus dibenarkan, termasuk yang ghaib. Satu lagi pendekatan untuk berfikir tentang sains adalah untuk mengkaji bagaimana pengetahuan diciptakan dari sudut pandangan sosiologi. Akhir sekali, terdapat satu tradisi dalam falsafah Continental yang mendekati sains dari perspektif analisis yang mendalam mengenai pengalaman manusia. </p><p>Falsafah sains tertentu antara soalan mengenai sifat masa yang dibangkitkan oleh relativiti umum Einstein kepada implikasi ekonomi untuk dasar polisi awam. Satu tema utama ialah sama ada satu disiplin saintifik boleh dikurangkan kepada istilah yang lain. Iaitu, bolehkah kimia dikurangkan kepada fizik, atau boleh sosiologi dikurangkan kepada individu psikologi? Soalan-soalan umum falsafah sains juga timbul dengan pengkhususan yang lebih besar dalam bidang sains tertentu. Sebagai contoh, persoalan kesahihan hujah saintifik dilihat dalam bentuk yang berbeza dalam asas statistik . Persoalan apa yang diambil kira sebagai sains dan apa yang harus dikecualikan timbul sebagai satu perkara hidup atau mati dalam falsafah perubatan. Dan falsafah biologi, psikologi, dan sains sosial meneroka sama ada kajian saintifik mengenai sifat manusia boleh mencapai objektif atau ia tidak dapat tidak dibentuk oleh nilai-nilai dan hubungan sosial. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teks_dipetik">Teks dipetik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Teks dipetik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Teks dipetik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKneale1962" class="citation book cs1">Kneale, William (1962). <i>The Development of Logic</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. m/s. 243. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-824183-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-824183-6"><bdi>0-19-824183-6</bdi></a>. ISBN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Logic&rft.place=London&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-19-824183-6&rft.aulast=Kneale&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1963" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, G. G. (1963). "Historical science". Dalam Albritton, Jr., C. C. (penyunting). <i>Fabric of geology</i>. Stanford, California: Freeman, Cooper, and Company. m/s. 24–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+science&rft.btitle=Fabric+of+geology&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=24-48&rft.pub=Freeman%2C+Cooper%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGould1987" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Stephen J (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UeGXJ5b8Ph0C&lpg=PA120&pg=PA120#v=snippet&q=You%20first%20assume&f=false"><i>Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. m/s. 120. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0674891996" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0674891996"><bdi>0674891996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%27s+Arrow%2C+Time%27s+Cycle%3A+Myth+and+Metaphor+in+the+Discovery+of+Geological+Time&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0674891996&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeGXJ5b8Ph0C%26lpg%3DPA120%26pg%3DPA120%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3DYou%2520first%2520assume%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1997" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, A.N. (1997) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=L6kZPLbCrScC&pg=PA135"><i>Science and the Modern World</i></a>. Lowell Lectures. Free Press. m/s. 135. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-684-83639-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-684-83639-3"><bdi>978-0-684-83639-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Kawalan_Perpustakaan_Kongres" title="Nombor Kawalan Perpustakaan Kongres">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/67002244">67002244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Modern+World&rft.series=Lowell+Lectures&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67002244&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83639-3&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6kZPLbCrScC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Christina S. (2009). Larson, Thomas (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyceumphilosophy.com/?q=node/117">"Atheism and the Assumptions of Science and Religion"</a>. <i>LYCEUM</i>. Philosophy Department, Saint Anselm College. <b>X</b> (2): 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LYCEUM&rft.atitle=Atheism+and+the+Assumptions+of+Science+and+Religion&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Christina+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyceumphilosophy.com%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bovens, L. and Hartmann, S. (2003), <i>Bayesian Epistemology</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford.</li> <li>Gutting, Gary (2004), <i>Continental Philosophy of Science</i>, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn,_T._S.1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn (laman tidak wujud)">Kuhn, T. S.</a> (1970). <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd. ed</i>. [Univ. of Chicago Pr]. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-226-45804-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-226-45804-0"><bdi>0-226-45804-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Scientific+Revolutions%2C+2nd.+ed.&rft.pub=%5BUniv.+of+Chicago+Pr%5D&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-226-45804-0&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Losee, J. (1998), <i>A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.</li> <li>Papineau, David (2005) <i>Science, problems of the philosophy of.</i> Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1992" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Merrilee (1992). <i>Introduction to the Philosophy of Science</i>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-13-663345-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-13-663345-5"><bdi>0-13-663345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-13-663345-5&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Merrilee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li>Popper, Karl, (1963) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conjectures_and_Refutations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conjectures and Refutations (laman tidak wujud)">Conjectures and Refutations</a>: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0415043182" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-04318-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Fraassen1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_van_Fraassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas van Fraassen (laman tidak wujud)">van Fraassen, Bas</a> (1980). <i>The Scientific Image</i>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-824424-X" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-824424-X"><bdi>0-19-824424-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Image&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-19-824424-X&rft.aulast=van+Fraassen&rft.aufirst=Bas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AFalsafah+sains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ziman, John (2000). <i>Real Science: what it is, and what it means</i>. Cambridge, Uk: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:PhilPapers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:PhilPapers (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:InPho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:InPho (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:InPho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:IEP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:IEP (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:IEP</a></li> <li>An introduction to the P</li></ol> <pre>hilosophy of Science, aimed at beginners - Paul Newall. </pre> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/hps.php">Essays on concepts in the Philosophy of Science</a> at The Galilean Library.</li></ol> <table class="navbox collapsible collapsed nowraplinks" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sains" title="Templat:Sains"><span title="Lihat templat ini" style="">p</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Sains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Sains (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="Bincang templat ini" style="">b</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sains&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini" style="">s</span></a></li></ul></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sains" title="Sains">Sains</a></span></th> </tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf;white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sains_Tulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sains Tulen">Sains Tulen</a></th> <td style="width:100%;text-align:left;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">Biologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik">Fizik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">Kimia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sains_bumi" title="Sains bumi">Sains bumi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sains_komputer" title="Sains komputer">Sains komputer</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; padding-left:7px; width:0%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:PrirodneNauke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/60px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/90px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/120px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf;white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sains_sosial" title="Sains sosial">Sains sosial</a></th> <td style="width:100%;text-align:left;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">Antropologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etimologi" title="Etimologi">Etimologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi">Komunikasi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">Linguistik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">Psikologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">Sosiologi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#ddf;" colspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falsafah sains</a></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&oldid=6236628">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&oldid=6236628</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sains" title="Kategori:Sains">Sains</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: ref=harv">CS1 maint: ref=harv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 23:43, 28 Jun 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_sains&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rmmbn","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.229","walltime":"0.301","ppvisitednodes":{"value":856,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":34502,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1470,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":20233,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 264.250 1 -total"," 43.65% 115.352 7 Templat:Cite_book"," 37.07% 97.960 1 Templat:Bar_sisi_sains"," 35.91% 94.901 1 Templat:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.21% 21.689 1 Templat:Sains"," 7.22% 19.083 1 Templat:Navbox_generic"," 7.08% 18.697 1 Templat:Reflist"," 4.99% 13.173 1 Templat:Tnavbar"," 3.72% 9.827 3 Templat:Transclude"," 3.16% 8.338 1 Templat:Colors"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.134","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3860380,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-x5jt2","timestamp":"20241125001342","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Falsafah sains","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falsafah_sains","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q59115","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q59115","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-06-05T19:03:17Z","dateModified":"2024-06-28T23:43:56Z"}</script> </body> </html>