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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="يوجين فون بوم-بافيرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجين فون بوم-بافيرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oygen_fon_Bem-Baverk" title="Oygen fon Bem-Baverk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oygen fon Bem-Baverk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اویقن بوم فون باورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اویقن بوم فون باورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ойген фон Бьом-Баверк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ойген фон Бьом-Баверк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اویگن بوم فون باورک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اویگن بوم فون باورک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EA%B2%90_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%B5%98%EB%B0%94%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="오이겐 폰 뵘바베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오이겐 폰 뵘바베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B4-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Օյգեն Բյոմ-Բավերկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օյգեն Բյոմ-Բավերկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="אויגן פון בהם-באוורק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אויגן פון בהם-באוורק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei%C5%BEens_fon_B%C4%93ms-Baverks" title="Eižens fon Bēms-Baverks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eižens fon Bēms-Baverks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="يوجين فون بوم بافيرك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوجين فون بوم بافيرك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%90%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="オイゲン・フォン・ベーム＝バヴェルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オイゲン・フォン・ベーム＝バヴェルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byombaverk_Eygen" title="Byombaverk Eygen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Byombaverk Eygen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%91%D0%BC-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бём-Баверк, Ойген фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бём-Баверк, Ойген фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Еуген фон Бем-Баверк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еуген фон Бем-Баверк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆய்கென் வொன் பொம் போவர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆய்கென் வொன் பொம் போவர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_Boehm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk – Turkish" lang="tr" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1Bawerk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1Bawerk.png/220px-1Bawerk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/1Bawerk.png 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eugen Böhm</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-02-12</span>)</span>12 February 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 1914<span style="display:none">(1914-08-27)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kramsach" title="Kramsach">Kramsach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Political_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economics">Political economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Roscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Henryk Grossman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">Roundaboutness</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Time_preference" title="Time preference">Time preference</a><br />Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation theory">exploitation theory</a></td></tr><tr 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_School" title="Category:Austrian School">a series on</a> the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" title="Austrian school"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/100px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/150px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/200px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy,_and_State" title="Man, Economy, and State">Man, Economy, and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)">Principles of Economics</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school#Inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">View of inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinvestment" title="Malinvestment">Malinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology#Austrian_economics" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">Roundaboutness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_preference#Austrian_economics" title="Time preference">Theory of interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations, universities, and think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a 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He served intermittently as the Austrian Minister of Finance between 1895 and 1904. He is also noted for writing extensive criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system,_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif/lossy-page1-220px-B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif/lossy-page1-330px-B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif/lossy-page1-440px-B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk_-_Karl_Marx_and_the_close_of_his_system%2C_1949_-_5832246_IT-ICCU-TO0-0319327_0005_h.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a> of <i>Karl Marx and the close of his system</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Eugen Böhm was born on 12 February 1851 in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Brünn</i>), <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. While studying to be a lawyer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, Böhm-Bawerk read <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)">Principles of Economics</a></i> and became an adherent of his theories, although he never studied under him. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> saw Böhm-Bawerk as "so completely the enthusiastic disciple of Menger that it is hardly necessary to look for other influences." During his time at the Vienna University, he became good friends with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a>, who later became his brother-in-law. After Vienna, he studied <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">Jena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-amer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing his studies in 1872, he entered the Austrian Ministry of Finance, holding various posts until 1880, when he became qualified as a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> of political economy at Vienna. The following year, however, he transferred his services to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a>, where he remained until 1889, becoming a professor in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he published the first two out of the three volumes of his masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a>.</i> </p><p>In 1889 Böhm-Bawerk became a counsellor in the Ministry of Finance in Vienna and represented the government in the lower house on all questions of taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drafted a proposal for direct-tax reform. The Austrian system at the time taxed production heavily, especially during wartime, which resulted in huge disincentives to investment. Böhm-Bawerk's proposal called for a modern income tax, which was soon approved and met with success in the next few years. </p><p>Böhm-Bawerk briefly became <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Minister of Finance in 1895. After a second brief period in the position, after his third appointment to the post he remained in it from 1900 to 1904. There he fought continually for strict maintenance of the legally fixed <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and a balanced budget. In 1902 he eliminated the sugar subsidy, which had been a feature of the Austrian economy for nearly two centuries. He finally resigned in 1904, when increased fiscal demands from the army threatened to unbalance the budget. The economic historian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron" title="Alexander Gerschenkron">Alexander Gerschenkron</a> criticized his "penny pinching, 'not-one-<a href="/wiki/Heller_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heller (money)">heller</a>-more policies'," and criticised Böhm-Bawerk's unwillingness to spend heavily on public works. Joseph Schumpeter praised Böhm-Bawerk's efforts toward "the financial stability of the country." His image appeared on the one-hundred <a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">schilling</a> banknote from 1984 until the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> was introduced in 2002. </p><p>In 1897, Böhm-Bawerk became Ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German court</a>. In 1899, he was elevated to the upper chamber (House of Peers). In 1907 he became vice-president and in 1911 president of the Akademie der Wissenschaften (Academy of Sciences).<sup id="cite_ref-amer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nie_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote extensive critiques of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s economics in the 1880s and 1890s, and several prominent Marxists—including <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a>—attended his seminar in 1905–06. He returned to teaching in 1904, with a chair at the University of Vienna. His many students there included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Henryk Grossman</a>. He died in 1914. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a> has called him the second most important Austrian economist "after Ludwig von Mises."<sup id="cite_ref-reisman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And further: </p> <blockquote><p>[It's] entirely conceivable to me that Mises might have described Böhm-Bawerk as the most important Austrian economist.<sup id="cite_ref-reisman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_work">Published work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Published work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first volume of <i>Capital und Capitalzins</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a></i>), which Ludwig von Mises decreed to be "the most eminent contribution to modern economic theory,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was entitled <i>Geschichte und Kritik der Capitalzinstheorien</i> (sometimes referred to as <i>History and Critique of Interest Theories</i>, translated in 1890 as <i>A Critical History of Economical Theory</i>) (Universitätsverlag Wagner, 1884). It is an exhaustive study of the alternative treatments of <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>: use theories, productivity theories, abstinence theories, and so on. </p><p>Included is a critique of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation theory">exploitation theory</a>. Böhm-Bawerk argued that capitalists do not exploit their workers; they actually help employees by providing them with an income well in advance of the revenue from the goods they produce, stating, "Labor cannot increase its share at the expense of capital." In particular, he argued that the Marxist theory of exploitation ignores the dimension of time in <a href="/wiki/Economic_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic production">production</a>, which he discussed in his theory of <a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">roundaboutness</a>, and that a redistribution of profits from capitalist industries will undermine the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> as a vital tool for monetary policy. From this criticism it follows, according to Böhm-Bawerk, that the whole value of a product is not produced by the worker, but that labor can only be paid at the present value of any foreseeable output. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_and_the_Close_of_His_System" title="Karl Marx and the Close of His System">Karl Marx and the Close of His System</a></i> (1896) examined Marx's analysis of <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">value</a>, claiming the basic error in Marx's system to have resulted from a self-contradiction of Marx's law of value, namely how the rate of profit and the prices of production of the third volume of Marx's <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></i> contradict Marx's theory of value in the first volume. He also attacks Marx for downplaying the influence of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> in determining permanent price, and for deliberate ambiguity with such concepts. </p><p>Thoroughfully, while in the first chapter of the first volume of The Capital Karl Marx explained that the value of any commodity was generally reflected by the quantity of labor required, inequality being only a temporary exception, this therefore means that the level of value generated is completely independent of the quantity of capital of a company, in other words, the <a href="/wiki/Organic_composition_of_capital" title="Organic composition of capital">organic composition of capital</a> (i.e. the ratio between the quantity of capital and the quantity of labor) of a company has no impact on the profits generated,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the Marxist economist <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schmidt_(economist)" title="Conrad Schmidt (economist)">Conrad Schmidt</a> statistically demonstrates that the level of profit is proportional to the quantity of capital of the company,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> faced with this paradox, Karl Marx explains in the third volume of Capital that after production, capitalists will reallocate their capital towards companies having made the highest rates of surplus value until the rate of surplus value stabilizes for all companies in a sector of production (since capital is not a source of value and therefore of profit for Marx), thus, the prices of goods will go from 'induced' by the value of labor to <i>price of production</i> (the sum of wages and annual profits), "The value and price of the commodity coincide only accidentally and exceptionally." However, Böhm-Bawerk points out the contradiction formulated with the relation between the value and the price of the good in the first volume, thus, the Marxist theory appears contradictory and the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> illogical.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Böhm-Bawerk's <i>Positive Theorie des Kapitals</i> (Universitätsverlag Wagner, 1889) (translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Smart_(economist)" title="William Smart (economist)">William Smart</a> as <i>Positive Theory of Capital</i> (1892)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offered as the second volume of <i>Capital and Interest</i>, elaborated on the economy's time-consuming production processes and the interest payments they entail. <i>Further Essays on Capital and Interest</i> (1921) was the third volume, which originated with appendices to the second volume. Book III (part of the second volume), <i>Value and Price</i>, develops Menger's ideas of <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> outlined in his <i>Principles of Economics</i>, to argue that the idea of subjective value is related to <a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">marginalism</a>, in that things only have value insofar as people want such goods. To illustrate the principle, Böhm-Bawerk used the practical example of a farmer who is left with five sacks of corn after harvest to provide for his needs until the next harvest:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Being a thrifty soul he lays his plans for the employment of these sacks over the year. One sack he absolutely requires for the sustenance of his life till the next harvest. A second he requires to supplement this bare living to the extent of keeping himself hale and vigorous. More corn than this, in the shape of bread and farinaceous food generally, he has no desire for. On the other hand, it would be very desirable to have some animal food, and he sets aside, therefore, a third sack to feed poultry. A fourth sack he destines for the making of coarse spirits. Suppose... that he cannot think of anything better to do with the fifth sack than feed a number of parrots, whose antics amuse him. Naturally these various methods of employing the corn are not equal in importance.... And now, putting ourselves in imagination at the standpoint of the farmer, we ask, What in these circumstances will be the importance, as regards his well-being, of one sack of corn?<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... How much utility will he lose if a sack of corn gets lost? Suppose we carry out this in detail. Evidently our farmer would not be very wise if he thought of deducting the lost sack from his own consumption, and imperilled his health and life while using the corn as before to make brandy and feed parrots. On consideration we must see that only one course is conceivable: with the four sacks that remain our farmer will provide for the four most urgent groups of wants, and give up only the satisfaction of the last and least important, the marginal utility—in this case, the keeping of parrots.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Böhm-Bawerk's critique of Marx's theories was criticized by Marxian economist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>. In his <i>Economic Theory of the Leisure Class</i> (1927),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukharin argued that Böhm-Bawerk's axiomatic assumptions of individual freedom in his subjectivist theories are fallacious in that economic phenomena can only be understood under the prism of a coherent, contextualised, and historical analysis of society, such as Marx's.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By contrast, Austrian economists have regarded his critique of Marx as definitive.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Böhm-Bawerk's works were brought out in the United States by the Chicago industrialist and avid libertarian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nymeyer" title="Frederick Nymeyer">Frederick Nymeyer</a>, through Libertarian Press, the US arm of the Austrian School of Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1880 and 1947 Böhm-Bawerk worked on the imputation theory first explained by Carl Menger between 1840 and 1921. It states that factor prices are determined by output prices. Böhm-Bawerk provided a variation of the theory that targeted the entrepreneurs, breaking up into three cases: 1. where the factor combination a + b exists such that neither a nor b as isolated piece produces any value at all. Thus if a or b were to be a loss, the other part of the "group" becomes wholly valueless. This implies that every factor can have the value of the whole group or alternatively can have no value (Kauder 179). 2. Where the combination a + b + c exists such that every piece has alternatively two values with a low utility or a lower utility. Then the two values are considered the maximum and minimum. Where a maximum is the group value and the minimum is the value of each individual entity being utilized separately. "Assume that the remaining glove can be used for polishing silverware. Then the maximum is the value of the whole pair minus the use as a polisher, and the minimum is the value as a polisher" (Kauder 179). 3. This just states how two complementary goods can find employment outside the original combination and the original combination can be preserved by replacing productive elements, which have been lost with other factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1881" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rechteundverhlt00bhgoog"><i>Rechte und Verhältnisse vom Standpunkt der volkswirtschaftlichen Güterlehre</i></a> (in German). Innsbruck: Wagnersche Universitäts-Buchhandlung<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rechte+und+Verh%C3%A4ltnisse+vom+Standpunkt+der+volkswirtschaftlichen+G%C3%BCterlehre&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Wagnersche+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frechteundverhlt00bhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kapitalundkapit00bhgoog"><i>Kapital und Kapitalzins</i></a> (in German). Innsbruck: Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapital+und+Kapitalzins&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Wagner%27schen+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkapitalundkapit00bhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-BawerkSmart1890" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von; Smart, William (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalandinter00smargoog"><i>Capital and Interest, a critical history of economical theory</i></a>. London, New York: Macmillan and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+and+Interest%2C+a+critical+history+of+economical+theory&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft.au=Smart%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitalandinter00smargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1890" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimatestandard00bh"><i>The Ultimate Standard of Value</i></a>. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Standard+of+Value&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimatestandard00bh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-BawerkKniesBoenigk1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von; Knies, Carl; Boenigk, Otto Freiherr von (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/festgabenfurkarl00boen"><i>Festgaben für Karl Knies zur fünfundsiebzigsten Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages in dankbarer Verehrung dargebracht von Eugen v. Böhm-Bawerk ... O.v. Boenigk ... J.B. Clark ... [u.a.] [microform]</i></a> (in German). Berlin: O. Haering<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festgaben+f%C3%BCr+Karl+Knies+zur+f%C3%BCnfundsiebzigsten+Wiederkehr+seines+Geburtstages+in+dankbarer+Verehrung+dargebracht+von+Eugen+v.+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk+...+O.v.+Boenigk+...+J.B.+Clark+...+%5Bu.a.%5D+%5Bmicroform%5D&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=O.+Haering&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft.au=Knies%2C+Carl&rft.au=Boenigk%2C+Otto+Freiherr+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffestgabenfurkarl00boen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-BawerkMacdonald1898" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von; Macdonald, Alice M. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/karlmarxandclos00macdgoog"><i>Karl Marx and the Close of His System: A Criticism</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Close+of+His+System%3A+A+Criticism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+Alice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkarlmarxandclos00macdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einigestrittige00bhgoog"><i>Einige strittige Fragen der Capitalstheorie: Drei Abhandlungen</i></a> (in German). Wien: W. Braumüller<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einige+strittige+Fragen+der+Capitalstheorie%3A+Drei+Abhandlungen&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=W.+Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinigestrittige00bhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-BawerkScottFeilbogen1903" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von; Scott, William A.; Feilbogen, Siegmund (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recentliterature00bhuoft"><i>Recent Literature on Interest</i></a>. New York: MacMillan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Literature+on+Interest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Feilbogen%2C+Siegmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecentliterature00bhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-BawerkMetz2010" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von; Metz, John R. (2010) [1914]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ControlOrEconomicLaw"><i>Control or Economic Law</i></a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933550718" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933550718"><bdi>978-1933550718</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+or+Economic+Law&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1933550718&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft.au=Metz%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FControlOrEconomicLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1921). <i>Positive Theorie des Kapitals. 1. (Buch I–IV)</i> (in German). Jena: G. Fischer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positive+Theorie+des+Kapitals.+1.+%28Buch+I%E2%80%93IV%29&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=G.+Fischer&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1923" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positivetheoryof00bhuoft"><i>The Positive Theory of Capital</i></a>. New York: G.E. Stechert<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Positive+Theory+of+Capital&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.E.+Stechert&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpositivetheoryof00bhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="647" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_scientists" title="List of Austrian scientists">List of Austrian scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrians" title="List of Austrians">List of Austrians</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></i></span></i> was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></i>. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Helmuth James von Moltke</i></span>). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu</i></span>, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</i></span>). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. There is no equivalent feminine form.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRines1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Böhm Bawerk, Eugen von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/B%C3%B6hm_Bawerk,_Eugen_von">"Böhm Bawerk, Eugen von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C3%B6hm+Bawerk%2C+Eugen+von&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nie_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Boehm von Bawerk, Eugen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Boehm_von_Bawerk,_Eugen">"Boehm von Bawerk, Eugen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boehm+von+Bawerk%2C+Eugen&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boehm von Bawerk, Eugen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boehm_von_Bawerk,_Eugen">"Boehm von Bawerk, Eugen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boehm+von+Bawerk%2C+Eugen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reisman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reisman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reisman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae5_3_4.pdf">https://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae5_3_4.pdf</a> (2/8/2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/economic-freedom-and-interventionism/html/p/133">"Books / Digital Text"</a>. <i>Mises Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Books+%2F+Digital+Text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Feconomic-freedom-and-interventionism%2Fhtml%2Fp%2F133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm_Bawerk1896" class="citation book cs1">Böhm Bawerk, Eugen von (1896). <i>Karl Marx and the Close of his System</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466347687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466347687"><bdi>978-1466347687</bdi></a>. <q>According [to Karl Marx], given an equal rate of surplus value, every branch of production must show a different, a special rate of profit, on the condition certainly, which Marx has hitherto always assumed, that commodities exchange with each other 'according to their values', or in proportion to the work embodied in them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Close+of+his+System&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1466347687&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm+Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Conrad (1889). <i>Die Durschschnittsprofitrate auf Grundlage des Marxschen Wertgesetzes</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Durschschnittsprofitrate+auf+Grundlage+des+Marxschen+Wertgesetzes&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1896" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1896). <i>Karl Marx and the Close of his System</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466347687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466347687"><bdi>978-1466347687</bdi></a>. <q>The value [of labour] was declared to be 'the common factor which appears in the exchange relation of commodities' (i. 13). We were told, in the form and with the emphasis of a stringent syllogistic conclusion, allowing of no exception, that to set down two commodities as equivalents in exchange implied that 'a common factor of the same magnitude' existed in both, to which each of the two 'must be reducible' (i. 11). (...) And now in the third volume (...) that individual commodities do and must exchange with each other in a proportion different from that of the labour incorporated in them, and this not accidentally and temporarily, but of necessity and permanently. I cannot help myself; I see here no explanation and reconciliation of a contradiction, but the bare contradiction itself. Marx's third volume contradicts the first. The theory of the average rate of profit and of the prices of production cannot be reconciled with the theory of value. This is the impression which must, I believe, be received by every logical thinker. And it seems to have been very generally accepted. Loria, in his lively and picturesque style, states that he feels himself forced to the 'harsh but just judgment' that Marx 'instead of a solution has presented a mystification.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Close+of+his+System&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1466347687&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TC9JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA318">"Review of <i>The Positive Theory of Capital</i>"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (3384): 318–319. September 3, 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Positive+Theory+of+Capital&rft.issue=3384&rft.pages=318-319&rft.date=1892-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTC9JAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacVane1890" class="citation journal cs1">MacVane, S.M. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880831">"Boehm-Bawerk on Value and Wages"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 24–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1880831">10.2307/1880831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Boehm-Bawerk+on+Value+and+Wages&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-43&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1880831&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft.aulast=MacVane&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1880831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk,_Eugen_v.1891" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen v. (1891). <i>The Positive Theory of Capital</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Smart_(economist)" title="William Smart (economist)">William A. Smart</a>. London: Macmillan and Co. – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Positive+Theory+of+Capital&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.au=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk%2C+Eugen+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.IV.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">III.IV.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1927/leisure-economics/index.htm">Economic Theory of the Leisure Class by Nikolai Bukharin 1927</a> at www.marxists.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milorad_M._Drachkovitch" title="Milorad M. Drachkovitch">Milorad M. Drachkovitch</a> (ed.), <i>Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World – Its Appeals and Paradoxes</i> (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US site <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianpress.com/">Retrieved 13 August 2018.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._White" title="Lawrence H. White">White, Lawrence H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n23.xml">"Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1851–1914)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>Campaign Finance</i></a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n32">10.4135/9781412965811.n32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campaign+Finance&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n32&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn23.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugen+von+B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/page/1449/Biography-of-Eugen-von-BohmBawerk-18511914">Biography of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> by Roger Garrison. The article has more detail on his intellectual contribution, especially on the theory of interest.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bawerk%2C%20Eugen%20Böhm%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eugen%20Böhm%20von%20Bawerk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bawerk%2C%20Eugen%20Böhm%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eugen%20Böhm%20von%20Bawerk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bawerk%2C%20E%2E%20B%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eugen%20Böhm%20von%20Bawerk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eugen%20Böhm%20von%20Bawerk%22%20OR%20%28Eugen+B%2Ahm+von+Bawerk%29%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1914%22%20AND%20Bawerk%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/5167">Works by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template talk:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_school_economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a> economics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Roger Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Robert Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Steven Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jesús Huerta de Soto">Jesús Huerta de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">William H. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Prychitko" title="David Prychitko">David Prychitko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Reed" title="Lawrence Reed">Larry Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Richard Ritter von Strigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Mark Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Tintner" title="Gerhard Tintner">Gerhard Tintner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">List of Austrian-school economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107964740">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2478543">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2948/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrYvV3YbxJBDM7XCY9Dq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118660691">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50010078">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929876w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929876w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433717">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35448108">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153483&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX860462">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1206942">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125852">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069328013">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90521131">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 1851-1914"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000338222&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118660691">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02720653X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66x0j12">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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