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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_references_to_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_references_to_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Constitutional references to socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_references_to_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxist_theory_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_theory_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marxist theory of the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_theory_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_and_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reform and revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninist_theory_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninist_theory_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Leninist theory of the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leninist_theory_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyist_theory_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyist_theory_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trotskyist theory of the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyist_theory_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_within_left-wing_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_within_left-wing_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism within left-wing movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_within_left-wing_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism within left-wing movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_within_left-wing_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchism_and_Marxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism_and_Marxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anarchism and Marxism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism_and_Marxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leninism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leninism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Libertarian socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Trotskyism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دولة اشتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة اشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_socialista" title="Estáu socialista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu socialista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialist_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Sosialist dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosialist dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیالیست دوشرگه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسیالیست دوشرگه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_kok-ka" title="Siā-hōe-chú-gī kok-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe-chú-gī kok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сацыялістычныя краіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялістычныя краіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_socialista" title="Estat socialista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat socialista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Socialistická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialistischer_Staat" title="Sozialistischer Staat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialistischer Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%A9_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އިޝްތިރާކީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިޝްތިރާކީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsialistlik_riik" title="Sotsialistlik riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsialistlik riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_%C5%9Dtato" title="Socialisma ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_sozialista" title="Estatu sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دولت سوسیالیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت سوسیالیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_socialiste" title="État socialiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État socialiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="사회주의 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սոցիալիստական պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալիստական պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_dr%C5%BEava" title="Socijalistička država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalistička država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_socialista" title="Stato socialista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato socialista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Социалистік мемлекет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Социалистік мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81listiska_valsts" title="Sociālistiska valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālistiska valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_socialista" title="Stat socialista – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat socialista" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆိုရှယ်လစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုရှယ်လစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="社会主義国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会主義国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialistisk_stat" title="Sosialistisk stat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialistisk stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialiststatar" title="Sosialiststatar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialiststatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsialistik_davlatlar" title="Sotsialistik davlatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sotsialistik davlatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="سوسياليستی دولت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوسياليستی دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_socjalistyczne" title="Państwo socjalistyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo socjalistyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_socialista" title="Estado socialista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado socialista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalistik_cumhuriyet" title="Sosyalistik cumhuriyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sosyalistik cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_socialist" title="Stat socialist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat socialist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Социалистическое государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическое государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_socialist" title="Shteti socialist – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti socialist" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_country" title="Socialist country – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist country" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Socialistický štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Socialistický štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Социјалистичка држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистичка држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_sosialis" title="Nagara sosialis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara sosialis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadong_sosyalista" title="Estadong sosyalista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estadong sosyalista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சோசலிசக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோசலிசக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalist_devlet" title="Sosyalist devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyalist devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Соціалістична держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістична держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a" title="Hệ thống xã hội chủ nghĩa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống xã hội chủ nghĩa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_s%C3%B3s%C3%AD%C3%A1l%C3%ADst%C3%AC" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè sósíálístì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè sósíálístì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="社會主義國家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會主義國家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyeto_sosyalist" title="Cumhuriyeto sosyalist – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyeto sosyalist" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about countries constitutionally committed to socialism. For countries governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, see <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a>. For a list of self-proclaimed socialist states, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a>. For constitutional references to socialism in multi-party democracies, see <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_liberal_democratic_constitutions" title="Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions">Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" 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border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>socialist state</b>, <b>socialist republic</b>, or <b>socialist country</b>, sometimes referred to as a <b>workers' state</b> or <b>workers' republic</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a></i> is often used synonymously in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a>, specifically when referring to <a href="/wiki/One-party" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party">one-party</a> socialist states governed by <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a>, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a> and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as <i><a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a></i> nor as having implemented a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosser_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1983_289_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983_289-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a number of countries that are <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist states</a> make <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_liberal_democratic_constitutions" title="Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions">references to socialism in their constitutions</a>, in most cases alluding to the building of a socialist society, naming socialism, claiming to be a socialist state, or including the term <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a></i> or <i>socialist republic</i> in their country's full name, although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently, these countries include <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a socialist state stems from the broader notion of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, the political perspective that the working class needs to use state power and government policy to establish a socialised economic system. The term can vary in its use from meaning a political system to adopting terms of a welfare state. This may either mean a system where the means of production, distribution, and exchange are nationalised or under state ownership, or simply a system in which social values or workers' interests have economic priority.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1917_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1917-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1918_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1918-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1921_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1921-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the concept of a socialist state is mainly advocated by Marxist–Leninists and most socialist states have been established by political parties adhering to Marxism–Leninism or some national variation thereof such as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pena_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pena_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state, whether socialist or not, is opposed the most by anarchists, who reject the idea that the state can be used to establish a socialist society due to its <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> and arguably coercive nature, considering a socialist state or state socialism as an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a socialist state is also considered unnecessary or counterproductive and rejected by some <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox</a> Marxists, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a> and other socialist political thinkers who view the modern state as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, which would have no function in a socialist system.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A socialist state is to be distinguished from a multi-party <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> governed by a self-described <a href="/wiki/Socialist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist party">socialist party</a>, where the state is not constitutionally bound to the construction of socialism. In such cases, the <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machinery_of_government" title="Machinery of government">machinery of government</a> is not specifically structured to pursue the development of socialism. Socialist states in the Marxist–Leninist sense are sovereign states under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> which is organizing the country's economic, political, and social development toward the realization of socialism. Economically, this involves the development of a <a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> economy with state-directed <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> with the long-term goal of building up the country's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> while simultaneously promoting <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">world communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marxists1989_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marxists293_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian socialist">authoritarian socialist</a> and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> and the latter representing <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and Western social democracies in general, among others, all of which operate within a capitalist mode of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett_1978-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissident_1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first socialist state was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</a>, established in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, it merged with the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Soviet_Federal_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic">Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> into a single federal union called the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR). The Soviet Union proclaimed itself a socialist state and proclaimed its commitment to building a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> in its <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936 constitution</a> and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 constitution</a>. It was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> as a single-party state, ostensibly with a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> organization, with <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> remaining its <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">official guiding ideology</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> on 26 December 1991. The political systems of these Marxist–Leninist socialist states revolved around the central role of the party which holds ultimate authority. Internally, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> practiced a form of democracy called <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> announced the completion of socialist construction and declared the optimistic goal of achieving <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_twenty_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in twenty years">communism in twenty years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> was a political and economic bloc of <a href="/wiki/Soviet-aligned_socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-aligned socialist states">Soviet-aligned socialist states</a> in Eastern and Central Europe which adhered to Marxism–Leninism, Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">governance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">economic planning</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">administrative-command system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was founded on 1 October 1949, and proclaims itself to be a socialist state in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1982 constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> (North Korea) used to adhere to orthodox <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> since its founding until mid-1950s, by which point the supreme leader of North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, sought to develop a distinct Korean re-interpretation of the ideology in order to solidify his position within the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK), known as <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i>. Originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism, <i>Juche</i> was declared to be fully distinct by his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>, and was adopted as the official state ideology in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">1972 constitution of North Korea</a>. Further developed throughout the 1980s and 1990s, <i>Juche</i> made <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">significant ideological breaks</a> with Marxism–Leninism, and in the country's 1992 constitution, all references to Marxism–Leninism and communism were removed from state and party materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Dae-Kyu_2003_1289–1305_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dae-Kyu_2003_1289–1305-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars are divided over the classification of the modern-day <i>Juche</i>, with some considering it to be a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given the primacy of <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">family lineage</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean nationalism">nationalism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, and where social distinction and hierarchy are promoted over <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others considering it to still be a form of Marxism–Leninism, combined with nationalism and idolization, deification, and mystification of the Kim family.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-myers_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-looking_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looking-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freemediaproductions.info_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemediaproductions.info-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, direct references to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a> are not included in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">founding documents</a>, although it gives direct power to the governing ruling party, the Marxist–Leninist <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a>. The preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> after the country was <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">reunified</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cuba">Republic of Cuba</a> states that the role of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism (and the progress toward a communist society)".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 constitution retains the aim to work towards the construction of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_references_to_socialism">Constitutional references to socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional references to socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_liberal_democratic_constitutions" title="Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions">Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions</a></div> <p>A number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions that are not single-party states embracing Marxism–Leninism and planned economies. In most cases, these are constitutional references to the building of a socialist society and political principles that have little to no bearing on the structure and guidance of these country's <a href="/wiki/Machinery_of_government" title="Machinery of government">machinery of government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>. The preamble to the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution of Portugal</a> states that the Portuguese state has, as one of its goals, opening "the way to socialist society".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another broad example is that of Slovenia, which defines itself as a "state governed by the rule of law and a social state".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algeria, the Congo, India, and Sri Lanka have directly used the term <i>socialist</i> in their official constitution and name. Croatia, Hungary, and Poland directly denounce "Communism" in their founding documents in reference to their past regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (May 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these cases, the intended meaning of <i>socialism</i> can vary widely and sometimes the constitutional references to socialism are left over from a previous period in the country's history. In the case of many Middle Eastern states, the term <i>socialism</i> was often used in reference to an <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">nationalist</a> philosophy adopted by specific regimes, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> and that of the various <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath parties">Ba'ath parties</a>. Examples of countries directly using the term <i>socialist</i> in their names include the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, while a number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions, but not in their names. These include India<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Portugal. In addition, countries such as Belarus, Colombia, France, Russia, and Spain use the varied term <i>social state</i>, leaving a more ambiguous meaning. In the constitutions of Croatia, Hungary, and Poland, direct condemnation is made to the respective past socialist regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>, which operates under the principles of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">democratic confederalism</a>, has been described as a socialist state.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal (Alva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia" title="Network of Social Democracy in Asia">Network of Social Democracy in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #B60202; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of large industries was relatively widespread and it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European countries as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett_1978-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissident_1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_2015_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, leading <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a> politician and author <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> claimed that capitalism had been abolished in Britain, although others such as Welshman <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, Minister of Health in the first <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">post-war Labour government</a> and the architect of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, disputed the claim that Britain was a socialist state.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state. According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> which stood in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> of Britain's capitalist society, making the following point: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The National Health service and the Welfare State have come to be used as interchangeable terms, and in the mouths of some people, as terms of reproach. Why this is so it is not difficult to understand, if you view everything from the angle of a strictly individualistic competitive society. A free health service is pure Socialism and as such, it is opposed to the hedonism of capitalist society.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although, as in the rest of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">laws of capitalism</a> still operated fully and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprise</a> dominated the economy,<sup id="cite_ref-Batson_2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batson_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some political commentators claimed that during the post-war period, when socialist parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states and the same is now applied to the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett_1978-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissident_1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_2015_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> aimed to expand <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a> and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> because it demanded a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalist">free-market capitalist</a> economy among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> in France and the United Kingdom during the height of nationalization in the 1960s and 1970s never accounted for more than 15–20% of <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a>, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Batson_2017_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batson_2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The socialist policies practiced by parties such as the Singaporean <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) during its first few decades in power were of a pragmatic kind as characterized by its rejection of nationalization. Despite this, the PAP still claimed to be a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist party">socialist party</a>, pointing out its regulation of the private sector, state intervention in the economy, and social policies as evidence of this.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Singaporean prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> also stated that he has been influenced by the democratic socialist British Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Category:Marxism–Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Lenin_oval.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/100px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/150px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/200px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Central_planning" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Intensification of the class struggle<br />under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">Protracted people's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism#Socialist_Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidelismo" title="Fidelismo">Fidelismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kádárism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Lara" title="Lúcio Lara">Lúcio Lara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpal_Brar" title="Harpal Brar">Harpal Brar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Ho_Chi_Minh%27s_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–92</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party#Forerunner_organizations_and_early_history" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity<br />under communist regimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because most existing socialist states operated along <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> principles of governance, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist regime">Marxist–Leninist regime</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist state</a></i> are used by scholars, particularly when focusing on the political systems of these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a> is a type of socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> movements in the 19th century such as the German <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a> in Russia, it is now associated with Communist Party ruled states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">its aftermath</a> called themselves <i>people's republics</i>. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional people's republics emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory in World War II, mainly within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Asia, China became a people's republic following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North Korea also became a people's republic.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> ceased to use the term <i>people's republic</i> in their official name, replacing it with the term <i>socialist republic</i> as a mark of their ongoing political development. <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> also added the term <i>socialist republic</i> into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>socialist state</i> is widely used by Marxist–Leninist parties, theorists, and governments to mean a state under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> that is organizing the economic, social, and political affairs of said state toward the construction of socialism. States run by <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a> that adhere to Marxism–Leninism, or some national variation thereof, refer to themselves as socialist states or workers' and peasants' states. They involve the direction of economic development toward the building up of the <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> to underpin the establishment of a socialist economy and usually include that at least the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights of the economy</a> are nationalized and under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marxists293_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may or may not include the existence of a socialist economy, depending on the specific terminology adopted and level of development in specific countries. The <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> definition of a socialist state is a state representing the interests of the working class which presides over a <a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> economy structured upon state-directed <a href="/wiki/Accumulation_of_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Accumulation of capital">accumulation of capital</a> with the goal of building up the country's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> and promoting worldwide <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>, while the realization of a socialist economy is held as the long-term goal.<sup id="cite_ref-marxists293_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists293-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Western world, particularly in mass media, journalism, and politics, these states and countries are often called <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> (although they do not use this term to refer to themselves), despite the fact that these countries never claimed to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism and the development towards communism thereafter in their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosser_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1983_289_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983_289-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms used by communist states include <i><a href="/wiki/National_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="National democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">national-democratic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democratic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republican</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist-leaning_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-leaning countries">socialist-oriented</a>,</i> and <i>workers' and peasants'</i> states.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_theories">Political theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_theory_of_the_state">Marxist theory of the state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marxist theory of the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marx's theory of the state</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and subsequent thinkers in the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> tradition conceive of the state as representing the interests of its ruling class, partially out of material necessity for the smooth operation of the modes of production which the state presides over. Marxists trace the formation of the contemporary form of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> to the emergence of capitalism as a dominant mode of production, with its organizational precepts and functions designed by capitalists and by their supporters specifically to manage and regulate the affairs of a capitalist economy. Because this involves governance and laws passed in the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as a whole, and because government officials either come from the bourgeoisie or are dependent upon bourgeois interests, Marx characterized the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist state</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a>. Extrapolating from this, Marx described a post-revolutionary government on the part of the working class or proletariat as a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> because the economic interests of the proletariat would have to guide state affairs and policy during a transitional state. Alluding further to the establishment of a socialist economy where <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> displaces <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> and thus, class distinctions on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property"> private-property</a> ownership are eliminated, the modern state would have no function and would gradually <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state"> "wither away"</a> or be transformed into a new form of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by the pre-Marxist <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialist"> utopian-socialist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> (1760-1825), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> theorized that the nature of the state would change during the transition to socialism. Both Saint-Simon and Engels described a transformation of the state from an entity primarily concerned with political rule over people (via coercion and law-creation) to a scientific "<a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)"> administration</a> of things" that would be concerned with directing processes of production in a socialist society, essentially ceasing to be a state.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Marx never referred to a "socialist state", he argued that the working class would have to take control of the state apparatus and of the machinery of government in order to transition out of capitalism and to socialism. The dictatorship of the proletariat would represent this transitional state and would involve working-class interests dominating government policy in the same manner that capitalist-class interests dominate government policy under capitalism (the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie). Engels argued that as socialism developed, the state would change in form and function. Under socialism, it is not a "government of people, but the administration of things", thereby ceasing to be a state by the traditional definition.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, Marx cautiously argued in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a></i> that "the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes. The centralized state power, with its ubiquitous organs of standing army, police, bureaucracy, clergy, and judicature—organs wrought after the plan of a systematic and hierarchic division of labor originates from the days of absolute monarchy, serving nascent middle class society as a mighty weapon in its struggle against feudalism".<sup id="cite_ref-Marx_1871_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx_1871-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, "the centralized state power inherited by the bourgeoisie from the absolute monarchy necessarily assumes, in the course of the intensifying struggles between capital and labor, 'more and more the character of the national power of capital over labour, of a public organized for social <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a>, of an engine of class despotism'".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most influential modern visions of a transitional state representing proletarian interests stemmed from the example of the Paris Commune, in which the workers and working poor took control of the city of Paris in 1871 in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870-1871. Marx described the Paris Commune as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-Marx_1871_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marx_1871-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engels noted that "all officials, high or low, were paid only the wages received by other workers. [...] In this way, an effective barrier to place-hunting and careerism was set up".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on the nature of the state, Engels continued: "From the outset, the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class, once come to power, could not manage with the old state machine". Engels states that in order to avoid overthrow once having conquered power, the working class "must, on the one hand, do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any moment". Engels argues that such a state would be a temporary affair and suggests that a new generation brought up in "new and free social conditions" will be able to "throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_and_revolution">Reform and revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reform and revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socialists who embraced <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>, exemplified by the German politician <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> (1850-1932), took the view that both socialism and a socialist state will gradually evolve out of political reforms won by organized socialist political-parties and unions. More-orthodox Marxists regard these views as a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revision</a> of Marxist thought. Bernstein stated: "The socialist movement is everything to me while what people commonly call the goal of Socialism is nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Marx, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialists</a> instead take the view that the working class grows stronger through its battle for reforms (such as in Marx's time, the ten-hours bill). In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. [...] [I]t ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxist">orthodox Marxist</a> conception, these battles eventually reach a point where a revolutionary movement arises. A revolutionary movement is required (in the view of Marxists) to sweep away the capitalist state and the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, which must be abolished and replaced with a dictatorship of the proletariat, to begin constructing a socialist society. In this view, only through revolution can a socialist state be established as written in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other historic reformist or gradualist movements within socialism, as opposed to revolutionary approaches, include <a href="/wiki/Fabian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian socialist">Fabian socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> groupings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leninist_theory_of_the_state">Leninist theory of the state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leninist theory of the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></div> <p>Whereas Marx, Engels, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Marxist">classical Marxist</a> thinkers had little to say about the organization of the state in a socialist society, presuming the modern state to be specific to the capitalist mode of production, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> pioneered the idea of a revolutionary state based on his theory of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> and organizational principles of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>. Adapted to the conditions of semi-feudal Russia, Lenin's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat involved a revolutionary vanguard party acting as representatives of the proletariat and its interests. According to Lenin's <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a>, the goal of the revolution and vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism (it could only be established on a worldwide scale), but to bring production and the state under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> of workers' deputies. Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection, foreign invasion, and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population while simultaneously promoting economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-marxists1989_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists1989-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These ideas were adopted by Lenin in 1917 just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i>. With the failure of the worldwide revolution, or at least European revolution, envisaged by Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and finally, Lenin's death, war measures that were deemed to be temporary, such as forced requisition of food and the lack of democratic control, became permanent and a tool to boost <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s power, leading to the emergence of Marxism–Leninism and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, as well as the notion that socialism can be created and exist in a single state with theory of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>. </p><p>Lenin argued that as socialism is replaced by communism, the state would "<a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">wither away</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as strong centralized control progressively reduces as local communities gain more empowerment. As he put it succinctly, "[s]o long as the state exists, there is no freedom. When there will be freedom, there will be no state".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, Lenin was thereby proposing a classically dynamic view of progressive social structure which, during his own short period of governance, emerged as a defensive and preliminary bureaucratic centralist stage. He regarded this structural paradox as the necessary preparation for and antithesis of the desired <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' state">workers' state</a> which he forecast would follow. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotskyist_theory_of_the_state">Trotskyist theory of the state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trotskyist theory of the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></div> <p>Following Stalin's consolidation of power in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and static centralization of political power, Trotsky condemned the Soviet government's policies for lacking widespread democratic participation on the part of the population and for suppressing <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> and democratic participation in the management of the economy. Because these authoritarian political measures were inconsistent with the organizational precepts of socialism, Trotsky characterized the Soviet Union as a deformed workers' state that would not be able to effectively transition to socialism. Ostensibly socialist states where democracy is lacking, yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state, are termed by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">orthodox Trotskyist</a> theories as <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed</a> workers' states and not socialist states.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_within_left-wing_movements">Criticism within left-wing movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism within left-wing movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism_and_Marxism">Anarchism and Marxism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anarchism and Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> socialists, including anarchists, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalists">syndicalists</a>, criticize the concept of establishing a socialist state instead of abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> state apparatus outright. They use the term <i><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a></i> to contrast it with their own form of socialism, which involves either <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> without state <a href="/wiki/Centralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized planning">centralized planning</a>. Those socialists believe there is no need for a state in a socialist system because there would be no class to suppress and no need for an institution based on coercion and therefore, regard the state being a remnant of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumpeter_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumpeter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold that <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> is antithetical to true socialism,<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the goal of which is the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, who wrote as follows in a <i>Commonweal</i> article: "State Socialism? — I don't agree with it; in fact, I think the two words contradict one another, and that it is the business of Socialism to destroy the State and put Free Society in its place".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox</a> Marxists also view state socialism as an oxymoron, arguing that while an association for managing production and economic affairs would exist in socialism, it would no longer be a state in the <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marxist definition</a>, which is based on <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism#General_categories" title="Anti-statism">domination by one class</a>. Preceding the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>-led <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolution in Russia</a>, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the means of production as a way to establish socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin himself acknowledged state capitalism as part of the transition from capitalism to socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical of the economy and government of socialist states, <a href="/wiki/Left_communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communists">left communists</a> such as the Italian <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> said that their socialism was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a> because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a>; the use of <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> organisations by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Bordiga_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">political vanguard</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">organic centralism</a> was more effective than a vanguard organized by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Marxist <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a> also dismissed it as a type of state capitalism<sup id="cite_ref-State_capitalism_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_capitalism-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of the means of production is a form of state capitalism;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> is a form of democracy and <a href="/wiki/Single-party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party rule">single-party rule</a> is undemocratic;<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> is neither <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, but rather, a composite ideology which socialist leaders like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> used to expediently determine what is <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and what is not communism among the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leninism">Leninism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leninism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, Bordiga, who did consider himself a <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> and has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin",<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather, just as how communism looks as it emerges out of capitalism before it has "developed on its own foundations".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is coherent with Marx and Engels, who used the terms <i>communism</i> and <i>socialism</i> interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Lenin, Bordiga used <i>socialism</i> to mean what Marx called the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">lower-phase communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>—with stages referring to <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>—were characterized by the gradual absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage, a system of rationing would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access. This view distinguished Bordiga from Marxist–Leninists, who tended, and still tend, to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism. But Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling, and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordiga_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin made the claim that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a> still operated within a socialist economy.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marx did not use the term <i>socialism</i> to refer to this development and instead called it a communist society that has not yet reached its higher-stage.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>socialism</i> to mean the lower-state of communism was popularized during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> by Lenin. This view is consistent with, and helped to inform early concepts of, socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity, namely, that monetary relations in the form of <a href="/wiki/Exchange-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-value">exchange-value</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>, interest, and <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a> would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Stalin, who first claimed to have achieved socialism with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Constitution_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Constitution of 1936">Soviet Constitution of 1936</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then confirmed it in the <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin did not call the Soviet Union a socialist state, nor did he claim that it had achieved socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adopted state capitalist policies,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1917_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1917-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1918_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1918-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_1921_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin_1921-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pena_2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pena_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defending them from left-wing criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but arguing that they were necessary for the future development of socialism and not socialist in themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive power, Lenin was quoted as saying that Russia had reverted to "a bourgeois tsarist machine [...] barely varnished with socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_socialism">Libertarian socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libertarian socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of non-state, libertarian communist and socialist positions reject the concept of a socialist state altogether, believing that the modern state is a byproduct of capitalism and cannot be used for the establishment of a socialist system. They reason that a socialist state is antithetical to socialism and that socialism will emerge spontaneously from the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> level in an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary manner</a>, developing its own unique political and economic institutions for a highly organized <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a>. Libertarian communists, including <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">councillists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">leftists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Marxists</a>, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism can only be established through revolution and dissolving the existence of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the socialist movement, there is criticism towards the use of the term socialist states in relation to countries such as China and previously of Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the "collapse of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>" in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-authoritarian communists and socialists such as anarchists, other democratic and libertarian socialists, as well as revolutionary syndicalists and left communists<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that the so-called socialist states actually presided over state capitalist economies and cannot be called socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-State_capitalism_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_capitalism-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those socialists who oppose any system of state control whatsoever believe in a more decentralized approach which puts the means of production directly into the hands of the workers rather than indirectly through state bureaucracies<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_H-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFAQ_I-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they claim represent a new elite or <a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads them to consider state socialism a form of state capitalism<sup id="cite_ref-Bordiga_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordiga-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an economy based on centralized management, capital accumulation and wage labor, but with the state owning the means of production)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Engels stated would be the final form of capitalism rather than socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trotskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a> following on from <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> deny that it is socialism, calling it state capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Trotskyists agree that these states could not be described as socialist,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but deny that they were state capitalist.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They support <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>'s analysis of pre-restoration Soviet Union as a workers' state that had <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic dictatorship</a> which rested on a largely nationalized industry run according to a production plan<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed that the former Stalinist states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe were <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed workers' states</a> based on the same relations of production as the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Trotskyists such as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Workers%27_International" title="Committee for a Workers' International">Committee for a Workers' International</a> have at times included African, Asian, and Middle Eastern socialist states when they have had a <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> economy as deformed workers' states.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other socialists argued that the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athists">neo-Ba'athists</a> promoted capitalists from within the party and outside their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_in_communist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislatures in communist states">Legislatures in communist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet (council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet republic</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economics_of_Socialism_after_World_War_Two:_1945-1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilczynski2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilczynski, J. (2008). <i>The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990</i>. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0202362281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0202362281"><bdi>978-0202362281</bdi></a>. <q>Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Socialism+after+World+War+Two%3A+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0202362281&rft.aulast=Wilczynski&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsay-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1999" class="citation book cs1">Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875484495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875484495"><bdi>978-0875484495</bdi></a>. <q>Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post+Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0875484495&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosser-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosser_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosser_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosserRosser2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003). <i>Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy</i>. MIT Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262182348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262182348"><bdi>978-0262182348</bdi></a>. <q>Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0262182348&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Mariana+V.&rft.au=Rosser%2C+J.+Barkley+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_1983_289-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1983_289_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1983_289_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">"Socialism"</a></span>. <i>Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition</i>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>. <q>The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialism&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+vocabulary+of+culture+and+society%2C+revised+edition&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria">Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</a> (28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh">Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh</a> (4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cooperative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana">Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana</a> (20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of India">Constitution of the Republic of India</a> (26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 4, Section 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal">Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a> (20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 5, Section 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua">Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua</a> (1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. [...] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka">Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka</a> (7 September 1978): "[T]o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/United_Republic_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="United Republic of Tanzania">United Republic of Tanzania</a> (25 April 1978): "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin_1917-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1917_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1917_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (1917). <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm#s4">"Chapter 5"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin_1918-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1918_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1918_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (February—July 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/volume27.htm"><i>Lenin Collected Works Vol. 27</i></a>. Marxists Internet Archive. p. 293. Quoted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Aufheben</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040318182051/http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin_1921-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1921_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_1921_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/apr/21.htm">"The Tax in Kind"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pena_2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pena_2007_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pena_2007_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5869/">"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy"</a>. <i>Political Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905230042/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5869/">Archived</a> 5 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2008_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2008" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Vol. I. Stirling: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isn%27t+libertarian+socialism+an+oxymoron%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumpeter-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumpeter_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter2008" class="citation book cs1">Schumpeter, Joseph (2008) [1942]. <i>Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</i>. Harper Perennial. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-156161-0"><bdi>978-0-06-156161-0</bdi></a>. <q>But there are still others (concepts and institutions) which by virtue of their nature cannot stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework. It is extremely dangerous, in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description, to use them beyond the social world or culture whose denizens they are. Now ownership or property – also, so I believe, taxation – are such denizens of the world of commercial society, exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world. But so is the state (a denizen of commercial society).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-156161-0&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAQ_H-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_H_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+do+anarchists+oppose+state+socialism%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFAQ_I-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFAQ_I_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "What would an anarchist society look like?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+would+an+anarchist+society+look+like%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists1989-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxists1989_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxists1989_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Richard Fleming (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/lenin-socialism.htm">"Lenin's Conception of Socialism: Learning from the early experiences of the world's first socialist revolution"</a>. <i>Forward</i>. <b>9</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=Lenin%27s+Conception+of+Socialism%3A+Learning+from+the+early+experiences+of+the+world%27s+first+socialist+revolution&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Richard+Fleming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Ferol%2Fncm-7%2Flenin-socialism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists293-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxists293_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxists293_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxists293_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/volume27.htm">Lenin Collected Works</a>. <b>27</b>: 293. Quoted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Aufheben</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040318182051/http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett_1978-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_1978_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, William, ed. (1 April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/capitalism-socialism-and-democracy/">"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium"</a>. <i>Commentary</i>. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissident_1991-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissident_1991_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-sweden-to-socialism-social-democracy-symposium">"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions"</a>. <i>Dissident</i>. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96–110. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendall_2011-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kendall_2011_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, Diana (2011). <i>Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 125–127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111305505" title="Special:BookSources/9781111305505">9781111305505</a>. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed economies">mixed economies</a>, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_2015-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2015_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2015_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2015_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, He (2015). <i>Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China</i>. Springer. pp. 60–69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137427816" title="Special:BookSources/9781137427816">9781137427816</a>. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, R. J. Barry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouZJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1461"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, Volume 3</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136927393" title="Special:BookSources/9781136927393"><bdi>9781136927393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1461&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781136927393&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouZJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furtak,_Robert_K._1986_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furtak, Robert K. (1986). <i>Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745000480" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745000480">978-0745000480</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompson1997" class="citation book cs1">Tompson, William J. (1997). <i>Khrushchev: A Political Life</i>. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed. <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrai, Charles F. (1994). <i>Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change</i>. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dae-Kyu_2003_1289–1305-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dae-Kyu_2003_1289–1305_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDae-Kyu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj">"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"</a>. <i>Fordham International Law Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1289–</span>1305<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+North+Korea%3A+Its+Changes+and+Implications&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1289-%3C%2Fspan%3E1305&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dae-Kyu&rft.aufirst=Yoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1934%26context%3Dilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2019" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (18 December 2019). <i>A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538129050" title="Special:BookSources/9781538129050"><bdi>9781538129050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+Korea%3A+From+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century+to+the+Present&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.isbn=9781538129050&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2006" class="citation book cs1">Shin, Gi-wook (2006). <i>Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804754088" title="Special:BookSources/9780804754088"><bdi>9780804754088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Nationalism+in+Korea%3A+Genealogy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780804754088&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Gi-wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lee_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Grace (Spring 2003)) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/korea1.pdf">"The Political Philosophy of Juche"</a>. v.3, n.1. <i>Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs</i>. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung’s creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myers-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myers_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, Brian (January 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/sangok/NorthKorea/THE_WATERSHED_T%20(1).pdf">"The Watershed Speech that Wasn't: Re-evaluating Kim Il Sung's 'Juche Speech" of 1955"</a>, v.9, n.1 <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Koreana" title="Acta Koreana">Acta Koreana</a></i>. Quote: "A close reading of the text [of the speech] reveals ... that the speech does not re-interpret Marxism-Leninism ... In fact, it neither deviates from the Marxism-Leninism of its day nor does it exceed levels of patriotism that were then considered acceptable throughout the East Bloc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-looking-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-looking_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oh, Kongdan Oh and Hassig, Ralph C. (2000) <i>North Korea Through the Looking Glass</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/sangok/NorthKorea/NK%20Through%20the%20Looking%20Glass%20Ch2.pdf">Chapter 2: "The Power and Poverty of Ideology"</a> p.13. Washington, DC.: Brookings Institution Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815764359" title="Special:BookSources/0815764359">0815764359</a>. Quote: "Even though Marx's predictions have fallen wide of the mark, Marxism-Leninism remains a cornerstone of North Korean ideology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freemediaproductions.info-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freemediaproductions.info_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemediaproductions.info/Editorials/2009/08/30/juche-is-third-position-ideology-built-on-marx-not-marxist-leninism/">"Juche is Third Position ideology built on Marx – Not Marxist-Leninism"</a>. Free Media Productions – Editorials. 30 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juche+is+Third+Position+ideology+built+on+Marx+%E2%80%93+Not+Marxist-Leninism&rft.pub=Free+Media+Productions+%E2%80%93+Editorials&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemediaproductions.info%2FEditorials%2F2009%2F08%2F30%2Fjuche-is-third-position-ideology-built-on-marx-not-marxist-leninism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/politics/constitution/">"VN Embassy – Constitution of 1992"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709162321/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/politics/constitution/">Archived</a> 9 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From the Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling its internationalist duty."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm">"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992"</a>. Cubanet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709122434/http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm">Archived</a> 9 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of Martí's ideas and of Marxism–Leninism, and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism and the progress toward a communist society".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuters (22 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/cuba-ditches-aim-of-building-communism-from-draft-constitution">"Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 5 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po00000_.html">"Preamble to the 1976 Constitution of Portugal"</a> stated: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend their national independence, safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens, establish the basic principles of democracy, secure the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state, and open the way to socialist society."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovenia_2016">"Slovenia 1991 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovenia+1991+%28Rev.+2016%29+Constitution+-+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FSlovenia_2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschentscher" class="citation web cs1">Tschentscher, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr00000_.html">"Croatia Constitution"</a>. <i>Servat.unibe.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Servat.unibe.ch&rft.atitle=Croatia+Constitution&rft.aulast=Tschentscher&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fhr00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschentscher" class="citation web cs1">Tschentscher, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html">"Hungary Index"</a>. <i>Servat.unibe.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Servat.unibe.ch&rft.atitle=Hungary+Index&rft.aulast=Tschentscher&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fhu__indx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschentscher" class="citation web cs1">Tschentscher, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl00000_.html">"Poland – Constitution"</a>. <i>Servat.unibe.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programmes are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be forbidden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Servat.unibe.ch&rft.atitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+Constitution&rft.aulast=Tschentscher&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fpl00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Preamble of the Constitution of India reads: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic [...]". See <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble to the Constitution of India</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2016">"Hungary 2011 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+2011+%28Rev.+2016%29+Constitution+-+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FHungary_2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2014" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Derek (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105163107/http://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-fe30-Rojava-a-beacon-of-hope-fighting-Isis">"Rojava: a beacon of hope fighting Isis"</a>. <i>Morning Star</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-fe30-Rojava-a-beacon-of-hope-fighting-Isis">the original</a> on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Star&rft.atitle=Rojava%3A+a+beacon+of+hope+fighting+Isis&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningstaronline.co.uk%2Fa-fe30-Rojava-a-beacon-of-hope-fighting-Isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232840/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-%E2%80%94-fabian-version">"The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version"</a>. <i>Socialist Standard</i> (641). Socialist Party of Great Britain. January 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-—-fabian-version">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Standard&rft.atitle=The+Managerial+Society+Part+Three+%E2%80%94+Fabian+Version&rft.issue=641&rft.date=1958-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsocialism.org%2Fspgb%2Fsocialist-standard%2F1950s%2F1958%2Fno-641-january-1958%2Fmanagerial-society-part-three-%E2%80%94-fabian-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosland, Anthony (2006) [1952]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i>. Constable. pp. 9, 89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845294854" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845294854">978-1845294854</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bevan, Aneurin (1952). <i>In Place of Fear</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batson_2017-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batson_2017_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batson_2017_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatson2017" class="citation web cs1">Batson, Andrew (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cebc.org.br/sites/default/files/the_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf">"The State of the State Sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gavekal Dragonomics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Even in the statist 1960s–70s, SOEs in France and the UK did not account for more than 15–20% of capital formation; in the 1980s the developed-nation average was around 8%, and it dropped below 5% in the 1990s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+State+Sector&rft.pub=Gavekal+Dragonomics&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Batson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cebc.org.br%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fthe_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobham, David (November 1984). "The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons". 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St. Martin's Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-269-2"><bdi>978-1-56159-269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-269-2&rft.aulast=Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0YfDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, C. J. 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Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Utopian+Socialism&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+Utopian+and+Scientific&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1880%2Fsoc-utop%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-de-Saint-Simon">"Henri de Saint-Simon"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 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New Jersey: Humanities Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm">"Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (1917). <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i>. p. 70. cf. 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Retrieved 27 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1992" class="citation book cs1">Steele, David (1992). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5"><bdi>978-0-87548-449-5</bdi></a>. <q>By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. [...] At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. [...] The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 [...], the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post-Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-449-5&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul, eds. (September 2018 – June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190695545"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190695545-e-50">"Marx's Concept of Socialism"</a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190695545" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190695545">978-0190695545</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190695545.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl (1875). <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm">"Part I"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stalin, Joseph (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1951/economic-problems/index.htm">"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm">"Part I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a></i>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bockman, Johanna (2011). <i>Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7566-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories, such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent. Rather, it would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the need for money and prices (at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism), socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+in+the+name+of+Socialism%3A+The+Left-Wing+origins+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3&rft.aulast=Bockman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinalda2009" class="citation book cs1">Reinalda, Bob (2009). <i>Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day</i>. Routledge. p. 765. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134024056" title="Special:BookSources/9781134024056"><bdi>9781134024056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+History+of+International+Organizations%3A+From+1815+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=765&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134024056&rft.aulast=Reinalda&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidler2013" class="citation book cs1">Laidler, Harry W. 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Retrieved 10 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (29 April 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/apr/29.htm">"Session of the All-Russia C.E.C."</a> Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. " Reality tells us that state capitalism would be a step forward. If in a small space of time we could achieve state capitalism in Russia, that would be a victory."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/apr/21.htm">"The Tax in Kind"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "State capitalism would be a step forward as compared with the present state of affairs in our Soviet Republic. If in approximately six months' time state capitalism became established in our Republic, this would be a great success and a sure guarantee that within a year socialism will have gained a permanently firm hold and will have become invincible in this country."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serge, Victor (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1937/FromLeninToStalin-BW-T144.pdf"><i>From Lenin to Stalin</i></a>. 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Retrieved 4 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.internationalism.org/node/609">"4. State Capitalism"</a>. International Communist Current. 30 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4.+State+Capitalism&rft.pub=International+Communist+Current&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalism.org%2Fnode%2F609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1983) [1957]. <i>The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System</i> (paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-665489-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-665489-X"><bdi>0-15-665489-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Class%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Communist+System&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-15-665489-X&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1969" class="citation book cs1">Đilas, Milovan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unperfectsociety00djil"><i>The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class</i></a>. Translated by Cooke, Dorian. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-693125-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-693125-7"><bdi>0-15-693125-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unperfect+Society%3A+Beyond+the+New+Class&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-15-693125-7&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funperfectsociety00djil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofnewclasshi00djil"><i>Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction</i></a> (hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43325-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43325-2"><bdi>0-679-43325-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+New+Class%3A+A+History+of+Communism%27s+Self-Destruction&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-679-43325-2&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofnewclasshi00djil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1991) [1937]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/index.htm"><i>The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?</i></a> (paperback ed.). Detroit: Labor Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929087-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-929087-48-8"><bdi>0-929087-48-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+Where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Labor+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-929087-48-8&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2Fworks%2F1936-rev%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a> (1985) [1976]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich">"Capitalism"</a></span>. <i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</i>. Oxford paperbacks (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195204698" title="Special:BookSources/9780195204698"><bdi>9780195204698</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really changed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780195204698&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engels, Friedrich (1880). <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific" title="Socialism: Utopian and Scientific">Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm">"III: Historical Materialism"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cliff, Tony (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1948/xx/burcoll.htm">"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandel, Ernest (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm">"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class"</a>. Ernest Mandel Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taaffe, Peter (1995). <i>The Rise of Militant</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/militant/">"Preface"</a>. "Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". Bertrams. "The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906582473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906582473">978-0906582473</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trotsky, Leon (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1936/revbet/index.htm"><i>The Revolution Betrayed</i></a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trotsky, Leon (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/tia38.htm">"The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch"</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">The Transitional Program</a></i>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/12/abc.htm">"The ABC of Materialist Dialectics"</a>. From "A Petty-Bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party" (1939). Marxists Internet Archive. In Trotsky, Leon (1942). <i>In Defense of Marxism</i>. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frank" title="Pierre Frank">Frank, Pierre</a> (November 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/frank/1951/08/eeurope.htm">"Evolution of Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>Fourth International</i>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, Ted (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/grant/1978/07/colrev.htm">"The Colonial Revolution and the Deformed Workers' States"</a>. <i>The Unbroken Thread</i>. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayasuriya, Siritunga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lankasocialist.com/?page_id=8">"About Us"</a>. United Socialist Party. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, Lynn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistalternative.org/imperialism-and-the-gulf-war-1990-91/introduction/"><i>Imperialism and the Gulf War</i></a>. "Chapter 5". Socialist Alternative. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> 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