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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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World War I and the Interwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_World_War_II_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_World_War_II_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 From World War II onwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_World_War_II_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_of_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_of_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Politics of sanctions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_of_sanctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics of sanctions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_of_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_economic_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_economic_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Effectiveness of economic sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_economic_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Smart Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_for_businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_for_businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Implications for businesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 United States sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_Embargo_Act_of_1807" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Embargo_Act_of_1807"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 US Embargo Act of 1807 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Embargo_Act_of_1807-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_embargo_of_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_embargo_of_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 US embargo of Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_embargo_of_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Russian sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia_sanctions_on_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_sanctions_on_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Russia sanctions on Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_sanctions_on_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_sanctions_on_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_sanctions_on_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Russian sanctions on Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_sanctions_on_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 United Nations sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanctions_on_Somalia,_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_on_Somalia,_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Sanctions on Somalia, 1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_on_Somalia,_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_on_North_Korea,_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_on_North_Korea,_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Sanctions on North Korea, 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_on_North_Korea,_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_on_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_on_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Sanctions on Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_on_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanction_on_the_Central_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanction_on_the_Central_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sanction on the Central African Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanction_on_the_Central_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanctions_on_apartheid_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_on_apartheid_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Sanctions on apartheid South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_on_apartheid_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_multilateral_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_multilateral_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other multilateral sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_multilateral_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Current sanctions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_sanctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current sanctions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_targeted_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_targeted_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 By targeted country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_targeted_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_targeted_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_targeted_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 By targeted individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_targeted_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_sanctioning_country_or_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_sanctioning_country_or_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 By sanctioning country or organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_sanctioning_country_or_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_targeted_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_targeted_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 By targeted activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_targeted_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilateral_trade_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_trade_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Bilateral trade disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_trade_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Former sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Economic sanctions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عقوبات اقتصادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقوبات اقتصادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qtisadi_sanksiyalar" title="İqtisadi sanksiyalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqtisadi sanksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanci%C3%B3_econ%C3%B2mica" title="Sanció econòmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sanció econòmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancsiynau_economaidd" title="Sancsiynau economaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sancsiynau economaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftssanktionen" title="Wirtschaftssanktionen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaftssanktionen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majandussanktsioonid" title="Majandussanktsioonid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Majandussanktsioonid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Οικονομικές κυρώσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομικές κυρώσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanci%C3%B3n_econ%C3%B3mica" title="Sanción económica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sanción económica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_sankcio" title="Ekonomia sankcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekonomia sankcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تحریم اقتصادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحریم اقتصادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanction_%C3%A9conomique" title="Sanction économique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanction économique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%AC" title="경제 제재 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경제 제재" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="आर्थिक प्रतिबन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्थिक प्रतिबन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanksi_ekonomi" title="Sanksi ekonomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sanksi ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skipta%C3%BEvinganir" title="Viðskiptaþvinganir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskiptaþvinganir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanzioni_economiche" title="Sanzioni economiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sanzioni economiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomisk%C4%81s_sankcijas" title="Ekonomiskās sankcijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekonomiskās sankcijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekatan_ekonomi" title="Sekatan ekonomi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekatan ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economische_sanctie" title="Economische sanctie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Economische sanctie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" title="経済制裁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経済制裁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqtisodiy_sanksiya" title="Iqtisodiy sanksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iqtisodiy sanksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankcje_gospodarcze" title="Sankcje gospodarcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sankcje gospodarcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Экономические санкции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономические санкции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanksionet_ekonomike" title="Sanksionet ekonomike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sanksionet ekonomike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Economic sanctions" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomikang_sanksiyon" title="Ekonomikang sanksiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomikang sanksiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomik_yapt%C4%B1r%C4%B1mlar" title="Ekonomik yaptırımlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekonomik yaptırımlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic integration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_trading_area" title="Preferential trading area">Preferential trading area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">Free-trade area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Currency union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">Economic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_monetary_union" title="Customs and monetary union">Customs and monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">Economic and monetary union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade sanctions</a></li> <li>War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_war" title="Currency war">Currency war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation_and_development" title="Trade facilitation and development">Trade costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_international_trade_articles" title="Index of international trade articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tariffs" title="List of tariffs">Tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">Largest consumer markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_leading_trade_partners" title="List of countries by leading trade partners">Leading trade partners</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_trade_by_country" title="Category:Foreign trade by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_mission" title="Trade mission">Trade mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_trade_theory" title="New trade theory">New trade theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-industry_trade" title="Intra-industry trade">Intra-industry trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_model_of_trade" title="Gravity model of trade">Gravity model of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade#Ricardian_theory_of_international_trade" title="International trade">Ricardian trade theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect" title="Balassa–Samuelson effect">Balassa–Samuelson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linder_hypothesis" title="Linder hypothesis">Linder hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontief_paradox" title="Leontief paradox">Leontief paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerner_symmetry_theorem" title="Lerner symmetry theorem">Lerner symmetry theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">Terms of trade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_trade" title="Template:World trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_trade" title="Template talk:World trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Economic sanctions or embargoes are <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial</a> penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> Economic sanctions are a form of <a href="/wiki/Coercion_(international_relations)" title="Coercion (international relations)">coercion</a> that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through disruption in economic exchange. Sanctions can be intended to <a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">compel</a> (an attempt to change an actor's behavior) or <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a> (an attempt to stop an actor from certain actions).<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-scholar.harvard.edu-5">[5]</a> Sanctions can target an entire country or they can be more narrowly targeted at individuals or groups; this latter form of sanctions are sometimes called "smart sanctions".<a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a> Prominent forms of economic sanctions include <a href="/wiki/Trade_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade barriers">trade barriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asset_freezing" title="Asset freezing">asset freezes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel_ban" title="Travel ban">travel bans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargoes</a>, and restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Financial_transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial transactions">financial transactions</a>. The efficacy of sanctions in achieving intended goals is a subject of debate.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a> Scholars have also considered the policy externalities of sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The humanitarian consequences of country-wide sanctions have been a subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a> As a consequence, since the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) sanctions have tended to target individuals and entities, in contrast to the country-wide sanctions of earlier decades.<a href="#cite_note-Giumelli_2015-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_sanctions">History of sanctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of sanctions">edit</a>]</div> One of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> of 1803–1815. Aiming to cripple the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> economically, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a> in 1806 promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>—which forbade <a href="/wiki/European_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="European nations">European nations</a> from trading with the UK. In practice the French Empire could not completely enforce the embargo, which proved as harmful (if not more so) to the continental nations involved as to the British.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>, diplomats and legal scholars regularly discussed using coordinated economic pressure to enforce international law. This idea was also included in reform proposals by Latin American and Chinese international lawyers in the years leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Interwar_period">World War I and the Interwar period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War I and the Interwar period">edit</a>]</div> Sanctions in the form of blockades were prominent during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Debates about implementing sanctions through international organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, became prominent after the end of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Leaders saw sanctions as a viable alternative to war.<a href="#cite_note-:11-15">[15]</a> The League Covenant permitted the use of sanctions in five cases:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ol><li>When Article 10 of the League Covenant is violated</li> <li>In case of war or threat of war (Article 11)</li> <li>When a League member does not pay an <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_award" title="Arbitration award">arbitration award</a> (Article 12)</li> <li>When a League member goes to war without submitting the dispute to the League Council or League Assembly (Articles 12–15)</li> <li>When a non-member goes to war against a League member (Article 17)</li></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a> in 1935 resulted in League sanctions against Mussolini's Italy under Article 16 of the Covenant. Oil supplies, however, were not stopped, nor the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> closed to Italy, and the conquest proceeded. The sanctions were lifted in 1936 and Italy left the League in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the lead-up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States imposed severe trade restrictions on Japan to discourage further Japanese conquests in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:11-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_World_War_II_onwards">From World War II onwards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From World War II onwards">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the League was replaced by the more expansive <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in 1945. Throughout the Cold War, the use of sanctions increased gradually.<a href="#cite_note-:11-15">[15]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, there was a major increase in economic sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:10-9">[9]</a> According to the Global Sanctions Data Base, there have been 1,325 sanctions in the period 1950–2022.<a href="#cite_note-:11-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_of_sanctions">Politics of sanctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics of sanctions">edit</a>]</div> Economic sanctions are used as a tool of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> by many governments. Economic sanctions are usually imposed by a larger country upon a smaller country for one of two reasons: either the latter is a perceived threat to the security of the former nation or that country treats its citizens unfairly. They can be used as a coercive measure for achieving particular policy goals related to trade or for humanitarian violations. Economic sanctions are used as an alternative weapon instead of going to war to achieve desired outcomes. The Global Sanctions Data Base categorizes nine objectives of sanctions: "changing policy, destabilizing regimes, resolving territorial conflicts, fighting terrorism, preventing war, ending war, restoring and promoting human rights, restoring and promoting democracy, and other objectives."<a href="#cite_note-:11-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness_of_economic_sanctions">Effectiveness of economic sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of economic sanctions">edit</a>]</div> According to a study by Neuenkirch and Neumeier, UN economic sanctions had a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> impact on targeted states by reducing their GDP growth by an average of 2.3–3.5% per year—and more than 5% per year in the case of comprehensive UN embargoes—with the negative effects typically persisting for a period of ten years. By contrast, unilateral US sanctions had a considerably smaller impact on GDP growth, restricting it by 0.5–0.9% per year, with an average duration of seven years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> Oryoie, A. R. demonstrates that economic sanctions result in welfare losses across all income groups in Iran, with wealthier groups suffering greater losses compared to poorer groups.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Imposing sanctions on an opponent also affects the economy of the imposing country to a degree. If import restrictions are promulgated, consumers in the imposing country may have restricted choices of goods. If export restrictions are imposed or if sanctions prohibit companies in the imposing country from trading with the target country, the imposing country may lose markets and investment opportunities to competing countries.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliot (2008) argue that <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> is the most frequent foreign-policy objective of economic sanctions, accounting for just over 39 percent of cases of their imposition.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Hufbauer et al. found that 34 percent of the cases studied were successful.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Pape" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Pape">Robert A. Pape</a> examined their study, he found that only 5 of their reported 40 successes were actually effective,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> reducing the success rate to 4%. In either case, the difficulty and unexpected nuances of measuring the actual success of sanctions in relation to their goals are both increasingly apparent and still under debate. In other words, it is difficult to determine why a regime or country changes (i.e., whether it was the sanction or inherent instability) and doubly so to measure the full political effect of a given action.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Offering an explanation as to why sanctions are still imposed even when they may be marginally effective, British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Greenstock" title="Jeremy Greenstock">Jeremy Greenstock</a> suggests sanctions are popular not because they are known to be effective, but because "there is nothing else [to do] between words and military action if you want to bring pressure upon a government".<a href="#cite_note-greenstock-28">[28]</a> Critics of sanctions like Belgian jurist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bossuyt" title="Marc Bossuyt">Marc Bossuyt</a> argue that in nondemocratic regimes, the extent to which this affects political outcomes is contested, because by definition such regimes do not respond as strongly to the popular will.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A strong connection has been found between the effectiveness of sanctions and the size of veto players in a government. Veto players represent individual or collective actors whose agreement is required for a change of the status quo, for example, parties in a coalition, or the legislature's check on presidential powers. When sanctions are imposed on a country, it can try to mitigate them by adjusting its economic policy. The size of the veto players determines how many constraints the government will face when trying to change status quo policies, and the larger the size of the veto players, the more difficult it is to find support for new policies, thus making the sanctions more effective.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Francesco Giumelli writes that the "set of sanctions ... that many observers would be likely to consider the most persuasive (and effective)", namely, UN sanctions against "<a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> assets and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth funds</a>", are "of all the types of measures applied ... the one least frequently used".<a href="#cite_note-Giumelli_2015-10">[10]</a> Giumelli also distinguishes between sanctions against international terrorists, in which "the nature of the request is not as important as the constraining aspect", and sanctions imposed in connection with "post-conflict scenarios", which should "include flexible demands and the potential for adaptation if the situation changes".<a href="#cite_note-Giumelli_2015-10">[10]</a> Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Foreign <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> suspensions are typically considered as a type of economic sanctions. Previously mentioned work by Hufbauer, Schott, Elliot, and Oegg is a prominent example.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claas_Mertens" title="Claas Mertens">Claas Mertens</a> finds that "suspending aid is more effective than adopting economic sanctions because (1) aid suspensions are economically beneficial for the adopting state, while sanctions are costly, (2) aid suspensions directly affect the targeted government's budget, (3) market forces undermine sanctions but not aid suspensions, and (4) aid suspensions are less likely to spark adverse behavioral reactions. [...] The findings suggest that economic sanctions are less effective than previously thought and that large donor states have a higher chance of achieving political goals through economic coercion."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Sanctions have been criticized on humanitarian grounds, as they negatively impact a nation's economy and can also cause collateral damage on ordinary citizens. Peksen implies that sanctions can degenerate human rights in the target country.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Policy_analysis" title="Policy analysis">policy analysts</a> believe that imposing trade restrictions only serves to hurt ordinary people as opposed to government elites,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and others have likened the practice to <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> warfare.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) has generally refrained from imposing comprehensive sanctions since the mid-1990s, in part due to the controversy over the efficacy and civilian harms attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions against Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giumelli_2015-10">[10]</a> Sanctions can have <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_Sanctions">Smart Sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smart Sanctions">edit</a>]</div> One of the most popular suggestions to combat the humanitarian issues that arise from sanctions is the concept of "smart sanctions", and a lot of research has been done on this concept also known as targeted sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> The term "smart sanctions" refers to measures like asset freezes, travel bans, and arms embargoes that aim to target responsible parties like political leaders and elites with the goal of avoiding causing widespread collateral damage to innocent civilians and neighboring nations.<a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> Though there has been enthusiasm about the concept, as of 2016, the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC) found that targeted sanctions only result in policy goals being met 22% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Smart Sanctions have also not been totally successful in avoiding civilian harm or unintended consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> For example, arms embargoes can impact the self-defense efforts of those under attack, aviation bans can affect a nation's transportation sector and the jobs of civilians associated with them, and financial sanctions targeting individuals raise due process issues.<a href="#cite_note-:13-42">[42]</a> One example of smart sanctions in practice can be seen with sanctions imposed by the United States on the Russian Federation following the latter's 2014 <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, which were intended to exert pressure on Russia's financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-:14-44">[44]</a> The sanctions resulted in American credit card companies <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">MasterCard</a> suspending all transactions of sanctioned Russian banks, effectively canceling the credit cards of ordinary Russian consumers.<a href="#cite_note-:14-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_for_businesses">Implications for businesses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implications for businesses">edit</a>]</div> There is an importance, especially with relation to financial loss, for companies to be aware of embargoes that apply to their intended export or import destinations.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Properly preparing products for trade, sometimes referred to as an embargo check, is a difficult and timely process for both importers and exporters.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There are many steps that must be taken to ensure that a <a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">business entity</a> does not accrue unwanted fines, taxes, or other punitive measures.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Common examples of embargo checks include referencing embargo lists,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> cancelling transactions, and ensuring the validity of a trade entity.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This process can become very complicated, especially for countries with changing embargoes. Before better tools became available, many companies relied on spreadsheets and manual processes to keep track of compliance issues. Today, there are software based solutions that automatically handle sanctions and other complications with trade.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg/220px-GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg/330px-GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg/440px-GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>An undersupplied US gasoline station, closed during the oil embargo in 1973</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_sanctions">United States sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States sanctions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions" title="United States sanctions">United States sanctions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_Embargo_Act_of_1807">US Embargo Act of 1807</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: US Embargo Act of 1807">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></div> The United States <a href="/wiki/Embargo_of_1807" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo of 1807">Embargo of 1807</a> involved a series of laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> (1806–1808) during the second term of President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> were engaged in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>; the US wanted to remain <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> and to trade with both sides, but both countries objected to American trade with the other.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> American policy aimed to use the new laws to avoid war and to force both France and Britain to respect American rights.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The embargo failed to achieve its aims, and Jefferson repealed the legislation in March 1809. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_embargo_of_Cuba">US embargo of Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: US embargo of Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></div> The United States embargo against Cuba began on March 14, 1958, during the overthrow of dictator <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. At first, the embargo applied only to arms sales; however, it later expanded to include other imports, eventually extending to almost all trade on February 7, 1962.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Referred to by Cuba as "el bloqueo" (the blockade),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> the US embargo on Cuba remains as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit">[update]</a> one of the longest-standing embargoes in modern history.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Few of the United States' allies embraced the embargo, and many have argued it has been ineffective in changing Cuban government behavior.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> While taking some steps to allow limited economic exchanges with Cuba, American President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> nevertheless reaffirmed the policy in 2011, stating that without the granting of improved human rights and freedoms by Cuba's current government, the embargo remains "in the national interest of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_U.S._sanctions_against_Iran" title="Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran">Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_sanctions">Russian sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian sanctions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has been known to utilize economic sanctions to achieve its political goals. Russia's focus has been primarily on implementing sanctions against the pro-Western governments of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union states</a>. The Kremlin's aim is particularly on states that aspire to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[63]</a> Russia has enacted a law, the <a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a>, that defines sanctions against US citizens involved in "violations of the human rights and freedoms of Russian citizens". It lists US citizens who are banned from entering Russia.<a href="#cite_note-kremlin_law_descr-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_sanctions_on_Ukraine">Russia sanctions on Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia sanctions on Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_sanctions_against_Ukraine" title="Russian sanctions against Ukraine">Russian sanctions against Ukraine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>, the third president of Ukraine who was elected in 2003, lobbied during his term to gain admission to NATO and the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[65]</a> Soon after Yushchenko entered office, Russia demanded <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> pay the same rate that it charged <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> states. This quadrupled Ukraine's energy bill overnight.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[65]</a> Russia subsequently cut off the supply of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">natural gas</a> in 2006, causing significant harm to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russian economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As the Ukrainian economy began to struggle, Yushchenko's approval ratings dropped significantly; reaching the single digits by the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">2010 election</a>; <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>, who was more supportive of Moscow won the election in 2010 to become the fourth president of Ukraine. After his election, gas prices were reduced substantially.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_sanctions_on_Georgia">Russian sanctions on Georgia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian sanctions on Georgia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> to power as the third president of the country. Saakashvili wanted to bring Georgia into NATO and the EU and was a strong supporter of the US-led war in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> Russia would soon implement a number of different sanctions on Georgia, including natural gas price raises through <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> and wider trade sanctions that impacted the Georgian economy, particularly Georgian exports of wine, citrus fruits, and mineral water. In 2006, Russia banned all imports from Georgia which was able to deal a significant blow to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgian economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> Russia also expelled nearly 2,300 Georgians who worked within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_sanctions">United Nations sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Nations sanctions">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations issues sanctions by consent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) and/or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> in response to major international events, receiving authority to do so under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Sanctions-68">[68]</a> The nature of these sanctions may vary, and include financial, trade, or weaponry restrictions. Motivations can also vary, ranging from humanitarian and environmental concerns<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> to efforts to halt <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>. Over two dozen sanctions measures have been implemented by the United Nations since its founding in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Sanctions-68">[68]</a> Most UNSC sanctions since the mid-1990s have targeted individuals and entities rather than entire governments, a change from the comprehensive trade sanctions of earlier decades. For example, the UNSC maintains lists of individuals indicted for crimes or linked to international terrorism, which raises novel legal questions regarding <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. According to a dataset covering the years 1991 to 2013, 95% of UNSC sanction regimes included "sectoral bans" on aviation and/or the import (or export) of arms or raw materials, 75% included "individual/group" sanctions such as <a href="/wiki/Asset_freezing" title="Asset freezing">asset freezes</a> or restrictions on travel, and just 10% targeted national finances or included measures against <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth funds</a>, or foreign investment. The most frequently used UNSC sanction documented in the dataset is an embargo against imported weapons, which applied in 87% of all cases and was directed against non-state actors more often than against governments. Targeted sanctions regimes may contain hundreds of names, a handful, or none at all.<a href="#cite_note-Giumelli_2015-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanctions_on_Somalia,_1992">Sanctions on Somalia, 1992</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sanctions on Somalia, 1992">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_arms_embargo_on_Somalia" title="United Nations arms embargo on Somalia">United Nations arms embargo on Somalia</a></div> The UN implemented sanctions against Somalia beginning in April 1992, after the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> regime in 1991 during the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>. UNSC <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_751" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 751">Resolution 751</a> forbade members to sell, finance, or transfer any military equipment to Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanctions_on_North_Korea,_2006">Sanctions on North Korea, 2006</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sanctions on North Korea, 2006">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">Sanctions against North Korea</a></div> The UNSC passed Resolution 1718 in 2006 in response to a nuclear test that the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)</a> conducted in violation of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution banned the sale of military and luxury goods and froze government assets.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Since then, the UN has passed multiple resolutions subsequently expanding sanctions on North Korea. Resolution 2270 from 2016 placed restrictions on transport personnel and vehicles employed by North Korea while also restricting the sale of natural resources and fuel for aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The efficacy of such sanctions has been questioned in light of continued nuclear tests by North Korea in the decade following the 2006 resolution. Professor William Brown of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> argued that "sanctions don't have much of an impact on an economy that has been essentially bankrupt for a generation".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanctions_on_Libya">Sanctions on Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sanctions on Libya">edit</a>]</div> On February 26, 2011, the UNSC issued an arms embargo against the Libya through <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">Security Council Resolution 1970</a> in response to humanitarian abuses occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">First Libyan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-74">[74]</a> The embargo was later extended to mid-2018. Under the embargo, Libya has suffered severe inflation because of increased dependence on the private sector to import goods.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The sanctions caused large cuts to health and education, which caused social conditions to decrease. Even though the sanctions were in response to human rights, their effects were limited.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanction_on_the_Central_African_Republic">Sanction on the Central African Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sanction on the Central African Republic">edit</a>]</div> In 2013 the UN decreed an arms embargo against the CAR. The arms embargo was established in the context of an intercommunity conflict between the Séléka rebels, with a Muslim majority, and the predominantly Christian militias. to fight back. Raised UN Security Council lifts arms embargo on CAR on August 1, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanctions_on_apartheid_South_Africa">Sanctions on apartheid South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sanctions on apartheid South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_apartheid" title="International sanctions during apartheid">International sanctions during apartheid</a></div> In effort to punish <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> for its policies of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted a voluntary international oil-embargo against South Africa on November 20, 1987; that embargo had the support of 130 countries.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> South Africa, in response, expanded its <a href="/wiki/Sasol" title="Sasol">Sasol</a> production of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude" title="Synthetic crude">synthetic crude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> All United Nations sanctions on South Africa ended over the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">Negotiations to end Apartheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_919" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 919">Resolution 919</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 South African election">1994 South African elections</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was elected as the first post-Apartheid president. When asked in 1993 if economic sanctions had helped end apartheid, Mandela replied "Oh, there is no doubt."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_multilateral_sanctions">Other multilateral sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other multilateral sanctions">edit</a>]</div> The United States, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-49)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-49)">Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Japan">sanctions against Japan</a> in 1940–1941 in response to its <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>. Deprived of access to vital oil, iron-ore and steel supplies, Japan started planning for military action to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">seize the resource-rich Dutch East Indies</a>, which required a preemptive <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, triggering the American entry into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1973–1974, <a href="/wiki/OAPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="OAPEC">OAPEC</a> instigated the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo" title="Oil embargo">oil embargo</a> against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. The results included a sharp rise in <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">oil prices</a> and in <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> revenues, an emergency period of <a href="/wiki/Energy_rationing" title="Energy rationing">energy rationing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">global economic recession</a>, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">conservation</a> efforts, and long-lasting shifts toward <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Israel continued to receive Western support, however. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> made the decision to <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanction</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> due to their involvement in their <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-84">[84]</a> Theresa Papademetriou states the exact restrictions the EU posed on Iran, "prohibition on the provision of insurance, increased restrictions on and notifications needed for transfers of <a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">funds</a> to and from Iran, restrictions on the supply of or traffic in technology and equipment to be used in certain <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and gas fields and prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> in such fields, expansion of the list of goods and technology whose supply to Iran is either subject to prior authorization or is completely banned and new <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy">visa</a> restrictions.” <a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-84">[84]</a> Also in 2010, the UN Council imposed sanctions on Iran due to their involvement in their nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[85]</a> These sanctions banned Iran from carrying out tests on their nuclear weapons and imposed an embargo on the transfer of weapons into the country.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[85]</a> These sanctions resulted in drastic macroeconomic downturns for the Iranian economy including volatility in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, increase in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, and increase in <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_sanctions">Current sanctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Current sanctions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (January 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_targeted_country">By targeted country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By targeted country">edit</a>]</div> List of sanctioned countries (the below is not an exhaustive list):<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Afghanistan">Afghanistan sanctions</a> by the US<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>China by the EU and the US. Sanctions made on <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a>, enacted in response to the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_arms_embargo_on_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China">European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13936" title="Executive Order 13936">Hong Kong</a>, enacted in response to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Security Law of the People's Republic of China">National Security Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">Cuban embargoes by the US</a>. It covers arms, consumer goods and financial assets, enacted in 1958<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>EU, US, Australia, Canada and Norway by Russia since August 2014 on beef, pork, fruit and vegetable produce, poultry, fish, cheese, milk and dairy items.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On August 13, 2015, the embargo was expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-Russian_embargo_expansion-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001, under arms blockade since 2007 due to the large number of illicit arms traffic used to wage war</li> <li>Indonesia by Australia on live cattle due to the alleged cruel slaughter methods in Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Iran sanctions</a> by the US and its allies, notably by barring nuclear, missile and many military exports to Iran and target investments in: oil, gas and petrochemicals, exports of refined petroleum products, banks, insurance, financial institutions, and shipping.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Enacted 1979, increased through the following years and reached its tightest point in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In April 2019 the US threatened to sanction countries that continued to <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">buy oil from Iran</a> after an initial six-month waiver announced in November 2018 had expired.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to the BBC, <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">US sanctions against Iran</a> "have led to a sharp downturn in Iran's economy, pushing the value of its currency to record lows, quadrupling its annual inflation rate, driving away foreign investors, and triggering protests".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> These sanctions have taken a toll on <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_impacts_of_U.S._sanctions_against_Iran" title="Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran">humanitarian concerns</a>.</li> <li>Mali by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UNSC</a> in relation to the spiraling security situation and hostilities in breach of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in 2017<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Burma">Myanmar sanctions</a> by the EU. Sanctions were imposed against Myanmar due to the worsening state of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Burma">human rights infringements</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Nicaragua by the UK. Sanctions imposed in 2020 to push the government to respect democratic principles and legal institutions<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">North Korean sanctions</a>: <ul><li>international sanctions imposed on North Korea since the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> of 1950–1953 eased under the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korean President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Dae Jung">Kim Dae Jung</a> and of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> but tightened again in 2010<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>by the UN, US and EU on luxury goods (and arms) enacted 2006<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718</a> (2006) – a reaction to the DPRK's claim of a nuclear test</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Russia">Russian sanctions</a>: <ul><li>by the US. On 2 August 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a> that grouped together sanctions against <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>by the EU. In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the EU has placed immediate sanctions on both <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>—due to ongoing government sponsored and backed violence against <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBTIQ+</a> individuals<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">international sanctions</a> were also implemented in response to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> that started in 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">international sanctions</a> during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_arms_embargo_on_Somalia" title="United Nations arms embargo on Somalia">Somali arms embargo</a> by the UN<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-108">[108]</a> and sanctions by the UK<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Sudan by the US in 1997<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Syria">Syrian sanctions</a> by the EU and the US on arms and imports of oil<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_against_Northern_Cyprus" title="Embargo against Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus embargo</a> by the UN on consumer goods, enacted since 1994<a href="#cite_note-talmon-113">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">Venezuelan sanctions</a> by the US and its allies since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-TIME-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> An arms embargo and the selling of assets were banned due to human rights violations, high government corruption, links with drug cartels and electoral rigging in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 Venezuelan presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Sanctions imposed by Canada since 2017,<a href="#cite_note-CBCCanadaSanc-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadaSanc-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOACanadaSanc-120">[120]</a> and since 2018 by Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-MexicoSanc-121">[121]</a> Panama<a href="#cite_note-PanamaSanctions-122">[122]</a> and Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-SwitzerlandReuters-123">[123]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_targeted_individuals">By targeted individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: By targeted individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">List of individuals sanctioned during the Venezuelan crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Afghanistan">United Nations sanction</a> imposed by <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1267" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1267">UN Security Council Resolution 1267</a> in 1999 against all <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaida">Al-Qaida</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>-associated individuals. The cornerstone of the sanction is a consolidated list of persons maintained by the Security Council. All nations are obliged to freeze bank accounts and other financial instruments controlled by or used for the benefit of anyone on the list.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_sanctioning_country_or_organization">By sanctioning country or organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: By sanctioning country or organization">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Australia currently sanctions 9 countries<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">India sanctions</a></li> <li>United Kingdom currently has sanctions on 27 countries<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>United Nations has since 1966 established 30 sanctions regimes to countries (such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and more) and to organizations (such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>)<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions" title="United States sanctions">United States sanctions</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargoes" class="mw-redirect" title="United States embargoes">United States embargoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff" title="2002 United States steel tariff">2002 United States steel tariff</a> was placed by the United States on steel to protect its industry from foreign producers such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> ruled that the tariffs were illegal. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> threatened retaliatory tariffs on a range of US goods that would mainly affect <a href="/wiki/Swing_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing states">swing states</a>. The US government then removed the steel tariffs in early 2004.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_targeted_activity">By targeted activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: By targeted activity">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In response to cyber-attacks on April 1, 2015, President Obama issued an Executive Order establishing the first-ever economic sanctions. The Executive Order was intended to impact individuals and entities ("designees") responsible for cyber-attacks that threaten the national security, foreign policy, economic health, or financial stability of the US. Specifically, the Executive Order authorized the Treasury Department to freeze designees— assets.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The European Union implemented their first targeted financial sanctions regarding cyber activity in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>In response to intelligence analysis alleging Russian hacking and interference with the 2016 US elections, President Obama expanded presidential authority to sanction in response to cyber activity that threatens democratic elections.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Given that the original order was intended to protect critical infrastructure, it can be argued that the election process should have been included in the original order.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateral_trade_disputes">Bilateral trade disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bilateral trade disputes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Vietnam as a result of capitalist influences over the 1990s and having imposed sanctions against Cambodia, is accepting of sanctions disposed with accountability.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li> <li>Brazil introduced sanctions against the US in March 2010. These sanctions were placed because the US government was paying cotton farmers for their products against World Trade Organization rules. The sanctions cover cotton, as well as cars, chewing gum, fruit, and vegetable products.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The WTO is currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_sanctions">Former sanctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Former sanctions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Comecon nations (<a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls" title="Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls">CoCom</a> export controls) by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Russian_ban_of_Moldovan_and_Georgian_wines" title="2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines">Georgian and Moldovan import ban</a> by Russia on agricultural products, wine and mineral water (2006–2013)<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Iraqi sanctions</a> by the US (1990–2003)<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Israeli boycott</a> by Arab nations</li> <li>Italy by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1935 after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a></li> <li>Japan (<a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line</a>) by the US, UK, China and the Netherlands in 1940 to discourage <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism</a></li> <li>Libya by the UN in 2011 due to mass killings of Libyan protesters/rebels. Ended in 2012 after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">overthrow and execution of Gaddafi</a></li> <li>India by the UK due to nuclear exports restriction<a href="#cite_note-UKnuclear-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Macedonia total trade embargo by Greece (1994–1995)</li> <li>Mali total embargo by <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a> in 2012 to force the junta to return power to the civilian government and re-install the National constitution<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Nicaragua" title="United States embargo against Nicaragua">Nicaraguan embargo</a> by the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (and then unified <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) trade embargo by the US (1964–1994)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Pakistan by the UK in 2002 on nuclear export restrictions<a href="#cite_note-UKnuclear-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="2006–2007 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority sanctions</a> by Israel, US and other countries (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> due to Qatar's alleged support for terrorist organizations (2017–2021)<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_apartheid" title="International sanctions during apartheid">South African sanctions</a> by the international community during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">disinvestment from South Africa</a>)</li> <li>Serbia by Kosovo's unilaterally declared government in 2011<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian sanctions</a> by the UN in response to the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–2001)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_legislation" title="Magnitsky legislation">Magnitsky legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specially_Designated_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Specially Designated National">Specially Designated National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Peterson Institute. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-536-2"><bdi>978-0-88132-536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Sanctions+Reconsidered&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Peterson+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88132-536-2&rft.aulast=Hufbauer&rft.aufirst=Gary+Clyde&rft.au=Schott%2C+Jeffrey+J.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Kimberly+Ann&rft.au=Oegg%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-uzlJDD7DwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pape, Robert A. (Summer 1998). "Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work". International Security. 23 (1): 66–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.23.1.66">10.1162/isec.23.1.66</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539263">2539263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57565095">57565095</a>. <q>I examined the 40 claimed successes and found that only 5 stand up. Eighteen were actually settled by either direct or indirect use of force; in 8 cases there is no evidence that the target state made the demanded concessions; 6 do not qualify as instances of economic sanctions, and 3 are indeterminate. If I am right, then sanctions have succeeded in only 5 of 115 attempts, and thus there is no sound basis for even qualified optimism about the effects of sanctions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Why+Economic+Sanctions+Still+Do+Not+Work&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-77&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57565095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec.23.1.66&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> A Strategic Understanding of UN Economic Sanctions: International Relations, Law, and Development, Golnoosh Hakimdavar, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-greenstock-28"><a href="#cite_ref-greenstock_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2010" class="citation news cs1">Marcus, Jonathan (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10742109">"Analysis: Do economic sanctions work?"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192311/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=US+finally+ends+Vietnam+embargo&rft.date=1994-02-04&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoomer2021" class="citation web cs1">Boomer, Elizabeth (Feb 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-02-17/international-united-nations-welcomes-loosening-of-sanctions-in-gulf-region/">"International: United Nations Welcomes Loosening of Sanctions in Gulf Region"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=International%3A+United+Nations+Welcomes+Loosening+of+Sanctions+in+Gulf+Region&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft.aulast=Boomer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fglobal-legal-monitor%2F2021-02-17%2Finternational-united-nations-welcomes-loosening-of-sanctions-in-gulf-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191608/http://sofiaecho.com/2011/07/21/1127258_kosovo-imposes-embargo-on-serbia">"Kosovo imposes embargo on Serbia"</a>. The Sofia Echo. 21 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiaecho.com/2011/07/21/1127258_kosovo-imposes-embargo-on-serbia">the original</a> on Mar 4, 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sofia+Echo&rft.atitle=Kosovo+imposes+embargo+on+Serbia&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiaecho.com%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2F1127258_kosovo-imposes-embargo-on-serbia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsteves2005" class="citation journal cs1">Esteves, Sandra María (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.6710954.cmp.21">"Mandala de Elegua"</a>. Nuyorican Feminist Performance: From the Café to Hip Hop Theater. University of Michigan Press Ebook Collection. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.6710954.cmp.21">10.3998/mpub.6710954.cmp.21</a>. Retrieved 2022-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuyorican+Feminist+Performance%3A+From+the+Caf%C3%A9+to+Hip+Hop+Theater&rft.atitle=Mandala+de+Elegua&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.6710954.cmp.21&rft.aulast=Esteves&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.6710954.cmp.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukovicJovanovic2001" class="citation web cs1">Sukovic, Danilo; Jovanovic, Predrag (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227113131/https://www.transparentnost.org.rs/stari/dokumenti/d012.html">"A Decade Under Sanctions"</a>. transparentnost.org.rs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparentnost.org.rs/stari/dokumenti/d012.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transparentnost.org.rs&rft.atitle=A+Decade+Under+Sanctions&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sukovic&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparentnost.org.rs%2Fstari%2Fdokumenti%2Fd012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/legal/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2010-08-09/european-union-renewed-sanctions-against-iran/">European Union: Renewed Sanctions Against Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved 2023-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union%3A+Renewed+Sanctions+Against+Iran&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fglobal-legal-monitor%2F2010-08-09%2Feuropean-union-renewed-sanctions-against-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ashouri, Mahan "The Role of transnational Private Actors in Ukraine International Flight 752 Crash in Iran Under Economic Sanctions Pressure" (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/The_Role_of_Transnational_Private_Actors_in_Ukraine_International_Flight_752_2.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>Brzoska, Michael. "International sanctions before and beyond UN sanctions." International Affairs 91.6 (2015): 1339–1349.</li> <li>Caruso, Raul. "The impact of international economic sanctions on trade: An empirical analysis." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 9.2 (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9310993.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Cortright, David, et al. The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).</li> <li>Doxey, Margaret P. International sanctions in contemporary perspective (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalsan0000doxe">online</a> <ul><li>Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions: a framework for analysis with special reference to the UN and Southern Africa." International organization 26.3 (1972): 527–550.</li> <li>Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions in theory and practice." Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 15 (1983): 273+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1806&context=jil">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drezner, Daniel W. The Sanctions Paradox. (Cambridge University Press, 1999)</li> <li>Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Joseph Wright. "Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers." International studies quarterly 54.2 (2010): 335–359. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucdc.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/Academic/Courses/V12SB/sanctions%20and%20authoritarian%20rulers.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Farrall, Jeremy Matam. United Nations sanctions and the rule of law (Cambridge University Press, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michaelkirby.com.au/images/stories/speeches/2000s/vol65+/2008/2285-BOOK_REVIEW_UN_SANCTIONS_MAY_2008.doc">online</a></li> <li>Hufbauer, Gary C. Economic sanctions and American diplomacy (Council on Foreign Relations, 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urvIo1FQWZwC&dq=International+Sanctions++Hufbauer,+Gary+C.&pg=PP9">online</a>.</li> <li>Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberley Ann Elliott. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy (Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 1990)</li> <li>Kaempfer, William H. International economic sanctions: a public choice perspective (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaleco0000kaem">online</a></li> <li>Köchler, Hans. The United Nations sanctions policy & international law (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitednationssan0000koch">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a>, "The American Way of Economic war: Is Washington Overusing Its Most Powerful Weapons?" (review of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)" title="Henry Farrell (political scientist)">Henry Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_L._Newman" title="Abraham L. Newman">Abraham Newman</a>, Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy, Henry Holt, 2023, 288 pp.), <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 103, no. 1 (January/February 2024), pp. 150–156. "The [U.S.] dollar is one of the few currencies that almost all major banks will accept, and... the most widely used... As a result, the dollar is the currency that many companies must use... to do international business." (p. 150.) "[L]ocal banks facilitating that trade... normally... buy U.S. dollars and then use dollars to buy [another local currency]. To do so, however, the banks must have access to the U.S. financial system and... follow rules laid out by Washington." (pp. 151–152.) "But there is another, lesser-known reason why the [U.S.] commands overwhelming economic power. Most of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cables" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic cables">fiber-optic cables</a>, which carry data and messages around the planet, travel through the United States." (p. 152.) "[T]he U.S. government has installed 'splitters': <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> that divide the beams of light carrying information into two streams. One... goes on to the intended recipients, ... the other goes to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Administration">National Security Agency</a>, which then uses high-powered <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a> to analyze the data. As a result, the [U.S.] can monitor almost all international communication." (p. 154) This has allowed the U.S. "to effectively cut <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> out of the world financial system... Iran's economy stagnated... Eventually, Tehran agreed to cut back its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear</a> programs in exchange for relief." (pp. 153–154.) "[A] few years ago, American officials... were in a panic about [the Chinese company] <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>... which... seemed poised to supply <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> equipment to much of the planet [thereby possibly] giv[ing] China the power to eavesdrop on the rest of the world – just as the [U.S.] has done.... The [U.S.] learned that Huawei had been dealing surreptitiously with Iran – and therefore violating U.S. sanctions. Then, it... used its special access to information on international bank data to [show] that [Huawei]'s <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> (... the founder's daughter), had committed <a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">bank fraud</a> by falsely telling the British <a href="/wiki/Financial_services_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial services company">financial services company</a> <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> that her company was not doing business with Iran. Canadian authorities, acting on a U.S. request, arrested her... in December 2018. After... almost three years under house arrest... Meng... was allowed to return to China... But by [then] the prospects for Chinese dominance of 5G had vanished..." (pp. 154–155.) Farrell and Newman, writes Krugman, "are worried about the possibility of [U.S. Underground Empire] overreach. [I]f the [U.S.] weaponizes the dollar against too many countries, they might... band together and adopt alternative methods of international payment. If countries become deeply worried about U.S. spying, they could lay fiber-optic cables that bypass the [U.S.]. And if Washington puts too many restrictions on American exports, foreign firms might turn away from U.S. technology." (p. 155.)</li> <li>Mulder, Nicholas. The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Weapon-Rise-Sanctions-Modern/dp/0300259360/">excerpt</a> also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-economic-weapon-book-review-the-limits-of-sanctions-from-abyssinia-to-ukraine-11643302954?mod=djembooks">online review</a></li> <li>Nossal, Kim Richard. "International sanctions as international punishment." International Organization 43.2 (1989): 301–322.</li> <li>Royal Institute of International Affairs. International Sanctions (1935).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden1999" class="citation book cs1">Selden, Zachary (1999). Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96387-3"><bdi>978-0-275-96387-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Sanctions+as+Instruments+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96387-3&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stevenson, Tom, "First Recourse for Rebels" (review of Nicholas Mulder, The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War, Yale, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B300%2B25936%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+300+25936+0">978 0 300 25936 0</a>, 434 pp.), <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 44, no. 6 (24 March 2022), pp. 25–29. "US sanctions are based on monopoly power over a global commons: the world's reserve currency and medium of exchange." (p. 25.) "At some point the US may no longer be in a position to exploit its financial centrality as it does now. For large parts of the world that moment will be cause for celebration." (p. 29.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sanctions&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bscn.nl/en/sanctions-risk-list-countries">Business and Sanctions Consulting Network: List of Countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014292120301914">The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB)</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[3]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctions.web.unc.edu/">Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) Dataset</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[4]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00223433221087080">The International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27%27International%20Sanctions%27%27.%20%29">Online Books</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsanctionsdatabase.com&rft.atitle=Global+Sanctions+Database+-+GSDB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsanctionsdatabase.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelbermayrKirilakhaSyropoulosYalcin2021" class="citation web cs1">Felbermayr, Gabriel; Kirilakha, Aleksandra; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto (2021-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxeu.org/article/global-sanctions-data-base-mapping-international-sanction-policies-1950-2019">"The 'Global Sanctions Data Base': Mapping international sanction policies from 1950-2019"</a>. VoxEU.org. Retrieved 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoxEU.org&rft.atitle=The+%27Global+Sanctions+Data+Base%27%3A+Mapping+international+sanction+policies+from+1950-2019&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Felbermayr&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Kirilakha%2C+Aleksandra&rft.au=Syropoulos%2C+Constantinos&rft.au=Yalcin%2C+Erdal&rft.au=Yotov%2C+Yoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxeu.org%2Farticle%2Fglobal-sanctions-data-base-mapping-international-sanction-policies-1950-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirikakhaFelbermayrSyropoulosYalcin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kirikakha, Aleksandra; Felbermayr, Gabriel J.; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto V. (2021-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781839102714/9781839102714.00010.xml">"The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB): an update that includes the years of the Trump presidency"</a>. Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions: 62–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781839102721.00010">10.4337/9781839102721.00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839102721" title="Special:BookSources/9781839102721"><bdi>9781839102721</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245356746">245356746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Handbook+on+Economic+Sanctions&rft.atitle=The+Global+Sanctions+Data+Base+%28GSDB%29%3A+an+update+that+includes+the+years+of+the+Trump+presidency&rft.pages=62-106&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245356746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781839102721.00010&rft.isbn=9781839102721&rft.aulast=Kirikakha&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft.au=Felbermayr%2C+Gabriel+J.&rft.au=Syropoulos%2C+Constantinos&rft.au=Yalcin%2C+Erdal&rft.au=Yotov%2C+Yoto+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fview%2Fedcoll%2F9781839102714%2F9781839102714.00010.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+sanctions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganBapatKobayashi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, T. Clifton; Bapat, Navin A.; Kobayashi, Yoshiharu (2021-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781839102714/9781839102714.00009.xml">"The Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions data project: a retrospective"</a>. 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