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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Hermes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan_and_the_nymphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan_and_the_nymphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Pan and the nymphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan_and_the_nymphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prometheus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prometheus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Prometheus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prometheus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_consultants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_consultants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independent consultants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independent_consultants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independent consultants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independent_consultants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calchas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calchas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Calchas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calchas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiresias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiresias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tiresias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiresias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thriai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Thriai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thriai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg/260px-Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg/390px-Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg/520px-Delphi_BW_2017-10-08_11-44-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5552" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Greek divination</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> practiced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek culture</a> as it is known from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a>, supplemented by epigraphic and pictorial evidence. Divination is a traditional set of methods of consulting divinity to obtain prophecies (theopropia) about specific circumstances defined beforehand. As it is a form of compelling divinity to reveal its will by the application of method, it is, and has been since classical times, considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> condemns it as <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depends on a presumed "sympathy" (Greek sumpatheia) between the mantic event and the real circumstance, which he denies as contrary to the laws of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there were any sympathy, and the diviner could discover it, then "men may approach very near to the power of gods."<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero1.1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero1.1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek word for a diviner is <i>mantis</i> (pl. manteis), generally translated as "prophet" or "seer".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mantis is to be distinguished from a hiereus, "priest," or hiereia, "priestess," by the participation of the latter in the traditional religion of the city-state. Manteis, on the other hand, were "unlicensed religious specialists," who were "expert in the art of divination."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known mantis in Greek literature is <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a>, the mantis of the first scenes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. His mantosune, or "art of divination" (Cicero's mantike, which he translates into Latin as divinatio), endowed him with knowledge of past, present, and future, which he got from Apollo (<i>Iliad</i> A 68–72). He was the army's official mantis. Armies of classical times seldom undertook any major operation without one, usually several. Mantosune in the army was a risky business. Prophets who erred were at best dismissed. The penalty for being a fraud was usually more severe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mantis">Types of mantis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of mantis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the characteristics of Greek mantic culture is "a contrast between official and independent practitioners."<sup id="cite_ref-L._Raphals_2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Raphals_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the official side were the internationally recognized oracles, who divined under the auspices of a specified divinity according to a specified method, had their own temple at a specified location, and were supported by their own priesthood; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle of Apollo</a> at Delphi, the Oracle of Zeus at Dodona, and so on. Although these oracles were located in sovereign city-states, they were granted a political "hands-off" status and free access so that delegations from anywhere could visit them. </p><p>The English language has reduced mention of mantic pronouncements to one word, "oracle," based on Latin oraculum, which can also mean the mantic center. This double meaning is true in ancient Greek and Latin also.<sup id="cite_ref-smith-orac_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-orac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks and Romans did not have a standard word that would apply in all cases. Manteion (μαντεῖον), Psychomanteion (ψυχομαντεῖον) and chresterion (χρηστήριον) were common in Greek. A prophecy might be referenced by the name of the god: "Apollo said ..." or "Zeus said ...." or by the name of the location: "Delphi says ..." etc. Implication was common: hieron, "the sacred [pronouncement]," fatus meus, "my fate," etc. </p><p>The other type of mantis was the independent consultant mentioned above. The important generals and statesmen had their own prophets, to avoid such difficulties as <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> experienced, when Calchas forced him to sacrifice his daughter and ransom his female prize in the opening of the <i>Iliad</i>. Privately hired manteis, such as Alexander used, never seemed to disagree with command decisions, or if a possibly negative prophecy was received, made sure that it was given the most favorable interpretation. By that time, based on what Cicero said, the leaders were probably skeptical of prophecy, but the beliefs of the superstitious soldiers were a factor to be considered. </p><p>The extispex (a diviner who predicts the future using entrails) in Greek was called ἡπατοσκόπος and σπλαγχνοσκόπος.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oracles">Oracles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></div> <p>Oracles were known institutional centers committed to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vatic" class="extiw" title="wikt:vatic">vatic</a> practice, as opposed to individual practitioners for hire. The most generally known and commonly used ones were located at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had the status of being national and even international centers, even though there was as yet no nation of Greece, but there were a great many more scattered over Hellenic territory. States did not hesitate to send delegations to different oracles over the same issue, so that they could compare answers. Oracles that prophesied most successfully became popular and flourished. The least successful oracles were abandoned. </p><p>Part of the oracular administration was thus a team of what today would be called political scientists, as well as other scholars, who could perform such feats as rendering an oracle into the language of the applicant. The team also relied on information gleaned from the many visitors. The larger oracles were to a large degree intelligence centers posing as prophets. The cost was covered unknowingly by states and persons eager to make generous contributions to the god. As no one also would steal from a god, the center's administration included banking and treasury functions as well. Thus, the wealth of an oracle was available for confiscation by kings and generals during a war or other national crisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_ancient_Greek_oracles">Summary of ancient Greek oracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary of ancient Greek oracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Greek oracles are known through references to them in ancient Greek literature, supplemented in many cases by archaeological information. The references were collected in the 19th century by the editorial staff of the classical encyclopedist, <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith-orac_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-orac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tabular summary follows. It has been necessary to supplement some of Smith's scanty descriptions with information from his sources, especially <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <i>Lives</i>, <i>Moralia</i> and <i>De Defectu Oraculorum</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"> <caption>Summary of ancient Greek oracles </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>Deity</th> <th>Epithets</th> <th class="unsortable">Lifespan</th> <th class="unsortable">Method </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abae" title="Abae">Abae</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalapodi" title="Kalapodi">Kalapodi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/100px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/150px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/200px-%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Prehistoric through classical. First mention 6th cent. BC, burned and abandoned in <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a>, 346 BC, sympathetic partial restoration by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.</td> <td>Unknown, resulting in Delphi-like oracular statements </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a> near <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaros_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klaros_008.jpg/100px-Klaros_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klaros_008.jpg/150px-Klaros_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Klaros_008.jpg/200px-Klaros_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Clarius from the name of the temple</td> <td>Legendary founding (Bronze Age). The <a href="/wiki/Epigoni" title="Epigoni">epigoni</a> having sent <a href="/wiki/Tiresius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiresius">Tiresius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manto_(mythology)" title="Manto (mythology)">Manto</a> as a gift to Delphi. Manto was told to build an oracle at Colophon, which she did jointly with Cretans. Originally a pool from a spring in a grotto. Earliest structure 9th century BC. Last use 4th century.</td> <td>After a sacrifice a priest would drink the water and begin to reply in verse to a question known to the applicant but not to him. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, formerly Pytho in <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece-0874_(2215778897).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greece-0874_%282215778897%29.jpg/120px-Greece-0874_%282215778897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Greece-0874_%282215778897%29.jpg/250px-Greece-0874_%282215778897%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></td> <td>Phoebus</td> <td>Prehistoric times through early Christian times, when it was abandoned.</td> <td>The divinity was believed to speak in the ravings of a chosen priestess seated on a tripod over a natural chasm from which toxic gas exuded. The time was chosen and sacrifice and payment must have already happened. The ravings were interpreted and versified by other chosen priestesses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg/100px-Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg/150px-Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Themis_in_Dodona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a> (feminine of Zeus)</td> <td>Pelasgian, Naios</td> <td>Prehistoric through classical. Burned by Romans 167 BC.</td> <td>Originally interpretation of the rustling of oak leaves, later, of the sound of wind chimes made of bronze pans, or pans and bones. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eutresis_(Boeotia)" title="Eutresis (Boeotia)">Eutresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Eutresites</td> <td>There is one mention of it. <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a> (the encyclopedist) says that a noted temple and oracle existed there, but not how far back it went. The settlement precedes the Bronze Age and is known in the Linear B tablets as Eutresis. It was burned and abandoned, to be reoccupied in the Archaic Period, and not abandoned until the mid-1st-millennium. When it lost the oracle remains unknown.</td> <td>Nothing is known of its practices. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hysiae_(Boeotia)" title="Hysiae (Boeotia)">Hysiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Mentioned once in <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 9.2.1. At that time (2nd century) Hysiae was in ruins but a half-finished temple to Apollo was probably built after the Boeotians took the village from Athens in 507 BC. It was short-lived, being destroyed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> in 479 BC.</td> <td>Those "drinking" from the concomitant sacred well "prophesied," but Pausanias does not say who or how. As the drinking occurred "anciently" (palai} the well may have preceded the temple. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Didim_RB13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Didim_RB13.jpg/100px-Didim_RB13.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Didim_RB13.jpg/150px-Didim_RB13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Didim_RB13.jpg/200px-Didim_RB13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and a "twin" (didymus), either <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></td> <td>Didymaeus, the god of the Didymaion or <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>, both grammatical neuters referring to the building</td> <td>Before the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> the oracle was the hereditary property of the Branchidae family, descendants of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Branchus" title="Branchus">Branchus</a>. Their absence from Homer suggests an Archaic Period foundation, archaeologically in the 8th century BC. The Persian King burned the temple and transported the Branchidae. Miletus chose by lot a board of yearly priests. The oracle was finally abandoned after the death of <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a></td> <td>The sources suggest a foundation from Delphi, as in the later phase a priestess, a sacred spring, and a tripod are mentioned. Nothing else known. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympia,_Greece13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg/100px-Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg/150px-Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg/200px-Olympia%2C_Greece13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></td> <td>Kataibates ("thunderer")</td> <td>Classical period</td> <td>Examination of entrails, observation of the flames of burnt sacrifice before the altar of Zeus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Ptoon, Mount</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Apollo_Ptoon,_a_fountain,_and_nothing_else,_Boeotia,_central_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Temple_of_Apollo_Ptoon%2C_a_fountain%2C_and_nothing_else%2C_Boeotia%2C_central_Greece.jpg/120px-Temple_of_Apollo_Ptoon%2C_a_fountain%2C_and_nothing_else%2C_Boeotia%2C_central_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Temple_of_Apollo_Ptoon%2C_a_fountain%2C_and_nothing_else%2C_Boeotia%2C_central_Greece.jpg/250px-Temple_of_Apollo_Ptoon%2C_a_fountain%2C_and_nothing_else%2C_Boeotia%2C_central_Greece.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5580" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Ptoian</td> <td>7th through 4th centuries BC by archaeology.</td> <td>Inspired priest speaking from a grotto in which was a spring. A mountainside temple was nearby. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/100px-Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/150px-Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/200px-Le_Temple_d%27Oracle_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></td> <td>Ammon (<a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>)</td> <td>Classical, abandoned under the Romans</td> <td>Interpretation of the changing sheen of an emerald-encrusted statue of Zeus-Ammon being carried in procession. Oasis water was believed to confer the power of divination when drunk. There were priestesses, as Alexander interpreted an offhand statement by one that he was irresistible as a prophecy of military prowess. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_homereia_drachm,_Smyrna,_75-50_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg/100px-Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg/150px-Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg/200px-Silver_homereia_drachm%2C_Smyrna%2C_75-50_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>One mention of it in <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 9.11.7 as contemporary with the oracle of Apollo Spodios at Thebes.</td> <td>Pausanias says that it was the greatest center of cledonomancy, which was conducted in the "Temple of the Utterances" outside the walls above or beyond (hyper) the city. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG/100px-Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG/150px-Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG/200px-Pyrgos_Voiotias.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Tegraios</td> <td>Prehistoric to 5th century BC; abandoned after the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a></td> <td>Apollo spoke through the mouth of an oracle located in a temple between two springs, the sources of rivers. Sacrifice was first required. The agent or supposed agent of inspiration is unknown. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THIRLWALL(1849)_p5.014_THEBES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/100px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/150px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/200px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Ismenian, from Ismenaion, the temple</td> <td>Mentioned in the literature describing the legendary wars of Thebes; that is, in the Bronze Age before the Trojan War. The site had been sacred to the pre-Greek, Pelasgian population, who now shared it as a sacred site. 15th-century BC Mycenaean artifacts found there suggests it had been Hellenized by that time. Three temples to Apollo were constructed, 8th through 4th century BC. The last, being incomplete, probably marks the abandonment after a destruction by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></td> <td>The site was on a hill called Ismene to the south just outside the gates. A spring on it fed the Ismene River, but the name has mythical significance. In front of the temple of cedar on a stone called Manto's chair (Manto was Tiresias' daughter) sat a lad chosen yearly examining sacrificial fires and the entrails of sacrificial victims and rendering prophetic conclusions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THIRLWALL(1849)_p5.014_THEBES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/100px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/150px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg/200px-THIRLWALL%281849%29_p5.014_THEBES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></td> <td>Spodios ("of the ashes" meaning of the charred bones of sacrificial animals from which the altar was constructed)</td> <td>Exact location unknown. The prophecies were given during or after the sacrifice. The origin is lost, but the type, cledonomancy (Greek kledon, plural kledones, "utterance," is known from the earliest literature. The oracle must have come to an end with the others when Alexander destroyed them all in Boeotia.</td> <td>The type is identified by Pausanias: "prophecy of utterance." In it the inspired person speaks with an unsuspected double meaning, one being oracular. For example, in the Odyssey, one of the suitors prophecies his own murder by wishing Odysseus in the guise of a beggar the success of all his plans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracular_deities">Oracular deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oracular deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zeus">Zeus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zeus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></div> <p>Zeus was the major god of the ancient Greek divine panoply. He commanded men and gods alike. Ideologically he was the guardian of justice (<a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">themis</a>), the patron of the state, and the final arbiter of destiny. Etymologically he descends from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> sky god, root *dyeu-, "shine," applied to the daylight sky, who, judging from his appearance in different descendant cultures, such as the Indic and the Roman, had the same status.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunderstorms were the mark of his immediate presence, and lightning bolts, made of sacred fire, were his weapons. </p><p>The literary fragments suggest that Aristotle's view was generally believed, that the first Hellenes were of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Selloi" title="Selloi">Selloi</a>, or Helloi, in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> and that they called the country Hellopia. If these fragments are to be believed, Epirus must have been an early settlement location of Indo-Europeans who were to become Greek speakers by evolution of the culture, especially language. They took over a center of worship of the former culture, called by them "<a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>," introducing Zeus, and from then on had responsibility for the shrine and oracle of "Pelasgian Zeus," becoming "Dodonaian Zeus."<sup id="cite_ref-smith-orac_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-orac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As to when these settlement events may have occurred, the decipherment of <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, writing of about 5000 baked clay tablets found at known Greek prehistoric centers, opened a whole new chapter in Greek history, termed by most "the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Bronze Age">Greek Bronze Age</a>." Zeus is represented in those tablets in both masculine and feminine form. The masculine does not have a <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>, but does have a <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, Diwos, and a <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, Diwei. The feminine, Diwia, is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, who appears on her own. These deities are mentioned in tablets recording offerings to them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeus was known as Zeus Moiragetes, which is to refer to the power of Zeus to know the fate of mortals.<sup id="cite_ref-D.H._Roberts_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.H._Roberts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly born Zeus himself learnt his fate by the night and, accordingly, by <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (mythology)">Phanes</a>, while within a dark cave.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> stated the earliest oracle was the oracle of Zeus located at <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-M._Gagarin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Gagarin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although archaeological remains at Delphi date to earlier. There was an oracle at Dodona from the 5th century BCE, although the oracle of Zeus might have still have had a practice at the same locus earlier, prior to construction of the temple, a possibility which seems probable since the temple remains show an <a href="/wiki/Oak_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak tree">oak tree</a> at the location.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Iles_Johnston_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Iles_Johnston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo">Apollo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apollo, the most important oracular deity, is most closely associated with the supreme knowledge of future events which is the possession of Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-P._Laude_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Laude-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo was known as Apollo Moiragetes,<sup id="cite_ref-D.H._Roberts_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.H._Roberts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to Apollo as the god of fate.<sup id="cite_ref-J.G.R._Forlong_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.G.R._Forlong-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oracle at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> gave oracles from Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Gagarin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Gagarin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo in an oracular function is associated with both <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plague" class="extiw" title="wikt:plague">plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purification</a><sup id="cite_ref-S._Hornblower,_A._Spawforth,_E._Eidinow_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Hornblower,_A._Spawforth,_E._Eidinow-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and truth. Even though the prophecies given by him were ambiguous, he is said to have never uttered a lie.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo's oracle at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> is the most famous and was the most important oracular site of ancient Greece. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, Apollo was born with prophetic abilities and the power of reading the will of Zeus. However, a less popular belief is that he was instructed by <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> in divination as found within <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo_and_Hermes">Apollo and Hermes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Apollo and Hermes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> transfers to <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> a skill in <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">cleromancy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-N.O._Brown_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.O._Brown-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon the request of Hermes. Speaking within the hymn,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> Apollo expounds on the difficulty he experiences with his own divination, and then proceeds to provide the gift of divination to his brother Hermes, though a lesser skill, because the mantic dice are not under the control and influence of the will of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D.L._Merritt_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.L._Merritt-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermes' skill at divination, though inferior to the skill of Apollo, is still of a divine nature.<sup id="cite_ref-P._Laude_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Laude-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gift of Apollo is bee maidens with oracular abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-J.L._Larson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.L._Larson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hermes">Hermes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hermes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hermes is associated with divination by lottery,<sup id="cite_ref-P._Laude_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Laude-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> otherwise known as cleromancy.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Robinson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The triad of bee maidens are prophetic via Hermes.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Heinrichs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Heinrichs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pan_and_the_nymphs">Pan and the nymphs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pan and the nymphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadia</a> Pan was the principal oracular deity, instead of Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prophecy is associated with caves and grottoes within Greek divination, and the <a href="/wiki/Nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphs">Nymphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> were associated variously with caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panolepsy is a cause of inspirational states of mind, including abilities of a <a href="/wiki/Mantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantic">mantic</a> nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prometheus">Prometheus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prometheus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The god <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> gave the gift of divination to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P.M._Peek_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.M._Peek-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> during the 5th century BCE in which Prometheus founded all the art of civilization including divination. This he did by stealing fire from the gods and gifting this fire to humankind. The 5th century BCE telling is a re-telling of a story told by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> within the 8th century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-B._Grant_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B._Grant-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_consultants">Independent consultants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Independent consultants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek history and literature also relate stories of independent manteis consulted on specific occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calchas">Calchas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Calchas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a></div> <p>Calchas was the first known mantis of Greek literature, appearing at the beginning of Book I of the <i>Iliad</i>. He was employed by the Greek army. His divination required the sacrifice of the commander's daughter to obtain the winds to bring the Greek fleet to Troy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiresias">Tiresias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tiresias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></div> <p>Of all oracles of ancient Hellenic culture and society, a man named Tiresias was thought as the most vital and important.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Iampolski_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Iampolski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek practice made use of various techniques for divination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belief in divination was widespread in ancient Greece. In <i>De Divinatione</i>, Cicero argues with his brother, Quintus, against divination, which Quintus has espoused. The latter argues that if the gods exist, they must communicate with man, and if divination is proved to be true, then the gods must exist. He offers Marcus a classification of divinations, which he says is ancient: “There are two classes of divination, one of which is of art, the other, of nature.”<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero's reply is that there may or may not be gods, but even if there are, there is no logical necessity that they communicate through divination. </p><p>In essence, the artificial divination is staged. The divinator uses reason and conjecture to set up an experiment, so to speak, testing the god's will, such as determining to look at certain quarters of the sky at certain times for the presence of certain kinds of birds. Cicero's reply is that the set-up is already a predisposition. Events that happen according to natural law are given surcharges of prejudicial meaning, when the outcomes are really attributable to chance. In the natural type, such as dreams, spontaneous occurrences are given subjective interpretations based on expectations. </p><p>These same types appear in modern sources under different names; for example, E.A. Gardner in the Oxford <i>Companion to Greek Studies</i> refers to “direct” or “spontaneous” and “indirect” or “artificial” divination, which turn out to be Quintus Cicero's “of nature” and “of art” respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In direct divination, a divinator might experience dreams, temporary madness, or phrensy (frenzy); all these states of mind being considered inspiration of truth. The divinator typically must take steps to produce such a state. Attested techniques include, sleeping in conditions whereby dreams might be more likely to occur, inhaling <a href="/wiki/Mephitic" title="Mephitic">mephitic</a> vapour, chewing <a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">bay leaf</a>, and drinking of blood. In indirect divination the divinator does not experience any inspiration himself but observes natural conditions and phenomena. </p><p>Under the influence of this scientific view, recounted by Marcus Cicero, that the phenomenal world is driven by natural law, whether or not there is any divinity, the pre-Christian emperors suppressed artificial, or indirect, divination, attacking its social centers, the oracles, as political rivals. Christianity at first was treated as a superstitious cult. The need for the population to feel that they were in direct communication with divinity, however, was overwhelming. The state, unable to make any headway against it, gave in to it finally when <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> became the first Christian emperor. Constantine had a direct divinatory experience himself on the night before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a>, in which he dreamed he saw a cross and the words “in this sign you shall conquer.” Going forward under the sign of the cross he won, and converted to Christianity. </p><p>From then on believers had a new word for the results of divination, the <a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">sign</a>. The old, indirect divination was gone, classified as an abomination by the Christians. Christian writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, began to write extensively of signs from God and the uses of signs by humans to mean religious matters or outcomes. Under this guise Quintus’ classification appeared again as “evoked” for “of art” and “spontaneous” for “of nature.”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contest between the scientific view, which rejects all divination as superstition, and the religious view, which promulgates signs, continues in the present times, along with generally discredited remnants of indirect divination, such as reading the tea leaves, or Chinese fortune cookies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists types of divination known to have been practiced by the ancient Greeks. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of the types of divination practiced by the ancient Greeks </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></td> <td>Inspiration or possession by divinity (en, "within"), a direct or natural method.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The god may speak in ravings caused by ingestion of a substance, or in the ordinary conversation of an unsuspecting priestess.</td> <td>The oracle at Delphi</td> <td>According to Bonnefoy,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theolepsy is the possession by a god, which may be further qualified by the god's name: phoibolepsy or pytholepsy for Apollo, panolepsy for Pan,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nympholepsy for nymphs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extispicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Extispicy">Extispicy</a></td> <td>Inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Entrails" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrails">entrails</a> (that which was en, "in," was taken ex, "out.") of a sacrificial victim for the presence or absence of previously defined features, which would suggest application or denial of previously defined answers to the oracular question.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first organ examined was the liver (<a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">hepatoscopy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victim might be any species of animal except humans. The pre-defined features depended on local tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Oracle of Zeus at Olympia, Oracle of Ismenian Thebes, Oracle of Delphi. The military used this type most often. With regard to a planned campaign, they were allowed to continue to inspect entrails until they received a favorable answer, or conceded failure,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some were given a 3-sacrifice limit.</td> <td>Extispicy came from Mesopotamia,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was known from the 18th century BC, through the <a href="/wiki/Anatolians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolians">Anatolian cultures</a> reaching Greece and <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> independently. The question is when. The oracles using it in classical times originated in the Bronze Age but unquestionable direct evidence is in deficit. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> does not portray it, but <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> teaches it to man in legend.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Augury">Augury</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Augury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></div> <p>Augury, or divination by omens, is a practice which still survives to the modern era (circa 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Dervenis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cleromancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</a></div> <p>This is divination by throwing of lots,<sup id="cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Robinson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_London_Journal_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_London_Journal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stones, or dice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a> is a type of cleromancy performed by throwing the knuckle-bones of sheep or other ruminants (<a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones#Other_animals" title="Metacarpal bones">astragaloi</a><sup id="cite_ref-J._Larson2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Larson2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to be able to tell the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Dervenis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each face of the astragalos is assigned a numerical value, astragaloi can be rolled like dice and the resultant roll matched to a table of possible outcomes. A number of these tables were engraved on public monuments in southern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydromancy">Hydromancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hydromancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydromancy" title="Hydromancy">Hydromancy</a></div> <p>Hydromancy, or divination by <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, is a Hellenic practice which still survives in the modern era (circa 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Dervenis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Necromancy">Necromancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Necromancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></div> <p>Necromancy is a divinatory practice of consulting the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Ogden_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Ogden-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pyromancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</a></div> <p>Pyromancy, divination by fire is a practice that has survived to the modern era (circa 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostas_Dervenis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stikhomanteia">Stikhomanteia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stikhomanteia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divination of this type utilizes <a href="/wiki/Writing#Cretan_and_Greek_scripts" title="Writing">writings</a>, either by scraps of paper with writing upon them chosen from within a vessel, or by opening a book at random. The first of these two type was practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibylline</a> oracles.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Robinson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thriai">Thriai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Thriai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is divination by using <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebbles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thriai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriai">Thriai</a> were personification of this type of divination.<sup id="cite_ref-J.L._Larson_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J.L._Larson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A._Heinrichs_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Heinrichs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> advocated divination.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> provided a record of the prophetic productions resulting from <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> as well as several instances of <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M.A._Flower_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.A._Flower-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> dismissed any notion of the trueness of divination by any means other than <a href="/wiki/Dreams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams">dreams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">frenzy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> mentions an oracle in his comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knights" title="The Knights">Knights</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></i>, written 350 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> attempted to elaborate a theory of divination; he envisioned the sight of the future, as a cable might unwind, so insight into the future unfolds within the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Raphals-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> claimed empirical evidence for the truthfulness of divination.<sup id="cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Raphals-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> advocated the divination at the Oracle of Delphi;<sup id="cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Raphals-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he considered enthusiastic prophecy to be possible when the soul of the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> becomes incorporated with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in an inner <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> internal to the Pythia.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Iles_Johnston_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Iles_Johnston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> wrote a book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">On Divination</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> recorded his own meeting with a diviner named Eucleides,<sup id="cite_ref-L._Raphals_2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L._Raphals_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in chapter 7 of his work <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> was said to have practiced divination.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> both practiced and advocated divination.<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> was thought to be skilled at foretelling from sacrifices, and attributed much of his knowledge to Socrates in "The Cavalry Commander".<sup id="cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_divination" title="African divination">African divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Mesopotamian divination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belief in divination did not die easily. On the whole the Greek writers defended it based on a "trust the gods" argument. Aristotle turned against it and with him Romans of the late Republic. For a summary of the arguments, refer to <a href="#CITEREFRaphals2013">Raphals 2013</a>, pp. 356–364. The emperors, who would brook no criticism, especially none claiming to be divine (they claimed to be gods themselves), made divination a dangerous occupation on a large scale. The advent of imperial Christianity sealed its fate. Christianity regards divination as the work of the devil, along with witchcraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation web cs1">Cicero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0043%3Abook%3D2%3Asection%3D142">"Divination"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Book II, Chapter 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divination&rft.pages=Book+II%2C+Chapter+69&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2007.01.0043%253Abook%253D2%253Asection%253D142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cicero1.1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cicero1.1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation web cs1">Cicero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0043%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D1">"Divination"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Book I, Chapter 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divination&rft.pages=Book+I%2C+Chapter+1&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2007.01.0043%253Abook%253D1%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One who knows the divine will. The root is the same as for English "mind:" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Appendix I: Indo-European Roots". <i>*men-<sup>1</sup></i>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary</i> (Fourth ed.). Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2Amen-%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.place=Boston%3B+New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span>. Compare English "mindful."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlower2015" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Michael A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04KhCgAAQBAJ&q=mantis&pg=PT793">"Chapter 20, Religious Experience: Unlicensed Religious Specialists"</a>. In Eidinow, Esther; Kindt, Julia (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191058080" title="Special:BookSources/9780191058080"><bdi>9780191058080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20%2C+Religious+Experience%3A+Unlicensed+Religious+Specialists&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780191058080&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04KhCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmantis%26pg%3DPT793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._Raphals_2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L._Raphals_2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._Raphals_2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL._Raphals2015" class="citation book cs1">L. Raphals (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04KhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT793"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 4 of copy of Chapter 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191058080" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191058080"><bdi>978-0191058080</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.pages=4+of+copy+of+Chapter+43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0191058080&rft.au=L.+Raphals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04KhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-orac-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith-orac_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith-orac_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith-orac_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_SmithWilliam_WayteG.E._Marindin1890" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">William Smith; William Wayte; G.E. Marindin, eds. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DO%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Doraculum-cn">"Oraculum"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oraculum&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0063%253Aalphabetic%2Bletter%253DO%253Aentry%2Bgroup%253D1%253Aentry%253Doraculum-cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D10%3Aentry%3Dextispex-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Extispex</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2009">Johnston 2009</a>, pp. 3, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Location uncertain, possibly <a href="/wiki/Pyrgos,_Boeotia" title="Pyrgos, Boeotia">Pyrgos</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFY._Béquignon1976" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Y. Béquignon (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic%20letter=T:entry=tegyra&toc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA">"TEGYRA (Pyrgos) Boiotia, Greece"</a>. <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>. Princeton University Press; Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TEGYRA+%28Pyrgos%29+Boiotia%2C+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Sites&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%3B+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Y.+B%C3%A9quignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic%2520letter%3DT%3Aentry%3Dtegyra%26toc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0006%253Aalphabetic%2Bletter%253DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeradotto1969">Peradotto 1969</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Appendix I". <i>*dyeu-</i>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2Adyeu-&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1973">Chadwick 1973</a>, pp. 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D.H._Roberts-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D.H._Roberts_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D.H._Roberts_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophocles,_D.H._Roberts1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, D.H. Roberts (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OA4fLaEDdsQC&pg=PA86"><i>Apollo and His Oracle in the Oresteia</i></a>. published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3525251769" title="Special:BookSources/3525251769"><bdi>3525251769</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+and+His+Oracle+in+the+Oresteia&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=published+by+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3525251769&rft.au=Sophocles%2C+D.H.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOA4fLaEDdsQC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y._Ustinova-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y._Ustinova_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFY._Ustinova2009" class="citation book cs1">Y. Ustinova (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUsiqGlSzegC"><i>Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191563423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191563423"><bdi>978-0191563423</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+and+the+Ancient+Greek+Mind%3A+Descending+Underground+in+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Truth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191563423&rft.au=Y.+Ustinova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUsiqGlSzegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References used to add "Phanes" – <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc43AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Commentary on the Timaeus</i></a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714001359/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/demiurge">Oxford Dictionaries</a> & Erika M. Nelson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2RtYOtRGzEC&dq=Phanes&pg=PA60">Reading Rilke's Orphic Identity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3039102877" title="Special:BookSources/3039102877">3039102877</a>. – [Retrieved 2015-12-22]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Gagarin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Gagarin_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Gagarin_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Gagarin2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Gagarin (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA5-PA40"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 7</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170726"><bdi>978-0195170726</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=978-0195170726&rft.au=M.+Gagarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26pg%3DRA5-PA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Iles_Johnston-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Iles_Johnston_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Iles_Johnston_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Iles_Johnston2009" class="citation book cs1">S. Iles Johnston (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cs_37RJqCzUC"><i>Ancient Greek Divination</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444303001" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444303001"><bdi>978-1444303001</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Divination&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=978-1444303001&rft.au=S.+Iles+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcs_37RJqCzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Laude-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P._Laude_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P._Laude_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P._Laude_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP._Laude2005" class="citation book cs1">P. Laude (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTDIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403980586" title="Special:BookSources/1403980586"><bdi>1403980586</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Play%2C+Sacred+Laughter%2C+and+Spiritual+Understanding&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005-10&rft.isbn=1403980586&rft.au=P.+Laude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTDIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.G.R._Forlong-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J.G.R._Forlong_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.G.R._Forlong2008" class="citation book cs1">J.G.R. Forlong (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDoESlYRyMEC&pg=PA521"><i>Encyclopedia of Religions</i></a>. Vol. 1. published by Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605204857" title="Special:BookSources/9781605204857"><bdi>9781605204857</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religions&rft.pub=published+by+Cosimo%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=9781605204857&rft.au=J.G.R.+Forlong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDoESlYRyMEC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Hornblower,_A._Spawforth,_E._Eidinow-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S._Hornblower,_A._Spawforth,_E._Eidinow_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198706779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198706779"><bdi>978-0198706779</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198706779&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+A.&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIgdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Rose (2009-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkZTlAyUbD8C&q=has+apollo+god+never+lied&pg=PA1"><i>The Clay-Footed Superheroes: Mythology Tales for the New Millennium</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610410069" title="Special:BookSources/9781610410069"><bdi>9781610410069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clay-Footed+Superheroes%3A+Mythology+Tales+for+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft.isbn=9781610410069&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkZTlAyUbD8C%26q%3Dhas%2Bapollo%2Bgod%2Bnever%2Blied%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N.O._Brown-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N.O._Brown_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN.O._Brown1990" class="citation book cs1">N.O. Brown (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&pg=PA101"><i>Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth</i></a>. published by SteinerBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0940262266" title="Special:BookSources/0940262266"><bdi>0940262266</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermes+the+Thief%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Myth&rft.pub=published+by+SteinerBooks&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0940262266&rft.au=N.O.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzNfeQSXKfcC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D.L._Merritt-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D.L._Merritt_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD.L._Merritt2012" class="citation book cs1">D.L. Merritt (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju-NsCN3w1oC"><i>Hermes, Ecopsychology, and Complexity Theory, Volume 3</i></a>. Fisher King Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1926715445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1926715445"><bdi>978-1926715445</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermes%2C+Ecopsychology%2C+and+Complexity+Theory%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Fisher+King+Press&rft.date=2012-11&rft.isbn=978-1926715445&rft.au=D.L.+Merritt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju-NsCN3w1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J.L._Larson-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J.L._Larson_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J.L._Larson_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.L._Larson2001" class="citation book cs1">J.L. Larson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knSvUOWTHMIC&pg=PA12"><i>Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195122941" title="Special:BookSources/0195122941"><bdi>0195122941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Nymphs%3A+Myth%2C+Cult%2C+Lore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0195122941&rft.au=J.L.+Larson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DknSvUOWTHMIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Robinson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Robinson_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Robinson1807" class="citation book cs1">J. Robinson (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj4sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272"><i>Archæologia Græca: Or, The Antiquities of Greece; Being an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Greeks ... Chiefly Designed to Illustrate the Greek Classics, by Explaining Words and Phrases According to the Rites and Customs to which They Refer. To which are Prefixed a Brief History of the Grecian States, and Biographical Sketches of the Principal Greek Writers</i></a>. published by R. Phillips<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A6ologia+Gr%C3%A6ca%3A+Or%2C+The+Antiquities+of+Greece%3B+Being+an+Account+of+the+Manners+and+Customs+of+the+Greeks+...+Chiefly+Designed+to+Illustrate+the+Greek+Classics%2C+by+Explaining+Words+and+Phrases+According+to+the+Rites+and+Customs+to+which+They+Refer.+To+which+are+Prefixed+a+Brief+History+of+the+Grecian+States%2C+and+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+Principal+Greek+Writers&rft.pub=published+by+R.+Phillips&rft.date=1807&rft.au=J.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTj4sAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A._Heinrichs-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A._Heinrichs_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A._Heinrichs_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheinbergHeinrichs1980" class="citation book cs1">Scheinberg, S.; Heinrichs, A. (April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNeTxae8vV4C&pg=PA11"><i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674379306" title="Special:BookSources/0674379306"><bdi>0674379306</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980-04&rft.isbn=0674379306&rft.aulast=Scheinberg&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Heinrichs%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNeTxae8vV4C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P.M._Peek-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P.M._Peek_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP.M._Peek_(Drew_University)1991" class="citation book cs1">P.M. Peek (Drew University) (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myc8X1eiKlUC"><i>African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253343097" title="Special:BookSources/0253343097"><bdi>0253343097</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Divination+Systems%3A+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0253343097&rft.au=P.M.+Peek+%28Drew+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmyc8X1eiKlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span><i>African systems of thought</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._Grant-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B._Grant_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Grant_(New_York_University)2009" class="citation book cs1">B. Grant (<a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUh95-xAWO0C&pg=PA4"><i>The Captive and the Gift: Cultural Histories of Sovereignty in Russia and the Caucasus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801475412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801475412"><bdi>978-0801475412</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Captive+and+the+Gift%3A+Cultural+Histories+of+Sovereignty+in+Russia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0801475412&rft.au=B.+Grant+%28New+York+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUh95-xAWO0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span><i>Culture and society after socialism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Iampolski-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M._Iampolski_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Iampolski_(New_York_University)1998" class="citation book cs1">M. Iampolski (<a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-BY96hqC8gC&pg=PA2"><i>The Memory of Tiresias: Intertextuality and Film</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 2 of 285 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520914724" title="Special:BookSources/0520914724"><bdi>0520914724</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memory+of+Tiresias%3A+Intertextuality+and+Film&rft.pages=2+of+285+pages&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0520914724&rft.au=M.+Iampolski+%28New+York+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-BY96hqC8gC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book I, Section VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1931">Gardner 1931</a>, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeerden2013">Beerden 2013</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2009">Johnston 2009</a>, pp. 8–9, 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFY._Bonnefoy,_W._Doniger_(Divinity_School,_University_of_Chicago)1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy" title="Yves Bonnefoy">Y. Bonnefoy</a>, W. Doniger (Divinity School, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>) (November 1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn"><i>Greek and Egyptian Mythologies</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226064549" title="Special:BookSources/0226064549"><bdi>0226064549</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Egyptian+Mythologies&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992-11&rft.isbn=0226064549&rft.au=Y.+Bonnefoy%2C+W.+Doniger+%28Divinity+School%2C+University+of+Chicago%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekegyptianmyt00bonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUstinova2009">Ustinova 2009</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins argues that hepatoscopy "...was fundamentally a binary system" meaning that the divination gave only a "yes" or "no" answer to questions asked (similar to a questioning of a witness in a modern trial). <a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2008">Flower 2008</a>, pp. 160–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2008">Flower 2008</a>, pp. 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2010">Koch 2010</a>, pp. 47–48. After tracing an origin of extispicy in Mesopotamia, Koch remarks: "M. Flower suggests that extispicy was the last of the major divination practices to reach Greece from the Near East....By the classical period extispicy was certainly a fully integrated part of Greek culture...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2008">Collins 2008</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostas_Dervenis-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostas_Dervenis_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKostas_Dervenis2013" class="citation book cs1">Kostas Dervenis (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnJnAwAAQBAJ"><i>Oracle Bones Divination: The Greek I Ching</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620551646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620551646"><bdi>978-1620551646</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oracle+Bones+Divination%3A+The+Greek+I+Ching&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=2013-12&rft.isbn=978-1620551646&rft.au=Kostas+Dervenis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnJnAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_London_Journal-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_London_Journal_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_London_Journal1847" class="citation book cs1">The London Journal (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA26"><i>The London Journal, and Weekly Record of Literature, Science, and Art, Volumes 5–6</i></a>. G. Vickers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Journal%2C+and+Weekly+Record+of+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art%2C+Volumes+5%E2%80%936&rft.pub=G.+Vickers&rft.date=1847&rft.au=The+London+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRRLAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Larson2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J._Larson2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Larson2001" class="citation book cs1">J. Larson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ww3m1vSRtsC&pg=PA12"><i>Greek Nymphs : Myth, Cult, Lore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198028687" title="Special:BookSources/0198028687"><bdi>0198028687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Nymphs+%3A+Myth%2C+Cult%2C+Lore&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198028687&rft.au=J.+Larson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ww3m1vSRtsC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritz_Graf2005" class="citation book cs1">Fritz Graf (2005). "Rolling the Dice for an Answer". In Sarah Iles Johnston and Peter T. Struck (ed.). <i>Mantikê: Studies in Ancient Divination</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rolling+the+Dice+for+an+Answer&rft.btitle=Mantik%C3%AA%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Divination&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Fritz+Graf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Ogden-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D._Ogden_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD._Ogden2004" class="citation book cs1">D. Ogden (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7160.html"><i>Greek and Roman Necromancy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691119687" title="Special:BookSources/9780691119687"><bdi>9780691119687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Necromancy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004-02&rft.isbn=9780691119687&rft.au=D.+Ogden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Mikalson-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Mikalson_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Mikalson2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Mikalson (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsSDBu3pG4gC&pg=PP123"><i>Greek Popular Religion in Greek Philosophy</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191614675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191614675"><bdi>978-0191614675</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Popular+Religion+in+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-06&rft.isbn=978-0191614675&rft.au=J.+Mikalson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsSDBu3pG4gC%26pg%3DPP123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M.A._Flower-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M.A._Flower_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM.A._Flower2008" class="citation book cs1">M.A. Flower (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhfuud8gQtAC"><i>The Seer in Ancient Greece</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520252295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520252295"><bdi>978-0520252295</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seer+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0520252295&rft.au=M.A.+Flower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddhfuud8gQtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes (translated by Leonard-Hampson Rudd) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eightcomediesofa00arisrich/page/108">Knights</a> published by Longmans, Green and Co. 1867, 453 pages, Original from the University of California [Retrieved 2015-12-22]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prophesying.html">On Prophesying by Dreams</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> [Retrieved 2015-12-21]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._Raphals-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._Raphals_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL._Raphals2013" class="citation book cs1">L. Raphals (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObP1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA365"><i>Divination and Prediction in Early China and Ancient Greece</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107010758" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107010758"><bdi>978-1107010758</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divination+and+Prediction+in+Early+China+and+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-1107010758&rft.au=L.+Raphals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObP1AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Anab.+7.8.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0202">Xenophon, Anabasis Carleton L. Brownson, Ed.</a> Perseus Tufts Retrieved January 14, 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_bibliography">Reference bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reference bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeerden2013" class="citation book cs1">Beerden, Kim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfyZAAAAQBAJ"><i>Worlds full of signs: ancient Greek divination in context</i></a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004256309" title="Special:BookSources/9789004256309"><bdi>9789004256309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+full+of+signs%3A+ancient+Greek+divination+in+context&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004256309&rft.aulast=Beerden&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfyZAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Callan, Terrance (2010). "Prophecy". <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. Vol. I. Oxford, U.K.; New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prophecy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Callan&rft.aufirst=Terrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1973" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1973). <i>Documents in Mycenaean Greek</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Derek (2008). "Mapping the Entrails: The Practice of Greek Hepatoscopy". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>129</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Entrails%3A+The+Practice+of+Greek+Hepatoscopy&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrigerio2023" class="citation book cs1">Frigerio, Giulia (2023). <i>A cognitive analysis of the main Apolline divinatory practices: decoding divination. Routledge monographs in classical studies</i>. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032411521" title="Special:BookSources/9781032411521"><bdi>9781032411521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+cognitive+analysis+of+the+main+Apolline+divinatory+practices%3A+decoding+divination.+Routledge+monographs+in+classical+studies.&rft.place=Abingdon%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781032411521&rft.aulast=Frigerio&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlower2008" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Michael Attyah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhfuud8gQtAC"><i>The Seer in Ancient Greece</i></a>. Berkeley; LA; London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520252295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520252295"><bdi>978-0520252295</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seer+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Berkeley%3B+LA%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0520252295&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Michael+Attyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddhfuud8gQtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1931" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardner, E.A. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hs9AAAAIAAJ">"Mythology and Religion"</a>. <i>Companion to Greek Studies</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mythology+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Greek+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Isles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cs_37RJqCzUC"><i>Ancient Greek Divination</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444303001" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444303001"><bdi>978-1444303001</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Divination&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1444303001&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Isles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcs_37RJqCzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2010" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Ulla Susanne (2010). "Three Strikes and You're Out! A View on Cognitive Theory and the First-Millenium Extipicy Ritual". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ois6.pdf"><i>Divination and Interpretation of Signs in the Ancient World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oriental Institute Seminars Number 6. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Strikes+and+You%27re+Out%21+A+View+on+Cognitive+Theory+and+the+First-Millenium+Extipicy+Ritual&rft.btitle=Divination+and+Interpretation+of+Signs+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Oriental+Institute+Seminars+Number+6&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ulla+Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fois6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeradotto1969" class="citation journal cs1">Peradotto, John J. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~peradott/Cledonomancy.pdf">"Cledonomancy in the Oresteia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>90</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F293300">10.2307/293300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293300">293300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Cledonomancy+in+the+Oresteia&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F293300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293300%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peradotto&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acsu.buffalo.edu%2F~peradott%2FCledonomancy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaphals2013" class="citation book cs1">Raphals, Lisa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObP1AAAAQBAJ"><i>Divination and Prediction in Early China and Ancient Greece</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107010758" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107010758"><bdi>978-1107010758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divination+and+Prediction+in+Early+China+and+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107010758&rft.aulast=Raphals&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObP1AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUstinova2009" class="citation book cs1">Ustinova, Y. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUsiqGlSzegC"><i>Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth</i></a>. Oxford, U.K.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191563423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191563423"><bdi>978-0191563423</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+and+the+Ancient+Greek+Mind%3A+Descending+Underground+in+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Truth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191563423&rft.aulast=Ustinova&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUsiqGlSzegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+divination" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Divination_in_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Divination in ancient Greece">Divination in ancient Greece</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&oldid=1212353734">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_divination&oldid=1212353734</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Culture of ancient Greece">Culture of ancient Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Divination" title="Category:Divination">Divination</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2017">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 March 2024, at 12:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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