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class="icon-angle-right"></i><i class="icon-angle-down"></i></span></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="content_inner "> <div class="title standard " style=""> <div class="title_holder"> <div class="container"> <div class="container_inner clearfix"> <h6 > Transferring Video</h6> <h1>Introduction</h1> <span class="separator small"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a id='back_to_top' href='#'> <span class="icon-stack"> <i class="icon-chevron-up " style=""></i> </span> </a> <div class="full_width"> <div class="full_width_inner"> <div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid" style="text-align:left;"><section class="section grid_section"><div class="section_inner clearfix"><div class='section_inner_margin clearfix'><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Transfer refers to the electronic or physical movement of video, <a class="fancybox-inline" title="About Metadata" href="#fancyboxID-metadata">metadata</a>, and related documentation from one device or location to another. Transferring can occur at any point in a workflow, and often happens at multiple points.</p> <p>Transferring includes any kind of copying, <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Uploading" href="#fancyboxID-upload">uploading</a>, or <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Downloading" href="#fancyboxID-download">downloading</a> of files between local or remote devices (e.g. camera to computer, camera to cloud service, hard drive to local server, etc.) and the physical transportation or shipment of storage devices, such as USB sticks or hard drives.</p> <p>Ideally, the result of a transfer is a file that is <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Completeness" href="#fancyboxID-completeness">complete</a>, unaltered, and in its original <a class="fancybox-inline" title="File Format" href="#fancyboxID-format">format</a>. Videos can be easily lost, altered, corrupted, or disassociated from each other and their metadata and documentation when transfers are not done properly. Transferring media can also be a very time consuming process, so it is important to transfer efficiently.</p> <div id="attachment_191" style="width: 710px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-191" class="bordered wp-image-191 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/archiving.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/03/transfer-deviceOptions-700x406.png?resize=700%2C406&ssl=1" alt="" width="700" height="406" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/archiving.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/03/transfer-deviceOptions-700x406.png?resize=700%2C406&ssl=1 700w, https://i0.wp.com/archiving.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/03/transfer-deviceOptions-700x406.png?resize=150%2C87&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/archiving.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/03/transfer-deviceOptions-700x406.png?resize=300%2C174&ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><p id="caption-attachment-191" class="wp-caption-text">There are a variety of methods to safely and securely transfer video files.</p></div> <h3>A Scenario: Getting Video to its Destination</h3> <p>The Citizen Journalists Network aims to get credible, high-quality video footage to major news outlets to highlight growing unrest in a remote area of their country. The Network needs to get video from this remote location to their contacts at BBC, CNN, and Al Jazeera without losing the metadata needed for verification, and without degrading the image/audio quality. The Network also needs to make sure that information with security restrictions is not released. What do they do?</p> <ul> <li>After recording, Saira offloads the unaltered <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Original File" href="#fancyboxID-original">original files</a> from her camera onto two <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Encryption" href="#fancyboxID-encryption">encrypted</a> portable hard drives. She also puts a text file with metadata on the hard drives.</li> <li>Yaser physically carries one of the hard drives to the network’s safe central location, while Saira holds on to the other copy for safekeeping.</li> <li>At the central location, Ahmed performs a virus check, then decrypts and copies the original files and additional metadata from the portable hard drive to their primary storage device, which is backed up.</li> <li>Hala looks at the footage, and checks whether there is sensitive information that needs to be restricted in the videos or its metadata before it is shared outside of the network.</li> <li>Hala selects and sends some original files with descriptions to her contacts in the news media via <a class="fancybox-inline" title="File Transfer Protocol" href="#fancyboxID-ftp">FTP</a>.</li> </ul> <h2>Caution!</h2> <h3>Encrypt files when necessary</h3> <p>If your videos or documentation contain confidential information and your transfer is at risk of interception, <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Encryption" href="#fancyboxID-encryption">encryption</a> can be used to prevent the information from being revealed. The interceptor cannot decrypt and read your files without a secret key. Note that encryption does not prevent your files from being intercepted. Also be aware that possession of encrypted information can be incriminating in some cases.</p> <h3>Check for viruses</h3> <p><a class="fancybox-inline" title="Malware" href="#fancyboxID-malware">Malware</a> like viruses and Trojans can spread through the Internet or on portable devices. Protect yourself from inadvertently acquiring malware by running virus check software on your computer and on portable devices before you transfer. If viruses are detected, clean your devices before transfer, and clean again after transfer. Also, only download or open attachments from known and trusted sources.</p> <blockquote> <h3>Try This: BASIC</h3> <p>There are many commercially available virus scanners. Some free virus scanners include <a href="http://www.clamxav.com/index.php" target="_blank">ClamXAV</a>, <a href="http://www.immunet.com/main/index.html" target="_blank">Immunet</a>, and <a href="http://www.clamwin.com" target="_blank">ClamWin</a>. </p></blockquote> <blockquote> <h3>Try This: ADVANCED</h3> <p><a href="http://www.clamav.net/lang/en/" target="_blank">ClamAV</a> is an open source anti-virus engine for detecting Trojans, malware, viruses, and other malicious threats. </p></blockquote> </div> </div> <div class="separator full_width " style="margin-top:10pxpx;margin-bottom:10pxpx;background-color: #dd9933;height:1pxpx;"></div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What’s Next</h3> <p><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/offloading-cameras/">Offloading from Cameras</a><br /> Best practices when getting video files off your camera or SD card.</p> <p><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/uploading-downloading-video/">Uploading and Downloading Video</a><br /> What to look for when transferring videos over the Internet.</p> <p><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/keeping-files-intact/">Keeping Files Intact (and Proving It)</a><br /> How to use hashes/checksums.</p> <p><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/physical-transport/">Physical Transport</a><br /> Using external hard drives or USB sticks to transport your videos.</p> <p><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/transferring-videos-metadata/">Transferring Videos and Metadata Together</a><br /> Putting your videos, metadata, and related documents together for easy transfer.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="fancybox-hidden" style="display: none;"> <div id="fancyboxID-metadata" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Metadata</h3> <p>Any information about a video: from technical information embedded in the file that allows the video to function, such as format and duration, to descriptive information about the content to help you understand or find it–such as keywords, security restrictions, geographic locations, and so on. Metadata is critical to any future use, and is important throughout the archiving process.</p> <p>Despite what is sometimes said, images almost never speak for themselves. They require context and description to make sense, to corroborate their factuality, and to be accessible beyond one person’s memory or desktop.</p> <p>Metadata can be automatically generated and embedded in the file, such as with technical metadata, or it can be manually recorded on an external medium, such as with descriptions, security flags, and keywords in a database. Metadata capture sometimes needs to be manually enabled on your device, such as with GPS or location services.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-upload" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Upload</h3> <p>To send data from a local computer system to a remote one. The inverse of upload is “download.”</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-download" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Download</h3> <p>To receive data from a remote computer system and save it in a local computer system. The inverse of download is “upload.”</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-completeness" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Completeness</h3> <p>The quality of having all of the information a record contained when it was created, and that its original context is maintained. Incomplete records are not as reliable as complete ones, since one might not know what information is missing and why.</p> <p>Transcoding a video to another format can reduce the image quality and discard metadata, making the video less complete and therefore less reliable. Keeping original video files, documenting context, and organizing videos in a way that maintains the original order of video files contributes to the completeness of the video records.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-format" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>File Format</h3> <p>The specification by which a digital file is encoded. Some file formats are designed to store particular kinds of data while others are more like containers that can hold many kinds of data.</p> <p>Common video file formats like Quicktime (.mov), AVI, and mp4 are container formats that contain video and audio streams, metadata, subtitle tracks, etc.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-original" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Original File</h3> <p>In the digital realm, the “original file” is any copy of a file that is exactly the same (i.e. bit-for-bit) as the file in question when it was created. This means that there are no accidental or deliberate alterations to any aspect of the file, including its format and technical specifications.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-encryption" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Encryption</h3> <p>The process of encoding your files using a cryptographic algorithm so that only authorized parties with a “key” (e.g. a password) can decrypt them. The two main types of encryption are symmetric-key and public-key.</p> <p>Symmetric-key encryption uses the same key, or password, to encrypt and decrypt information.</p> <p>Public-key encryption uses one key to encrypt, and a different one to decrypt, and is more secure.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-ftp" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>FTP (File Transfer Protocol</h3> <p>A network protocol for transferring files between two points over the Internet. Users use FTP client applications (e.g. FileZilla) to communicate with an FTP server.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-malware" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Malware</h3> <p>A term derived from “malicious software,” and that refers to all computer viruses, worms, Trojans, and spyware.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-offload" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Offload</h3> <p>To copy media from a camera or memory card to a storage device connected to a computer.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-integrity" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Integrity</h3> <p>The quality of being whole, unaltered, and uncorrupted. A file that is not intact may not be usable or may have decreased informational and evidential value. Videos files can lose their integrity if they are accidentally mishandled, deliberately tampered with, or if data corruption occurs in transfer or storage due to hardware or software malfunction.</p> <p>The best way to ensure integrity is to establish a system to check file fixity regularly (e.g. by computing hashes and checking them against a registry of previously computed hashes) and to restore any corrupted files from an intact copy.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-custody" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Chain of Custody</h3> <p>Chronological documentation that shows who has held or controlled a video file from the moment it was created. The ability to show an unbroken chain of custody is one important indicator of the authenticity of a video, and therefore a factor in using video as evidence.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-hash" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Hash Value</h3> <p>The string of alphanumeric characters that results from running a hash function algorithm on data or a file. The hash value of a file will always remain the same as long as the file is unchanged, so it can be used to identify altered, corrupted, and duplicated files.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-infopack" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Information Package</h3> <p>A self-describing container — usually a clearly named folder or directory — used to keep media and its related documentation or metadata together.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-authenticity" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Authenticity</h3> <p>The quality of being genuine, not fake or counterfeit, and free from tampering. Authenticity means that an object was actually created by the person represented as its creator, and that it was actually created at the time and place that is represented as its time and place of creation. Video footage that has been manipulated or altered but is represented as if it had not been, for example, is not authentic.</p> <p>To authenticate a video means to verify the relationship between it and its creator and point of creation. Documentation about who created something, when and where it was created, and the chain of custody can provide a starting point for this authentication process.</p> </div> <div id="fancyboxID-fixity" class="hentry" style="width: 460px; max-width: 100%;"> <h3>Fixity</h3> <p>Related to integrity, the quality of being unchanged over a given period of time. Fixity maintains the authenticity of an object over time, and is key to the concept of preservation. Long-term fixity requires good policies and handling practices, sustainable infrastructure, and strong security. Regular fixity checks (e.g. computing and comparing checksums) are used to detect changes.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h6>In This Section</h6> <ol> <li>Introduction</li> <li><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/offloading-cameras/">Offloading from Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/uploading-downloading-video/">Uploading and Downloading Video</a></li> <li><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/keeping-files-intact/">Keeping Files Intact (and Proving It)</a></li> <li><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/physical-transport/">Physical Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/archive-guide/transfer/transferring-videos-metadata/">Transferring Videos and Metadata Together</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 15px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div> <div class="accordion_holder clearfix wpb_content_element accordion with_icon not-column-inherit"> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Takeaways</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li>When <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Offload" href="#fancyboxID-offload">offloading</a> videos from your camera to your computer, make sure you transfer the files completely and without alteration.</li> <li>Always make sure to include your <a class="fancybox-inline" title="About Metadata" href="#fancyboxID-metadata">metadata</a> and documentation with your video—or make sure they can be matched together after transfer.</li> <li>If using the Internet to transfer files, choose a file sharing service that meets your needs for permanence, data <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Integrity" href="#fancyboxID-integrity">integrity</a>, security, <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Chain of Custody" href="#fancyboxID-custody">chain of custody</a>, documentation, accessibility, efficiency, and cost.</li> <li>Use <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Hash Value" href="#fancyboxID-hash">hashes</a> to check that your files have transferred intact, and to show that your files have not been altered over time.</li> <li>If physically transporting drives, make sure to have another copy and be aware of cross-platform constraints.</li> <li>Organize your videos in “<a class="fancybox-inline" title="Information Package" href="#fancyboxID-infopack">information packages</a>,” or folders with your video and metadata, for transfer.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Chain of Custody</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptChainCustody' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Transfers are key events in the chain of custody. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Chain of Custody" href="#fancyboxID-custody">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Information Package</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptInfoPackage' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Use an information package to transfer videos with their metadata and documentation in one piece. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Information Package" href="#fancyboxID-infopack">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Metadata</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptMetadata' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Metadata embedded in an original file can be lost if the original file is not transferred intact. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="About Metadata" href="#fancyboxID-metadata">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Authenticity</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptAuthenticity' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>A proper transfer maintains the authenticity of the video file. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Authenticity" href="#fancyboxID-authenticity">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Fixity</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptFixity' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Files should remain unchanged even over multiple transfers over time. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Fixity" href="#fancyboxID-fixity">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Integrity</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptIntegrity' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Transferred files should be complete, intact, and unaltered. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Integrity" href="#fancyboxID-integrity">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="clearfix"><div class="icon-wrapper"><i class="icon-plus-sign"></i></div><span class="tab-title">Key Concept: Original File</span><i class="icon-caret-right"></i><i class="icon-caret-down"></i></h6> <div id='conceptOriginalFile' class="accordion_content"> <div class="accordion_content_inner"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The ideal result of a transfer is to receive the original file. <a class="fancybox-inline" title="Original File" href="#fancyboxID-original">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="separator small center " 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