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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Domestic support for Olympio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_support_for_Olympio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togolese_military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togolese_military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Togolese military relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togolese_military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coup</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coup-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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Poullada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Account_of_assassination_by_U.S._Ambassador_Leon_B._Poullada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Account_of_assassination_by_Dina_Olympio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Account_of_assassination_by_Dina_Olympio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Account of assassination by Dina Olympio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Account_of_assassination_by_Dina_Olympio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Account_of_Étienne_Eyadéma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Account_of_Étienne_Eyadéma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Account of Étienne Eyadéma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Account_of_Étienne_Eyadéma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Books and journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1963_au_Togo" title="Coup d'État de 1963 au Togo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup d'État de 1963 au Togo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F" title="1963 टोगोलेस तख्तापलट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="1963 टोगोलेस तख्तापलट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_no_Togo_em_1963" title="Golpe de Estado no Togo em 1963 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golpe de Estado no Togo em 1963" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovitura_de_stat_din_Togo_din_1963" title="Lovitura de stat din Togo din 1963 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lovitura de stat din Togo din 1963" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1963年多哥政变 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1963年多哥政变" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&params=6_7_19_N_1_12_39_E_region:TG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°7′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°12′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.12194°N 1.21083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.12194; 1.21083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coup that assassinated President Sylvanus Olympio</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1963 Togolese coup d'état</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/260px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/390px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/520px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 January 1963</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, Togo</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&params=6_7_19_N_1_12_39_E_region:TG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°7′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°12′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.12194°N 1.21083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.12194; 1.21083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Coup succeeds </p> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> overthrown and murdered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a> installed as president</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> Government of Togo</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togolese Army</a> faction</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bodjoll%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel Bodjollé">Emmanuel Bodjollé</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Étienne Eyadéma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A9ber_Dadjo" title="Kléber Dadjo">Kléber Dadjo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1963 Togolese coup d'état is located in Togo"><img alt="1963 Togolese coup d'état is located in Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Togo_location_map_Topographic.png/200px-Togo_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Togo_location_map_Topographic.png/300px-Togo_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Togo_location_map_Topographic.png/400px-Togo_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.167%;left:52.652%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1963 Togolese coup d'état"><img alt="1963 Togolese coup d'état" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_location_map_Topographic.png" title="File:Togo location map Topographic.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Lomé (green dot) in Togo</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1963 Togolese coup d'état</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> that occurred in the West African country of <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> on 13 January 1963. The coup leaders — notably <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bodjoll%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel Bodjollé">Emmanuel Bodjollé</a>, Étienne Eyadéma (later <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A9ber_Dadjo" title="Kléber Dadjo">Kléber Dadjo</a> — took over government buildings, arrested most of the cabinet, and French Commander PAUC assassinated Togo's first president, <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a>, outside the American embassy in <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>. The coup leaders quickly brought <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meatchi" title="Antoine Meatchi">Antoine Meatchi</a>, both of whom were exiled political opponents of Olympio, together to form a new government. </p><p>While the government of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and its president <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> were implicated in the coup and assassination of Olympio, the investigation was never completed, and the international outcry eventually died down. The event was important as the first coup d'état in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colonies of Africa that <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">achieved independence in the 1950s and 1960s</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200044_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200044-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Olympio is remembered as one of the first heads of state to be assassinated during a military coup in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togoland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Togoland.svg/220px-Togoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Togoland.svg/330px-Togoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Togoland.svg/440px-Togoland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a> in pale purple and <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> in pale green</figcaption></figure> <p>Togo had originally been a protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a> but was taken by the British and French during World War I. The French and British divided the area administratively with the French taking control in 1922 of the area of present-day Togo. The eastern portion joined the British Gold Coast colony, dividing the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> population between British and French colonies. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French Vichy</a> government considered the powerful Olympio family of Togo to be pro-British and so many members of that family were arrested, including <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> who was held for a significant time in a prison in the remote city of <a href="/wiki/Djougou" title="Djougou">Djougou</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His imprisonment became a key point impacting his future relationships with the French and a metaphor for the need for political and economic independence for Togo which he would use repeatedly in speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, Olympio became an active leader in pursuing independence for Togo from French rule. His political party boycotted the territorial assembly elections throughout the 1950s because of French interference in those elections (including the 1956 election that made <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a>, the brother of Olympio's wife, the Prime Minister of the French colony) and Olympio made repeated pleas to the United Nations (UN) to assist in resolution of the country's claims for independence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1960E4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1960E4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Olympio's petition to the UN in 1947 was the first official petition for UN resolution of a dispute).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Amsterdam_News19471_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Amsterdam_News19471-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1958 election, despite French interference, Olympio's party (the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Togolese_Unity" title="Party of Togolese Unity">Comité de l'unité togolaise</a>) swept the elections defeating Grunitzky's party (the Togolese Progress Party) and the French named Olympio the Prime Minister of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200045_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200045-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympio's victory triggered a significant realignment of French colonial policy and resulted in a series of independence plebiscites throughout colonies in <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200045_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200045-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympio spearheaded the passing of a new constitution for Togo by popular vote in 1961 and became the first president of Togo with an election victory of over 90% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19616_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19616-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this significant victory and as a result of repression following an attempt on Olympio's life in 1961, Togo largely became a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> at independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothermund2006143_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothermund2006143-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his career, Olympio had worked with <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, a leader of the independence struggle in the neighboring colony of Ghana and the first president of that country, on the issue of ending colonialism in Africa; however, the two leaders split over figuring out the eastern part of the German colony which had become part of Ghana and the division of the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe people</a>. In order to unite the Ewe, Nkrumah proposed openly that Togo become part of Ghana while Olympio sought to have the eastern part of the old German colony returned to Togo. When Nkrumah made a surprise visit to Togo soon after the country had achieved independence and proposed a union of the two countries in the name of African unity Olympio responded that "African unity, so much to be desired, must not be used as an excuse for an expansionist policy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedler1979158_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedler1979158-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the two leaders declined with Olympio often dismissing Nkrumah as a "black imperialist" and, although he initially claimed he did not want a military in Togo, upon achieving independence Olympio funded and built a small military largely to protect the country against any possible advances by Nkrumah and Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his administration, Olympio adopted a unique position for the early independent African leaders of former French colonies. Although he tried to rely on little foreign aid, when necessary he relied on German aid instead of French aid. He was not part of all French alliances (notably not joining the <a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a>), and made significant connections with former British colonies (namely Nigeria) and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200047_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200047-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did sign a defense pact with the French and maintained active diplomatic relations throughout his tenure as president. The French were distrustful of Olympio and considered him to be largely aligned with British and American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_African199913_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_African199913-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_preceding_conditions">Immediate preceding conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Immediate preceding conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togo–Ghana_relations"><span id="Togo.E2.80.93Ghana_relations"></span>Togo–Ghana relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Togo–Ghana relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between the countries of Ghana and Togo (and between Nkrumah and Olympio) became very tense in 1962 with repeated assassination plots. Assassination attempts on both leaders were blamed on the other. Refugees and political dissidents from Ghana found refuge in Togo, while political dissidents from Togo found refuge in Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Togolese Progress Party and the <a href="/wiki/Juvento" title="Juvento">Juvento</a> movement were implicated in a 1961 attempt on Olympio's life, many prominent politicians including Nicolas Grunitzky and Antoine Meatchi left the country and received welcome and support from Ghana. Similarly, political dissidents from Ghana had fled to Togo after attempts on Nkrumah's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, Nkrumah warned Olympio of "dangerous international consequences" if the support for dissidents to his rule that were living in Togo did not cease, but Olympio largely ignored the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum1962A12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum1962A12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_support_for_Olympio">Domestic support for Olympio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic support for Olympio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the large electoral victory, Olympio's policies caused significant problems for many of his supporters. His insistence on budget austerity aggravated unionists, farmers, and educated youth who sought jobs in the public sector. In addition, he clashed with the Catholic authority in the country and exacerbated tensions between the Ewe and other ethnic groups. As political difficulties increased, Olympio became increasingly authoritarian by locking up political prisoners and intimidating or shutting down opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecalo1990211–212_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecalo1990211–212-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Frederick Pedler "He seems to have believed that if he swept away the politicians he could rely upon the good sense of ordinary honest people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedler1979160_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedler1979160-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togolese_military_relations">Togolese military relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Togolese military relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/220px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/330px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/440px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Sylvanus Olympio, the first president of Togo, was assassinated by military officers in the 1963 coup.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema,_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg/220px-Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Étienne Eyadéma</a>, who would become President of Togo from 1967 until 2005, was one of the major leaders of the 1963 coup.</figcaption></figure> <p>Olympio had considered the military to be unnecessary in his efforts to develop and modernize the country and kept the military force small (only about 250 soldiers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a result, troops who had left the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> to return to their home in Togo were not provided with enlistment in the limited <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togolese Armed Forces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bodjoll%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel Bodjollé">Emmanuel Bodjollé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A9ber_Dadjo" title="Kléber Dadjo">Kléber Dadjo</a>, the leaders in the Togo military, repeatedly tried to get Olympio to increase funding and enlist more of the ex-French Army troops returning to the country, but were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 September 1962, Olympio rejected the personal plea by <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Étienne Eyadéma</a>, a sergeant in the French military, to join the Togolese military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas19633_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas19633-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 January 1963, Dadjo again presented a request for enlisting ex-French troops<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas19633_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas19633-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Olympio reportedly tore up the request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup">Coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military led by Emmanuel Bodjolle and Étienne Eyadéma met and agreed to remove Olympio from office. The coup began in the early morning hours of 13 January 1963 with shooting heard throughout the capital city of Lomé as the military attempted to arrest Olympio and his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before dawn, shots were heard outside of the United States Embassy which was close to the residence of Olympio. With the light of dawn, the dead body of Olympio was found three feet from the gate at the front of the embassy by the U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Leon_B._Poullada" title="Leon B. Poullada">Leon B. Poullada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was claimed that when the soldiers attempted to arrest him in the streets of Lomé, he resisted and was shot in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyadéma claimed later that he was the one who pulled the trigger killing Olympio, but this is not clearly established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993464_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993464-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was taken inside the embassy and later picked up by his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the coup, most of his cabinet were arrested but the interior minister and information minister were able to escape to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Republic of Dahomey</a> and the health minister, Jerson Kprochtra, who was a member of Grunitzky's party, was not arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons given for the coup by the military leaders in a radio broadcast were economic problems and a failing economy. However, analysts often contend that the main roots of the coup were in the disgruntled ex-French soldiers who were unable to gain employment because Olympio kept the military small.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Vine2004282_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Vine2004282-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military leaders quickly reached out to exiled political leaders <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meatchi" title="Antoine Meatchi">Antoine Meatchi</a> to head a new government as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Togo">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Togo" title="Vice President of Togo">vice president</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two returned to the country and agreed to take leadership positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministers in Olympio's cabinet who had been taken prisoner were released after the new government was established. However, it was reported that these ministers, led by Theophile Mally, attempted to reestablish rule by Olympio's party on 10 April 1963 and as a result they were arrested again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times11_April_19638_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times11_April_19638-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elections were organized in May 1963 and the only candidates were Nicolas Grunitzky and Antoine Meatchi who were elected as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Togo">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Togo" title="Vice President of Togo">vice president</a> of the country, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1963_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime1963-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministers who were arrested in the coup attempt in April were released after the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times24_May_19639_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times24_May_19639-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account_of_assassination_by_U.S._Ambassador_Leon_B._Poullada">Account of assassination by U.S. Ambassador Leon B. Poullada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Account of assassination by U.S. Ambassador Leon B. Poullada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Ambassador, Leon B. Poullada, provided the following account of the assassination of Olympio: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Gunfire broke out in various parts of Lome at about 2 am. The shooting continued sporadically for several hours. <br />"Just before dawn an Embassy official who lives across the street from the Embassy building heard shouting and gunfire in front of the Embassy gate.<br /> "When dawn broke, officials found Olympio dead on the ground. The body was moved into the Embassy building. Later members of the president's family—he had five children—took the body away."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon B. Poullada<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account_of_assassination_by_Dina_Olympio">Account of assassination by Dina Olympio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Account of assassination by Dina Olympio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After moving to the Republic of Dahomey right after the attack, Dina Olympio, the widow of Sylvanus Olympio (whom she called Sylvan), provided her account of the assassination: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It was around 11:30 pm. Saturday when I was wakened by noises outside our house...All of a sudden they [the 70 soldiers] began shooting through our parlor door downstairs and then smashed through it with gun butts. About 1 a.m. they found four girls in the servant quarters and forced them upstairs at gunpoint to show them where we slept. Twelve militaries (soldiers) came up the stairs but Sylvan had already left. It is not true he fired at them when they came to the door. He had no pistol; his old hunting gun was in my room all the time. It is a complete lie that he shot...[the soldiers searched] as if they were looking for a needle. They even wanted to see under my bed...Just before six o'clock I went to the back of the house and looked out of the window to try to see our servant boy Bernard and see why he had left us women alone. <br />"When I opened the window I saw Sylvan...hunched over the wheel [of an official U.S. station wagon on the grounds of the American embassy]. Then I saw four soldiers between two embassy buildings. They saw him and Sylvan put up his hands like this and they grabbed him by his arms. <br />"I thought he was safe and I rushed downstairs and out the front door to try to get around the back and tell him he should go to the camp. Some soldiers stopped me but I ran past them and then I heard three or four shots—pah pah pah! <br />"I thought they might be shooting at our party supporters but I ran to the embassy gate and there was Sylvan lying on the ground with his eyes open and his intestines running out. I said 'Papa, Papa, speak to me,' but he did not."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dina Olympio<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account_of_Étienne_Eyadéma"><span id="Account_of_.C3.89tienne_Eyad.C3.A9ma"></span>Account of Étienne Eyadéma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Account of Étienne Eyadéma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyadéma provided his account of the assassination claiming that he himself had pulled the trigger: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I was the leader of the commando. It was not my intention to kill the president but to arrest him. When I knocked on his door, however, the president fired. I gave orders to my men to fire a burst into the air to show him we meant business. <br />[But Olympio leapt from the second floor of his house and hid until they found him] <br />"I ordered him out and told him to get dressed so we could take him. Then he tried to flee so we fired on him." <br />[A reporter asked "Who fired?"] "I fired." <br />"I would not have shot at him if he had not run. I arrested three other ministers and they are safe, although they carried pistols."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Étienne Eyadéma<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandrey19634_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandrey19634-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although he also boasted about having personally killed Olympio to different media including <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paris-Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Match">Paris-Match</a></i> shortly after the coup, Eyadéma would deny responsibility decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg/220px-African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg/330px-African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg/440px-African-women-mourn-president-Olympio-1963-142353797830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>African women mourning the murder of president Olympio, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>As the first military coup d'état in the newly independent French and British countries of Africa, the event had a large impact throughout Africa and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200044_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200044-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple African countries condemned the attack and the event became a key lesson in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU), completed months after the coup. The charter of the OAU claims "unreserved condemnation, in all its forms, of political assassination, as well as of subversive activities on the part of neighboring States or any other State".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196840–41_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196840–41-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togo">Togo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Togo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official inquiry by the military officers claimed that Olympio had fired at the officers attempting to arrest him; however, his wife claimed that his only gun was inside the house when he was killed and that he had peacefully surrendered to the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were multiple calls for independent inquiry into the murder, but these were foiled by the military and government of Grunitzky in Togo. His son attempted to get a UN inquiry the year after the assassination but the effort largely went nowhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19642_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19642-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violence and resistance to the military was very limited with the largest protest coming after the elections in May 1963 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Palim%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Palimé">Palimé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post17_June_196312_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post17_June_196312-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military quickly increased its size, largely with French aid, to 550 men by the time of the May 1963 elections<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1963_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime1963-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 1,200 by January 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military power in Togo further increased with the 14 April 1967 coup d'état where Étienne Eyadéma deposed the government of Nicolas Grunitzky and ruled the country until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurster20051566_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurster20051566-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuranga201274_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuranga201274-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ewe people largely doubted the official story provided by Eyadéma and were largely excluded from positions of power with Grunitzky (who had a Polish father and an <a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Atakpamé</a> mother) and Antoine Meatchi (who was from the north of Togo) being from different ethnic groups. The Ewe people resisted the government with mass protests in 1967 opening the door for Eyadéma's coup on Grunitzky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnwumechili199853_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnwumechili199853-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana_reaction">Ghana reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ghana reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the poor relations between the country, Nkrumah and Ghana were suspected to be involved in the coup and assassination. The Nigerian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Jaja_Wachuku" title="Jaja Wachuku">Jaja Wachuku</a> suggested immediately after the coup that the event was "engineered, organized, and financed by somebody."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wachuku also made clear that Nigeria would intervene if Ghanaian troops entered Togo in the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other governments and the press similarly wondered whether Ghana had actively supported the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghana responded to the situation by denying any involvement in the coup or support in Antoine Meatchi return to Togo. The Ghanaian ambassador to the United States stated: "The Ghanan government does not believe in assassination in solving differences. It is believed that the unfortunate incident was purely an internal affair. The government of Ghana is deeply concerned with attempts of a section of the United Press to link Ghana with the recent unfortunate event in Togo."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States government made a statement that there was no clear evidence of Ghanaian involvement in the coup attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkrumah promised a delegation from the Republic of Dahomey that he would not interfere in the post-coup crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_reaction">United States reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after the fact, the White House released a statement saying that "The United States Government is profoundly shocked by the news of the assassination of President Olympio of Togo. President Olympio was one of Africa's most distinguished leaders and was warmly received here on his recent visit to the United States. The situation in Togo is unclear and we are watching it closely."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day later, President Kennedy's Press Secretary expressed that President Kennedy felt this was a "blow to the progress of stable government in Africa" and was "a loss not only for his own country but for all those who knew him here in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19638_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19638-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_from_Africa">Reactions from Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reactions from Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghana and Senegal recognized the government immediately when it was established and the Republic of Dahomey recognized them as the <i>de facto</i> government. Guinea, Liberia, the Ivory Coast, and Tanganyika all denounced the coup and the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/William_Tubman" title="William Tubman">William Tubman</a> of Liberia contacted other African leaders wanting a collective lack of recognition of any government installed by the military after the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963b_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963b-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania) called on United Nations action with the statement that "After the brutal murder of President Olympio, the problem of recognition of a successor government has arisen. We urge no recognition until satisfied first that the government did not take part in Olympio's murder or second that there is a popularly elected government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigeria convened a meeting of the fifteen heads of state of the <a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a> and a few other interested states on 24–26 January 1963. The leaders were divided on the position to take and so they called on the interim Togo government to prosecute and execute the military officers responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post27_January_1963A18_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post27_January_1963A18-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Guinea and others were able to get agreement that the government of Togo would not be invited to the Addis Ababa Conference which formed the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> in May 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200044-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200044_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200044_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2000">Howe 2000</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196857_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazuri1968">Mazuri 1968</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2001308_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmos2001">Amos 2001</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1960E4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1960E4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post1960">Washington Post 1960</a>, p. E4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Amsterdam_News19471-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Amsterdam_News19471_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Amsterdam_News1947">New York Amsterdam News 1947</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200045-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200045_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200045_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2000">Howe 2000</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19616-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19616_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1961">New York Times 1961</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothermund2006143-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothermund2006143_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothermund2006">Rothermund 2006</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedler1979158-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedler1979158_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedler1979">Pedler 1979</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1960">New York Times 1960</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200047-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200047_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2000">Howe 2000</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_African199913-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_African199913_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_African1999">New African 1999</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post14_January_1963A11_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post14_January_1963">Washington Post & 14 January 1963</a>, p. A11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum1962A12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum1962A12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegum1962">Legum 1962</a>, p. A12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecalo1990211–212-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecalo1990211–212_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecalo1990">Decalo 1990</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedler1979160-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedler1979160_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedler1979">Pedler 1979</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy1968437_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrundy1968">Grundy 1968</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas19633-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas19633_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas19633_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukas1963">Lukas 1963</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993464-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993464_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis1993">Ellis 1993</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Vine2004282-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Vine2004282_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Vine2004">Le Vine 2004</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender23_January_19634_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Defender23_January_1963">Chicago Defender & 23 January 1963</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times11_April_19638-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times11_April_19638_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times11_April_1963">New York Times & 11 April 1963</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETime1963-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1963_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETime1963_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1963">Time 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times24_May_19639-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times24_May_19639_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times24_May_1963">New York Times & 24 May 1963</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandrey19634-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandrey19634_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandrey1963">Landrey 1963</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6873310/togo-death-at-the-gate">"Togo: Death at the Gate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 25 January 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Death+at+the+Gate&rft.date=1963-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6873310%2Ftogo-death-at-the-gate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisbouvier2021" class="citation web cs1">Boisbouvier, Christophe (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/138661/politique/togo-qui-a-tu-l-ancien-pr-sident-sylvanus-olympio">"Togo : qui a tué Sylvanus Olympio ? (1/6)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeune+Afrique&rft.atitle=Togo+%3A+qui+a+tu%C3%A9+Sylvanus+Olympio+%3F+%281%2F6%29&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Boisbouvier&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F138661%2Fpolitique%2Ftogo-qui-a-tu-l-ancien-pr-sident-sylvanus-olympio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaski1998" class="citation web cs1">Haski, Pierre (22 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/1998/06/22/togo-un-fantome-entre-les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-eyadema-affronte-le-fils-de-sylvanus-olympio_239308">"Togo: un fantôme entre les candidats à la présidentielle. Eyadéma affronte le fils de Sylvanus Olympio, qu'il a tué"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+un+fant%C3%B4me+entre+les+candidats+%C3%A0+la+pr%C3%A9sidentielle.+Eyad%C3%A9ma+affronte+le+fils+de+Sylvanus+Olympio%2C+qu%27il+a+tu%C3%A9&rft.date=1998-06-22&rft.aulast=Haski&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fplanete%2F1998%2F06%2F22%2Ftogo-un-fantome-entre-les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-eyadema-affronte-le-fils-de-sylvanus-olympio_239308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196840–41-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196840–41_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazuri1968">Mazuri 1968</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19642-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19642_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1964">New York Times 1964</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post17_June_196312-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post17_June_196312_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post17_June_1963">Washington Post & 17 June 1963</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurster20051566-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurster20051566_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWurster2005">Wurster 2005</a>, p. 1566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuranga201274-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuranga201274_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuranga2012">Kuranga 2012</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnwumechili199853-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnwumechili199853_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnwumechili1998">Onwumechili 1998</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazuri196856_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazuri1968">Mazuri 1968</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963a7A_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Defender21_January_1963a">Chicago Defender & 21 January 1963a</a>, p. 7A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19638-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19638_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoston_Globe1963">Boston Globe 1963</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallerstein196164_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerstein1961">Wallerstein 1961</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963b-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender21_January_1963b_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Defender21_January_1963b">Chicago Defender & 21 January 1963b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post27_January_1963A18-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post27_January_1963A18_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post27_January_1963">Washington Post & 27 January 1963</a>, p. A18.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_and_journal_articles">Books and journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Books and journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2001" class="citation journal cs1">Amos, Alcione M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.88">"Afro-Brazilians in Togo: The Case of the Olympio Family, 1882–1945"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Études Africaines</i>. <b>41</b> (162): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.88">10.4000/etudesafricaines.88</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393131">4393131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=Afro-Brazilians+in+Togo%3A+The+Case+of+the+Olympio+Family%2C+1882%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4393131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Alcione+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fetudesafricaines.88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecalo1990" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1990). <i>Coups & Army Rule in Africa: Motivations & Constraints</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04043-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04043-2"><bdi>978-0-300-04043-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coups+%26+Army+Rule+in+Africa%3A+Motivations+%26+Constraints&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04043-2&rft.aulast=Decalo&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Stephen (1993). "Rumour and Power in Togo". <i>Africa</i>. <b>63</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">462–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1161002">10.2307/1161002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161002">1161002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145261033">145261033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Rumour+and+Power+in+Togo&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145261033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1161002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1161002&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundy1968" class="citation journal cs1">Grundy, Kenneth W. (1968). "The Negative Image of Africa's Military". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">428–</span>439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050002516x">10.1017/s003467050002516x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406107">1406107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146617774">146617774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Negative+Image+of+Africa%27s+Military&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E439&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146617774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1406107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003467050002516x&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Warren_Howe" title="Russell Warren Howe">Howe, Russell Warren</a> (2000). "Men of the Century". <i>Transition</i> (86): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3137463">3137463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Men+of+the+Century&rft.issue=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3137463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Russell+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuranga2012" class="citation book cs1">Kuranga, David Oladipupo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRPIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>The Power of Interdependence: Lessons from Africa</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01993-6"><bdi>978-1-137-01993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Interdependence%3A+Lessons+from+Africa&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01993-6&rft.aulast=Kuranga&rft.aufirst=David+Oladipupo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRPIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Vine2004" class="citation book cs1">Le Vine, Victor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVlzpwjhGqgC&pg=PA282"><i>Politics in Francophone Africa: The States of West and Equatorial Africa</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-249-3"><bdi>978-1-58826-249-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Francophone+Africa%3A+The+States+of+West+and+Equatorial+Africa&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-249-3&rft.aulast=Le+Vine&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVlzpwjhGqgC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazuri1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Mazuri, Ali A.</a> (1968). "Thoughts on Assassination in Africa". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>83</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2147402">10.2307/2147402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147402">2147402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Assassination+in+Africa&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2147402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazuri&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwumechili1998" class="citation book cs1">Onwumechili, Chuka (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKMCQxIwDrQC&pg=PA53"><i>African Democratization and Military Coups</i></a>. Westport, Ct.: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96325-5"><bdi>978-0-275-96325-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Democratization+and+Military+Coups&rft.place=Westport%2C+Ct.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96325-5&rft.aulast=Onwumechili&rft.aufirst=Chuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKMCQxIwDrQC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedler1979" class="citation book cs1">Pedler, Frederick (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofwe00pedl"><i>Main Currents of West African History 1940–1978</i></a></span>. London: MacMillan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+West+African+History+1940%E2%80%931978&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Pedler&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsofwe00pedl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothermund2006" class="citation book cs1">Rothermund, Dietmar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC&pg=PA143"><i>The Routledge Companion To Decolonization</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35632-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35632-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+To+Decolonization&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35632-9&rft.aulast=Rothermund&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dez37H0UPt_YC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein, Immanuel</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fC5j0tI-Pv0C&pg=RA1-PA64"><i>Africa: The Politics of Independence And Unity</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9856-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-9856-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+The+Politics+of+Independence+And+Unity&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9856-9&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfC5j0tI-Pv0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurster2005" class="citation book cs1">Wurster, Patrick F.A. (2005). "Togo: Eyadema, Gnassingbe, Life and Era of President of Togo". In Kevin Shillington (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of African History</i>. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">1566–</span>1568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135456704" title="Special:BookSources/1135456704"><bdi>1135456704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Eyadema%2C+Gnassingbe%2C+Life+and+Era+of+President+of+Togo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1566-%3C%2Fspan%3E1568&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1135456704&rft.aulast=Wurster&rft.aufirst=Patrick+F.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(organized chronologically) </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Amsterdam_News1947" class="citation news cs1">"Protest Speech Sets UN Record". <i>New York Amsterdam News</i>. 13 December 1947. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Protest+Speech+Sets+UN+Record&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-12-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1960" class="citation news cs1">"Energetic Togo Leader: Sylvanus Olympio". <i>New York Times</i>. 8 April 1960. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Energetic+Togo+Leader%3A+Sylvanus+Olympio&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1960-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post1960" class="citation news cs1">"A Robust Leader Speaks for Togo". <i>Washington Post</i>. 1 May 1960. p. E4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Robust+Leader+Speaks+for+Togo&rft.pages=E4&rft.date=1960-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1961" class="citation news cs1">"Togo backs Olympio: Returns show 99% Support Ex-Premier as President". <i>New York Times</i>. 11 April 1961. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Togo+backs+Olympio%3A+Returns+show+99%25+Support+Ex-Premier+as+President&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1961-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegum1962" class="citation news cs1">Legum, Colin (11 January 1962). "Ghana, Togo Trade Subversion Charges: May Seek Overthrow Divided After War". <i>Washington Post</i>. p. A12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ghana%2C+Togo+Trade+Subversion+Charges%3A+May+Seek+Overthrow+Divided+After+War&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=1962-01-11&rft.aulast=Legum&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post14_January_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Togo's President Slain in Coup: Insurgents Seize Most Of Cabinet". <i>The Washington Post</i>. 14 January 1963. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+President+Slain+in+Coup%3A+Insurgents+Seize+Most+Of+Cabinet&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1963-01-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_Globe1963" class="citation news cs1">"Olympio's Death Tragic Blow, Kennedy Says". <i>Boston Globe</i>. 15 January 1963. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Olympio%27s+Death+Tragic+Blow%2C+Kennedy+Says&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1963-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Defender21_January_1963a" class="citation news cs1">"Ghana Denies Any Role in Togo Assassination". <i>Chicago Defender</i>. 21 January 1963. p. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Ghana+Denies+Any+Role+in+Togo+Assassination&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1963-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Defender21_January_1963b" class="citation news cs1">"Tubman Urges All African States To Ignore Togo Setup". <i>Chicago Defender</i>. 21 January 1963. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Tubman+Urges+All+African+States+To+Ignore+Togo+Setup&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1963-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas1963" class="citation news cs1">Lukas, J. Anthony (22 January 1963). "Olympio Doomed by Own Letter: Sergent whose job appeal failed slew Togo Head". <i>New York Times</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Olympio+Doomed+by+Own+Letter%3A+Sergent+whose+job+appeal+failed+slew+Togo+Head&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1963-01-22&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=J.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandrey1963" class="citation news cs1">Landrey, W.G. (22 January 1963). "Togo Sergent Tells How He Killed Olympio". <i>Chicago Defender</i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Togo+Sergent+Tells+How+He+Killed+Olympio&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1963-01-22&rft.aulast=Landrey&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Defender23_January_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Olympio Death Called Cold-Blooded Murder". <i>Chicago Defender</i>. 23 January 1963. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Olympio+Death+Called+Cold-Blooded+Murder&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1963-01-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post27_January_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Death Urged For Olympio Assassins". <i>Washington Post</i>. 27 January 1963. p. A18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Death+Urged+For+Olympio+Assassins&rft.pages=A18&rft.date=1963-01-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times11_April_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Togolese Thwart Attempted Coup". <i>New York Times</i>. 11 April 1963. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Togolese+Thwart+Attempted+Coup&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1963-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime1963" class="citation news cs1">"Arranging things". <i>Time</i>. Vol. 81. 10 May 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Arranging+things&rft.volume=81&rft.date=1963-05-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times24_May_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Togo Frees Five Ex-Ministers". <i>New York Times</i>. 24 May 1963. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Togo+Frees+Five+Ex-Ministers&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1963-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post17_June_1963" class="citation news cs1">"Togo Police Fire on Crowd". <i>Washington Post</i>. 17 June 1963. p. A12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Togo+Police+Fire+on+Crowd&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=1963-06-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1964" class="citation news cs1">Doty, Robert C. (26 January 1964). "Son asks Inquiry in Olympio Death". <i>New York Times</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Son+asks+Inquiry+in+Olympio+Death&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1964-01-26&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_African1999" class="citation news cs1">"France and the Olympios". <i>New African</i>. No. 377. September 1999. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+African&rft.atitle=France+and+the+Olympios&rft.issue=377&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1999-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1963+Togolese+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Togo_(1960–present)123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Togo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Togo_(1960–present)123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> Years in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> (1960–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Togo" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Togo">Pre-1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Togo" title="Category:1960s in Togo">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Togo" title="Category:1970s in Togo">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_Togo" title="Category:1980s in Togo">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Togo (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Togo (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Togo (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Togo (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Togo (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Togo (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Togo (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Togo (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Togo (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Togo (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Togo (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Togo (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Togo (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Togo (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Togo (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Togo (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Togo (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Togo (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Togo (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Togo (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Togo (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Togo (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Togo (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Togo (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Togo (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Togo (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 in Togo (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Togo (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Togo" title="2018 in Togo">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Togo" title="2019 in Togo">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Togo" title="2020 in Togo">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Togo" title="2021 in Togo">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Togo" title="2022 in Togo">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Togo" title="2023 in Togo">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Togo" title="2024 in Togo">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Togo" title="2025 in Togo">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups_d&#039;état_in_Africa_since_1960179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:African coups d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:African coups d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African coups d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups_d&#039;état_in_Africa_since_1960179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups d'état</a> in Africa since 1960</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Republic of the Congo (1960)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt" title="1960 Ethiopian coup attempt">Ethiopia (1960)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Rwanda (1961)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">French Algeria (1961)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">Somalia (1961)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Senegalese_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Senegalese coup attempt">Senegal (1962)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Algerian_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Algerian crisis (page does not exist)">Algeria (1962)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1963)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo (1963)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (1964)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1965)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1965)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1965 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1965)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état">Central African Republic (1965–66)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/July_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1966 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (July 1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1966 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (November 1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Ghanaian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Ghanaian coup d'état">Ghana (1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (January 1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">Nigeria (July 1966)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1966 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1966)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1967)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Sierra_Leonean_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Sierra Leonean coups d'état">Sierra Leone (1967)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Guitar_Boy" title="Operation Guitar Boy">Ghana (1967)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (1967)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">Algeria (1967)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergeants%27_Coup_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone)">Sierra Leone (1968)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1968)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état">Republic of the Congo (1968)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1969)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1969)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">Libya (September 1969)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Somali coup d'état">Somalia (1969)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1969 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (December 1969)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1970)</a><sup>‡c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Ugandan coup d'état">Uganda (1971)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1971 Moroccan coup attempt">Morocco (1971)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1971)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1972)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Redemption_Council" title="National Redemption Council">Ghana (1972)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1972 Moroccan coup attempt">Morocco (1972)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1972 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1972)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Rwandan coup d'état">Rwanda (1973)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1974)</a><sup>‡</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arube_uprising" title="Arube uprising">Uganda (1974)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1974)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">Ethiopia (1974)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1975)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1975 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1975)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Libyan_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1975)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1975)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">Chad (1975)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1976)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1976)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Nigerian_coup_attempt" title="1976 Nigerian coup attempt">Nigeria (1976)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1976 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1976)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Benin_coup_attempt" title="1977 Benin coup attempt">Benin (1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Seychelles_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1977 Seychelles coup d'état">Seychelles (1977)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Sudan_Juba_coup_attempt" title="1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt">Sudan (1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mafuta_Mingi" title="Operation Mafuta Mingi">Uganda (June 1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Angolan_coup_attempt" title="1977 Angolan coup attempt">Angola (1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">Somalia (1978)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1978 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1978)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Ghana)" title="Supreme Military Council (Ghana)">Ghana (1978)</a><sup>‡c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1978 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1978)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1979)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_4th_revolution_in_Ghana" title="June 4th revolution in Ghana">Ghana (1979)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état">Equatorial Guinea (1979)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caban" title="Operation Caban">Central African Republic (1979)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1980)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Liberian coup d'état">Liberia (1980)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (1980)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Upper_Volta_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Upper Volta coup d'état">Upper Volta (1980)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="1981 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (1981)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="1981 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (1981)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1981 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (1981)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Ghanaian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1981 Ghanaian coup d'état">Ghana (1981)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Seychelles_coup_attempt" title="1981 Seychelles coup attempt">Seychelles (1981)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="1982 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (1982)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_attempt" title="1982 Kenyan coup attempt">Kenya (1982)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1982)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_attempt" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt">Upper Volta (February 1983)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (August 1983)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1983)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1984 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1984)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Cameroonian_coup_attempt" title="1984 Cameroonian coup attempt">Cameroon (1984)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1984 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (1984)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Ugandan coup d'état">Uganda (1985)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1985)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1985)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Guinean_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1985)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1985 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1985)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1986 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1986)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Togolese_coup_attempt" title="1986 Togolese coup attempt">Togo (1986)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (1987)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1987)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1987 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1987)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Tunisia (1987)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état"> Transkei (1987)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_Benin_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Benin coup attempt">Benin (1988)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1988 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (1989)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Ethiopian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Ethiopian coup attempt">Ethiopia (1989)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Chadian_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (1989)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1989)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1990 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1990)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Nigerian_coup_attempt" title="1990 Nigerian coup attempt">Nigeria (1990)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1990 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1990)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">Chad (1990)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état"> Ciskei (1990)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état"> Venda (1990)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état attempt">Sierra Leone (December 1992)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis"> Bophuthatswana (1994)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a><sup>‡c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Azalee" title="Operation Azalee">Comoros (1995)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1996)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Sierra Leonean coup d'état attempt">Sierra Leone (August 1996)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1997)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">Republic of the Congo (1998)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1999)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2002 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2002)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">Mali (March 2012)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">Mali (April 2012)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (October 2013)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">Lesotho (2014)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">The Gambia (2014)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_West_Libya_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 West Libya clashes">Libya (2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (September 2021)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (October 2021)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (January 2022)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (September 2022)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a><sup>c</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><sup>c</sup>: successful coup</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><sup>‡</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">no sign: <i>attempted coup</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4571240#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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