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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opposing forces </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposing forces subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 English army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 French army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Initial deployments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archery_duel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archery_duel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Archery duel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archery_duel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cavalry charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_citations_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes, citations and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, citations and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Modern sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Crécy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="معركة كريسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة كريسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96" title="Бітва пры Крэсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пры Крэсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Битка при Креси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Креси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Emgann Crécy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Crécy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Batalla de Crécy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Crécy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Kres%C4%8Daku" title="Bitva u Kresčaku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Kresčaku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Brwydr Crécy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Crécy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Slaget ved Crécy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Crécy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Schlacht bei Crécy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Crécy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Μάχη του Κρεσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Κρεσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Batalla de Crécy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Crécy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Batalo de Crécy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Crécy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نبرد کرسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد کرسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Bataille de Crécy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Crécy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%9C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="크레시 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크레시 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Batalio di Crécy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Crécy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Pertempuran Crécy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Crécy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battaglia di Crécy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Crécy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99" title="קרב קרסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב קרסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კრესის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრესის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_ad_Creciacum" title="Proelium ad Creciacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium ad Creciacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_pie_Kres%C4%AB" title="Kauja pie Kresī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kauja pie Kresī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vu_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Schluecht vu Crécy – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vu Crécy" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cyi_csata" title="Crécyi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Crécyi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Pertempuran Crécy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Crécy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ကရေးဆီးတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရေးဆီးတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Slag bij Crécy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Crécy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="クレシーの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレシーの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Slaget ved Crécy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Crécy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Slaget ved Crécy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Crécy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Cr%C3%A9cy_(1346)" title="Batalha de Crécy (1346) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Crécy (1346)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_ed_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Bataille ed Crécy – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bataille ed Crécy" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Bitwa pod Crécy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Crécy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Batalha de Crécy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Crécy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Bătălia de la Crécy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Crécy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Битва при Креси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Креси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle o Crécy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Battle o Crécy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Crécy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Kre%C5%A1%C4%8Daku" title="Bitka pri Kreščaku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Kreščaku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Crecyju" title="Bitka pri Crecyju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Crecyju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Битка код Кресија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Кресија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Cr%C3%A9cyja" title="Bitka kod Crécyja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Crécyja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cyn_taistelu" title="Crécyn taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crécyn taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Slaget vid Crécy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Crécy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ยุทธการที่เครซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่เครซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_Muharebesi" title="Crécy Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Crécy Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_(1346)" title="Битва при Кресі (1346) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Кресі (1346)" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&params=50_15_23_N_01_53_16_E_type:event_region:FR-80">50°15′23″N 01°53′16″E / 50.25639°N 1.88778°E / 50.25639; 1.88778</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1346 English victory during the Hundred Years' War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crecy" and "Crécy" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crecy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crecy (disambiguation)">Crecy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Crécy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">Crécy campaign</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful and stylised picture of a late-medieval battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/300px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/450px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/600px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1755" /></a> The Battle of Crécy, from a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Chronicles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>26 August 1346</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu" title="Crécy-en-Ponthieu">Crécy-en-Ponthieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&params=50_15_23_N_01_53_16_E_type:event_region:FR-80">50°15′23″N 01°53′16″E / 50.25639°N 1.88778°E / 50.25639; 1.88778</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> English victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">King Philip VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles II, Count of Alençon">Charles II, Count of Alençon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_John_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="King John the Blind">King John the Blind</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine">Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Blois" title="Louis II, Count of Blois">Louis II, Count of Blois</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Louis I, Count of Flanders">Louis I, Count of Flanders</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles I, Lord of Monaco">Charles I, Lord of Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Doria" title="Antonio Doria">Antonio Doria</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 7,000–15,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000–30,000 • 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men-at-arms</a> • 2,000–6,000 crossbowmen • Unknown infantry</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 100–300 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,542–4,000 men-at-arms    killed Infantry losses unknown    but heavy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><a href="/wiki/File:France_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crécy is located in France"><img alt="Crécy is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-France_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.844%;left:48.657%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Crécy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Crécy</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:France relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the battle within France</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_WarEdwardian_phase(1337–1360)4609" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hundred Years' War <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Edwardian phase (1337–1360)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1337–1340</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadzand" title="Battle of Cadzand">Cadzand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnemuiden" title="Battle of Arnemuiden">Arnemuiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338%E2%80%931339" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338–1339">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9rache_campaign" title="Thiérache campaign">Thiérache campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cambrai_(1339)" title="Siege of Cambrai (1339)">Cambrai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheldt_campaigns_of_1339%E2%80%931340" title="Scheldt campaigns of 1339–1340">Scheldt campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Sluys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournaisis_campaign_of_1340" title="Tournaisis campaign of 1340">Tournaisis campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1340)" title="Siege of Tournai (1340)">Tournai</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>1342–1343</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brest_(1342)" title="Siege of Brest (1342)">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign" title="Edward III's Breton campaign">Edward III's Breton campaign</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1345%E2%80%931347" title="Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347">1345–1347</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_campaign_of_1345" title="Gascon campaign of 1345">Gascony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac" title="Battle of Bergerac">Bergerac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon" title="Siege of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">Crécy campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)" title="Battle of Caen (1346)">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">Blanchetaque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crécy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">Calais (1346–1347)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346" title="Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346">Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1349–1352</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lunalonge" title="Battle of Lunalonge">Lunalonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calais" title="Battle of Calais">Calais (1350)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winchelsea" title="Battle of Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Jean-d%27Ang%C3%A9ly_(1351)" title="Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1351)">Saint-Jean-d'Angély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saintes" title="Battle of Saintes">Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardres" title="Battle of Ardres">Ardres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gu%C3%AEnes_(1352)" title="Siege of Guînes (1352)">Guînes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1355–1356</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355">Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Edward III's chevauchée of 1355">Edward III's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Normandy_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356">Normandy chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breteuil" title="Siege of Breteuil">Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Loire_campaign_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Loire campaign of 1356">Loire campaign (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356">Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1358–1360</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims_campaign" title="Reims campaign">Reims campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1360)" title="Black Monday (1360)">Chartres</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Treaties and truces</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Espl%C3%A9chin" title="Truce of Espléchin">Espléchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Calais" title="Truce of Calais">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Treaty of Guînes">Guînes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London (1358)">First London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London (1359)">Second London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Brétigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Years&#039;_War1297" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Years' War, 1337–1360">Edwardian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">War of the Two Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">Caroline phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">Lancastrian phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">King Philip VI</a> and an English army led by <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a>. The French attacked the English while they were <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">traversing northern France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French. The English army had landed in the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> on 12 July. It had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacking</a> many towns on the way. The English then marched north, hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>. Hearing that the Flemish had turned back, and having <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">temporarily outdistanced</a> the pursuing French, Edward had his army prepare a defensive position on a hillside near <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu" title="Crécy-en-Ponthieu">Crécy-en-Ponthieu</a>. Late on 26 August the French army, which greatly outnumbered the English, attacked. During a brief archery duel a large force of French mercenary <a href="/wiki/Crossbowmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbowmen">crossbowmen</a> was routed by Welsh and <a href="/wiki/English_longbowmen" class="mw-redirect" title="English longbowmen">English longbowmen</a>. The French then launched a series of cavalry charges by their mounted <a href="/wiki/Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights">knights</a>. These were disordered by their impromptu nature, by having to force their way through the fleeing crossbowmen, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English. The attacks were further broken up by the effective fire from the English <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a>, which caused heavy casualties. By the time the French charges reached the English <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>, who had dismounted for the battle, they had lost much of their impetus. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a> was described as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible." The French charges continued late into the night, all with the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat. The English then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">laid siege to the port of Calais</a>. The battle crippled the French army's ability to relieve the siege; the town fell to the English the following year and remained under English rule for more than two centuries, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">until 1558</a>. Crécy established the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the kings of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007394-1">[1]</a> Following a series of disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1328–1350) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377), on 24 May 1337 Philip's <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">Great Council</a> in Paris agreed that the lands held by Edward in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, which was to last 116 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990184-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward-III-king-England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A head-and-shoulders drawing of Edward III, in armour and bearing a sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edward-III-king-England.jpg/170px-Edward-III-king-England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edward-III-king-England.jpg/255px-Edward-III-king-England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edward-III-king-England.jpg/340px-Edward-III-king-England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></div></figcaption></figure> There followed eight years of intermittent but expensive and inconclusive warfare: Edward campaigned three times in northern France to no effect;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200495-3">[3]</a> Gascony was left almost entirely to its own devices and the French made significant inroads in attritional warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1961136-4">[4]</a> In early 1345 Edward attempted another campaign in the north; his main army sailed on 29 June and anchored off <a href="/wiki/Sluys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluys">Sluys</a> in Flanders until 22 July, while Edward attended to diplomatic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas1929519–524-5">[5]</a> When it sailed, probably intending to land in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, it was scattered by a storm. There were further delays and it proved impossible to take any action with this force before winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315-6">[6]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry, Earl of Derby</a>, led a whirlwind <a href="/wiki/Gascon_campaign_of_1345" title="Gascon campaign of 1345">campaign through Gascony</a> at the head of an Anglo-Gascon army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribit20161-7">[7]</a> He heavily defeated two large French armies at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac" title="Battle of Bergerac">Bergerac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a>, captured more than 100 French towns and fortifications in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a> and gave the English possessions in Gascony <a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990476–478-8">[8]</a> In March 1346 a French army numbering between 15,000 and 20,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20063-9">[9]</a> "enormously superior" to any force the Anglo-Gascons could field, including all the military officers of the royal household,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486-10">[10]</a> and commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John, Duke of Normandy</a>, the son and heir of Philip VI, marched on Gascony. They besieged the strategically and logistically important town of <a href="/wiki/Aiguillon,_Lot-et-Garonne" title="Aiguillon, Lot-et-Garonne">Aiguillon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1961215-11">[11]</a> On 2 April the <a href="/wiki/Arri%C3%A8re-ban" title="Arrière-ban">arrière-ban</a>, the formal call to arms for all able-bodied males, was announced for the south of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20063-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485-12">[12]</a> French financial, logistical and manpower efforts were focused on this offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990484-13">[13]</a> Derby, now Lancaster,<a href="#cite_note-14">[note 1]</a> sent an urgent appeal for help to Edward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999384-15">[14]</a> Edward was not only morally obliged to succour his vassal but contractually required to; his <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indenture</a> with Lancaster stated that if Lancaster were attacked by overwhelming numbers, then Edward "shall rescue him in one way or another".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990493-16">[15]</a> Meanwhile, Edward was raising a fresh army, and assembled more than 700 vessels to transport it – the largest English fleet ever to that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004102-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138-18">[17]</a> The French were aware of Edward's efforts, and to guard against the possibility of an English landing in northern France, relied on their powerful navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990494-19">[18]</a> This reliance was misplaced, and the French were unable to prevent Edward successfully crossing the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990494-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">Crécy campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of south east England and north east France showing the route of the English army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg/310px-Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg/465px-Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg/620px-Map_of_the_route_of_Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the route of Edward III's <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">chevauchée</a> of 1346</div></figcaption></figure> The English landed at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue" title="Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue">Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, on 12 July 1346. They achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004103-20">[19]</a> Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace. <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north-west Normandy, was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)" title="Battle of Caen (1346)">stormed on 26 July</a> and subsequently looted for five days. More than 5,000 French soldiers and civilians were killed; among the few prisoners was <a href="/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu" title="Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu">Raoul, Count of Eu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a>. On 29 July Edward sent his fleet back to England, laden with loot, with a letter ordering that reinforcements, supplies and money be collected, embarked and loaded respectively, and sent to rendezvous with his army at <a href="/wiki/Le_Crotoy" title="Le Crotoy">Crotoy</a>, on the north bank of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="River Somme">River Somme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999387-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b75-22">[21]</a> The English marched out towards the <a href="/wiki/Seine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine River">River Seine</a> on 1 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990507–510-23">[22]</a> The French military position was difficult. Their main army, commanded by John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip VI, was committed to the intractable <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon" title="Siege of Aiguillon">siege of Aiguillon</a> in the south west. After his surprise landing in Normandy, Edward was devastating some of the richest land in France and flaunting his ability to march at will through France. On 2 August, a small English force supported by many <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemings</a> invaded France from Flanders; French defences there were completely inadequate. The treasury was all but empty. On 29 July, Philip proclaimed the arrière-ban for northern France, ordering every able-bodied male to assemble at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, where Philip himself arrived on the 31st.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200473–74-25">[24]</a> On 7 August, the English reached the Seine, 12 miles (19 km) south of Rouen, and turned south-east. By 12 August, Edward's army was encamped at <a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a>, 20 miles (30 km) from Paris, having left a 20-mile-wide swathe of destruction down the left bank of the Seine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990515–517-26">[25]</a> burning villages to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b71-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000257-28">[27]</a> Philip's army marched parallel to the English on the other bank, and in turn encamped north of Paris, where it was steadily reinforced. Paris was in uproar, swollen with refugees, and preparations were made to defend the capital street by street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515,_517-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil6france.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Medieval image of Philip IV seated, wearing a blue robe decorated with fleurs de lys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Phil6france.jpg/150px-Phil6france.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Phil6france.jpg/225px-Phil6france.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Phil6france.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a></div></figcaption></figure> Philip sent orders to Duke John of Normandy insisting that he abandon the siege of Aiguillon and march his army north, which after delay and vacillation he did on 20 August – though he would ultimately not arrive in time to change the course of events in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513,_514,_519,_539-30">[29]</a> The French army outside Paris consisted of some 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>, 6,000 crossbowmen, and many infantry <a href="/wiki/Feudal_levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal levies">levies</a>. Philip sent a challenge on 14 August suggesting that the two armies do battle at a mutually agreed time and place in the area. Edward indicated that he would meet Philip to the south of the Seine, without actually committing himself. On 16 August the French moved into position; Edward promptly burnt down Poissy, destroyed the bridge there, and marched north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990517–519,_520-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999385-32">[31]</a> The French had carried out a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy, carrying away all stores of food and so forcing the English to spread out over a wide area to forage, which greatly slowed them. Bands of French peasants attacked some of the smaller groups of foragers. Philip reached the River Somme a day's march ahead of Edward. He based himself at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> and sent large detachments to hold every bridge and ford across the Somme between Amiens and the sea. The English were now trapped in an area which had been stripped of food. The French moved out of Amiens and advanced westwards, towards the English. They were now willing to give battle, knowing they would have the advantage of standing on the defensive while the English were forced to try to fight their way past them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990520–521,_522-33">[32]</a> Edward was determined to break the French blockade of the Somme<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2012277-34">[33]</a> and probed at several points, vainly attacking <a href="/wiki/Hangest-sur-Somme" title="Hangest-sur-Somme">Hangest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pont-Remy" title="Pont-Remy">Pont-Remy</a> before moving west along the river. English supplies were running out and the army was ragged, starving and beginning to suffer from a drop in morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990521-35">[34]</a> On the evening of 24 August the English were encamped north of <a href="/wiki/Acheux-en-Vimeu" title="Acheux-en-Vimeu">Acheux</a> while the French were 6 miles (10 km) away at <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a>. During the night the English marched on a tidal ford named <a href="/wiki/Blanchetaque" title="Blanchetaque">Blanchetaque</a>. The far bank was defended by a force of 3,500 French. <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbowmen</a> and mounted men-at-arms waded into the tidal river and after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">a short, sharp fight</a> routed the French. The main French army had followed the English, and their scouts captured some stragglers and several wagons, but Edward had broken free of immediate pursuit. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing Edward's army to plunder it and resupply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy201064–65-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999156–160-37">[36]</a> Meanwhile, the Flemings, having been rebuffed by the French at <a href="/wiki/Estaires" title="Estaires">Estaires</a>, besieged <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a> on 14 August. After several setbacks they fell out among themselves, burnt their <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege equipment</a> and gave up their expedition on 24 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512,_524-38">[37]</a> Edward received the news that he would not be reinforced by the Flemings shortly after crossing the Somme. The ships which were expected to be waiting off Crotoy were nowhere to be seen. Edward decided to engage Philip's army with the force he had. Having temporarily shaken off the French pursuit, he used the respite to prepare a defensive position at <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu" title="Crécy-en-Ponthieu">Crécy-en-Ponthieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999156–160-37">[36]</a> The French returned to Abbeville, crossed the Somme at the bridge there, and doggedly set off after the English again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990524–525-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_army">English army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English army">edit</a>]</div> The English army comprised almost exclusively English and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> soldiers, along with a handful of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> disaffected with Philip VI and a few German mercenaries, the foreigners constituting probably no more than 150 in number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19-40">[39]</a> The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Contemporary estimates vary widely; for example <a href="/wiki/Froissart" class="mw-redirect" title="Froissart">Froissart</a>'s third version of his <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Chronicles</a> more than doubles his estimate in the first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161-41">[40]</a> Modern historians have estimated its size as from 7,000 to 15,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998157_(note_6)-42">[41]</a> Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 14,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">hobelars</a> (light cavalry and mounted archers) and 3,500 spearmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Clifford Rogers</a> suggests 15,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000217-44">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a>, going by the carrying capacity of its original transport fleet, believes the force was around 7,000 to 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990497-45">[44]</a> Up to a thousand men were convicted felons serving on the promise of a pardon at the end of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b69-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c195-47">[46]</a> Many of the English, including many of the felons, were veterans; perhaps as many as half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000234–235-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c203,_207,_217-49">[48]</a> The men-at-arms of both armies wore a quilted <a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">gambeson</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail armour</a> which covered the body and limbs. This was supplemented by varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armour</a> on the body and limbs, more so for wealthier and more experienced men. Heads were protected by <a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">bascinets</a>: open-faced iron or steel helmets, with mail attached to the lower edge of the helmet to protect the throat, neck and shoulders. A moveable visor (face guard) protected the face. <a href="/wiki/Heater_shield" title="Heater shield">Heater shields</a>, typically made from thin wood overlaid with leather, were carried. The English men-at-arms were all dismounted. The weapons they used are not recorded, but in similar battles they used their lances as pikes, cut them down to use as short spears, or fought with swords and battle axes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgePaddock198868–83-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b155-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200890–91-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett197437-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodkin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of an iron arrowhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodkin1.jpg/130px-Bodkin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodkin1.jpg/195px-Bodkin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodkin1.jpg/260px-Bodkin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A modern replica of a <a href="/wiki/Bodkin_point" title="Bodkin point">bodkin point</a> arrowhead used by <a href="/wiki/English_longbows" class="mw-redirect" title="English longbows">English longbows</a> to penetrate armour</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> used by the English and Welsh archers was unique to them; it took up to ten years to master and could discharge up to ten arrows per minute well over 300 metres (980 ft).<a href="#cite_note-54">[note 2]</a> A computer analysis in 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology" title="Warsaw University of Technology">Warsaw University of Technology</a> demonstrated that heavy <a href="/wiki/Bodkin_point" title="Bodkin point">bodkin point</a> arrows could penetrate typical plate armour of the time at 225 metres (738 ft). The depth of penetration would be slight at that range; predicted penetration increased as the range closed or against armour of less than the best quality available at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagierNowakTomaszZochowski201773,_77,_81,_84-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[note 3]</a> Contemporary sources speak of arrows frequently piercing armour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998239-57">[54]</a> Archers carried one <a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">quiver</a> of 24 arrows as standard. During the morning of the battle, they were each issued two more quivers, for a total of 72 arrows per man. This was sufficient for perhaps fifteen minutes' shooting at the maximum rate, although as the battle wore on the rate would slow. Regular resupply of ammunition would be required from the wagons to the rear; the archers would also venture forward during pauses in the fighting to retrieve arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStricklandHardy201131,_278–279-58">[55]</a> Modern historians suggest that half a million arrows could have been shot during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy201069-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007360,_362-60">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pen-and-ink drawing of a very early bombard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg/220px-English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg/330px-English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg/440px-English_gun_used_at_Crecy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Depiction of an English <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a> as used at the Battle of Crécy</div></figcaption></figure> The English army was also equipped with several types of gunpowder weapons, in unknown numbers: small guns firing lead balls; <a href="/wiki/Ribauldequin" title="Ribauldequin">ribauldequins</a> firing either metal arrows or <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a>, an early form of cannon firing metal balls <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>80–90 millimetres (3+1⁄4–3+5⁄8 in) in diameter. Contemporary accounts and modern historians differ as to what types of these weapons and how many were present at Crécy, but several iron balls compatible with the bombard ammunition have since been retrieved from the site of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200458–59-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999187–198-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990528-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_army">French army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French army">edit</a>]</div> The exact size of the French army is even less certain, as the financial records from the Crécy campaign are lost, although there is consensus that it was substantially larger than the English. Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chroniclers</a> all note it as being extremely large for the period. The two who provide totals estimate its size as 72,000 or 120,000. The numbers of mounted men-at-arms are given as either 12,000 or 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998164,_n._50-64">[61]</a> An Italian chronicler claimed 100,000 knights (men-at-arms), 12,000 infantry and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Arbalist_(crossbowman)" title="Arbalist (crossbowman)">crossbowmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015314-65">[62]</a> Contemporary chroniclers estimated the crossbowmen present as between 2,000 and 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998164-66">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a small group of men in Medieval clothing, bearing crossbows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg/130px-Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg/195px-Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg/260px-Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Italian crossbowmen</div></figcaption></figure> These numbers are described by historians as exaggerated and unrealistic, on the basis of the extant war treasury records for 1340, six years before the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007269-67">[64]</a> Clifford Rogers estimates "the French host was at least twice as large as the [English], and perhaps as much as three times."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000265-68">[65]</a> According to modern estimates, 8,000 mounted men-at-arms formed the core of the French army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000265-68">[65]</a> supported by two to six thousand <a href="/wiki/Genoese_crossbowmen" title="Genoese crossbowmen">mercenary crossbowmen</a> recruited by and hired from the major trading city of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a> and a "large, though indeterminate, number of common infantry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a18-72">[68]</a> How many common infantrymen, <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> and levies of variable levels of equipment and training, were present is not known with any certainty, except that on their own they outnumbered the English army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn200374-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a18-72">[68]</a> The French men-at-arms were equipped similarly to the English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b155-51">[50]</a> They were mounted on entirely unarmoured horses and carried wooden lances, usually ash, tipped with iron and approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgePaddock198888-74">[70]</a> Many of the men-at-arms in the French army were foreigners: many joined individually out of a spirit of adventure and the attractive rates of pay offered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007267-75">[71]</a> Others were in contingents contributed by Philip's allies: three kings, a prince-bishop, a duke and three counts led entourages from non-French territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a18–19-76">[72]</a> Since Philip came to the throne, French armies had included an increasing proportion of crossbowmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200461-77">[73]</a> As there were few archers in France, they were usually recruited from abroad, typically Genoa; their foreign origin led to them frequently being labelled mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007267-75">[71]</a> They were professional soldiers and in battle were protected from missiles by <a href="/wiki/Pavises" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavises">pavises</a> – very large shields with their own bearers, behind each of which three crossbowmen could shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200461-77">[73]</a> A trained crossbowman could shoot his weapon approximately twice a minute<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagierNowakTomaszZochowski201770-78">[74]</a> to a shorter effective range than a longbowman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998238-79">[75]</a> of about 200 metres (220 yd).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrachBachrach2017236-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_deployments">Initial deployments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial deployments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy,_26_August_1346.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the positions of both sides during the battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png/270px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png/405px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png/540px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy%2C_26_August_1346.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the Battle of Crécy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Blue dots – English archers Blue blocks – other English infantry </td> <td class="col-break"> Red dots – French crossbowmen Red rectangles – French men-at-arms </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> Edward deployed his army in a carefully selected position,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200240-81">[77]</a> facing south east on a sloping hillside, broken by copses and <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terracing</a>, at Crécy-en-Ponthieu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b77-82">[78]</a> This was in an area which Edward had inherited from his mother and well known to several of the English; it has been suggested that the position had long been considered a suitable site for a battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200240-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b40,_78,_83-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007364-84">[80]</a> The left flank was anchored against <a href="/wiki/Wadicourt" title="Wadicourt">Wadicourt</a>, while the right was protected by Crécy itself and the River Maye beyond. This made it difficult for the French to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflank</a> them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004263-85">[81]</a> The position had a ready line of retreat in the event that the English were defeated or put under intolerable pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999389-86">[82]</a> While waiting for the French to catch up with them, the English dug pits in front of their positions, intended to disorder attacking cavalry, and set up several primitive gunpowder weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161,_163,_164-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett19948-88">[84]</a> Edward wished to provoke the French into a mounted charge uphill against his solid infantry formations of dismounted men-at-arms, backed by Welsh <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearmen</a> and flanked by archers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998174-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199389-90">[86]</a> The army had been in position since dawn, and so was rested<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothero19816-91">[87]</a> and well-fed, giving them an advantage over the French, who did not rest before the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004263-85">[81]</a> Having decisively defeated a large French detachment two days before, the English troops' morale was high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999162-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c190-93">[89]</a> The English army was divided into three battalions, or "<a href="/wiki/Battle_(formation)" title="Battle (formation)">battles</a>", deployed in a column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000266Prestwich2007b143–144Sumption1990527-94">[90]</a> The King's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, aided by the earls of <a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">Northampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Thomas Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick">Warwick</a> (the 'constable' and 'marshal' of the army, respectively), commanded the vanguard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c163-95">[91]</a> with 800 men-at-arms, 2,000 archers and 1,000 foot soldiers including Welsh spearmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b143Ayton2007c163,_164–165_(note_27)LivingstoneWitzel2004275-96">[92]</a> To its left, the other battle was led by the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fitzalan,_3rd_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b143,_149Ayton2007c163,_164–165_(note_28)-97">[93]</a> with 800 men-at-arms and 1,200 archers. Behind them, the King commanded the reserve battle, with 700 men-at-arms and 2,000 archers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothero19817LivingstoneWitzel2004275–277-98">[94]</a> Each division was composed of men-at-arms in the centre, all on foot, with ranks of spearmen immediately behind them, and with longbowmen on each flank and in a <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmish</a> line to their front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2010438–440-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007359-100">[96]</a> Many of the longbowmen were concealed in small woods, or by lying down in ripe wheat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015317-101">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Train_(military)" title="Train (military)">baggage train</a> was positioned to the rear of the whole army, where it was circled and fortified, to serve as a park for the horses, a defence against any possible attack from the rear and a rallying point in the event of defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004277,_278-102">[98]</a> Around noon on 26 August French scouts, advancing north from Abbeville, came in sight of the English. The crossbowmen, under <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Doria" title="Antonio Doria">Antonio Doria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles I, Lord of Monaco">Carlo Grimaldi</a>, formed the French <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a>. Following was a large battle of mounted men-at-arms led by Count <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles II, Count of Alençon">Charles of Alençon</a>, Philip's brother, accompanied by the blind King <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John of Bohemia</a>. The next battle was led by Duke <a href="/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine">Rudolph of Lorraine</a> and Count <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Blois" title="Louis II, Count of Blois">Louis of Blois</a>, while Philip commanded the rearguard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2001100-103">[99]</a> As news filtered back that the English had turned to fight, the French contingents sped up, jostling with each other to reach the front of the column. The Italians stayed in the van, while the mounted men-at-arms left their accompanying infantry and wagons behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990526-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStricklandHardy201131-105">[101]</a> Discipline was lost; the French were hampered by the absence of their Constable, who was normally responsible for marshalling and leading their army, but who had been captured at Caen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990507–511-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004282–283-107">[103]</a> Once it halted, men, especially infantry, were continually joining Philip's battle as they marched north west from Abbeville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2010438–440-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990526-104">[100]</a> After reconnoitring the English position, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> was held where the senior French officials, who were completely confident of victory, advised an attack, but not until the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b147-108">[104]</a> The army was tired from a 12-mile march, and needed to reorganise so as to be able to attack in strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007270–271-109">[105]</a> It was also known that the <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy">Count of Savoy</a>, with more than 500 men-at-arms, was marching to join the French and was nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007269,_271-110">[106]</a> (He intercepted some of the French survivors the day after the battle).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007269-67">[64]</a> Despite this advice, the French attacked later the same afternoon; it is unclear from the contemporary sources whether this was a deliberate choice by Philip, or because too many of the French knights kept pressing forward and the battle commenced against his wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998166–167-111">[107]</a> Philip's plan was to use the long-range missiles of his crossbowmen to soften up the English infantry and disorder, and possibly dishearten, their formations, so as to allow the accompanying mounted men-at-arms to break into their ranks and rout them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998175-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007369-113">[109]</a> Modern historians have generally considered this to have been a practical approach, and one with proven success against other armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008248–249-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archery_duel">Archery duel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archery duel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridpath%27s_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_(14780402092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white engraving of a mounted knight charging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ridpath%27s_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_%2814780402092%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ridpath%27s_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_%2814780402092%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ridpath%27s_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_%2814780402092%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Battle of Crécy (19th-century engraving)</div></figcaption></figure> The French army moved forward late in the afternoon, unfurling their sacred battle banner, the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">oriflamme</a>, indicating that no prisoners would be taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998166-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2017109–110-116">[112]</a> As they advanced, a sudden rainstorm broke over the field. The English archers de-strung their bows to avoid the strings becoming slackened. A contemporary account, followed by some modern historians, has the rain weakening the Genoese crossbows' strings, reducing their power and range; other modern historians state that their bowstrings were protected by leather coverings and so the Genoese were as unaffected by the storm as the English archers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015318–319-117">[113]</a> The Genoese engaged the English longbowmen in an archery duel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998167-118">[114]</a> The longbowmen outranged their opponents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998238-79">[75]</a> and had a <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> more than three times greater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990532-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b148-120">[116]</a> The crossbowmen were also without their protective pavises, which were still with the French baggage, as were their reserve supplies of ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007369-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199410-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWailly198766-122">[118]</a> The mud also impeded their ability to reload, which required them to press the stirrups of their weapons into the ground, and thus slowed their rate of fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015318–319-117">[113]</a> The Italians were rapidly defeated and fled;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998168–169-123">[119]</a> aware of their vulnerability without their pavises, they may have made only a token effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008249-124">[120]</a> Modern historians disagree as to how many casualties they suffered; some contemporary sources suggest they may have failed to get off any shots at all, while a recent specialist study of this duel concludes that they hastily shot perhaps two volleys, then withdrew before any real exchange with the English could develop. Italian casualties in this phase of the battle were probably light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008249-124">[120]</a> The knights and nobles following in Alençon's division, hampered by the routed mercenaries, hacked at them as they retreated. By most contemporary accounts the crossbowmen were considered cowards at best and more likely traitors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008250-125">[121]</a> and many of them were killed by the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015319-126">[122]</a> The clash of the retreating Genoese and the advancing French cavalry threw the leading battle into disarray. The longbowmen continued to shoot into the massed troops. The discharge of the English bombards added to the confusion, though contemporary accounts differ as to whether they inflicted significant casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b148-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2008242-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry_charges">Cavalry charges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cavalry charges">edit</a>]</div> Alençon's <a href="/wiki/Battle_(formation)" title="Battle (formation)">battle</a> (division of the army) then launched a <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">cavalry charge</a>. This was disordered by its impromptu nature, by having to force its way through the fleeing Italians, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett19947-128">[124]</a> The attack was further broken up by the heavy and effective shooting from the English archers, which caused many casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998240-129">[125]</a> It is likely the archers preserved their ammunition until they had a reasonable chance of penetrating the French armour, which would be at a range of about 80 metres (260 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007371-130">[126]</a> The armoured French riders had some protection, but their horses were completely unarmoured and were killed or wounded in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004290-131">[127]</a> Disabled horses fell, spilling or trapping their riders and causing following ranks to swerve to avoid them and fall into even further disorder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007373-132">[128]</a> Wounded horses fled across the hillside in panic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990528–529-133">[129]</a> By the time the tight formation of English men-at-arms and spearmen received the French charge it had lost much of its impetus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998170–171-134">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_(c.1415),_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful and stylised picture of late-Medieval cavalry battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg/255px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France_%28c.1415%29%2C_f.152v_-_BL_Cotton_MS_Nero_E_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Battle of Crécy, as envisaged 80 years after the battle</div></figcaption></figure> A contemporary described the <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a> which ensued as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171-135">[131]</a> Men-at-arms who lost their footing, or who were thrown from wounded horses, were trampled underfoot, crushed by falling horses and bodies and suffocated in the mud. After the battle, many French bodies were recovered with no marks on them. Alençon was among those killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004292-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2015313-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b150-138">[134]</a> The French attack was beaten off. English infantry moved forward to knife the French wounded, loot the bodies and recover arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004289-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c192-140">[136]</a> Some sources say Edward had given orders that, contrary to custom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002269–270-141">[137]</a> no prisoners be taken; outnumbered as he was he did not want to lose fighting men to escorting and guarding captives. In any event, there is no record of any prisoners being taken until the next day, after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2017109–110-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998163-142">[138]</a> Fresh forces of French cavalry moved into position at the foot of the hill and repeated Alençon's charge. They had the same problems as Alençon's force, with the added disadvantage that the ground they were advancing over was littered with dead and wounded horses and men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998240-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b150-138">[134]</a> Ayton and Preston write of "long mounds of fallen warhorses and men ... add[ing] significantly to the difficulties facing fresh formations ... as they sought to approach the English position."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007373-132">[128]</a> Nevertheless, they charged home, albeit in such a disordered state that they were again unable to break into the English formation. A prolonged mêlée resulted, with a report that at one point the Prince of Wales was beaten to his knees. One account has the Prince's <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">standard-bearer</a> standing on his <a href="/wiki/Standard_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard (flag)">banner</a> to prevent its capture. A modern historian has described the fighting as "horrific carnage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b157-143">[139]</a> Edward sent forward a detachment from his reserve battle to rescue the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007368,_376-144">[140]</a> The French were again repulsed. They came again. The English ranks were thinned, but those in the rear stepped forward to fill the gaps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990529-145">[141]</a> How many times the French charged is disputed, but they continued late into the night,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2010438–440-99">[95]</a> with the dusk and then dark disorganising the French yet further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b157-143">[139]</a> All had the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat. In one attack the Count of Blois dismounted his men and had them advance on foot; the Count's body was found on the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007375-146">[142]</a> The French nobility stubbornly refused to yield. There was no lack of courage on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b157-143">[139]</a> Famously, blind King John of Bohemia tied his horse's <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> to those of his attendants and galloped into the twilight; all were dragged from their horses and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990529-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998172-147">[143]</a> There are accounts of entire English battles advancing on occasion to clear away broken French charges milling in front of them, then withdrawing in good order to their original positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAytonPreston2007375,_376-148">[144]</a> Philip himself was caught up in the fighting, had two horses killed under him, and received an arrow in the jaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1998238-79">[75]</a> The bearer of the oriflamme was a particular target for the English archers; he was seen to fall but survived, albeit abandoning the sacred banner to be captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004299-149">[145]</a> Finally, Philip abandoned the field of battle, although it is unclear why. It was nearly midnight and the battle petered out, with the majority of the French army melting away from the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998172–173-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999182-151">[147]</a> The English slept where they had fought. The next morning substantial French forces were still arriving on the battlefield, to be charged by the English men-at-arms, now mounted, routed and pursued for miles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman1998145-153">[149]</a> Their losses alone were reported as several thousand,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999185-154">[150]</a> including the Duke of Lorraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a20-155">[151]</a> Meanwhile, a few wounded or stunned Frenchmen were pulled from the heaps of dead men and dying horses and taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004304-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b151-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful late-Medieval depiction of Edward III counting the dead after the battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg/170px-Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg/255px-Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg/340px-Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy</div></figcaption></figure> The losses in the battle were highly asymmetrical. All contemporary sources agree that English casualties were very low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998174-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990530-158">[154]</a> It was reported that English deaths comprised three or four men-at-arms and a small number of the rank and file, for a total of forty according to a roll-call after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c190–191_(+_nn._151,_152)-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270-160">[156]</a> It has been suggested by some modern historians that this is too few and that English deaths might have numbered around three hundred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c191-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270-160">[156]</a> To date, only two Englishmen killed at the battle have been identified;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a28-162">[158]</a> two English knights were also taken prisoner, although it is unclear at what stage in the battle this happened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c191-161">[157]</a> The French casualties are considered to have been very high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990530-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20-163">[159]</a> According to a count made by the English <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a> after the battle, the bodies of 1,542 French noble men-at-arms were found (perhaps not including the hundreds who died in the clash of the following day).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_n._79-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b151-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990530-158">[154]</a> More than 2,200 heraldic coats were reportedly taken from the field of battle as war booty by the English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_n._79-164">[160]</a> No such count was made of the lower-born foot soldiers, as their equipment was not worth looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990530-158">[154]</a> No reliable figures exist for losses among them, although their casualties were also considered to have been heavy, and a large number were said to have been wounded with arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270-160">[156]</a> The dead on the second day of battle alone were said to have been exceptionally numerous, with estimates varying from 2,000 to, according to Edward III himself, 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270–271-165">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg/220px-The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg/330px-The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg/440px-The_Black_Prince_of_Crecy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>The Black Prince at Crécy</figcaption></figure> A disproportionate number of magnates featured among the slain on the French side, including one king (<a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John of Bohemia</a>), nine princes, ten <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">counts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173–174-166">[162]</a> According to Ayton, these heavy losses can also be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a> ideals held by knights of the time, since nobles would have preferred to die in battle, rather than dishonourably flee the field, especially in view of their fellow knights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a25–26-167">[163]</a> No reliable figures exist for losses among the common French soldiery, although they were also considered to have been heavy. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Bel" title="Jean Le Bel">Jean Le Bel</a> estimated 15,000–16,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998174-89">[85]</a> Froissart writes that the French army suffered a total of 30,000 killed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroissart190899–107-168">[164]</a> The modern historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burne" title="Alfred Burne">Alfred Burne</a> estimates 10,000 infantry, as "a pure guess",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999184-169">[165]</a> for a total of 12,000 French dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200680-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu,_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg/220px-Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg/330px-Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg/440px-Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu%2C_vue_du_champ_de_bataille_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The battlefield in 2018</figcaption></figure> The result of the battle is described by Clifford Rogers as "a total victory for the English",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199399-171">[167]</a> and by Ayton as "unprecedented" and "a devastating military humiliation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a7,_20-172">[168]</a> Sumption considers it "a political catastrophe for the French Crown".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990532-119">[115]</a> The battle was reported to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English parliament</a> on 13 September in glowing terms as a sign of divine favour and justification for the huge cost of the war to date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a33-173">[169]</a> A contemporary chronicler opined "By haste and disorganisation were the French destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007271-174">[170]</a> Rogers writes that, among other factors, the English "benefitted from superior organisation, cohesion and leadership" and from "the indiscipline of the French".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199399-171">[167]</a> According to Ayton "England's international reputation as a military power was established in an evening's hard fighting."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b107-175">[171]</a> Edward ended the campaign by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346)">laying siege to Calais</a>, which fell after eleven months, the Battle of Crécy having crippled the French army's ability to relieve the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200673-176">[172]</a> This secured an English <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> into northern France which was <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">held</a> for two hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207–217-177">[173]</a> The battle established the effectiveness of the longbow as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2010438–440-99">[95]</a> English and Welsh archers served as mercenaries in Italy in significant numbers, and some as far afield as Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a30-178">[174]</a> Modern historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dahmus" title="Joseph Dahmus">Joseph Dahmus</a> includes the Battle of Crécy in his Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahmus1983169-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources">Notes, citations and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster. <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> This range is given by material scientists and is supported by most modern historians. Some historians argue that the range of a longbow would not have exceeded 200 metres (660 ft). <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2008">Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> When computer modelling from 2006 was matched against the performance of replica bows, these were found to be "in good agreement with experimental measurements".<a href="#CITEREFPratt2010">Pratt 2010</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> The number of the Genoese crossbowmen is variously given as two,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998164-66">[63]</a> four,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000265-68">[65]</a> and six thousand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990517,_526-69">[66]</a> Schnerb questions the higher figure, based on estimates that 2,000 crossbowmen were available in all of France in 1340, and doubts that Genoa alone could have recruited several thousand crossbowmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007268–269-70">[67]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007394-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007394_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrestwich2007">Prestwich 2007</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990184-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990184_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200495-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200495_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2004">Rogers 2004</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1961136-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1961136_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1961">Fowler 1961</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas1929519–524-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas1929519–524_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucas1929">Lucas 1929</a>, pp. 519–524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrestwich2007">Prestwich 2007</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGribit20161-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGribit20161_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGribit2016">Gribit 2016</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990476–478-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990476–478_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 476–478. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20063-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20063_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20063_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 485–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1961215-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler1961215_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler1961">Fowler 1961</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990485_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990484-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990484_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999384-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari1999384_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarari1999">Harari 1999</a>, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990493-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990493_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004102-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2004102_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodger2004">Rodger 2004</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990494-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990494_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990494_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004103-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2004103_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodger2004">Rodger 2004</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999387-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari1999387_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarari1999">Harari 1999</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b75-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b75_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007b">Ayton 2007b</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990507–510-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990507–510_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 507–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 512–513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200473–74-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel200473–74_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivingstoneWitzel2004">Livingstone & Witzel 2004</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990515–517-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990515–517_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 515–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b71-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b71_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007b">Ayton 2007b</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000257-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000257_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2000">Rogers 2000</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515,_517-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515,_517_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 514–515, 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513,_514,_519,_539-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990512–513,_514,_519,_539_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 512–513, 514, 519, 539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990517–519,_520-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990517–519,_520_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 517–519, 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari1999385-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari1999385_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarari1999">Harari 1999</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990520–521,_522-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990520–521,_522_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 520–521, 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2012277-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod2012277_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrmrod2012">Ormrod 2012</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990521-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990521_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy201064–65-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy201064–65_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardy2010">Hardy 2010</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999156–160-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999156–160_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999156–160_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, pp. 156–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990512,_524-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990512,_524_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 512, 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990524–525-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990524–525_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 524–525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998161_41-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998157_(note_6)-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998157_(note_6)_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, p. 157 (note 6). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007c">Ayton 2007c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000217-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000217_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2000">Rogers 2000</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990497-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990497_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b69-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b69_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007b">Ayton 2007b</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c195-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c195_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007c">Ayton 2007c</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000234–235-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000234–235_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2000">Rogers 2000</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c203,_207,_217-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c203,_207,_217_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007c">Ayton 2007c</a>, pp. 203, 207, 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgePaddock198868–83-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgePaddock198868–83_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgePaddock1988">Edge & Paddock 1988</a>, pp. 68–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b155-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b155_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b155_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrestwich2007b">Prestwich 2007b</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200890–91-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200890–91_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2008">Rogers 2008</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett197437-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett197437_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallett1974">Mallett 1974</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagierNowakTomaszZochowski201773,_77,_81,_84-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagierNowakTomaszZochowski201773,_77,_81,_84_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagierNowakTomaszZochowski2017">Magier et al. 2017</a>, pp. 73, 77, 81, 84. </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999182-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999182_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman1998145-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOman1998145_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOman1998">Oman 1998</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999185-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999185_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a20-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a20_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004304-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2004304_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivingstoneWitzel2004">Livingstone & Witzel 2004</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b151-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b151_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007b151_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrestwich2007b">Prestwich 2007b</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990530-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990530_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990530_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990530_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990530_158-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c190–191_(+_nn._151,_152)-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c190–191_(+_nn._151,_152)_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007c">Ayton 2007c</a>, pp. 190–191 (+ nn. 151, 152). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000270_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000270_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000270_160-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2000">Rogers 2000</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c191-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c191_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007c191_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007c">Ayton 2007c</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a28-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a28_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_n._79-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_n._79_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a19–20_n._79_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, pp. 19–20 n. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2000270–271-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2000270–271_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers2000">Rogers 2000</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173–174-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998173–174_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a25–26-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a25–26_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroissart190899–107-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroissart190899–107_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFroissart1908">Froissart 1908</a>, pp. 99–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999184-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999184_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200680-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200680_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199399-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers199399_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers199399_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers1993">Rogers 1993</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a7,_20-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a7,_20_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, pp. 7, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a33-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a33_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007271-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2007271_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2007">Schnerb 2007</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b107-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007b107_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007b">Ayton 2007b</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200673-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200673_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207–217-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207–217_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, pp. 207–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a30-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2007a30_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyton2007a">Ayton 2007a</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahmus1983169-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahmus1983169_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahmus1983">Dahmus 1983</a>, p. 169. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAyton2007a" class="citation book cs1">Ayton, Andrew (2007a) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205171146/http://1.droppdf.com/files/dqXZZ/the-battle-of-crecy-1346.pdf">"The Battle of Crécy: Context and Significance"</a> (PDF). In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.droppdf.com/files/dqXZZ/the-battle-of-crecy-1346.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%3A+Context+and+Significance&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1.droppdf.com%2Ffiles%2FdqXZZ%2Fthe-battle-of-crecy-1346.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyton2007b" class="citation book cs1">Ayton, Andrew (2007b) [2005]. "The Crécy Campaign". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 35–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cr%C3%A9cy+Campaign&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyton2007c" class="citation book cs1">Ayton, Andrew (2007c) [2005]. "The English Army at Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 159–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+Army+at+Cr%C3%A9cy&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytonPreston2007" class="citation book cs1">Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Sir Philip (2007) [2005]. "Topography and Archery: Further Reflections on the Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 351–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Topography+and+Archery%3A+Further+Reflections+on+the+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Preston%2C+Sir+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrachBachrach2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S.</a>; Bachrach, David S. (2017). Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400–c.1453. Abington, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-88765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-88765-7"><bdi>978-1-138-88765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Medieval+Europe+c.400%E2%80%93c.1453&rft.place=Abington%2C+Oxfordshire%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-88765-7&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft.au=Bachrach%2C+David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bennett_(historian)" title="Matthew Bennett (historian)">Bennett, Matthew</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deremilitari.org/2013/12/the-development-of-battle-tactics-in-the-hundred-years-war/">"The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Anne Curry</a> & Michael Hughes (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmDNPvqETscC">Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-365-0"><bdi>978-0-85115-365-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Battle+Tactics+in+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Armies+and+Fortifications+in+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-365-0&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderemilitari.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fthe-development-of-battle-tactics-in-the-hundred-years-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burne" title="Alfred Burne">Burne, Alfred</a> (1999) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2G0DQAAQBAJ">The Crécy War</a>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4"><bdi>978-1-84022-210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cr%C3%A9cy+War&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-210-4&rft.aulast=Burne&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2G0DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204153/http://droppdf.com/files/YYeb5/anne-curry-the-hundred-years-war-1337-1453-2002.pdf">The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453</a> (PDF). Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 13 November 2002). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-269-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droppdf.com/files/YYeb5/anne-curry-the-hundred-years-war-1337-1453-2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+1337%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-269-2&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroppdf.com%2Ffiles%2FYYeb5%2Fanne-curry-the-hundred-years-war-1337-1453-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahmus1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dahmus" title="Joseph Dahmus">Dahmus, Joseph</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevendecisivebat0000dahm/page/168">"The Battle of Crecy"</a>. Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. pp. 168–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8304-1030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8304-1030-9"><bdi>978-0-8304-1030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Crecy&rft.btitle=Seven+Decisive+Battles+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Nelson-Hall&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8304-1030-9&rft.aulast=Dahmus&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevendecisivebat0000dahm%2Fpage%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, Kelly</a> (1998) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcDhz7uDTgC">Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-567-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantry+Warfare+in+the+Early+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-567-8&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDcDhz7uDTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries2015" class="citation book cs1">DeVries, Kelly (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIC1CwAAQBAJ">"The Implications of the Anonimo Romano Account of the Battle of Crécy"</a>. 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London: Routledge (published 5 March 2015). pp. 309–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1958-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1958-3"><bdi>978-1-4724-1958-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Implications+of+the+Anonimo+Romano+Account+of+the+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Way+of+War%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+Military+History+in+Honor+of+Bernard+S.+Bachrach&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-1958-3&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIC1CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgePaddock1988" class="citation book cs1">Edge, David; Paddock, John (1988). 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New York: Crescent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-64468-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-64468-3"><bdi>978-0-517-64468-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+%26+Armor+of+the+Medieval+Knight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-517-64468-3&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Paddock%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1961" class="citation thesis cs1">Fowler, Kenneth (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2597/1/Fowler_K_History_PhD_1961.pdf">Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214908/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2597/1/Fowler_K_History_PhD_1961.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Henry+of+Grosmont%2C+First+Duke+of+Lancaster%2C+1310%E2%80%931361&rft.inst=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F2597%2F1%2FFowler_K_History_PhD_1961.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroissart1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Froissart, Jean</a> (1908). <a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Macaulay" title="George Campbell Macaulay">G.C. Macaulay</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chroniclesfrois00berngoog">The Chronicles of Froissart</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">John Bourchier, Lord Berners</a>. London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-04908-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-04908-3"><bdi>978-0-585-04908-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2925301">2925301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+Froissart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2925301&rft.isbn=978-0-585-04908-3&rft.aulast=Froissart&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchroniclesfrois00berngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribit2016" class="citation book cs1">Gribit, Nicholas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yYbDQAAQBAJ">Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-117-7"><bdi>978-1-78327-117-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065527/https://books.google.com/books?id=3yYbDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. 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Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-620-6"><bdi>978-1-85260-620-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234926/http://1.droppdf.com/files/wLXco/robert-hardy-longbow.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droppdf.com/files/ngAtF/andy-king-prisoners-2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=%27According+to+the+Custom+used+in+French+and+Scottish+wars%27%3A+Prisoners+and+Casualties+on+the+Scottish+Marches+in+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-721X%2802%2900057-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159873083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroppdf.com%2Ffiles%2FngAtF%2Fandy-king-prisoners-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation journal cs1">King, Andy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022182252/http://droppdf.com/files/63rJx/andy-king-prisoners-hundred-years-war-2017.pdf">"'Then a Great Misfortune Befell Them': the Laws of War on Surrender and the Killing of Prisoners on the Battlefield in the Hundred Years War"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medieval_History" title="Journal of Medieval History">Journal of Medieval History</a>. 43 (1): 106–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2016.1236502">10.1080/03044181.2016.1236502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159619516">159619516</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droppdf.com/files/63rJx/andy-king-prisoners-hundred-years-war-2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=%27Then+a+Great+Misfortune+Befell+Them%27%3A+the+Laws+of+War+on+Surrender+and+the+Killing+of+Prisoners+on+the+Battlefield+in+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2016.1236502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159619516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroppdf.com%2Ffiles%2F63rJx%2Fandy-king-prisoners-hundred-years-war-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Livingston" title="Michael Livingston">Livingston, Michael</a> (2022). Crécy: Battle of Five Kings. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4706-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4706-5"><bdi>978-1-4728-4706-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%A9cy%3A+Battle+of+Five+Kings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4706-5&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstoneWitzel2004" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Marilyn & Witzel, Morgen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nspnAAAAMAAJ">The Road to Crécy: The English Invasion of France, 1346</a>. London: Routledge (published 19 November 2004). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78420-8"><bdi>978-0-582-78420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Cr%C3%A9cy%3A+The+English+Invasion+of+France%2C+1346&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-78420-8&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Morgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnspnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1929" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Henry S. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDiztAEACAAJ">The Low Countries and the Hundred Years' War: 1326–1347</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960872598">960872598</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803032531/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDiztAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Low+Countries+and+the+Hundred+Years%27+War%3A+1326%E2%80%931347&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960872598&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDiztAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Lynn" title="John A. Lynn">Lynn, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rPuAAAAMAAJ">Battle: A History of Combat and Culture</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3371-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-3371-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+History+of+Combat+and+Culture&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3371-7&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagierNowakTomaszZochowski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Magier, Mariusz; Nowak, Adrian; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320288999">"Numerical Analysis of English Bows used in Battle of Crécy"</a>. Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia. 142 (2): 69–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5604%2F01.3001.0010.5152">10.5604/01.3001.0010.5152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1230-3801">1230-3801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problemy+Techniki+Uzbrojenia&rft.atitle=Numerical+Analysis+of+English+Bows+used+in+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5604%2F01.3001.0010.5152&rft.issn=1230-3801&rft.aulast=Magier&rft.aufirst=Mariusz&rft.au=Nowak%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Tomasz%2C+Merda&rft.au=Zochowski%2C+Pawel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320288999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett1974" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Michael (1974). Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy. London: Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-10502-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-10502-4"><bdi>978-0-370-10502-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries+and+their+Masters%3A+Warfare+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-370-10502-4&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Russell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcJW7hyV_e0C">"The Longbow-Crossbow Shootout at Crécy (1346): Has the "Rate of Fire Commonplace" Been Overrated?"</a>. In L. J. Andrew Villalon & Donald J. Kagay (eds.). The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas. Leiden: Brill (published 29 August 2008). pp. 233–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16821-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Longbow-Crossbow+Shootout+at+Cr%C3%A9cy+%281346%29%3A+Has+the+%22Rate+of+Fire+Commonplace%22+Been+Overrated%3F&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War+%28Part+II%29%3A+Different+Vistas&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16821-3&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcJW7hyV_e0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2001" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2001). The Hundred Years War. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26131-9"><bdi>978-0-415-26131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26131-9&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1998) [1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIQpAQAAIAAJ">A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D</a>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-332-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-332-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-332-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803015952/https://books.google.com/books?id=CIQpAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+1278%E2%80%931485+A.D&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-332-0&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIQpAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ormrod_(historian)" title="Mark Ormrod (historian)">Ormrod, W. Mark</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Udc7CpHhsgC">Edward III</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11910-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604060435/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Udc7CpHhsgC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+III&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11910-7&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=W.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Udc7CpHhsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2010" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, P.L. (2010). "Testing the Bows". In Hardy, Robert (ed.). Longbow: A Social and Military History. Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. pp. 205–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-620-6"><bdi>978-1-85260-620-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Testing+the+Bows&rft.btitle=Longbow%3A+A+Social+and+Military+History&rft.place=Yeovil%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85260-620-6&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich2007" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, Michael (2007). Plantagenet England 1225–1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0"><bdi>978-0-19-922687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantagenet+England+1225%E2%80%931360&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922687-0&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich2007b" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, Michael (2007b) [2005]. "The Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 139–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N.A.M.</a> (2004). The Safeguard of the Sea. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029724-9"><bdi>978-0-14-029724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029724-9&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Clifford (1993). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6th series. 4: 83–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679216">10.2307/3679216</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679216">3679216</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931311378">931311378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163041276">163041276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Edward+III+and+the+Dialectics+of+Strategy%2C+1327%E2%80%931360&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931311378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163041276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679216&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143415/http://militaryrevolution.s3.amazonaws.com/Primary%20sources/Longbow.pdf">"The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a>. 5 (2): 233–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459800500205">10.1177/096834459800500205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161286935">161286935</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryrevolution.s3.amazonaws.com/Primary%20sources/Longbow.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Efficacy+of+the+English+Longbow%3A+A+Reply+to+Kelly+DeVries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459800500205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161286935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryrevolution.s3.amazonaws.com%2FPrimary%2520sources%2FLongbow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24240867">War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-804-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315000842/https://www.academia.edu/24240867">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Cruel+and+Sharp%3A+English+Strategy+under+Edward+III%2C+1327%E2%80%931360&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-804-4&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24240867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford (2004). <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, Kelly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NpvdaSE__kC&q=battle+of+bergerac&pg=PA101">The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster</a>. Vol. II. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-040-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-7582">0961-7582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609112220/https://books.google.com/books?id=_NpvdaSE__kC&q=battle+of+bergerac&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bergerac+Campaign+%281345%29+and+the+Generalship+of+Henry+of+Lancaster&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0961-7582&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-040-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NpvdaSE__kC%26q%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bbergerac%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2007" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (2007). Soldiers' Lives Through History. Westport: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33350-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33350-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%27+Lives+Through+History&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33350-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2008" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (2008). "The Battle of Agincourt". In Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Donald J., Kagay (eds.). The Hundred Years' War (Part II): Different Vistas. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4283-7"><bdi>978-90-474-4283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Agincourt&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+%28Part+II%29%3A+Different+Vistas&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4283-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-804-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmzwpq6bLHhMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothero1981" class="citation book cs1">Rothero, Christopher (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227205416/http://droppdf.com/files/kylEE/rotheroarmiescrecypoitiers1981.pdf">The Armies of Crécy and Poitiers</a> (PDF). London: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-393-5"><bdi>978-0-85045-393-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droppdf.com/files/kylEE/rotheroarmiescrecypoitiers1981.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+Cr%C3%A9cy+and+Poitiers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-393-5&rft.aulast=Rothero&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdroppdf.com%2Ffiles%2FkylEE%2Frotheroarmiescrecypoitiers1981.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnerb2007" class="citation book cs1">Schnerb, Bertrand (2007) [2005]. "Vassals, Allies and Mercenaries: the French Army before and after 1346". In Ayton, Andrew; Preston, Philip (eds.). The Battle of Crécy, 1346. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 265–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-115-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vassals%2C+Allies+and+Mercenaries%3A+the+French+Army+before+and+after+1346&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%2C+1346&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-115-0&rft.aulast=Schnerb&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStricklandHardy2011" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Matthew & Hardy, Robert (2011). The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose. Somerset: J. H. Haynes & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-090-1"><bdi>978-0-85733-090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Warbow%3A+From+Hastings+to+the+Mary+Rose&rft.place=Somerset&rft.pub=J.+H.+Haynes+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85733-090-1&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sumption">Sumption, Jonathan</a> (1990). The Hundred Years War 1: Trial by Battle. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13895-1"><bdi>978-0-571-13895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War+1%3A+Trial+by+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-571-13895-1&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716235643/http://dl.lilibook.ir/2016/03/Encyclopedia-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.pdf">Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</a> (PDF). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lilibook.ir/2016/03/Encyclopedia-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.lilibook.ir%2F2016%2F03%2FEncyclopedia-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWailly1987" class="citation book cs1">Wailly, Henri de (1987). Crécy 1346: Anatomy of a Battle. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1930-7"><bdi>978-0-7137-1930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%A9cy+1346%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Battle&rft.place=Poole%2C+Dorset&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1930-7&rft.aulast=Wailly&rft.aufirst=Henri+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Barber, Richard</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WmOvBl6kP0C">Edward III and the Triumph of England: The Battle of Crécy and the Company of the Garter</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9838-2"><bdi>978-0-7139-9838-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+III+and+the+Triumph+of+England%3A+The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy+and+the+Company+of+the+Garter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9838-2&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WmOvBl6kP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hewitt, H. J. (1966). The Organization of War under Edward III. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/398232">398232</a>.</li> <li>Keen, Maurice (editor) (1999). Medieval Warfare: A History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820639-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820639-2">978-0-19-820639-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41581804">41581804</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstonDeVries2016" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, Michael & DeVries, Kelly, eds. (2016). The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-264-6"><bdi>978-1-78138-264-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy%3A+A+Casebook&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78138-264-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2007" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Rupert (2007). The Battle of Crecy: A Campaign in Context. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-369-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-369-6"><bdi>978-1-86227-369-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Crecy%3A+A+Campaign+in+Context&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-369-6&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cr%C3%A9cy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reid, Peter (2007). A Brief History of Medieval Warfare: The Rise and Fall of English Supremacy at Arms, 1314–1485. Philadelphia: Running Press.</li> <li>Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). Essay on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolution, and the Hundred Years War. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Variorum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5996-9">978-0-7546-5996-9</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461272357">461272357</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Avesbury, Robert of. De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. London: Rolls Series, 1889.</li> <li>French Chronicle of London. Edited by G. J. Aungier. Camden Series XXVIII, 1844.</li> <li>Rotuli Parliamentorum. Edited by J. Strachey et al., 6 vols. London: 1767–1783.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Years&#039;_War28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_War28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Edwardian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">War of the Two Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">Caroline phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">Lancastrian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hundred_Years%27_War_battles" title="List of Hundred Years' War battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">Chevauchées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnacs and Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">Battle of Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Crécy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Battle of Baugé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant" title="Battle of Cravant">Battle of Cravant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Brossini%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Brossinière">Battle of La Brossinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Battle of Verneuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings" title="Battle of the Herrings">Battle of the Herrings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Battle of Patay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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