ADW: Scaphopoda: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Scaphopoda: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scaphopoda/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scaphopoda/" /> <meta content="Scaphopoda" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scaphopoda/Gadila_aberrans/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Scaphopoda" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Scaphopoda on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scaphopoda/Gadila_aberrans/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="142" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scaphopoda/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Scaphopoda&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-class">Scaphopoda</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scaphopoda/Gadila_aberrans/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scaphopoda/Gadila_aberrans/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Renee Sherman Mulcrone</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#diversity">Diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#comments">Other Comments</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="diversity">Diversity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are approximately 900 species of <span class="taxon-link rank-class">Scaphopoda</span>, commonly called tusk shells. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods are found in marine regions around the world. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>; <a href="#c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d" class="citation">Jones and Baxter, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <span>indian ocean</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020917114102">atlantic ocean</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020917114731">pacific ocean</a> </li> <li> <span>mediterranean sea</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods are all marine species whose habitat ranges from shallow sub-littoral areas up to waters that are 4570 m deep. Most scaphopods are found in waters greater than 6 m. Scaphopods burrow in sediments ranging from muds to medium-coarse gravel. The two orders of this group may have slightly differing burrowing behaviors. Individuals in the <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Gadilida/">Gadilida</a> may burrow up to 30 cm in captivity. Many species in the <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Dentaliida/">Dentaliida</a> burrow with the concave side just below the substrate. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>; <a href="#c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d" class="citation">Jones and Baxter, 1987</a>; <a href="#db5a1273ab4f376036a7f57e47c0d8f6" class="citation">Lamprell and Healy, 2001</a>; <a href="#7f95a442eb5137987a67fd10ba5e8ea4" class="citation">Spear, 1994</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145582">saltwater or marine</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145431">benthic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145825">coastal</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145633">intertidal or littoral</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopod shells usually have four layers, and these are used for identification. The shell is curved, tubular, and shaped like an elephant tusk. Most average 3 to 6 cm long, but can range from 4 mm to 15 cm. Fossils show specimens 30 cm long.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The scaphopod shell is open at both ends. The wider end of the shell where the head and foot extends out is the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">anterior end</a>. The posterior is the narrow end of the shell which usually is at or below the substrate.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The shell surrounds a large mantle cavity, and wraps around the viscera to form a tube. The mantle cavity goes along ventral side to a smaller opening at the other end. No ctenidia are present, and gas exchange is through the mantle surface. Cilia an currents move water thorugh posterior aperature. Occasional muscular contractions expell water from the posterior end of the shell.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The head is a short, conical projection (probosicis) with a <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">mouth</a>. Lobes on each side of the head have threadlike tentacles, called captacula, which are used to capture food. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>; <a href="#bd7c5af43dbc7f7a3e0e37c103d1acd7" class="citation">Reynolds, 1996</a>; <a href="#799f0c9fc5e411de3f5194836f64c5f6" class="citation">Shimek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916125902">heterothermic</a> </li> <li> <span>homoiothermic</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">After fertilization, the egg develops into a free-swimming trocophore larvae, then a bilaterally symmetrical veliger. The veliger usually metamorphoses in 5-6 days. At this point it becomes benthic. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>; <a href="#c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d" class="citation">Jones and Baxter, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145364">metamorphosis</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods are gonochoristic or dioecious. Eggs are released singly through the right <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">nephridium</a>. Sperm is also released through the nephridium. Eggs are planktonic and fertilization is external. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145726">external</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There is no parental investment after release of gametes. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods burrow by projecting their <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">foot</a> into the substrate and contracting pedal retractor muscles to pull the animal downward. Extension of the foot may help with water intake, and the scaphopods probably use foot movements to expel wastes from the posterior opening.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The two orders of this group may have slightly differing burrowing behaviors. Individuals in the <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Gadilida/">Gadilida</a> burrow up to 30 cm in captivity and burrow this deep in the ocean. Many species in the <a class="taxon-link rank-order" href="/accounts/Dentaliida/">Dentaliida</a> burrow with the concave side just below the substrate. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>; <a href="#c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d" class="citation">Jones and Baxter, 1987</a>; <a href="#db5a1273ab4f376036a7f57e47c0d8f6" class="citation">Lamprell and Healy, 2001</a>; <a href="#799f0c9fc5e411de3f5194836f64c5f6" class="citation">Shimek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145585">sedentary</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The scapopod <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">captacula</a> may have tactile receptors, but this is unknown. Scaphopods have lost eyes, tentacles and osphridia found in other molluscs. The buccal cavity has a sub-radular (below the radula) organ which may be chemoreceptive. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>; <a href="#c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d" class="citation">Jones and Baxter, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods are selective deposit feeders, mainly feeding on microscopic organisms, particularly diatoms and <span class="taxon-name">foraminiferans</span>. Each tentacle of the <a class="rewrite" href="/resources/biodidac/scaphopoda2.jpg/medium.jpg">capatula</a> has an adhesive know at the tip to capture prey. Tentacular cilia brings smaller particles back to the scaphopod mouth. The tentacles retract to bring larger items to the mouth. The radula is used to break down prey. Food is digested extracellularly in the stomach, then travels from the stomach to intestine. Waste is expelled into mantle cavity through the anus. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79" class="citation">Barnes, 1987</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145763">omnivore</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods are fed on by fish and crabs. Their burrowing behavior is thought to keep them from predators. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#799f0c9fc5e411de3f5194836f64c5f6" class="citation">Shimek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>fish</li> <li>crabs</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods selectively feed on sediments, although the importance of this in the ecosystem is unknown. <span class="taxon-name">Hermit crabs</span> are known to use the shells. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#799f0c9fc5e411de3f5194836f64c5f6" class="citation">Shimek, 2005</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Shells of the genus <a class="taxon-link rank-genus" href="/accounts/Dentalium/">Dentalium</a> were culturally significant with Pacific Northwest natives (Amerinds)until the late 1800s. The shells were collected on strings and used as necklaces and money. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#bd7c5af43dbc7f7a3e0e37c103d1acd7" class="citation">Reynolds, 1996</a>; <a href="#7f95a442eb5137987a67fd10ba5e8ea4" class="citation">Spear, 1994</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <span>body parts are source of valuable material</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">No scaphopods are currently listed or given special status.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>IUCN Red List <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">[Link]</a></dt> <dd>Not Evaluated</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="comments">Other Comments</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Scaphopods do not have a heart, gills or vessels for circulation. Instead, circulation is through simple hemolymph sinuses and gas exchange takes place across the mantle and body surface. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 2003</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Renee Sherman Mulcrone (author). </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020917114102"> <dl> <dt>Atlantic Ocean</dt> <dd> <p>the body of water between Africa, Europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. It is the second largest ocean in the world after the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020917114731"> <dl> <dt>Pacific Ocean</dt> <dd> <p>body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145431"> <dl> <dt>benthic</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145825"> <dl> <dt>coastal</dt> <dd> <p>the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145726"> <dl> <dt>external fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place outside the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916125902"> <dl> <dt>heterothermic</dt> <dd> <p>having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145633"> <dl> <dt>intertidal or littoral</dt> <dd> <p>the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. An aquatic habitat.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145763"> <dl> <dt>omnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145582"> <dl> <dt>saltwater or marine</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145585"> <dl> <dt>sedentary</dt> <dd> <p>remains in the same area</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="3d5f305f2444ac035dd85a71f5933e79">Barnes, R. 1987. <span style="font-style: italic">Invertebrate Zoology</span>. Orlando, Florida: Dryden Press. </p> <p id="f7cb213ed6acb1a5b2eb74e2fd5f6c56">Brusca, R., G. Brusca. 2003. <span style="font-style: italic">Invertebrates</span>. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.. </p> <p id="c31a5ba1a94b5716c2e4e59f8bc0b17d">Jones, A., J. Baxter. 1987. <span style="font-style: italic">Molluscs: Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Polyplacophora and Scaphopoda</span>. London: E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. </p> <p id="db5a1273ab4f376036a7f57e47c0d8f6">Lamprell, K., J. Healy. 2001. Scaphopoda. Pp. 85-128 in A Wells, W Houston, eds. <span style="font-style: italic">Zoological Catalogue of Australia</span>, Vol. 17.2. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. </p> <p id="bd7c5af43dbc7f7a3e0e37c103d1acd7">Reynolds, P. 1996. "The Scaphopod Page, Class Scaphopoda, Phylum Mollusca" (On-line). Accessed February 04, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://academics.hamilton.edu/biology/preynold/Scaphopoda/default.html">http://academics.hamilton.edu/biology/preynold/Scaphopoda/default.html</a></tt>. </p> <p id="c058d8cd3fee8b0b13455de7817fb359">Shimek, R. 1990. Diet and habitat utilization in a Northeastern Pacific Ocean scaphopod assemblage. <span style="font-style: italic">American Malacological Bulletin</span>, 7: 147-169. </p> <p id="799f0c9fc5e411de3f5194836f64c5f6">Shimek, R. 2005. "Scaphopods, Some Natural History" (On-line). Accessed February 04, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://rshimek.com/Scaph1.htm">http://rshimek.com/Scaph1.htm</a></tt>. </p> <p id="7f95a442eb5137987a67fd10ba5e8ea4">Spear, B. 1994. "Introduction to the Scaphopoda, the tusk shells" (On-line). Accessed February 04, 2005 at <tt><a href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mollusca/scaphs/scaphopoda.html">http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mollusca/scaphs/scaphopoda.html</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> <label for="feature-list" class="offscreen">Search in feature</label> <select size="1" name="feature" class="feature-list input-medium" id="feature-list"> <option value="INFORMATION">Taxon Information</option> <option value="COLLECTIONS">Contributor Galleries</option> <option value="TOPICS">Topics</option> <option value="CLASSIFICATION">Classification</option> </select> </p> </form> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/quaardvark/">Explore Data @ Quaardvark</a> </li> <li> <a href="/search_guide/">Search Guide</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Navigation Links</h2> <dl class="tabbed features"> <dd class="feature-information active"> <a name="feature-information" href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/" class="active" id="feature-information"> Information </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-pictures"> <a name="feature-pictures" href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/pictures/" id="feature-pictures"> Pictures </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-classification"> <a name="feature-classification" href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/classification/#Scaphopoda" id="feature-classification"> Classification </a> </dd> </dl> <div class="classification well"> <h3>Classification</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Kingdom</span> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="taxon-name rank-kingdom">Animalia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">animals</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4749">Animalia: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: pictures (22861)" data-delay="250">Animalia: pictures (22861)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: specimens (7109)" data-delay="250">Animalia: specimens (7109)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: sounds (722)" data-delay="250">Animalia: sounds (722)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/maps/" class="feature feature-maps" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: maps (42)" data-delay="250">Animalia: maps (42)</a> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Class</span> <a href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/" class="taxon-name rank-class">Scaphopoda</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Scaphopoda: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Scaphopoda: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Scaphopoda/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Scaphopoda: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Scaphopoda: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Mulcrone, R. 2005. 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ADW: Scaphopoda: INFORMATION