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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/230px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/345px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/460px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and facilities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation scheme">Irrigation schemes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Concepts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Asset management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_green_infrastructure" title="European green infrastructure">European green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering contracts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">Taxation</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Issues and ideas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuel efficiency</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless technology</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Fields of study</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Examples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">Bicycle parking station</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago" title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago wastewater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="Safety of cycling infrastructure">safety</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power in France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_port" title="Offshore wind port">Offshore wind port</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">French TGV rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and autopistas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;background:lavender;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template talk:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fuel efficiency</b> (or <b>fuel economy</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a>, meaning the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of effort to result of a process that converts <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> contained in a carrier (<a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>) into kinetic energy or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">work</a>. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous <a href="/wiki/Energy_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy profile">energy profile</a>. Non-transportation applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">fossil fuel power plants</a> or industries dealing with <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> production during the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>. </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, fuel economy is the <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">energy efficiency</a> of a particular vehicle, given as a <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of distance traveled per unit of <a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">fuel</a> consumed. It is dependent on several factors including <a href="/wiki/Engine_efficiency" title="Engine efficiency">engine efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> design, and <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> design. In most countries, using the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, fuel economy is stated as "fuel consumption" in <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liters</a> per 100 <a href="/wiki/Kilometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometers">kilometers</a> (L/100 km) or kilometers per liter (km/L or kmpl). In a number of countries still using other systems, fuel economy is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> per <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> (mpg), for example in the US and usually also in the UK (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> gallon); there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. Traditionally, litres per <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_mile" title="Scandinavian mile">mil</a> were used in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, but both have aligned to the EU standard of L/100 km. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle's performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a>, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger) for passenger vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_design">Vehicle design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vehicle design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuel efficiency is dependent on many parameters of a vehicle, including its <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> parameters, <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">aerodynamic drag</a>, weight, AC usage, fuel and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a>. There have been advances in all areas of vehicle design in recent decades. Fuel efficiency of vehicles can also be improved by careful maintenance and driving habits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicles">Hybrid vehicles</a> use two or more power sources for propulsion. In many designs, a small combustion engine is combined with electric motors. Kinetic energy which would otherwise be lost to heat during braking is recaptured as electrical power to improve fuel efficiency. The larger batteries in these vehicles power the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">car's electronics</a>, allowing the engine to shut off and avoid prolonged <a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">idling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fleet_efficiency">Fleet efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fleet efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975-_US_vehicle_production_share,_by_vehicle_type.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/220px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/330px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/440px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fleet efficiency describes the average efficiency of a population of vehicles. Technological advances in efficiency may be offset by a change in buying habits with a propensity to heavier vehicles that are less fuel-efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency_terminology">Energy efficiency terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency (physics)">Energy efficiency</a> is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is usually in units of energy such as <a href="/wiki/Megajoules" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoules">megajoules</a> (MJ), <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt-hours">kilowatt-hours</a> (kW·h), kilocalories (kcal) or <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_units" class="mw-redirect" title="British thermal units">British thermal units</a> (BTU). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "<a href="/wiki/Energy_intensity" title="Energy intensity">energy intensity</a>", or the amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile or kJ/t-km (of freight transport), GJ/t (for production of steel and other materials), BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle travel). Litres per 100 km is also a measure of "energy intensity" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the output is measured by the <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a> travelled. For example: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">Fuel economy in automobiles</a>. </p><p>Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units: </p> <ul><li>There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see below).</li> <li>When comparing transportation energy costs, a <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hour</a> of electric energy may require an amount of fuel with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_content_of_fuel">Energy content of fuel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy content of fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific <a href="/wiki/Energy_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy content">energy content</a> of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram). It is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a>. There exists two different values of <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">specific heat</a> energy for the same batch of fuel. One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form. For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%. This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Fuel type </th> <th align="right">MJ/L </th> <th align="right">MJ/kg </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">imp gal</a> </th> <th align="right">BTU/<a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gal</a> </th> <th align="right"><a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">Research octane<br /> number (RON)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Regular <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>/petrol </td> <td align="right">34.8 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="47 !">~47</span> </td> <td align="right">150,100 </td> <td align="right">125,000 </td> <td align="right">Min. 91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Premium <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>/petrol </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="46 !">~46</span> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">Min. 95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a>) (60% <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and 40% <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>) </td> <td align="right">25.5–28.7 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="51 !">~51</span> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right">108–110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> </td> <td align="right">23.5 </td> <td align="right">31.1<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">101,600 </td> <td align="right">84,600 </td> <td align="right">129 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> </td> <td align="right">17.9 </td> <td align="right">19.9 </td> <td align="right">77,600 </td> <td align="right">64,600 </td> <td align="right">123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Gasohol</a> (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline) </td> <td align="right">33.7 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="45 !">~45</span> </td> <td align="right">145,200 </td> <td align="right">121,000 </td> <td align="right">93/94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) </td> <td align="right">25.2 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="33 !">~33</span> </td> <td align="right">108,878 </td> <td align="right">90,660 </td> <td align="right">100–105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a> </td> <td align="right">38.6 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="48 !">~48</span> </td> <td align="right">166,600 </td> <td align="right">138,700 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">N/A (see cetane)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> </td> <td align="right">35.1 </td> <td align="right">39.9 </td> <td align="right">151,600 </td> <td align="right">126,200 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">N/A (see cetane)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WVO" class="mw-redirect" title="WVO">Vegetable oil</a> (using 9.00 kcal/g) </td> <td align="right">34.3 </td> <td align="right">37.7 </td> <td align="right">147,894 </td> <td align="right">123,143 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aviation_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation gasoline">Aviation gasoline</a> </td> <td align="right">33.5 </td> <td align="right">46.8 </td> <td align="right">144,400 </td> <td align="right">120,200 </td> <td align="right">80-145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a>, naphtha </td> <td align="right">35.5 </td> <td align="right">46.6 </td> <td align="right">153,100 </td> <td align="right">127,500 </td> <td align="right">N/A to turbine engines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a>, kerosene </td> <td align="right">37.6 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="47 !">~47</span> </td> <td align="right">162,100 </td> <td align="right">135,000 </td> <td align="right">N/A to turbine engines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">Liquefied natural gas</a> </td> <td align="right">25.3 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="55 !">~55</span> </td> <td align="right">109,000 </td> <td align="right">90,800 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">Liquid hydrogen</a> </td> <td align="right"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.3 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="99 !">~130</span> </td> <td align="right">40,467 </td> <td align="right">33,696 </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-TEDB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEDB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neither the gross heat of combustion nor the net heat of combustion gives the theoretical amount of mechanical energy (work) that can be obtained from the reaction. (This is given by the change in <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a>, and is around 45.7 MJ/kg for gasoline.) The actual amount of mechanical work obtained from fuel (the inverse of the <a href="/wiki/Brake-specific_fuel_consumption" title="Brake-specific fuel consumption">specific fuel consumption</a>) depends on the engine. A figure of 17.6 MJ/kg is possible with a gasoline engine, and 19.1 MJ/kg for a diesel engine. See <a href="/wiki/Brake-specific_fuel_consumption" title="Brake-specific fuel consumption">Brake-specific fuel consumption</a> for more information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport" title="Energy efficiency in transport">Energy efficiency in transport</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_efficiency_in_transport&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport" title="Energy efficiency in transport">energy efficiency in transport</a> is the useful travelled <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a>, of passengers, goods or any type of load; divided by the total <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> put into the transport <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a> means. The energy input might be rendered in several different types depending on the type of propulsion, and normally such energy is presented in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">liquid fuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> is also occasionally known as <a href="/wiki/Energy_intensity" title="Energy intensity">energy intensity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_DOEgloss_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_DOEgloss-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse">inverse</a> of the energy efficiency in transport is the energy consumption in transport. </p><p>Energy efficiency in transport is often described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a>, fuel consumption being the reciprocal of fuel economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, fuel consumption is linked with a means of propulsion which uses <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">liquid fuels</a>, whilst energy efficiency is applicable to any sort of propulsion. To avoid said confusion, and to be able to compare the energy efficiency in any type of vehicle, experts tend to measure the energy in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>. </p><p>Therefore, in the International System of Units, the energy efficiency in transport is measured in terms of metre per joule, or m/J, while the energy consumption in transport is measured in terms of joules per metre, or J/m. The more efficient the vehicle, the more metres it covers with one joule (more efficiency), or the fewer joules it uses to travel over one metre (less consumption). The <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> in transport largely varies by means of transport. Different types of <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transport</a> range from some hundred <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kilojoules</a> per kilometre (kJ/km) for a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> to tens of megajoules per kilometre (MJ/km) for a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. </p> Via type of fuel used and rate of fuel consumption, energy efficiency is also often related to operating cost ($/km) and environmental emissions (e.g. CO<sub>2</sub>/km).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_efficiency_of_motor_vehicles">Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">Fuel economy in automobiles</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_economy_in_automobiles&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg/220px-2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg/330px-2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg/440px-2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Airwave" title="Honda Airwave">Honda Airwave</a>. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuel_Economy,_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg/220px-Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg/330px-Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg/440px-Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Briggs_and_Stratton_Flyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs and Stratton Flyer">Briggs and Stratton Flyer</a> from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a bicycle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobile</a> relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumed</a>. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of <a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">motor fuel</a> can be a large part of a nation's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy. </p><p>Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (<a href="/wiki/Wind_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind resistance">wind resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tire_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire drag">tire drag</a>, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> in the fuel and the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy <a href="/wiki/Braking" class="mw-redirect" title="Braking">braking</a> waste energy. </p> <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric cars</a> do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent">miles per gallon gasoline equivalent</a> have been created to attempt to compare them.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Driving_technique">Driving technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Driving technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy-efficient_driving" title="Energy-efficient driving">Energy-efficient driving</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy-efficient_driving&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png/220px-Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png/330px-Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png/440px-Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="4159" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Energy-efficient_driving" title="Energy-efficient driving">Energy-efficient driving</a> techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency. Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Beusen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Beusen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between fuel consumption and driving behavior is a popular topic in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The main factors representing and influencing driving behavior include velocity, acceleration, gear, road parameters, weather, etc. <sup id="cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can dramatically improve fuel efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Careful use of acceleration and deceleration and especially limiting use of high speeds helps efficiency. The use of multiple such techniques is called "<a href="/wiki/Hypermiling" title="Hypermiling">hypermiling</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_merriam-webster.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_merriam-webster.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Simple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advanced_technology">Advanced technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advanced technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most efficient machines for converting energy to rotary motion are electric motors, as used in <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>. However, electricity is not a primary energy source so the efficiency of the electricity production has also to be taken into account. <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">Railway</a> trains can be powered using electricity, delivered through an additional running rail, overhead <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">catenary</a> system or by on-board generators used in <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric transmission">diesel-electric</a> locomotives as common on the US and UK rail networks. Pollution produced from centralised generation of electricity is emitted at a distant power station, rather than "on site". Pollution can be reduced by using more railway electrification and <a href="/wiki/Low_carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low carbon power">low carbon power</a> for electricity. Some railways, such as the French SNCF and Swiss federal railways derive most, if not 100% of their power, from hydroelectric or nuclear power stations, therefore atmospheric pollution from their rail networks is very low. This was reflected in a study by AEA Technology between a <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> train and airline journeys between London and Paris, which showed the trains on average emitting 10 times less CO<sub>2</sub>, per passenger, than planes, helped in part by French nuclear generation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_fuel_cells">Hydrogen fuel cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrogen fuel cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the future, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen cars</a> may be commercially available. Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells in southern California, where a series of hydrogen fueling stations has been established. Powered either through chemical reactions in a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> that create electricity to drive very efficient electrical motors or by directly burning hydrogen in a combustion engine (near identically to a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">natural gas vehicle</a>, and similarly compatible with both natural gas and gasoline); these vehicles promise to have near-zero pollution from the tailpipe (exhaust pipe). Potentially the atmospheric pollution could be minimal, provided the hydrogen is made by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> using electricity from non-polluting sources such as solar, wind or <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> or nuclear. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a> uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen. </p><p>Because there are pollutants involved in the manufacture and destruction of a car and the production, transmission and storage of electricity and hydrogen, the label "zero pollution" applies only to the car's conversion of stored energy into movement. </p><p>In 2004, a consortium of major auto-makers — <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> — came up with <i>"Top Tier Detergent Gasoline Standard"</i> to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> brands in the US and Canada that meet their minimum standards for <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a> content<sup id="cite_ref-Top_Tier_Gasoline_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top_Tier_Gasoline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not contain metallic additives. Top Tier gasoline contains higher levels of detergent additives in order to prevent the build-up of deposits (typically, on <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injector" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel injector">fuel injector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intake_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intake valve">intake valve</a>) known to reduce fuel economy and engine performance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_microgravity">In microgravity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In microgravity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>How fuel combusts affects how much energy is produced. The <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) has investigated fuel consumption in <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a>. </p><p>The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, because soot tends to rise to the top of a flame, such as in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero gravity">zero gravity</a>, such as an environment in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">spherical</a>, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely one given is the hypothesis that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Experiments by NASA in microgravity reveal that <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_flame" title="Diffusion flame">diffusion flames</a> in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidised after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behaved differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm">LSP-1 experiment results</a>, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. <a href="/wiki/Premixed_flame" title="Premixed flame">Premixed flames</a> in microgravity burn at a much slower rate and more efficiently than even a candle on Earth, and last much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_fuel_utilization_efficiency" title="Annual fuel utilization efficiency">Annual fuel utilization efficiency</a> (AFUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACEA_agreement" title="ACEA agreement">ACEA agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative propulsion">Alternative propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camless_piston_engine" title="Camless piston engine">Camless piston engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">Carbon dioxide equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Average Fuel Economy">Corporate Average Fuel Economy</a> (CAFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoAuto" title="EcoAuto">EcoAuto</a> (in Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">Emission standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy content of Biofuel">Energy content of Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">Energy conversion efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">Energy density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="FF layout">FF layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">Fuel economy in aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">Fuel economy in automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy-maximizing_behaviors" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors">Fuel economy maximising behaviors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel efficiency in transportation">Fuel efficiency in transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-guzzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-guzzler">Gas-guzzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating value">Heating value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">Life cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-rolling_resistance_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-rolling resistance tires">Low-rolling resistance tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent">Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_management" title="Marine fuel management">Marine fuel management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">Twinjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">Variable valve timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame#Unibody" title="Vehicle frame">Unibody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile costs">Automobile costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_metrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle metrics">Vehicle metrics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908124154/http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar">"Information on the fuel consumption of new cars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar">the original</a> on 8 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+on+the+fuel+consumption+of+new+cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilsweden.se%2Fmiljo-sakerhet%2Fmiljo%2Finformation-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate">"Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705143242/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+More+About+the+Fuel+Economy+Label+for+Gasoline+Vehicles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Flabel%2Flearn-more-gasoline-label.shtml%23fuel-consumption-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carsangrah.com/blog/simple-tips-tricks-enhance-fuel-efficiency-car">"Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah"</a>. <i>CarSangrah</i>. 2018-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CarSangrah&rft.atitle=Simple+tips+and+tricks+to+increase+fuel+efficiency+of+your+car+%7C+CarSangrah&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carsangrah.com%2Fblog%2Fsimple-tips-tricks-enhance-fuel-efficiency-car&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov">"How Hybrids Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708093450/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Hybrids+Work&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report">"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"</a>. <i>EPA.gov</i>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA.gov&rft.atitle=Highlights+of+the+Automotive+Trends+Report&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fautomotive-trends%2Fhighlights-automotive-trends-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCazzolaPaoliTeter2023" class="citation web cs1">Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf">"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7922%2FG2HM56SV">10.7922/G2HM56SV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+the+Global+Vehicle+Fleet+2023+%2F+Managing+the+SUV+Shift+and+the+EV+Transition&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Global+Fuel+Economy+Initiative+%28GFEI%29&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7922%2FG2HM56SV&rft.aulast=Cazzola&rft.aufirst=Pierpaolo&rft.au=Paoli%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Teter%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfueleconomy.org%2Fmedia%2F792523%2Fgfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated from heats of formation. Does not correspond exactly to the figure for MJ/L divided by density.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TEDB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TEDB_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/Appendix_B.html">Appendix B, Transportation Energy Data Book</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Transportation_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Transportation Analysis">Center for Transportation Analysis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency">"Efficiency"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Efficiency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fefficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/read/12924/chapter/4"><i>Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles</i></a>. The National Academies Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12924">10.17226/12924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15607-3"><bdi>978-0-309-15607-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+Fuel+Economy+Technologies+for+Light-duty+Vehicles&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F12924&rft.isbn=978-0-309-15607-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F12924%2Fchapter%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_DOEgloss-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_DOEgloss_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/glossary-energy-related-terms#E">"Glossary of energy-related terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+energy-related+terms&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy.gov%2Feere%2Fenergybasics%2Farticles%2Fglossary-energy-related-terms%23E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagePage1916" class="citation magazine cs1">Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPAMVa7esS4C">"Man and His Machines"</a>. <i>The World's Work</i>. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work&rft.atitle=Man+and+His+Machines&rft.volume=XXXIII&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Walter+Hines&rft.au=Page%2C+Arthur+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPAMVa7esS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Beusen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Beusen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeusen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Beusen; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817">"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course"</a>. <i>Transportation Research D</i>. <b>14</b> (7): 514–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2009.05.009">10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115218/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817_Using_on-board_logging_devices_to_study_the_long-term_impact_of_an_eco-driving_course?ev=prf_pub">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+D&rft.atitle=Using+on-board+logging+devices+to+study+the+long-term+impact+of+an+eco-driving+course&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=514-520&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trd.2009.05.009&rft.au=Beusen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231614817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_Ma_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma, Z.; Jørgensen, B.N.; Ma, Z. (2024). "A Scoping Review of Energy-Efficient Driving Behaviors and Applied State-of-the-Art AI Methods". <i>Energies</i>. 17: 500. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020500">https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/2/500">Available online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/">"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132350/http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Ways+to+Improve+Your+Fuel+Efficiency+and+Save+Money+at+the+Pump&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcar1.ca%2Fblog%2F2016%2F08%2F02%2F20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_merriam-webster.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Energy-efficient_driving_merriam-webster.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling</a> Merriam Webster dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html">"Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024427/http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rail+10+times+better+than+air+in+London-Paris+CO2+comparison+-+Transport+%26+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportenvironment.org%2FArticle267.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+efficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_Tier_Gasoline-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Top_Tier_Gasoline_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toptiergas.com/retailers.html">Top Tier Gasoline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815031514/http://www.toptiergas.com/retailers.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806012056/http://www.toptiergas.com/deposit_control.html">"Deposit Control Standards"</a>. 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" 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class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/">US Government website on fuel economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_railways/documents/page/dft_railways_611287.pdf">UK DfT comparisons on road and rail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12694">NASA Offers a $1.5 Million Prize for a Fast and Fuel-Efficient Aircraft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200449/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12694">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carfuelconsumption.com">Car Fuel Consumption Official Figures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spritmonitor.de/de/die_sparsamsten_autos.html">Spritmonitor.de "the most fuel efficient cars" - Database of thousands of (mostly German) car owners' actual fuel consumption figures</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Spritmonitor" title="Spritmonitor">Spritmonitor</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fueleconomy.carconsumption.com/">Searchable fuel economy data from the EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xpower-ionizer.com/">penghemat bbm - Alat penghemat bbm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/science/earth/hydrogen-cars-join-electric-models-in-showrooms.html">Ny Times: A Road Test of Alternative Fuel Visions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuel efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Sustainable urban infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields<br />of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_rapid_transit_systems" title="List of bus rapid transit systems">Bus rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_controlled-access_highway_systems" title="List of controlled-access highway systems">Controlled-access highway systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bridge" title="Humber Bridge">Humber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">Offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge" title="San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge">San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">Transcontinental railroads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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