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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_British_and_American_mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_British_and_American_mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classical British and American mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_British_and_American_mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_automatic_mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_automatic_mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The automatic mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_automatic_mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83_%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Он тартыу сәнәғәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Он тартыу сәнәғәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Млын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Млын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Млын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Млын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%AD_fariner" title="Molí fariner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molí fariner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8llebrug" title="Møllebrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Møllebrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getreidem%C3%BChle" title="Getreidemühle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Getreidemühle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veski" title="Veski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molino_de_grano" title="Molino de grano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molino de grano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenmuelejo" title="Grenmuelejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grenmuelejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آسیاب آردساز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیاب آردساز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoterie" title="Minoterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minoterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4tmole" title="Nôtmole – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nôtmole" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%B6%84%EC%86%8C" title="제분소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제분소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Ալրաղաց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալրաղաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आटा चक्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आटा चक्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muelerio" title="Muelerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muelerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%97" title="טחנת קמח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טחנת קמח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარცვალსაფქვავი წისქვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარცვალსაფქვავი წისქვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenmolen" title="Korenmolen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Korenmolen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotari%C3%A1" title="Minotariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Minotariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਆਟਾ ਚੱਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਟਾ ਚੱਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82yn_zbo%C5%BCowy" title="Młyn zbożowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Młyn zbożowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Мукомольная мельница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мукомольная мельница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gristmill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valssimylly" title="Valssimylly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valssimylly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnidkvarn" title="Gnidkvarn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnidkvarn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாவு அரவை இயந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாவு அரவை இயந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9n%C3%B4heon%C3%A9-m%C3%A2h%C3%A9%C3%B3%27o" title="Pénôheoné-mâhéó'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Pénôheoné-mâhéó'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grist_de%C4%9Firmeni" title="Grist değirmeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grist değirmeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Млин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Млин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E5%9D%8A" title="磨坊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磨坊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E7%B2%89%E5%BB%A0" title="麵粉廠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麵粉廠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Apparatus that grinds grain into flour</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cornmill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cornmill (disambiguation)">Cornmill (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flour_Mill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flour Mill (disambiguation)">Flour Mill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Mills,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg/240px-Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg/360px-Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg/480px-Allied_Mills%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Allied Mills flour mill on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gristmill</b> (also: <b>grist mill</b>, <b>corn mill</b>, <b>flour mill</b>, <b>feed mill</b> or <b>feedmill</b>) grinds <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> into <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">middlings</a>. The term can refer to either the grinding mechanism or the building that holds it. <a href="/wiki/Grist" title="Grist">Grist</a> is grain that has been separated from its <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinding</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">Watermill</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_watermills" title="List of ancient watermills">List of ancient watermills</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_medieval_watermills" title="List of early medieval watermills">List of early medieval watermills</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senenu_Grinding_Grain,_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg/240px-Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg/360px-Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg/480px-Senenu_Grinding_Grain%2C_ca._1352-1336_B.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Senenu Grinding Grain, c. 1352–1336 BC. The royal scribe Senenu appears here bent over a large grinding stone. This unusual sculpture seems to be an elaborate version of a <a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">shabti</a>, a funerary figurine placed in the tomb to work in place of the deceased. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millstone_Anatomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Millstone_Anatomy.jpg/240px-Millstone_Anatomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Millstone_Anatomy.jpg/360px-Millstone_Anatomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Millstone_Anatomy.jpg/480px-Millstone_Anatomy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>The basic anatomy of a millstone; this diagram depicts a runner stone.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg/240px-Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg/360px-Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg/480px-Flour_mill_20050723_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Grinding mechanism in an old <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>-based flour mill</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decew_Falls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decew_Falls.JPG/240px-Decew_Falls.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decew_Falls.JPG/360px-Decew_Falls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decew_Falls.JPG/480px-Decew_Falls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The old water mill at Decew Falls in <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> reports in his <i>Geography</i> a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI Eupator">Mithradates VI Eupator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, before 71 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early mills had horizontal paddle wheels, an arrangement which later became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Norse_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse wheel">Norse wheel</a>", as many were found in Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paddle wheel was attached to a shaft which was, in turn, attached to the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstone</a> called the "runner stone". The turning force produced by the water on the paddles was transferred directly to the runner stone, causing it to grind against a stationary "<a href="/wiki/Mill_machinery#Watermill_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill machinery">bed</a>", a stone of a similar size and shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This simple arrangement required no <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, but had the disadvantage that the speed of rotation of the stone was dependent on the volume and flow of water available and was, therefore, only suitable for use in mountainous regions with fast-flowing streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dependence on the volume and speed of flow of the water also meant that the speed of rotation of the stone was highly variable and the optimum grinding speed could not always be maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Undershot_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Undershot wheel">Vertical wheels</a> were in use in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rotating mill is considered "one of the greatest discoveries of the human race". It was a very physically demanding job for workers, where the slave workers were considered little different from animals, the miseries of which were depicted in iconography and <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak of Roman technology is probably the <a href="/wiki/Barbegal_aqueduct_and_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbegal aqueduct and mill">Barbegal aqueduct and mill</a> where water with a 19-metre fall drove sixteen <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>, giving a grinding capacity estimated at 28 tons per day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water mills seem to have remained in use during the post-Roman period. </p><p>Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an expansion of grist-milling in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a> from the 3rd century AD onwards, and then the widespread expansion of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a> milling installations across the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> from the 8th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill163_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill163-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geared gristmills were built in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">meals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by both water and wind. The first <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">wind-powered</a> gristmills were built in the 9th and 10th centuries in what are now Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas-65_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-65-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian town of <a href="/wiki/Bilbays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbays">Bilbays</a> had a grain-processing factory that produced an estimated 300 tons of flour and grain per day.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of grist-milling in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill163_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill163-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday survey of 1086</a> gives a precise count of England's water-powered flour mills: there were 5,624, or about one for every 300 inhabitants, and this was probably typical throughout western and southern Europe. From this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the number of mills in operation followed population growth, and peaked at around 17,000 by 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limited extant examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro River">Ebro River</a> in Spain is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Real_Monasterio_de_Nuestra_Senora_de_Rueda" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda">Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian monks</a> in 1202. The Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_British_and_American_mills">Classical British and American mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical British and American mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/240px--Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="240" height="135" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm/Wayside_Inn_Grist_Mill_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wayside_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayside Inn">Wayside Inn</a> Grist Mill in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stretton_water_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stretton_water_mill.jpg/240px-Stretton_water_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stretton_water_mill.jpg/360px-Stretton_water_mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stretton_water_mill.jpg/480px-Stretton_water_mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stretton_Watermill" title="Stretton Watermill">Stretton Watermill</a>, a 17th-century operational mill in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the terms "gristmill" or "corn mill" can refer to any mill that grinds grain, the terms were used historically for a local mill where farmers brought their own grain and received ground meal or flour, minus a percentage called the "miller's toll".<sup id="cite_ref-webster_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early mills in England were almost always built by the local <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> and had the exclusive right (the right of <a href="/wiki/Thirlage#Multure" title="Thirlage">mulcture</a>) to a proportion on all grain processed in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sbh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, mills were supported by farming communities and the miller received the "miller's toll" in lieu of wages. Most towns and villages had their own mill so that local farmers could easily transport their grain there to be milled. These communities were dependent on their local mill as bread was a staple part of the diet. </p><p>Classical mill designs are usually <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water-powered</a>, though some are powered by the wind or by livestock. In a watermill a <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> gate is opened to allow water to flow onto, or under, a <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a> to make it turn. In most watermills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i.e., edge-on, in the water, but in some cases horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel#Horizontal_wheel" title="Water wheel">Norse wheel</a>). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron <a href="/wiki/Turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbines">turbines</a> and these were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills. </p><p>In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear-wheel called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mill_machinery#Pit_Wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill machinery">pit wheel</a></i> is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mill_machinery#wallower" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill machinery">wallower</a></i>, on a main <a href="/wiki/Driveshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Driveshaft">driveshaft</a> running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at around 10 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>. </p><p>The millstones themselves turn at around 120 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gristmill#Dubious" title="Talk:Gristmill">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. They are laid one on top of the other. The bottom stone, called the <i>bed</i>, is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the <i><a href="/wiki/Runner_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner stone">runner</a></i>, is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mill_machinery#stone_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill machinery">stone nut</a></i> connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft turning to drive other machinery. This might include driving a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieve</a> to refine the flour, or turning a wooden drum to wind up a chain used to hoist sacks of grain to the top of the mill house. The distance between the stones can be varied to produce the grade of flour required; moving the stones closer together produces finer flour. This process, which may be automatic or controlled by the miller, is called <i>tentering</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grain is lifted in sacks onto the <i>sack floor</i> at the top of the mill on the <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(device)" title="Hoist (device)">hoist</a>. The sacks are then emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the millstones on the <i>stone floor</i> below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the <i>slipper</i>) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in <a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">sacks</a> on the ground or <i>meal</i> floor. A similar process is used for grains such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> to make flour, and for <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Corn_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn meal">corn meal</a>. </p><p>In order to prevent vibrations from the millstones shaking the building apart, they were usually placed on a separate timber foundation, not attached to the mill walls, known as a husk. This foundation isolated the building from vibrations coming from the stones and main gearing and also allowed for the easy re-leveling of the foundation to keep the millstones perfectly horizontal. The lower bedstone was placed in an inset in the husk with the upper runner stone above the level of the husk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_automatic_mill">The automatic mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The automatic mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grist_mill,_unidentified,_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg/240px-Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg/360px-Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg/480px-Grist_mill%2C_unidentified%2C_circa_1880s_-_DPLA_-_047811a0d40f6d9f4f0f9b0d7acb4bf8.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>A grist mill, c. 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>American inventor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a> revolutionized the labor-intensive process of early mills at the end of the eighteenth century when he automated the process of making flour. His inventions included the Elevator, wood or tin buckets on a vertical endless leather belt, used to move grain and flour vertically upward; the Conveyor, a wooden auger to move material horizontally; the Hopper Boy, a device for stirring and cooling the newly ground flour; the Drill, a horizontal elevator with flaps instead of buckets (similar to the use of a conveyor but easier to build); and the Descender, an endless strap (leather or flannel) in a trough that is angled downward, the strap helps to move the ground flour in the trough. Most importantly, he integrated these into a single continuous process, the overall design later becoming known as the Automatic (or Automated) mill. In 1790 he received the third Federal patent for his process. In 1795 he published "The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide" which fully described the process.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evans himself did not use the term gristmill to describe his automatic flour mill, which was purpose designed as a merchant mill (he used the more general term "water-mill"). In his book his only reference to "grist" (or "grists") is to the small batches of grain a farmer would bring in to have ground for himself (what would be generally called barter or custom milling). In his book, Evans describes a system that allows the sequential milling of these grists, noting that "a mill, thus constructed, might grind grists in the day time, and do merchant-work at night."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, any small, older style flour mill became generally known as a gristmill (as a distinction from large factory flour mills). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_mills">Modern mills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartu_Mill_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tartu_Mill_03.jpg/240px-Tartu_Mill_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tartu_Mill_03.jpg/360px-Tartu_Mill_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tartu_Mill_03.jpg/480px-Tartu_Mill_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Interior in <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Mill" title="Tartu Mill">Tartu Mill</a>, the largest grain milling company in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburg_August_2015_10_(Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg/240px-Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg/360px-Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg/480px-Pittsburg_August_2015_10_%28Pilgrim%27s_Pride_feed_mill%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Pride" title="Pilgrim's Pride">Pilgrim's Pride</a> feed mill in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Texas" title="Pittsburg, Texas">Pittsburg, Texas</a>, August 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern mills typically use electricity or <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> to spin heavy steel, or cast iron, serrated and flat rollers to separate the <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">bran and germ</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>. The endosperm is ground to create white flour, which may be recombined with the bran and germ to create whole grain or <a href="/wiki/Graham_flour" title="Graham flour">graham flour</a>. The different milling techniques produce visibly different results, but can be made to produce nutritionally and functionally equivalent output. Stone-ground flour is preferred by many bakers and natural food advocates because of its texture, nutty flavour, and the belief that it is nutritionally superior and has a better baking quality than steel-roller-milled flour.<sup id="cite_ref-EAP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is claimed that, as the stones grind relatively slowly, the wheat germ is not exposed to the sort of excessive temperatures that could cause the fat from the germ portion to <a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">oxidize</a> and become rancid, which would destroy some of the vitamin content.<sup id="cite_ref-EAP_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone-milled flour has been found to be relatively high in thiamin, compared to roller-milled flour, especially when milled from hard wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-EAP_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gristmills only grind "clean" grains from which stalks and <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> have previously been removed, but historically some mills also housed equipment for <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, sorting, and cleaning prior to grinding. </p><p>Modern mills are usually "merchant mills" that are either privately owned and accept money or trade for milling grains or are owned by corporations that buy unmilled grain and then own the flour produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests">Pests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One common pest found in flour mills is the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_flour_moth" title="Mediterranean flour moth">Mediterranean flour moth</a>. Moth larvae produce a web-like material that clogs machinery, sometimes causing grain mills to shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gristmill with water wheel, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938"><img alt="Gristmill with water wheel, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg/194px-Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg/291px-Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg/388px-Skyline_Drive_Gristmill_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gristmill with water wheel, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Gristmill hopper, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938. Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below."><img alt="Gristmill hopper, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938. Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif/194px-Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif" decoding="async" width="194" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif/291px-Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif/388px-Gristmill_Hopper_1938.gif 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gristmill hopper, <a href="/wiki/Skyline_Drive" title="Skyline Drive">Skyline Drive</a>, Virginia, 1938. Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gristmill drive machinery, Thomas Mill, Chester County, Pennsylvania"><img alt="Gristmill drive machinery, Thomas Mill, Chester County, Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg/194px-Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg/291px-Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg/388px-Thomas_Mill_Basement_Chester_Co_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gristmill drive machinery, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mill_and_Miller%27s_House" title="Thomas Mill and Miller's House">Thomas Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a>, Pennsylvania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedal powered wheat mill, Shediac Cape, New Brunswick"><img alt="Pedal powered wheat mill, Shediac Cape, New Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg/194px-Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg/291px-Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg/388px-Pedal-wheat-mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pedal powered wheat mill, <a href="/wiki/Shediac,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Shediac, New Brunswick">Shediac Cape, New Brunswick</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in Minneapolis between 1850 and 1900. Note the underground Mill race that powered mills on the west side of the Mississippi River at St. Anthony Falls."><img alt="Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in Minneapolis between 1850 and 1900. Note the underground Mill race that powered mills on the west side of the Mississippi River at St. Anthony Falls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg/194px-Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg/291px-Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg/388px-Mill_Ruins_Park_Foundations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> between 1850 and 1900. Note the underground <a href="/wiki/Mill_race" title="Mill race">Mill race</a> that powered mills on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anthony Falls">St. Anthony Falls</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturbridgemill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, Massachusetts"><img alt="Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sturbridgemill.jpg/194px-Sturbridgemill.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sturbridgemill.jpg/291px-Sturbridgemill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sturbridgemill.jpg/388px-Sturbridgemill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at <a href="/wiki/Old_Sturbridge_Village" title="Old Sturbridge Village">Old Sturbridge Village</a> in Sturbridge, Massachusetts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of George Washington's Gristmill"><img alt=""Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of George Washington's Gristmill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg/194px-Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg/291px-Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg/388px-Mt_Vernon_Gristmill_Slipper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">George Washington's Gristmill</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old turbine wheel at the old grist mill in Thorp, Washington"><img alt="Old turbine wheel at the old grist mill in Thorp, Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg/194px-Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg/291px-Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg/388px-Thorp_Gristmill_Turbine_Wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old turbine wheel at the old grist mill in <a href="/wiki/Thorp,_Washington" title="Thorp, Washington">Thorp, Washington</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The grist mill at the Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts"><img alt="The grist mill at the Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG/194px-Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG/291px-Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG/388px-Wayside_Grist_Mill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The grist mill at the <a href="/wiki/Longfellow%27s_Wayside_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="Longfellow's Wayside Inn">Wayside Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Massachusetts" title="Sudbury, Massachusetts">Sudbury, Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht,_Eastern_Cape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grain mill with bevel gears outside local museum at Dordrecht"><img alt="Grain mill with bevel gears outside local museum at Dordrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg/145px-Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg/218px-Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg/291px-Grain_mill_at_Dordrecht%2C_Eastern_Cape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grain_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain mill">Grain mill</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bevel_gear" title="Bevel gear">bevel gears</a> outside local <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Dordrecht, Eastern Cape">Dordrecht</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17_09_037_jarrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grist mill at Jarrell Plantation, acquired 1899"><img alt="Grist mill at Jarrell Plantation, acquired 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/17_09_037_jarrell.jpg/194px-17_09_037_jarrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/17_09_037_jarrell.jpg/291px-17_09_037_jarrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/17_09_037_jarrell.jpg/388px-17_09_037_jarrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5891" data-file-height="3948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grist mill at <a href="/wiki/Jarrell_Plantation" title="Jarrell Plantation">Jarrell Plantation</a>, acquired 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px; height: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17_22_210_mingus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water-powered corn mill at Mingus Mill[22]"><img alt="Water-powered corn mill at Mingus Mill." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/17_22_210_mingus.jpg/129px-17_22_210_mingus.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/17_22_210_mingus.jpg/194px-17_22_210_mingus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/17_22_210_mingus.jpg/259px-17_22_210_mingus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="5949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water-powered corn mill at Mingus Mill<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_watermills" title="List of watermills">List of watermills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammermill" title="Hammermill">Hammermill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_mill" title="Tide mill">Tide mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifine_mill" title="Unifine mill">Unifine Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_mill" title="Ship mill">Ship mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrometer" title="Chondrometer">Chondrometer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWikander1985">Wikander 1985</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFWikander2000">Wikander 2000</a>, p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denny_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenny2007" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Mark (4 May 2007). "Waterwheels and Windmills". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingeniumfivemach0000denn"><i>Ingenium: five machines that changed the world</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingeniumfivemach0000denn/page/36">36</a>–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8586-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8586-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8586-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2009</span>. <q>norse wheel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterwheels+and+Windmills&rft.btitle=Ingenium%3A+five+machines+that+changed+the+world&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8586-0&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fingeniumfivemach0000denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oleson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oleson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">Oleson, John Peter</a> (30 Jun 1984). <i>Greek and Roman mechanical water-lifting devices: the history of a technology</i>. Springer. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1693-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1693-5"><bdi>90-277-1693-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/9027716935">9027716935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+mechanical+water-lifting+devices%3A+the+history+of+a+technology&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1984-06-30&rft.isbn=90-277-1693-5&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Keith R. <i>Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays</i>. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuleius+and+Antonine+Rome%3A+Historical+Essays&rft.pages=68&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Keith+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelborn" class="citation book cs1">Welborn, L.L. <i>Paul, the Fool of Christ</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+the+Fool+of+Christ&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.aulast=Welborn&rft.aufirst=L.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine2012" class="citation book cs1">Erskine, Andrew (26 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usnYrpVMlFMC&pg=PA493"><i>A Companion to Ancient History</i></a>. Wiley. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118451366" title="Special:BookSources/9781118451366"><bdi>9781118451366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+History&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft.isbn=9781118451366&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusnYrpVMlFMC%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMceAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317761570" title="Special:BookSources/9781317761570"><bdi>9781317761570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Engineering+in+Classical+and+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317761570&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMceAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong-Sen_Yan,_Marco_Ceccarelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Hong-Sen Yan, Marco Ceccarelli (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkq6_mdW43IC&q=han+dynasty+crank+and+connecting+rod&pg=PA249"><i>International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms</i></a>. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9484-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9484-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-9484-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Symposium+on+History+of+Machines+and+Mechanisms&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Springer+Science+and+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9484-2&rft.au=Hong-Sen+Yan%2C+Marco+Ceccarelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkq6_mdW43IC%26q%3Dhan%2Bdynasty%2Bcrank%2Band%2Bconnecting%2Brod%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill163-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill163_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill163_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMceAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317761570" title="Special:BookSources/9781317761570"><bdi>9781317761570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Engineering+in+Classical+and+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317761570&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMceAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Hill, Donald Routledge</a> (1996). 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Routledge. pp. 751–795. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engineering&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pages=751-795&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12410-2&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+Routledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 781">: 781 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-65-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas-65_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Lucas (2006), <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>, p. 65, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0">90-04-14649-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMceAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317761570" title="Special:BookSources/9781317761570"><bdi>9781317761570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Engineering+in+Classical+and+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317761570&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMceAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimpel, J., <i>The Medieval Machine</i>, Gollanz, 1976, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webster_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313061138/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=gristmill">"ARTFL Project: Webster Dictionary, 1913"</a>. The University of Chicago - Department of Romance Languages and Literature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=gristmill">the original</a> on 2007-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTFL+Project%3A+Webster+Dictionary%2C+1913&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+-+Department+of+Romance+Languages+and+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmachaut.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FWEBSTER.sh%3FWORD%3Dgristmill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton1904" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, John (1904). "The miller and his tolls". <i>The History of Bread from Pre-historic to Modern Times</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/The_Religious_Tract_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Religious Tract Society">The Religious Tract Society</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6124449">6124449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+miller+and+his+tolls&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bread+from+Pre-historic+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=The+Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6124449&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbh-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbh_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harrison" title="Samuel Harrison">Harrison, Samuel Bealey</a> (1856) [1834]. <i>Practical Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant</i> (7 ed.). 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Newton Abbot: <a href="/wiki/David_and_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Charles">David and Charles</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715353653" title="Special:BookSources/9780715353653"><bdi>9780715353653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windmills+and+millwrighting&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780715353653&rft.aulast=Freese&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltamill.org/history.html">"Old Stone Mill - History of the Old Stone Mill"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Stone+Mill+-+History+of+the+Old+Stone+Mill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deltamill.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Oliver, <i>The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide</i>, Oliver Evans, Philadelphia, 1795, Chapter II, pp.88-90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAP-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAP_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAP_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAP_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMechtild_HauserStuart_Hill1991" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Judy; Mechtild Hauser; Stuart Hill (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030218194448/http://www.soilandhealth.org/06clipfile/Nutritional%20charateristics%20of%20organic%20freshly%20stone%20-%20ground.htm">"NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS of ORGANIC, FRESHLY STONE-GROUND, SOURDOUGH & - CONVENTIONAL BREADS"</a>. <i>Ecological Agriculture Projects Publications</i>. Ecological Agriculture Projects. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soilandhealth.org/06clipfile/Nutritional%20charateristics%20of%20organic%20freshly%20stone%20-%20ground.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Agriculture+Projects+Publications&rft.atitle=NUTRITIONAL+CHARACTERISTICS+of+ORGANIC%2C+FRESHLY+STONE-GROUND%2C+SOURDOUGH+%26+-+CONVENTIONAL+BREADS&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=Mechtild+Hauser&rft.au=Stuart+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soilandhealth.org%2F06clipfile%2FNutritional%2520charateristics%2520of%2520organic%2520freshly%2520stone%2520-%2520ground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/mediterranean-flour-moth">"Mediterranean Flour Moth (Department of Entomology)"</a>. <i>Department of Entomology (Penn State University)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Entomology+%28Penn+State+University%29&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Flour+Moth+%28Department+of+Entomology%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fento.psu.edu%2Fextension%2Ffactsheets%2Fmediterranean-flour-moth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatsmokies.com/mingus-mill/">"Mingus Mill in the Smokies - Grist Mill Near Cherokee NC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mingus+Mill+in+the+Smokies+-+Grist+Mill+Near+Cherokee+NC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatsmokies.com%2Fmingus-mill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikander1985" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander" title="Örjan Wikander">Wikander, Örjan</a> (1985). "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report". <i>History of Technology</i>. Vol. 10. pp. 151–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Evidence+for+Early+Water-Mills.+An+Interim+Report&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=151-79&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Wikander&rft.aufirst=%C3%96rjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikander2000" class="citation book cs1">Wikander, Örjan (2000). "The Water-Mill". In Wikander, Örjan (ed.). <i>Handbook of Ancient Water Technology</i>. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 371–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9"><bdi>90-04-11123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Water-Mill&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Water+Technology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Technology+and+Change+in+History&rft.pages=371-400&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11123-9&rft.aulast=Wikander&rft.aufirst=%C3%96rjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGristmill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Richard Bennett & John Elton. <i>History of corn milling</i> (London, Simpkin, Marshall and company, 1898).</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcornmil01bennuoft">Volume 1 - Handstone, Slave and Cattle Mills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcornmil02bennuoft">Volume 2 - Water and Wind Mills</a></li> <li>Volume 3 - Feudal Laws and customs of Mills</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcornmil04bennuoft">Volume 4 - Some famous feudal mills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901223855/http://www.cannonvalleymills.com/">History of Cannon River Mills in Southern MN, USA</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gristmill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millpictures.com/">Mill photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spoom.org/">The Society for Preservation of Old Mills</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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